Bonding Elastomers
Bonding Elastomers
ISBN 1-85957-495-5
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Item 1
Source of
Macromolecules
original article
33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83
Title EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES
Authors and
Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han affiliation
Akron,University
The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and ether-
based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714 from
B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection moulding
temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the variations
of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time observed
during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated that
variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing very Abstract
much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time during
isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments indicated
that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the heating and
cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase separation transition
or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could not be determined
from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment. The plots of log
dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied with temp. over
the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs. Companies or
GOODRICH B.F. organisations
Location USA mentioned
Accession no.771897
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Report 96 Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology, J.A. Hickman,
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Report 71 Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’s
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Report 72 Advances in Injection Moulding, C.A. Maier, Econology Report 97 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory
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Retardants, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.
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J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan, Hydro Polymers Ltd. Technology Ltd.
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Canada.
Development.
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Report 152 Natural and Wood Fibre Reinforcement in Polymers,
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Report 125 Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR, Kassel.
H.N. Cheng, Hercules Incorporated. Report 153 Polymers in Telecommunication Devices, G.H. Cross,
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University of Nottingham. Report 154 Polymers in Building and Construction, S.M. Halliwell,
BRE.
Report 127 Polymers in Medical Applications, B.J. Lambert and Report 155 Styrenic Copolymers, Andreas Chrisochoou and
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Report 128 Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau, Report 156 Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact
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ISBN 1-85957-495-5
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
Contents
1 Foreword .....................................................................................................................................................5
2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................5
2.1 The Process.......................................................................................................................................5
2.2 Primers..............................................................................................................................................6
2.3 Adhesives .........................................................................................................................................6
2.4 Environmental Concerns ..................................................................................................................7
3 Adhesive Application ..................................................................................................................................7
3.1 Surface Preparation ..........................................................................................................................7
3.2 Adhesive Selection ...........................................................................................................................8
3.3 Adhesive Preparation .......................................................................................................................8
3.4 Adhesive Application .......................................................................................................................9
3.5 Film Thickness .................................................................................................................................9
3.6 Drying .............................................................................................................................................10
3.7 Storage ............................................................................................................................................10
4 Moulding ...................................................................................................................................................10
4.1 Methods of Mould Bonding ...........................................................................................................10
4.2 Sweeping (Flow) ............................................................................................................................11
4.3 Pre-bake Resistance ........................................................................................................................11
4.4 Mould Release ................................................................................................................................11
4.5 Demoulding ....................................................................................................................................11
5 Environmentally Preferred Adhesives.......................................................................................................12
5.1 Adhesive Description .....................................................................................................................12
5.2 Formulations ...................................................................................................................................12
5.3 Application .....................................................................................................................................13
5.4 Rubber Formulations ......................................................................................................................13
5.5 Testing ............................................................................................................................................13
5.5.1 Bond Performance .............................................................................................................13
5.5.2 Primary Adhesion...............................................................................................................15
5.5.3 Sweep .................................................................................................................................15
5.5.4 Hot Tear..............................................................................................................................15
5.5.5 Salt Spray ...........................................................................................................................15
5.6 Results ............................................................................................................................................16
5.7 Summary ........................................................................................................................................18
6 Aqueous Adhesives ...................................................................................................................................18
6.1 Aqueous versus Solvent Based Adhesives .....................................................................................18
6.2 Experimental ..................................................................................................................................19
1
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
2
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
3
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reflect those
of Rapra Technology Limited or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility or
liability of any nature shall attach to Rapra Technology Limited arising out of or in connection with any
utilisation in any form of any material contained therein.
