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Page 1 of The Many Pages
Page 1 of The Many Pages
ROMILLO
139 SCRA 139 FE D. QUITA, PETITIONER, VS. COURT OF APPEALS AND
BLANDINA DANDAN, RESPONDENTS
FACTS: DECEMBER 22, 1998
Alice Reyes Van Dorn, a Filipino Citizen and private respondent, Richard Facts:
Upton, a US citizen, was married in Hong Kong in 1979. They
established their residence in the Philippines and had 2 children. They Fe D. Quita and Arturo T. Padlan, both Filipinos, were married in the
were divorced in Nevada, USA in 1982 and petitioner remarried, this Philippines on May 18, 1941. No children were born out of their
time with Theodore Van Dorn. A suit against petitioner was filed on June marriage. On July 23, 1954, petitioner obtained a final judgment of
8, 1983, stating that petitioner’s business in Ermita Manila, the Galleon divorce in San Francisco, California, U.S.A. On April 16, 1972, Arturo
Shop, is a conjugal property with Upton and prayed therein that Alice died leaving no will. On August 31, 1972, Lino Javier Inciong filed a
be ordered to render an accounting of the business and he be declared petition with the RTC for issuance of letters of administration concerning
as the administrator of the said property. the estate of Arturo in favor of the Philippine Trust Company.
Respondent Blandina Dandan, claiming to be the surviving spouse of
ISSUE: Arturo Dandan and the surviving children, all surnamed Padlan, opposed
the petition. The RTC expressed that the marriage between Antonio and
Whether or not the foreign divorce between the petitioner and private petitioner subsisted until the death of Arturo in 1972, that the marriage
respondent in Nevada is binding in the Philippines where petitioner is a existed between private respondent and Arturo was clearly void since it
Filipino citizen. was celebrated during the existence of his previous marriage to
petitioner. The Court of Appeals remanded the case to the trial court for
HELD: further proceedings.
Lorenzo filed with the Regional Trial Court, Iriga, Camarines Sur, a 2. Whether or not the divorce instituted by Fely abroad was valid.
petition for the probate and allowance of his last will and testament
wherein Lorenzo moved that Alicia be appointed Special Administratrix RULING:
of his estate.
1st issue: The totality of evidence presented during the trial is
Paula filed with the same court a petition*22+ for letters of insufficient to support the finding of psychological incapacity of Fely.
administration over Lorenzo’s estate in her favor. Using the guidelines established by the cases of Santos, Molina and
Marcos, this Court found that the totality of evidence presented by
RTC: considering that this court has so found that the divorce decree respondent Crasus failed miserably to establish the alleged
granted to the late Lorenzo Llorente is void and inapplicable in the psychological incapacity of his wife Fely; therefore, there is no basis for
Philippines, therefore the marriage he contracted with Alicia Fortunato declaring their marriage null and void under Article 36 of the Family
on January 16, 1958 at Manila is likewise void. CA Affirmed Code of the Philippines. Irreconcilable differences, conflicting
personalities, emotional immaturity and irresponsibility, physical abuse,
ISSUE: habitual alcoholism, sexual infidelity or perversion, and abandonment,
by themselves, also do not warrant a finding of psychological incapacity
Who are entitled to inherit? under the said Article.
The Supreme Court held that the marriage of respondent Crasus L. Iyoy
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, PETITIONER V. CRASUS L. and Fely Ada Rosal-Iyoy remains valid and subsisting.
IYOY, RESPONDENT.
