Kirsten 1917
Kirsten 1917
Copyright 1917. By A. I. E. E.
BY F. K. KIRSTEN
ABSTRACT OF PAPER
This paper contains a complete mathematical analysis of the
forces which determine the location in space of a cable suspended
from points of equal elevation, and gives the designer and con-
structing engineer of a transmission line some useful working
formulas based on this analysis.
Section A of the paper covers the derivation of the catenary
formulas and contains a chart from which any catenary problem
may be quickly and accurately solved.
Section B contains an analysis of the influences of changes in
temperature and cable load, resulting in formulas by the aid of
which the magnitude of these influences in regard to changes in
position of the cable and changes in stresses at any point of the
cable may be accu-rately computed. The formulas derived make
it possible to plot a temperature-tension stringing chart to be
used by the constructing engineer when stringing the cable at
various temperatures.
Section C is an investigation of the economic features in-
volved in the proper design of the cable supports. A working
formula is derived enabling the designer to determine the most
economical span and corresponding height of tower.
Solutions of typical design problems are given in each section
of the paper demonstrating the use and manipulation of all
formulas derived.
T.
Y~~~~~~~~~Y(2
FIG. 1
dy
sin (a + da)=- (5)
Substituting (4) and (5) into (2),
H-[ H2 + w2 (s + ds)2 ] dx
Letting H = wc, where c is a constant, and simplifying,
dx c
=
ds [c2 + (s + ds)2]j
738 KIRSTEN: TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN
E
c s + IC2 + s2]
C
Or,
x _x
2 ] (7)
=c sinh -C (8)
And for entire half span:
S = c sinh-
c
By integration,
y= J[C2
sds
- s2]i
= [S (c2 + S2)§
(C
C
[ - -- ] ~~~~(10)
x-
=c (cosh 1) (11)
C
T = c cosh X (12)
w c
Ymax = c (cosh
I
1); ~Tmax -_ Ccosh
x _ 2 X X4
rz +
c cd /2 +
2/2 dT3 /3 + 4-:4 /4-........
4+ .*...
X x
X Ec e c X X3 X5 X7
sinh c = 2 c
+ C3 /3 +,C6 /5 ++ C7 /7+ + ..(13)
X X
X Ec +E
2e
2 X'X
cosh -c = 1 + /2 +C4 / +.
. . (14)
s = c sinh Xc
7 00 3
T-~-04 C
400
CHART I
Chart I has been devised from which, with any two of the five
concepts given, the remaining three may be found at once. The
chart is laid out on the basis of the decimal system to permit of
easy interpolation. The concepts x and c, which form the
hyperbolic argument, are the abscissas and ordinates, respectively,
of the s, y and T *. w curves.
Interpolation on Chart I. It can be easily demonstrated that
any straight line passing through the origin (point 0) must be
divided into intercepts of equal length by a set of hyperbolic
curves the indices of which vary in arithmetic progression. For
instance, the curves indexed y = 0.1, y = 0.2, y = 0.3. .. y - 0.9,
y = 1.0 have indices which increase progressively by 0.1, and
O 1 .2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 .10
FIG 2
For the average tension along the axis of the cable the above
expression for the tension at any point must be integrated be-
tween the limits 0 and s and the result divided by s. Hence;
the average tension is
s
av. T = f [C2 + S2] ds
s
0
w
s
F 2~
- [s
2
s2]1 + cIC2 le(+C
[C2 ++S]*+ S2]) j2 logC
log s + [C2 +S])
av. T =~[w +C
-I + c
2 [s]
But from (8),
s = c sinh X
C
y = c (cosh x _ 1)
Therefore,
av. T = [ c cosh c + sin>-]
2 c
~sinh -
x
= 62 F cosh - + c 1 (19)
sinh-C
KIRSTEN: TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN 747
or,
x
avT
[Lcosh + ] (20)
w 2 c
~~~sinhx c
However, the smaller the value x, the more equal will be the
above expressions until
x
limit ( c x c x
cosh -+ =c ccosh-
c
x = o
2_
2 +
sinh
c
i
cw cosh + cw
-
22
2 =- coshx +1
where
wo = weight per unit length of cable at initial temperature.
wt = weight per unit length of cable after the temperature has
changed t - to degrees.
Influence of Change in Tension. If the tension at any point
of the catenary were proportional to the product of s and w, a
change in temperature would not affect this tension, but accord-
ing to equation (12)
T = wc cosh -
c
T = wc cosh-
c
ST = SO (i + T. To) (24)
where
so = length of cable under initial tension.
ST = length of cable under final tension.
To = initial tension.
T =final tension.
A = cross-sectional area of cable.
E = modulus of elasticity, characteristic of the material compo-
sition of the cable.