4
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
CHEMLOK
205/220
Figure 1
Adhesive use in aerospace application
Figure reproduced with permission from ATK Thiokol Propulsion
5
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
Figure 2
Interfacial dynamics of a rubber-to-metal bond
6
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
2.4 Environmental Concerns The first is mechanical preparation. Here the metal
surface to be bonded is blasted with iron oxide grit that
Adhesives for rubber-to-metal bonding were first is angular as opposed to round shot. Blasting consists of
developed using solvents such as alcohols, ketones, impinging abrasive particles against the metal surface
halogenated solvents and aromatic solvents. These with an air stream. The duration of the blast, the shape
solvents allow viscosities to be obtained in the range and size of the blasting media, the particle velocity, and
suitable for brush applying and then can be readily the hardness, porosity and other properties of the metal,
diluted for dipping or spraying applications. determine the surface profile. Using grit is preferred
over using shot because grit produces a rough, open
To meet government volatile emission standards (i.e., surface, while shot peens the surface and sometimes
volatile organic compound (VOC)), some companies causes occlusion with loose particles. The grit size
have installed incinerators to convert the solvents into most commonly used is G-40. The air used in blasting
acceptable emissions. However, many adhesives contain should be free of oil and water. Once blasted, the parts
chlorinated solvents for controlling evaporation rate and need to be degreased.
rheology. When chlorinated solvents are incinerated,
the potential exists for converting them to acids such as For many years, chlorinated solvents were used for
hydrochloric acid (HCl) which can damage the incinerator. vapour degreasing. However today, alkaline (hot
Therefore the adhesive manufacturers have had to detergent) baths are common. Some equipment is much
remove the chlorinated solvents and replace them with like a dishwasher in that the parts to be degreased are
an aromatic such as xylene. For example, CHEMLOK washed with hot detergent followed by a hot rinse.
220X is a xylene based version of CHEMLOK 220 which The oils are then skimmed off the water for proper
contains halogenated solvents. disposal.
Additionally, some solvent-based adhesives contain Limited studies show that a high blast profile is not
lead compounds or other heavy metals. Because of necessarily better than a low profile. Sometimes high
concerns regarding waste disposal of dried adhesive profiles can leave ‘hackles’ that will trap solvent or
such as from spray booth filters, new versions with non- break off and be the locus of a failure. Profiles of 15-
heavy metal replacements have been developed. For 25 microns are adequate. Aluminium oxide is used for
example, heavy metal containing CHEMLOK 220 can aluminium substrates as well as stainless steel. Sand
be replaced with environmentally preferred CHEMLOK blasting is rarely done due to silicosis concerns. It is
adhesives (EPCA) CHEMLOK 6220. important that a clean fresh surface is available.
Adhesives are now available that do not use solvent as The second type of surface preparation for metals is
the carrier nor do they contain any heavy metals. These phosphatising. The use of metallic phosphates for metal
aqueous based adhesives have proven themselves in the protection dates back to the Roman Empire. Rust-
market place and provide the same robust adhesion as free household items have been found in remarkable
the solvent systems: see the section on aqueous based condition in Germany from the 3rd Century. Some form
adhesives and environmentally preferred adhesives. of phosphatising is used on many items being adhered
to rubber, particularly where the rubber will not coat
the entire part and rust inhibition is desired.
7
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
they will be immersed in oils and other fluids and do Table 1 Adhesive selector guide based on the type
not need the type of environmental resistance (e.g., of elastomer to be bonded to metal
salt spray) that an exposed automotive underbody part
might need. In many instances, sealers are used in the Elastomer Primer Adhesive
phosphate treatment to render the salts insoluble. It is Natural rubber CHEMLOK CHEMLOK 220
known that sometimes a sealer may make the surface 205 CHEMLOK 252X
difficult to bond and a different adhesive system may CHEMLOK 6100
be required. Iron phosphate is also used and does not CHEMLOK CHEMLOK 8560S
present any problems in bonding as long as the film 8007
weights are kept low as noted above. Butyl & EPDM CHEMLOK CHEMLOK 252X
types 205 CHEMLOK 6100
Other chemical treatments for corrosion are sometimes Fluoroelastomers CHEMLOK 5150
employed. While electrogalvanised steel is easy to CHEMLOK 8116
bond, hot-dipped galvanised is extremely difficult. The Nitrile types CHEMLOK 252X
‘spangled’ metal surface usually has to be mechanically CHEMLOK 6100
removed or sometimes if a primer is baked on prior to CHEMLOK 8110
adhesive coating, good adhesion can be achieved. Silicones CHEMLOK 608
CHEMLOK 8116
For aluminium, various chromate treatments are applied or it Note: ‘X’ denotes all xylene system, ‘6000 series’
is anodised. Generally these are bondable but each treatment denotes EPCA types, ‘8000 series’ denotes aqueous
should be tested on its own since there are so many types.