G.R. NO. 152577. SEPTEMBER 21, 2005 REPUBLIC VS. ORBECIDO
GR NO. 154380, OCTOBER 5, 2005
FACTS:
FACTS:
Crasus Iyoy married Fely on December 16, 1961 in Cebu City. They
begot five children. After the celebration of their marriage, respondent Cipriano Orbecido III was married with Lady Myros Villanueva on May
Crasus discovered that Fely was “hot-tempered, a nagger and 24, 1981 at the United Church of Christ in the Philippines in Ozamis City.
extravagant.” In 1984, Fely left the Philippines for the United States of They had a son and a daughter named Kristoffer and Kimberly,
America (U.S.A.), leaving all of their five children to the care of respectively. In 1986, the wife left for US bringing along their son
respondent Crasus. Sometime in 1985, respondent Crasus learned, Kristoffer. A few years later, Orbecido discovered that his wife had been
through the letters sent by Fely to their children, that Fely got married naturalized as an American citizen and learned from his son that his wife
to an American, with whom she eventually had a child. Fely had five sometime in 2000 had obtained a divorce decree and married a certain
visits in Cebu City but never met Crasus. Also, she had been openly Stanley. He thereafter filed with the trial court a petition for authority
using the surname of her American husband in the Philippines and in to remarry invoking Paragraph 2 of Article 26 of the Family Code.
the USA. Crasus filed a declaration of nullity of marriage on March 25,
1997. ISSUE: Whether or not Orbecido can remarry under Article 26 of the
Family Code.
On her Answer, Fely alleged that while she did file for divorce from
respondent Crasus, she denied having herself sent a letter to respondent HELD:
Crasus requesting him to sign the enclosed divorce papers. After
securing a divorce from respondent Crasus, Fely married her American The court ruled that taking into consideration the legislative intent and
husband and acquired American citizenship. She argued that her applying the rule of reason, Article 26 Par.2 should be interpreted to
marriage to her American husband was legal because now being an include cases involving parties who, at the time of the celebration of the
American citizen, her status shall be governed by the law of her present marriage were Filipino citizens, but later on, one of them becomes
nationality. Fely also prayed that the RTC declare her marriage to naturalized as a foreign citizen and obtains a divorce decree. The
respondent Crasus null and void; and that respondent Crasus be ordered Filipino spouse should likewise be allowed to remarry as if the other
to pay to Fely the P90,000.00 she advanced to him, with interest, plus, party were a foreigner at the time of the solemnization of the marriage.
moral and exemplary damages, attorney’s fees, and litigation expenses.
Hence, the court’s unanimous decision in holding Article 26 Par 2 be
The Regional Trial Court declared the marriage of Crasus and Fely null interpreted as allowing a Filipino citizen who has been divorced by a
and void ab ignition on the ground of psychological incapacity. One spouse who had acquired a citizenship and remarried, also to remarry
factor considered by the RTC is that Fely obtained a divorce decree in under Philippine law.
the United States of America and married another man and has
established another family of her own. Plaintiff is in an anomalous
Page 2 of the many pages
CORPUZ VS. STO. TOMAS CASE DIGEST Article 26, it would be the height of injustice to consider Manalo as still
G.R. NO. 186571, AUGUST 11, 2010 married to the Japanese national, who, in turn, is no longer married to
her. For the appellate court, the fact that it was Manalo who filed the
FACTS: divorce case is inconsequential.
Two years later, he found another Filipina and wanted to marry her in Ruling:
the Philippines. He went to Pasig City Registrar's Office to register his
Canadian divorce decree but was denied considering that his marriage Yes.
with Daisylyn still subsists under Philippine law, that the foregin divorce
must be recognized judicially by the Philippine court. Paragraph 2 of Article 26 speaks of “a divorce x x x validly obtained
abroad by the alien spouse capacitating him or her to remarry”. Based
Gerbert subsequently filed at the Regional Trial Court a judicial on a clear and plain reading of the provision, it only requires that there
recognition of foreign divorce but was subsequently denied since he is be a divorce validly obtained abroad. The letter of the law does not
not the proper party and according to Article 26 of the Civil Code, only demand that the alien spouse should be the one who initiated the
a Filipino spouse can avail the remedy. proceeding wherein the divorce decree was granted. It does not
distinguish whether the Filipino spouse is the petitioner or the
ISSUE: respondent in the foreign divorce proceeding.