750 KIRSTEN: TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN
The above formula, however, does not take into account the
change in cross-sectional area of the cable with the change in
tension from To to T. Since at constant temperature the volume
of the cable remains constant, an increase or decrease in length,
caused by a change in tension on the cable, is accompanied by
a proportional decrease or increase, respectively, of the cross-
sectional area of the cable. The concept A should be understood
to represent the average cross-sectional area of the cable as its
length changes from To to T. Or, if
A, = cross-sectional area of cable under initial tension,
AT = cross-sectional area of cable under final tension,
A Ao+AT
2
ST = SO E [Ao+AT ]) (25)
In order to simplify equation (25) for future use, an approxi-
mation
ST = SO ( + ET
T EA(26) (26
So WT (29)
ST WO
where
wo = weight per unit length of cable under av. To.
WT = weight per unit length of cable under av. T.
Influence of Ice and Wind Loading. Usually the gravitational
forces acting on a suspended cable by virtue of its mass are
augmented by a layer of ice on the cable at low temperatures
and by the action of wind on the cable at all temperatures.
The ice loading simply increases w which is a vertical downward
force, whereas the wind pressure acts horizontally deflecting the
cable from its position in a vertical plane to another position
in a plane inclined to the vertical at an angle whose tangent is
p
w +i
where
i = weight of ice per unit length of cable. expressed in the
p = wind pressure exerted on unit length same unit.
cable with ice coating.
The resultant force per unit length of the cable acting down-
ward in the deflected plane is
WI = [(w + + p2] (30)
or the catenary described by the cable in an inclined plane under
the influence of ice and wind loading is equivalent to a catenary
described in a vertical plane by a cable whose weight per unit
length is w1.
With the knowledge of the influences which may act on a
suspended cable in all climatic conditions, and with the knowl-
edge of the laws which govern the response of the suspended
cable to these influences, all possible catenaries described by the
cable can be mathematically expressed.
Let it be required to find all possible catenaries that can be
described by a cable, the characteristics of which are specified
by the manufacturer as follows:
752 KIRSTEN: TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN
1+ max T,
EA'
(35)
From equations (28) and (29)
w"l A'
A '' A = (36)
Let the thickness of the layer of ice be a all around the cable,
then the volume of ice per unit length of cable is
7r (2 [A + 2a)-A = ra (a + 2[±!+
i= ra (a + 2 [Ali (37)
where
u = weight per unit volume of ice.
The maximum force exerted by the wind on unit length of
cable with ice envelope is
p= 2v (a + [ +]') (38)
754 KIRSTEN: TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN
ir[EA
(1-
E
(41)
A, = EA 2(1 - a [t - tl])4 (3
EA (1- a [t - t1 ])2+ maxT(
eraturet2 (av. T2), and according to equation (27) the length sl'
changes to
s2 Si' (i _ av. T, ± av. T2) (48)
av. T2= [
2 Lcosh
- + C2 1J (50)
sinh
C2
Although the tension has changed from av. T1 to av. T2, the vol-
ume of the cable remains constant, or,
All= s2A2
Hence,
A = si' A1' (52)
S2
Hence, W _S1W
S2
(53)
Substituting equations (46), (47), (49), (50), (51), (52) and (53)
into (48),
KIRSTEN: TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN 757
C2 sinh C2
=
Cl
x
W=CE
l X C+
+2EAI(1+a[t2t])3 csh-
C2+ sinh x
C2
x
x
=sl (1+a[t2- tl]) - 2EA1 SWiC
(1+a [t2-tl])LFcosh C
+1j
sinhX
Cl
+2EA(1+a[t2-L _ sinh-
Dividing both sides of above equation by x:
x + tl])2 -cosh- t
sinh
C2
x C1 ~~~C2
x
cosh- -
+aA1 (t+atl-ti]) nh
S
(1 -
51 W1 ___ __
Cl +
~~~Cl
Wl
Sl
Cosh.±
2E A (I+a [t2 -tl])2 x .+
sinh- _
C2 C2
(54)
By substituting for t2 in equation (54) values ranging between
t1 and the freezing point, any catenary within that range of
temperature can be computed, provided that the equivalent
weight per unit length of suspended cable remains constant.
758 KIRSTEN: TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN
From equation(8),
S3-C3 sinh x (58)
C3
sinh - C3 _ S_ Sl Wl
cosh
±
c
x x 2EA1 x . x
C3 Cl Cl
[cosh- ] (
+2 E A x
_ -
. -
~sinh x
_
C3 C3
(60)
Equation (60) describes the characteristics of the catenary at
minimum temperature without either wind or ice loading. All
other catenaries for higher temperatures may be found by the
use of equation (54) which is also based on the assumption that
the total weight of the suspended cable is constant irrespective
of changes in temperature and tension. Substituting for si, w1,
A1 and c2 in equation(54) the values S3, w3, A-3 and C4, respectively,
which are found by the solution of equation (60), equation (54)
changes to
x
sinh
C4 =
x
C4
x
s3 w3 F cosh C3 i
S3 (1+a [t4-tl]) 2 E A3 (1-+-a [t4-ti]) X sinh-2
C3 C3
-cosh-
+
s3 w3
2EEA3(1+ a [t4-tiD)L_
C4 +,-
+sinhx
C4 C4
(61)
According to the reasoning outlined by equations (52) and (53),
W3 W_tw
A3 A1
760 KIRSTEN: TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN
x
sinh.