A third and newer technology for metal preparation is being bonded to a nylon type plastic, then another type
deposition coatings. ‘E-Coat’ is an electrodeposition might be suitable. Adhesive suppliers have selector
epoxy coating that is applied to engine mounts for guides available.
enhanced corrosion resistance. It is applied at a
25 micron thickness and works well with deeply
recessed areas. The electrolytic deposition is done over
3.3 Adhesive Preparation
phosphated metals and baked between 100-200 °C
depending upon the system. This bake is very important
and if not done correctly, can result in a bond failure Many adhesives contain fillers, pigments and bonding
that is cohesive within the coating. Adhesion to such agents that are solids dispersed into the solvent/polymer
coating does not appear to be difficult. solution (or in an emulsified polymer in the case of
aqueous adhesives). These materials settle to varying
degrees requiring the product to be well stirred prior
A newer deposition coating has emerged that is based
to application. If the ingredients are not well mixed,
upon phenolic chemistry. This treatment, MetalJacket®
bond failures can result since the bonding agent may
(Lord Corporation) is an autodeposition coating. It
not be present in sufficient amount after the adhesive is
deposits on metal immersed in the solution coating
applied. If diluted for dipping or spraying, the solids can
and is self limiting in terms of the amount deposited.
settle even faster and for these cases, constant agitation
Adhesives bond well to this coating and provide
might be required. Care must be taken in spray lines that
outstanding salt spray corrosion resistance, eliminating
the adhesive does not settle in the delivery hoses. Some
the need for post painting.
adhesives are solutions (no dispersed materials) and do
not require mixing. Aqueous adhesives likewise contain
solids that can settle out. Slow agitation is suggested so
3.2 Adhesive Selection as not to cause foaming.
Adhesive selection is primarily based upon the type of For small containers hand mixing is adequate, but for
rubber being bonded. Table 1 shows a limited adhesive larger size containers an air-powered mixer is suggested.
selector guide for Lord Corporation products based Figure 3 illustrates an air driven motor attached to
on the type of rubber. However, sometimes the type a shaft in a drum of adhesive. The shaft has blades
of substrate will also be a factor. For example, when attached to it near the bottom. After breaking the solids
bonding an SBR type of elastomer, a metal primer might loose using a hand crank in a back and forth motion, the
be suitable whereas if the same SBR were to be bonded air mixer is run for about 8 hours at 40-60 rpm prior to
to a polyester textile, then a one-coat adhesive. If it were any of the adhesive being removed.
8
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
Figure 3
Air mixer on a drum
For spraying or dipping the adhesive may have to be Table 2 Common methods of adhesive
diluted. In some special cases, the adhesives must be application
diluted independent of the application procedure in Method Examples
order to minimise any buildup of the adhesive. The
Brush Wheels for fork-lifts, blow-out
technical literature on each product should be consulted
preventors, bridge bearing pads,
to determine the proper diluents to use and to determine
rubber rolls
what amount to add in order to achieve the necessary
Roller Tank lining, large flat plates
viscosity for proper application.
Dip
Tumble Automotive seals
Straight (hand, Railroad car seals, engine
3.4 Adhesive Application conveyor) mounts, railroad track fasteners,
bushings, engine gaskets
The method selected for application of a primer and Screw-auger Automotive seals
adhesive usually depends upon the shape of the part and
Dip-spin Non-flat parts such as automotive
how many parts are to be coated in a given time period.