Whether or not Article 26 can also be applied to Corpuz' petition of The purpose of Paragraph 2 of Article 26 is to avoid the absurd situation
recognition of the foreign divorce decree where the Filipino spouse remains married to the alien spouse who, after
a foreign divorce decree that is effective in the country where it is
HELD: rendered, is no longer married to the Filipino spouse. The provision is a
corrective measure to address the anomaly where the Filipino spouse is
The Court held that alien spouses cannot claim the right as it is only in tied to the marriage while the foreign spouse is free to remarry under
favor of Filipino spouses. The legislative intent of Article 26 is for the the laws of his or her country. Whether the Filipino spouse initiated the
benefit of the clarification of the marital status of the Filipino spouse. foreign divorce proceeding or not, a favorable decree dissolving the
marriage bond and capacitating his or her alien spouse to remarry will
However, aliens are not strip to petition to the RTC for his foreign divorce have the same result: the Filipino spouse will effectively be without a
decree as it is a conclusive presumption of evidence of the authenticity husband or a wife. A Filipino who initiated a foreign divorce proceeding
of foreign divorce decree with confirmity to the alien's national law. is in the same place and in like circumstance as a Filipino who is at the
receiving end of an alien initiated proceeding. Therefore, the subject
The Pasig City Registrar's Office acted out of line when it registered the provision should not make a distinction. In both instance, it is extended
foreign divorce decree without judicial order recognition. Therefore, the as a means to recognize the residual effect of the foreign divorce decree
registration is still deemed to be void. on Filipinos whose marital ties to their alien spouses are severed by
operation of the latter’s national law.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, PETITIONER, – VERSUS –
MARELYN TANEDO MANALO, RESPONDENT. There is no real and substantial difference between a Filipino who
G.R. NO. 221029 initiated a foreign divorce proceeding and a Filipino who obtained a
24 APRIL 2018 divorce decree upon the instance of his or her alien spouse. In the eyes
of the Philippine and foreign laws, both are considered Filipinos who
Facts: have the same rights and obligations in an alien land. The circumstances
surrounding them are alike. Were it not for Paragraph 2 of Article 26,
On January 20, 2012, respondent Marelyn Tanedo Manalo (Manalo) filed both are still married to their foreigner spouses who are no longer their
a petition for cancellation of entry of marriage in the Civil Registry of wives/husbands. Hence, to make a distinction between them are based
San Juan, Metro Manila, by virtue of a judgment of divorce rendered by merely on superficial difference of whether they initiated the divorce
a Japanese court. The petition was later amended and captioned as a proceedings or not is utterly unfair. Indeed, the treatment gives undue
petition for recognition and enforcement of a foreign judgment. favor to one and unjustly discriminate against the other.
The petition alleged, among others, that: Thus, a Filipino citizen, who initiated a divorce proceeding abroad and
obtained a favorable judgment against his or her alien spouse who is
Petitioner is previously married in the Philippines to a Japanese national capacitated to remarry, has the capacity to remarry pursuant to Article
named YOSHIDO MINORO; 26 (2) of the Family Code.
Recently, a case for divorce was filed by petitioner in Japan and after AZNAR VS. GARCIA 7 S 95
due proceeding, a divorce decree was rendered by the Japanese Court; CATEGORY: CIVIL LAW JURISPRUDENCE
The trial court (RTC) denied the petition for lack of merit. In ruling that
the divorce obtained by Manalo in Japan should not be recognized, it Facts:
opined that, based on Article 15 of the New Civil Code, the Philippine
law “does not afford Filipinos the right to file a divorce, whether they Edward S. Christensen, though born in New York, migrated to California
are in the country or living abroad, if they are married to Filipinos or to where he resided and consequently was considered a California Citizen
foreigners, or if they celebrated their marriage in the Philippines or in for a period of nine years to 1913. He came to the Philippines where he
another country” and that unless Filipinos “are naturalized as citizens of became a domiciliary until the time of his death. However, during the
another country, Philippine laws shall have control over issues related entire period of his residence in this country, he had always considered
to Filipino family rights and duties, together with determination of their himself as a citizen of California.