C4
x
C4
cosh1 1
53 Wif C4s-
+2 E A 1(1+a [t4-t1])2 x sinh x
C4 ~~C4
(62)
The concept t4 covers the range from the minimum to the
maximum temperature.
In the design of a practical span the engineer must guarantee,
first, that the suspended cable will not break under the influence
of the most severe weather conditions recorded in the locality
where the span is to be installed and, secondly, that the clearance
of the cable from the ground or from a given reference plane
will never be less than a given, permissible magnitude; provided
that the extremes of the climate recorded for the past of the
locality in question are not exceeded in the future.
The first mentioned requirement is met by the use of equation
(31), if for max.T, the maximum safe stress on the cable is
substituted and proper allowances are made in the determina-
tion of w, for ice loading and wind pressure. The guarantee
for proper clearance from the ground or from a given reference
plane is based upon the knowledge of the maximum deflection
of the suspended cable for a given range of climate from ex-
treme winter weather at minimum temperature to the maximum
summer heat.
It is evident that the minimum deflection occurs at minimum
temperature when the cable is free from ice load and wind pres-
sure. Supposing the cable receives at this temperature a coating
of ice being at the same time subjected to wind pressure, which
is equivalent to an increase of the gravitational forces acting
KIRSTEN: TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN 761
At first sight equations (54), (60) and (62) will appear rather
cumbersome and difficult to operate. If, however, equation
(54) is written
sinh - cosh- 1 1
F1GI +0L~
F, H, c + x
x x insinh
C2 C2 C2
0.00" I A
0.0 0
CHART II
[ (sinh2xi) .]
t11
KIRSTEN: TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN 763
[(sinh-) . -] 1
-cosh-x
x
0.0s- +sn]nh
c c
represents magnitudes of
x
Hx[- + sinh ]
c c
The magnitude
x
[cosh
HI1 X
xC2
c2 +
. x
C2 C2
-cosh
0.0000315 +
[C -h sinh -
C2 C2
[sinh )+1
[( C2 ) C2]
Hence, the correct argument x . c2 which gives the same length
of ordinate for the curves
[(sinh-x) . ]-
and
cosh-
0.002296 + 0.0000315 [ch +
sinh -
X 1 can be found by
C2 C2
(sinh
[( c )+
) c] -1
The straight edge in this position indicates on the x * c axis
the value 0.1294, which, if substituted for x . c2 in above equa.
tion will satisfy this equation.
KIRSTEN: TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN 765
The curves of Chart II have been drawn with great care from
hyperbolic functions computed accurate to the twelfth decimal
place. With a little practise in interpolation the argument of
equations (54), (60) and (62) can be determined accurately to
the fourth decimal place. Values of
0.0001 [cosh-j
-
i]+
sinh -
c c
Si WI
2 E A1 (1+a [t2 -tl])2
C1-
max. T1 * X--Xc1;
x
s1= clsinh
x
X Cl Cl
w1 cosh-Cl
For w, see equation (39); for A1 see equation (43).
766 KIRSTEN: TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN
C2 = -; Y2 = C2(cosh
x x
1); s2 =C2 sinh-x
~~~~~~~~~x
C2
sinh
C3 1F2-G2 + HF- cosh±C3
I + ] -1 (64)
Ca
L
Cl
-
sinh2-]
C3
where
Si
F2 =
x
[cosh-cl+
02G_sl
=
wl
2EA1 Cl +
x
1
sihx
L sinh-
Cl C1
Wj
H,- 2SIEA,
KIRSTEN: TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN 767
For w" see equation (40), other terms are the same as in equation
(63).
With the knowledge of x C 3,
slw" x
.W3- 1S3 ;max. T3=C3 W3coshx.