engine mounts
For example, in the seal industry, they coat hundreds
of small metal rings at one time, sometimes for three Spray
shifts a day. However, for a large earthquake bearing Hand spray Limited runs of medium/large
pad or the inside of a solid rocket booster motor for size parts
the space shuttle program, only a few parts a week at Automatic spray Solid rocket motors
most might be coated. Table 2 lists the main methods Chain-on-edge Automotive bushings
of adhesive application. Tumble spray Automotive seals
Coil coating Automotive weatherstrip
Flow coating Inside of pipes such as drilling
3.5 Film Thickness stators
9
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
When bonding speciality elastomers such as silicones coated on the substrate to be bonded, they are combined
and fluoroelastomers, speciality adhesives are used. in a mould with heat and pressure to manufacture the
Usually they are one-coat adhesives and are applied as desired part (see Figures 4-6). While most moulding is
very thin films, less than 1 micron. done between 150 °C and 200 °C, there are applications
where the curing/bonding temperatures are much lower
such as at 100 °C for cast urethane bonding (see section
on Bonding Urethanes) and for rubber lining (see section
3.6 Drying
on Rubber Lining). These types of adhesives have a
different chemistry than those used for general purpose
For aqueous adhesives, the inserts to be bonded usually rubber bonding which allow them to cure and bond at
have to be pre-heated to 50-65 °C prior to applying the the lower temperatures. Curing at lower temperatures
primer as well as the adhesive. This is required to dry generally takes a relatively longer time (e.g., hours) than
the film from ‘inside-out’ and to increase the ability for mould bonding (minutes). Thus, the adhesives that cure
the adhesive to wet the surface. at lower temperatures normally do not work well at the
higher temperature/faster cycle times.
With the use of automatic equipment such as mobile
spray lines or moving dip lines, post heating is done to Table 3 shows the various methods of bonding.
speed the process of drying. The temperature and the
line speed must be co-ordinated. Most drying is done
in the range of 65-100 °C.
Cavity Mold
If the adhesive is exposed to temperatures greater than
120 °C prior to bonding, there is a risk of pre-reacting
the adhesive. If this happens, a bond failure will most
likely occur between the rubber and the adhesive.
Figure 4
Most heating is done with gas-fired ovens. The use of Compression mould bonding
infrared heat lamps is not suggested due to the extreme
temperatures that the filament can reach and hence
radiate that heat to the black adhesive.
Runner
system
Feed
4 Moulding barrel
Cavity
4.1 Methods of Mould Bonding
Figure 6
Once the type of rubber has been selected and compounded
for a particular use, and the adhesive is selected and Injection mould bonding
10
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
Table 3 Common methods of mould bonding this is enough time to load all the inserts and to begin
moulding. Higher temperatures can reduce the pre-bake
Method Examples resistance.
Compression (Figure 4) Automotive seals, large
components
Transfer (Figure 5) Bushings, engine mounts
4.4 Mould Release
Injection (Figure 6) Engine mounts
Autoclave Rubber rolls, rubber lined
Mould releases are used on moulds to allow the rubber
pipes
to release after moulding preventing the rubber from
Extrusion Supported weatherstrip,
getting surface blemishes or even tearing. Adhesive
wire and cable
coated parts that are either in the mould cavities or
Pressureless steam Rubber lining of railroad sitting in a bin near the press, should not be allowed
tank cars to come into contact with the mould release. Part bins
should be covered in case air currents carry the mould
release onto the parts. Silicone mould releases should
not be used and if they are being used even in another
Each method has its advantages and disadvantages such
part of the plant, they can possibly get circulated
as initial cost, handling, compounding and physical
throughout due to air currents.
preparation of the rubber, waste (e.g., flash) and
retention of the physical dimension of the part.