condition and legal capacity to enter into contracts and civil relations,
including marriages”. In his will, executed on March 5, 1951, he instituted an acknowledged
natural daughter, Maria Lucy Christensen as his only heir but left a
On appeal, the Court of Appeals (CA) overturned the RTC decision. It legacy of some money in favor of Helen Christensen Garcia who, in a
held that Article 26 of the Family Code of the Philippines (Family Code) decision rendered by the Supreme Court had been declared as an
is applicable even if it was Manalo who filed for divorce against her acknowledged natural daughter of his. Counsel of Helen claims that
Japanese husband because the decree they obtained makes the latter under Art. 16 (2) of the civil code, California law should be applied, the
no longer married to the former, capacitating him to remarry. matter is returned back to the law of domicile, that Philippine law is
Conformably with Navarro, et al. v. Exec. Secretary, et al. [663 Phil. ultimately applicable, that the share of Helen must be increased in view
546 (2011)] ruling that the meaning of the law should be based on the of successional rights of illegitimate children under Philippine laws. On
intent of the lawmakers and in view of the legislative intent behind the other hand, counsel for daughter Maria , in as much that it is clear
Page 3 of the many pages
under Art, 16 (2) of the Mew Civil Code, the national of the deceased Held:
must apply, our courts must apply internal law of California on the
matter. Under California law, there are no compulsory heirs and The said illegitimate children are not entitled to their legitimes. Under
consequently a testator should dispose any property possessed by him Texas law, there are no legitimes. Even if the other will was executed in
in absolute dominion. the Philippines, his national law, still, will govern the properties for
succession even if it is stated in his testate that it shall be governed by
Issue: the Philippine law.
FACTS: SAUDIA denied her the assistance she requested, But because she was
wrongfully convicted, Prince of Makkah dismissed the case against her
Juan Miciano, judicial administrator of the estate in question, filed a and allowed her to leave Saudi Arabia. Shortly before her return to
scheme of partition. Andre Brimo, one of the brothers of the deceased Manila, she was terminated from the service by SAUDIA, without her
(Joseph Brimo) opposed Miciano’s participation in the inheritance. being informed of the cause.
Joseph Brimo is a Turkish citizen.
On November 23, 1993, Morada filed a Complaint for damages against
ISSUE: Whether Turkish law or Philippine law will be the basis on the SAUDIA, and Khaled Al-Balawi (“Al-Balawi”), its country manager.
distribution of Joseph Brimo’s estates. SAUDIA ALLEGES: Private respondent’s claim for alleged abuse of rights
occurred in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It alleges that the existence
HELD: of a foreign element qualifies the instant case for the application of the
law of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, by virtue of the lex loci delicti
Though the last part of the second clause of the will expressly said that commissi rule.
“it be made and disposed of in accordance with the laws in force in the
Philippine Island”, this condition, described as impossible conditions, MORADA ALLEGES: Since her Amended Complaint is based on Articles
shall be considered as not imposed and shall not prejudice the heir or 19 and 21 of the Civil Code, then the instant case is properly a matter
legatee in any manner whatsoever, even should the testator otherwise of domestic law.
provide. Impossible conditions are further defined as those contrary to
law or good morals. Thus, national law of the testator shall govern in ISSUE:
his testamentary dispositions.