C3
sinh cosh-
C4 1 F3-G3+ H3 C4 + (65)
C4
L
C4
~sinh C4 I
where
_Wfl _C
S3 Wff
2 E A,1 (1+a [t4-t1])2
x ( X x
C4 X; y4= C4 cosh _-1); S4C4 sinh
C4
~~~~~x
; max. T4sl= c4w4cosh
w
w4 = S4 C4
768 KIRSTEN: TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN
- __1 __ -
_ --100F-
_ ---1F A
60---
--
_-
0 - ------lo
CL ___i7>1.
a- S oo 6 -- _, _i iI 30-
0 case.
t500 -o
0 - cb i 30)t
abscissa correso
t- n 20y
=
aI. 4EPRTR-ESO TIGN HR 0,0 I.ML
c400v 100 d .a
maximum i i
400
700 500
800 600
900 1200
delcintertclctnaydtrie
2x-TOWER SPACING IN FEET
1000
th.eflthowerpcig
1100
0.06 299 2.47 179. 548 179.656 1.000599 1.000986 0.00004019 33. 36
III)~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ __ .8
0.08 2988. 29 239. 063 239. 318 1.001068 1.001456 0.00005354 25. 03
0. 10 2982.94 298. 294 298.791 1.001667 1.002055 0.00006685 20.03
0. 12 2976. 40 357. 168 358.026 1.002402 1.002790 0.00008010 16. 71
.014 2968.72 415.621 416.980 1.003270 1.003658 0.00009329 14.33
0. 16 2959.89 473. 582 475.605 1.004272 1.004661 0.00010641 12. 55
0. 18 2949.94 530.989 533.861 1.005409 1.005798 0.00011944 11. 17
0.20 2938.89 587. 778 591.704 1.006680 1.007069 0.00013238 10.07
G2 =
SI 2.802
2 X 1,739,808 000 X0.003598
L_
Ci__
cosh -
x
+ 1
sinh
x
Ci C1
= si X 0.00000022381 X value given in col. 8, Table I.
1.5391
H2 = SI X = s5 X 0.00000012294
2 X1,739,808,000 XO.003598
0 t
0 U
CdCs
_
~~~~x
-
xl
sinh-J
C4 C4 (4
F3 = s3/x X (1 + 0.00000922 [100 + 10]) S3 X 1.001014
x
cosh
1.5391 C 1
G3 = s3 X +
2 X1,739,808,000 XO.003598 X 1.001014 x x
L sinh-_
X C3 C3
cosh- 1
= 53 X 0.00000012281+
x x
_ sinh -_.
c3 c
1.5391
H3 = S3 X = Ss X 0.00000012268
2 X 1,739,808,000 XO.003598 X 1.0010142
+ +
wlx~~~ 1l1
~~~ 82 u u
(34), (3) cosh (36) (37) X (37) X (4) (41) X (37) + (42) X
(35) & (- 1 (38) sinh (36) - 1.5391 (39) (43)
Ch't II (36) (40)
f I : n *l Il
.0
0~~~~~~.
u
Z~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
14 I 1
(30) ' (31) ' (33) ' (34) ' (35) ' (36)
+ H_
(3) cosh (36) ' (37)' X (37)' X (4) (41) ' X (37) ' (42)' X
(36) ' -1 (38) ' sinh (36) ' (40)_ ' 1.5391 + (39) '- (43) '
.0
0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
. . _ _ _ 1 _
x
WItt
- 1 =
F13'-G3' H3"
+11 .L_ -
x
C4f1
+ -
siluhC4f1
_
1
x x
- sinh - cosh
c c c
N=L2x
(66)
and the height of the support is
h = ki + y (67)
L
M= (k2[kl+y]2+k3)
x
x ~~x
dM _ L (2 k2 c cosh sinh k2 C2cosh-
dx 2 x X2
k2k12 k3
x2 x2
+ 2 c2 cosh -
C
- C2
+ 2kixsinh
X
- +221c-k1
2k1ccosh-+
x
2 k c-k, -
+ 2 cosh C--1
I- x x k3
+ 2 ck, sinh - - cosh- + 1-k,22
Simplifying:
-c -cosh
+ 2+ckk ( c-sinh- -c
-
+ i)
1 k12 +
from which
ki (I sinh i - cosh 1
\c c c
c =-
Simplifying:
ki[ sinh--cosh--1)
( cosh--x1)[2-sinhx (coshx_1)]
ki = 30
k3 k = 00 k3 + k2 =1000 k3 + k2 =1500
- c 2x 2x c 2x
7000~ - 77
3000 I , t 1
2000{f: I , ii
L lLii
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
2x=TOWER SPACING
FIG. 4
Hence,
k3 220 984
-2 0.2235=98
Interpolating the curve k3 k2 = 984 on Fig. 4 and plotting
the curve of critical catenaries for the specified cable in terms
of 2x and c from column 3 of Table I and column 37 of Table
III, respectively, the two curves are found to intersect at the
point 2x = 605, c = 2730.
Hence, the most economical tower spacing for the cable and
climate specified in problem 3 is 605 ft. (184.4 m.).
It will be remembered from the analyses of the preceding
sections that the catenary at the minimum temperature under
the most severe weather conditions is expressed by