11
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
12
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
Table 5 Hard NR
5.4 Rubber Formulations Stock recipes
Ingredients Phr
For testing the general purpose adhesives two different SMR-CV60 NR rubber stock 100.00
natural rubber compounds were used: low durometer Zinc oxide 5.00
(soft, Table 4) and high durometer (hard, Table 5). Wax anticheck #55 2.00
Both of these compounds are cured with sulfur. The Pinetar tarlac 30 2.00
Tables show the recipes and mechanical properties for Agerite hipar T powder 1.00
the rubber compounds used. Flectol TMQ 1.00
N330 HAF black 40.00
Stearic acid 1.00
5.5 Testing Sulfur 1.80
Reogen E liquid 1.00
MBTS* 1.70
5.5.1 Bond Performance ZDMC** 0.31
Mechanical properties
Studies were completed with the environmentally Properties Data
preferred adhesive systems (designated CHEMLOK Tensile strength (PSI) 3633.0
205HC/6110, 6125, 6100 and 6109), as well as the lead Elongation (%) 533.0
containing controls (designated CHEMLOK 205/220 Tear strength (PLI) 362.0
and 252X). All testing of general-purpose adhesives
Shore A durometer 52.0
used ASTM D-429 Method B coupons as shown in
Compression set (%) 23.6
Figure 8. The tests included primary adhesion and
multiple accelerated environmental tests (Figures 9 and t-90 cure @ 160 °C (minutes) 2.0
10). The value axis in all graphs is the percent rubber * MBTS: 2-mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide
retention in the bonded area of the part after the rubber ** ZDMC: zinc dimethyl dithiocarbamate
13
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
25 x 25 mm
Bonded C
area
Metal strip
A 60.5 mm 2.38 in
B 127 mm 5.0 in
C 25.0 mm 1.0 in
D 7.9 mm 0.31 in
Figure 8
Drawing of ASTM method B coupon
Primary Adhesion
(ASTM D-429 Method B at 45° peel, 508 mm/min)
Elastomer: Shore A 40 (Soft NR) cured @ 149 °C
100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
% Rubber
% Rubber
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
A B C D E F
A - CH 205/220 D - CH 205/252X
B - CH 205HC/6110 E - CH 205HC/6100
C - CH 205HC/6125 F - CH 205HC/6109
Figure 9
Adhesion testing of lead and lead-free adhesives for soft rubber-to-metal bonding, showing the percentage of
rubber retained on the metal after separation (with or without a pre-bake (PB) step)
14
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
Primary Adhesion
(ASTM D-429 Method B at 45° peel, 508 mm/min)
Elastomer: Shore A 52 (Hard NR) cured @ 171 °C
100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
% Rubber
% Rubber
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
A B C D E F
A - CH 205/220 D - CH 205/252X
B - CH 205HC/6110 E - CH 205HC/6100
C - CH 205HC/6125 F - CH 205HC/6109
Figure 10
Adhesion testing of lead and lead-free adhesives for hard rubber-to-metal bonding, showing the percentage of
rubber retained on the metal after separation (with or without a pre-bake [PB] step)
has been separated from the metal. Pre-bake (PB) is used 5.5.4 Hot Tear
to simulate the time (in minutes) an adhesive coated
part may be exposed to the bonding temperature in the The ASTM D-429 Method B peel test was done at
mould prior to introduction of the rubber. a modified 45º-peel angle and at a crosshead rate of
508 mm/min (20 in/min) after a hot air soak of 15 minutes
at 149 ºC (300 ºF). All parts were destructively tested
5.5.2 Primary Adhesion using a three-station tester by United Testing Systems,
Model: SFM-20-3CAP. Figures 12 and 13 show that
The ASTM D-429 Method B peel test was done at the new environmentally preferred adhesives provide
a modified 45º-peel angle and at a crosshead rate of robust performance in hot tear and work equally as well
508 mm/min (20 in/min) at ambient conditions. All as the lead containing products.
parts were destructively tested using a three-station
tester made by United Testing Systems, Model: SFM-
20-3CAP. All environmentally preferred products 5.5.5 Salt Spray
(designated CHEMLOK 205HC/6110, 6125, 6100 and
6109) performed as well as the lead containing versions The ASTM B-117-97 test is performed at 35 ºC in a
(designated CHEMLOK 205/220 and 252X). All products chamber with a fog density of 1-2 ml/hr/80 cm2. The
gave 100% rubber retention (Figures 9 and 10). fog is made up of 5% sodium chloride and 95% water.
The duration of the test is 168 hours. The ASTM D-429
Method B coupon is stressed at the bond line for the
5.5.3 Sweep duration of the test. All parts were destructively tested
using a three-station tester by United Testing Systems,
This is a test to insure that the adhesive system can Model: SFM-20-3CAP. Figures 14 and 15 show the
withstand the wiping action of the rubber as it fills durability of these adhesive systems in corrosive
the mould and moves over the adhesive film during environmental conditions. The performance is similar
injection moulding. All parts were destructively tested for both the environmentally preferred (designated
using a three-station tester by United Testing Systems, CHEMLOK 205HC/6110, 6125, 6100 and 6109)
Model: SFM-20-3CAP. All of the adhesives used adhesives and the lead containing adhesive systems
for this study passed without any signs of sweeping (designated CHEMLOK 205/220 and 252X). Rubber
(Figure 11). retention for these tests averaged 90-100%.