The court approved the scheme of partition submitted by the judicial WON the Philippine courts have jurisdiction to try the case
administrator, in such manner as to include Andre Brimo, as one of the
legatees. HELD:
Whether or not such illegitimate children of Bellis be entitled to In the instant case, the foreign element consisted in the fact that private
successional rights. respondent Morada is a resident Philippine national, and that petitioner
SAUDIA is a resident foreign corporation. Also, by virtue of the
employment of Morada with the petitioner Saudia as a flight stewardess,
events did transpire during her many occasions of travel across national
Page 4 of the many pages
borders, particularly from Manila, Philippines to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, based on mere labor law violations. From the record, the claim that the
and vice versa, that caused a “conflicts” situation to arise. Philippines has the most significant contact with the matter in this
dispute, raised by private respondent as plaintiff below against
COURT disagrees with MORADA that his is purely a domestic case. defendant (herein petitioner), in our view, has been properly
However, the court finds that the RTC of Quezon City possesses established.
jurisdiction over the subject matter of the suit. Its authority to try and
hear the case is provided for under Section 1 of Republic Act No. 7691, NOTE:
to wit:
These “test factors” or “points of contact” or “connecting factors” could
BP129 Sec. 19. Jurisdiction in Civil Cases. — Regional Trial Courts shall be any of the following:
exercise exclusive jurisdiction:
xxx xxx xxx (1) The nationality of a person, his domicile, his residence, his place of
(8) In all other cases in which demand, exclusive of interest, damages sojourn, or his origin;
of whatever kind, attorney`y’s fees, litigation expenses, and cots or the (2) the seat of a legal or juridical person, such as a corporation;
value of the property in controversy exceeds One hundred thousand (3) the situs of a thing, that is, the place where a thing is, or is deemed
pesos (P100,000.00) or, in such other cases in Metro Manila, where the to be situated. In particular, the lex situs is decisive when real rights are
demand, exclusive of the above-mentioned items exceeds Two hundred involved;
Thousand pesos (P200,000.00). (Emphasis ours) (4) the place where an act has been done, the locus actus, such as the
xxx xxx xxx place where a contract has been made, a marriage celebrated, a will
Section 2 (b), Rule 4 of the Revised Rules of Court — the venue, Quezon signed or a tort committed. The lex loci actus is particularly important
City, is appropriate: in contracts and torts;
Sec. 2 Venue in Courts of First Instance. — [Now Regional Trial Court] (5) the place where an act is intended to come into effect, e.g., the place
(a) xxx xxx xxx of performance of contractual duties, or the place where a power of
(b) Personal actions. — All other actions may be commenced and tried attorney is to be exercised;
where the defendant or any of the defendants resides or may be found, (6) the intention of the contracting parties as to the law that should
or where the plaintiff or any of the plaintiff resides, at the election of the govern their agreement, the lex loci intentionis;
plaintiff. (7) the place where judicial or administrative proceedings are instituted
or done. The lex fori — the law of the forum — is particularly important
Weighing the relative claims of the parties, the court a quo found it best because, as we have seen earlier, matters of “procedure” not going to
to hear the case in the Philippines. Had it refused to take cognizance of the substance of the claim involved are governed by it; and because the
the case, it would be forcing plaintiff (private respondent now) to seek lex fori applies whenever the content of the otherwise applicable foreign
remedial action elsewhere, i.e. in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia where law is excluded from application in a given case for the reason that it
she no longer maintains substantial connections. That would have falls under one of the exceptions to the applications of foreign law; and
caused a fundamental unfairness to her. (8) the flag of a ship, which in many cases is decisive of practically all
Moreover, by hearing the case in the Philippines no unnecessary legal relationships of the ship and of its master or owner as such. It also
difficulties and inconvenience have been shown by either of the parties. covers contractual relationships particularly contracts of affreightment.
The choice of forum of the plaintiff (now private respondent) should be
upheld. CADALIN ET AL VS. POEA ET AL
MARCH 28, 2013 ~ VBDIAZ
The trial court also acquired jurisdiction over the parties. MORADA BIENVENIDO M. CADALIN, ROLANDO M. AMUL, DONATO B.
through her act of filing, and SAUDIA by praying for the dismissal of the EVANGELISTA, AND THE REST OF 1,767 NAMED-
Amended Complaint on grounds other than lack of jurisdiction. COMPLAINANTS, THRU AND BY THEIR ATTORNEY-IN-FACT,
ATTY. GERARDO A. DEL MUNDOVS. PHILIPPINE OVERSEAS
As to the choice of applicable law, we note that choice-of-law problems EMPLOYMENT ADMINISTRATION’S ADMINISTRATOR, NLRC,
seek to answer two important questions: BROWN & ROOT INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND/OR ASIA
(1) What legal system should control a given situation where some of INTERNATIONAL BUILDERS CORPORATION
the significant facts occurred in two or more states; and GRN 104776, DECEMBER 5,1994.