15
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
% Rubber
% Rubber
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
A B C D E F
A - CH 205/220 D - CH 205/252X
B - CH 205HC/6110 E - CH 205HC/6100
C - CH 205HC/6125 F - CH 205HC/6109
Figure 11
Primary adhesion: sweep testing of hard rubber-to-metal bonding
70
% Rubber
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
A B C D E F
A - CH 205/220 D - CH 205/252X
B - CH 205HC/6110 E - CH 205HC/6100
C - CH 205HC/6125 F - CH 205HC/6109
Figure 12
Hot tear testing of soft NR-to-metal bonding
16
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
70
% Rubber
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
A B C D E F
A - CH 205/220 D - CH 205/252X
B - CH 205HC/6110 E - CH 205HC/6100
C - CH 205HC/6125 F - CH 205HC/6109
Figure 13
Hot tear testing of hard NR-to-metal bonding
70
% Rubber
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
A B C D E F
A - CH 205/220 D - CH 205/252X
B - CH 205HC/6110 E - CH 205HC/6100
C - CH 205HC/6125 F - CH 205HC/6109
Figure 14
Adhesion of soft NR-to-metal under salt spray conditions
17
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
% Rubber
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
A B C D E F
A - CH 205/220 D - CH 205/252X
B - CH 205HC/6110 E - CH 205HC/6100
C - CH 205HC/6125 F - CH 205HC/6109
Figure 15
Adhesion of hard NR-to-metal under salt spray conditions
containing systems in ambient as well as accelerated the Title I CAAA regulations, Title III of the CAAA
environmental conditions. considers many of the solvents being used in adhesives
as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) and requires that
emissions of these substances be controlled through the
5.7 Summary use of maximum achievable control technology (MACT).
This generally includes emission control equipment such
We have attempted to provide the reader with a brief as incinerators or carbon absorbers but can also include
background of current industry guidelines for the the use of compliant adhesives that contain no hazardous
use of lead containing products. Recently developed air pollutants. Now that the emission of these solvents is
products will help customers comply with TRI reporting regulated and continually being reduced under the CAAA,
guidelines and the European Directive for End-of-Life aqueous adhesives have been developed and water has
Vehicles while providing the same level of performance taken the place of the solvent in this new generation of
as standard adhesives. rubber-to-metal adhesives. Not only were the organic
solvents replaced in the new aqueous formulations but
also the heavy metals such as lead were eliminated.
6 Aqueous Adhesives
6.1 Aqueous versus Solvent Based Adhesives
The passage of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
(CAAA) significantly impacted adhesives used to Bonded rubber components can be found in many
chemically bond uncured rubber to a variety of substrates applications. For example rubber-to-metal bonded parts
during the vulcanisation of the rubber. Up until this can be found on an automobile serving a variety of
time period adhesives being used to bond rubber were functions: from sealing out noise and the environment
typically 70-80% organic solvent. The solvent allowed to isolating vibration during vehicle operation. Failure
the polymer constituent to go into solution and was to achieve durable bonds could seriously jeopardise both
an excellent medium for grinding the pigments, fillers, vehicle performance and safety. So when developing
and curatives during adhesive manufacture. Most new aqueous adhesives for replacing solvent-based
importantly the solvent is an excellent carrier for getting adhesives, performance was not to be sacrificed. Also
the non-solvent portion of the adhesive to the substrate it was desirable not to depart from the current adhesive
in a controlled and uniform manner. In addition to processes and application methods being used.
18
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
Solvent-based adhesives are well known around the thickness between 15.2-20.3 microns (0.6-0.8 mils).
world for their ability to bond a wide variety of rubber One-coat adhesive dry film thickness was 25.4 microns
types to metal and other substrates and retain this (1.0 mil).
excellent adhesion when subjected to a variety of harsh
environmental conditions. Aqueous adhesives have The adhesive coated metal parts are capable of bonding
been developed to replace the general-purpose two- many types of rubber compounds: natural, neoprene,
coat adhesive system, CHEMLOK 205/CHEMLOK styrene-butadiene, nitrile, and butyl. Only data from
220, and the one-coat adhesive, CHEMLOK 252X, natural rubber will be shown. Primary adhesion testing
as follows: was completed at room temperature and the rubber
was peeled from the substrate at a rate of 50.8 mm per
CHEMLOK 205 CHEMLOK 8007 minute at a 45-degree peel angle. The maximum peel
(solvent-based primer) (aqueous primer) force and percent rubber retention on the test part were
CHEMLOK 220 CHEMLOK 8210 recorded.