(2) to what extent should the chosen legal system regulate the situation.
FACTS:
Considering that the complaint in the court a quo is one involving torts,
the “connecting factor” or “point of contact” could be the place or places This is a consolidation of 3 cases of SPECIAL CIVIL ACTIONS in the
where the tortious conduct or lex loci actus occurred. And applying the Supreme Court for Certiorari.
torts principle in a conflicts case, we find that the Philippines could be
said as a situs of the tort (the place where the alleged tortious conduct On June 6, 1984, Cadalin, Amul and Evangelista, in their own behalf and
took place). This is because it is in the Philippines where petitioner on behalf of 728 other OCWs instituted a class suit by filing an “Amended
allegedly deceived private respondent, a Filipina residing and working Complaint” with the POEA for money claims arising from their
here. According to her, she had honestly believed that petitioner would, recruitment by ASIA INTERNATIONAL BUILDERS CORPORATION (AIBC)
in the exercise of its rights and in the performance of its duties, “act and employment by BROWN & ROOT INTERNATIONAL, INC (BRI) which
with justice, give her due and observe honesty and good faith.” Instead, is a foreign corporation with headquarters in Houston, Texas, and is
petitioner failed to protect her, she claimed. That certain acts or parts engaged in construction; while AIBC is a domestic corporation licensed
of the injury allegedly occurred in another country is of no moment. For as a service contractor to recruit, mobilize and deploy Filipino workers
in our view what is important here is the place where the over-all harm for overseas employment on behalf of its foreign principals.
or the totality of the alleged injury to the person, reputation, social
standing and human rights of complainant, had lodged, according to the The amended complaint sought the payment of the unexpired portion of
plaintiff below (herein private respondent). All told, it is not without the employment contracts, which was terminated prematurely, and
basis to identify the Philippines as the situs of the alleged tort. secondarily, the payment of the interest of the earnings of the Travel
and Reserved Fund; interest on all the unpaid benefits; area wage and
In applying “State of the most significant relationship” rule, to determine salary differential pay; fringe benefits; reimbursement of SSS and
the State which has the most significant relationship, the following premium not remitted to the SSS; refund of withholding tax not remitted
contacts are to be taken into account and evaluated according to their to the BIR; penalties for committing prohibited practices; as well as the
relative importance with respect to the particular issue: (a) the place suspension of the license of AIBC and the accreditation of BRII
where the injury occurred; (b) the place where the conduct causing the
injury occurred; (c) the domicile, residence, nationality, place of On October 2, 1984, the POEA Administrator denied the “Motion to
incorporation and place of business of the parties, and (d) the place Strike Out of the Records” filed by AIBC but required the claimants to
where the relationship, if any, between the parties is centered. correct the deficiencies in the complaint pointed out.
As already discussed, there is basis for the claim that over-all injury AIB and BRII kept on filing Motion for Extension of Time to file their
occurred and lodged in the Philippines. There is likewise no question that answer. The POEA kept on granting such motions.
private respondent is a resident Filipina national, working with
petitioner, a resident foreign corporation engaged here in the business On November 14, 1984, claimants filed an opposition to the motions for
of international air carriage. Thus, the “relationship” between the parties extension of time and asked that AIBC and BRII declared in default for
was centered here, although it should be stressed that this suit is not failure to file their answers.
Page 5 of the many pages
3. Whether or not the instant cases qualify as; a class suit
On December 27, 1984, the POEA Administrator issued an order (siningit ko nalang)
directing AIBC and BRII to file their answers within ten days from receipt (the rest of the issues in the full text of the case refer to Labor Law)
of the order.
RULING:
(at madami pang motions ang na-file, new complainants joined the
case, ang daming inavail na remedies ng both parties) 1. NLRC set aside Section 1, Rule 129 of the 1989 Revised Rules
On June 19, 1987, AIBC finally submitted its answer to the complaint. on Evidence governing the pleading and proof of a foreign law and
At the same hearing, the parties were given a period of 15 days from admitted in evidence a simple copy of the Bahrain’s Amiri Decree No.
said date within which to submit their respective position papers. On 23 of 1976 (Labour Law for the Private Sector).
February 24, 1988, AIBC and BRII submitted position paper. On October
27, 1988, AIBC and BRII filed a “Consolidated Reply,” POEA Adminitartor NLRC applied the Amiri Deere, No. 23 of 1976, which provides for
rendered his decision which awarded the amount of $824, 652.44 in greater benefits than those stipulated in the overseas-employment
favor of only 324 complainants. Claimants submitted their “Appeal contracts of the claimants. It was of the belief that where the laws of
Memorandum For Partial Appeal” from the decision of the POEA. AIBC the host country are more favorable and beneficial to the workers, then
also filed its MR and/or appeal in addition to the “Notice of Appeal” filed the laws of the host country shall form part of the overseas employment
earlier. contract. It approved the observation of the POEA Administrator that in
labor proceedings, all doubts in the implementation of the provisions of
NLRC promulgated its Resolution, modifying the decision of the POEA. the Labor Code and its implementing regulations shall be resolved in
The resolution removed some of the benefits awarded in favor of the favor of labor.
claimants. NLRC denied all the MRs. Hence, these petitions filed by the
claimants and by AlBC and BRII. The overseas-employment contracts, which were prepared by AIBC and
BRII themselves, provided that the laws of the host country became
The case rooted from the Labor Law enacted by Bahrain where most of applicable to said contracts if they offer terms and conditions more
the complainants were deployed. His Majesty Ise Bin Selman Al Kaifa, favorable than those stipulated therein. However there was a part of the
Amir of Bahrain, issued his Amiri Decree No. 23 on June 16, 1176, employment contract which provides that the compensation of the
otherwise known re the Labour Law for the Private Sector. Some of the employee may be “adjusted downward so that the total computation
provision of Amiri Decree No. 23 that are relevant to the claims of the plus the non-waivable benefits shall be equivalent to the compensation”
complainants-appellants are as follows: therein agree,’ another part of the same provision categorically states
“that total remuneration and benefits do not fall below that of the host
“Art. 79: x x x A worker shall receive payment for each extra hour country regulation and custom.”
equivalent to his wage entitlement increased by a minimum of twenty-
rive per centurn thereof for hours worked during the day; and by a Any ambiguity in the overseas-employment contracts should be
minimum off fifty per centurn thereof for hours worked during the night interpreted against AIBC and BRII, the parties that drafted it. Article
which shall be deemed to being from seven o’clock in the evening until 1377 of the Civil Code of the Philippines provides:
seven o’clock in the morning .” ‘The interpretation of obscure words or stipulations in a contract shall
not favor the party who caused the obscurity.”
Art. 80: Friday shall be deemed to be a weekly day of rest on full pay.
If employee worked, 150% of his normal wage shall be paid to him x x Said rule of interpretation is applicable to contracts of adhesion where
x.” there is already a prepared form containing the stipulations of the
employment contract and the employees merely “take it or leave it.”
Art. 81; x x x When conditions of work require the worker to work on The presumption is that there was an imposition by one party against
any official holiday, he shall be paid an additional sum equivalent to the other and that the employees signed the contracts out of necessity
150% of his normal wage.” that reduced their bargaining power.
We read the overseas employment contracts in question as adopting the
Art. 84: Every worker who has completed one year’s continuous service provisions of the Amiri Decree No. 23 of 1976 as part and parcel thereof.
with his employer shall be entitled to Laos on full pay for a period of not The parties to a contract may select the law by which it is to be
less than 21 days for each year increased to a period not less than 28 governed. In such a case, the foreign law is adopted as a “system” to
days after five continuous years of service.” regulate the relations of the parties, including questions of their capacity
to enter into the contract, the formalities to be observed by them,
A worker shall be entitled to such leave upon a quantum meruit in matters of performance, and so forth. Instead of adopting the entire
respect of the proportion of his service in that year.” mass of the foreign law, the parties may just agree that specific
provisions of a foreign statute shall be deemed incorporated into their
Art. 107: A contract of employment made for a period of indefinite contract “as a set of terms.” By such reference to the provisions of the
duration may be terminated by either party thereto after giving the foreign law, the contract does not become a foreign contract to be
other party prior notice before such termination, in writing, in respect governed by the foreign law. The said law does not operate as a statute
of monthly paid workers and fifteen days’ notice in respect of other but as a set of contractual terms deemed written in the contract.
workers. The party terminating a contract without the required notice
shall pay to the other party compensation equivalent to the amount of A basic policy of contract is to protect the expectation of the parties.
wages payable to the worker for the period of such notice or the Such party expectation is protected by giving effect to the parties’ own
unexpired portion thereof.” choice of the applicable law. The choice of law must, however, bear
some relationship the parties or their transaction. There is no question
Art. Ill: x x x the employer concerned shall pay to such worker, upon that the contracts sought to be enforced by claimants have a direct
termination of employment, a leaving indemnity for the period of his connection with the Bahrain law because the services were rendered in
employment calculated on the basis of fifteen days’ wages for each year that country.
of the first three years of service and of one month’s wages for each
year of service thereafter. Such worker shall be entitled to payment of 2. NLRC ruled that the prescriptive period for the filing of the
leaving indemnity upon a quantum meruit in proportion to the period of claims of the complainants was 3 years, as provided in Article 291 of
his service completed within a year.” the Labor Code of the Philippines, and not ten years as provided in
Article 1144 of the Civil Code of the Philippines nor one year as provided
ISSUE: in the Amiri Decree No. 23 of 1976.
1. WON the foreign law should govern or the contract of the Article 156 of the Amiri Decree No. 23 of 1976 provides:
parties.(WON the complainants who have worked in Bahrain are entitled “A claim arising out of a contract of employment shall not actionable
to the above-mentioned benefits provided by Amiri Decree No. 23 of after the lapse of one year from the date of the expiry of the Contract”.
Bahrain).
As a general rule, a foreign procedural law will not be applied in the
2. WON the Bahrain Law should apply in the case. (Assuming it forum (local court), Procedural matters, such as service of process,
is applicable WON complainants’ claim for the benefits provided therein joinder of actions, period and requisites for appeal, and so forth, are
have prescribed.) governed by the laws of the forum. This is true even if the action is
based upon a foreign substantive law.
Section 48 has not been repealed or amended by the Civil Code of the
Philippines. In the light of the 1987 Constitution, however,
Section 48 cannot be enforced ex proprio vigore insofar as it ordains the
application in this jurisdiction of Section 156 of the Amiri Decree No. 23
of 1976.
The courts of the forum (local Court) will not enforce any foreign claim
obnoxious to the forum’s public policy. To enforce the one-year
prescriptive period of the Amiri Decree No. 23 of 1976 as regards the
claims in question would contravene the public policy on the protection
to labor.
In Article XIII on Social Justice and Human Rights, the 1987 Constitution
provides:
“Sec. 3. The State shall afford full protection to labor, local and
overseas, organized and unorganized, and promote full employment and
equality of employment opportunities for all.”
The next question is whether the prescriptive period governing the filing
of the claims is 3 years, as provided by the Labor Code or 10 years, as
provided by the Civil Code of the Philippines.
(1) Upon a written contract; (2) Upon an obligation created by law; (3)
Upon a judgment”