(solvent-based (aqueous covercoat)
covercoat) Environmental testing was also conducted with ASTM
D429-B assemblies. Environmental tests included
CHEMLOK 252 CHEMLOK 8560S*
heat ageing, hot tear, and salt spray testing. Heat age
(solvent-based one-coat) (aqueous one-coat)
testing required the bonded assemblies to be exposed
CHEMLOK for 16 hours at 121 °C before testing at 508 mm per
8560D**(aqueous one- minute at a 45-degree peel angle. The hot tear testing
coat) was completed by peeling the rubber from the parts
* Spray apply version immediately upon removal from the mould and percent
** Dip apply version rubber retained on the part was recorded. The salt spray
parts had the rubber tail stressed and tied back with wire
There are a number of other aqueous Chemlok adhesives to apply a stress to the bond line. After being stressed
that address specific compounds or market segments. and tied back the bonded assemblies were exposed to
72 hours of 5% salt fog at 35 °C.
To get to the stage of commercialisation the aqueous
adhesives were tested along side the solvent-based In some primary adhesion and environmental tests, the
equivalents in a number of different tests that included effect of adhesive pre-cure heat tolerance (commonly
primary adhesion and environmental tests. Test results called pre-bake) was evaluated. Pre-bake is the length
showed that the aqueous products performed at least of time the coated part resides in a hot mould before
as well and in some cases out performed the solvent- the introduction of rubber and pressure is applied. Bond
based adhesives. performance at pre-bake conditions of zero, three, and
six minutes were compared.
6.2 Experimental
6.3 Results and Discussion
All vulcanisation rubber-to-metal bonded test assemblies
were moulded per ASTM D429-B, using three test Figures 16-18 show primary adhesion data for both the
specimens per condition. The testing to be shown solvent-based and aqueous adhesives. Each chart shows
was conducted on a SAE 1010 cold rolled steel. The a different pre-bake condition. In all cases excellent
surface of the cold rolled steel was prepared in one of 100% rubber tearing bonds were obtained when tested
two manners for the testing shown. The first method according to ASTM standards.
of preparation involved a solvent vapour degrease
followed by steel grit blasting and then a final vapour Environmental Tests – Figures 19 through 22 show data
degrease (GBS). The second method was calcium obtained from a variety of environmental tests. Again
modified microcrystalline zinc phosphate treatment the aqueous products provide the same performance
(ZPS). as the solvent-based products. Only Figure 21 shows
some bond failure due to environmental reasons. The
The adhesives and primers were applied either by dip adhesives were applied over grit-blasted steel and
or spray to the metal substrates. The primer dry film when exposed to the salt spray conditions previously
thickness was maintained between 5.1-7/6 microns described, under-bond corrosion starts to initiate bond
(0.2-0.3 mils) and the covercoat adhesive dry film failure.
19
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
100
80
Percent rubber
CH205/CH220
60 CH8007/CH8210
CH252
40
CH8560D
20 CH8560S
Figure 16
Primary adhesion testing of NR-to-metal bonding (no pre-bake)
100
80
Percent rubber
CH205/CH220
60 CH8007/CH8210
CH252
40
CH8560D
20 CH8560S
Figure 17
Primary adhesion testing of NR-to-metal bonding (3 minutes pre-bake)
100
80
CH205/CH220
Percent rubber
60 CH8007/CH8210
CH252
40
CH8560D
20 CH8560S
Figure 18
Primary adhesion testing of NR-to-metal bonding (6 minutes pre-bake)
20
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
100
80
Percent rubber
CH205/CH220
60 CH8007/CH8210
CH252
40
CH8560D
20 CH8560S
Figure 19
Heat age testing of NR-to-metal bonding/16 hrs 121 °C/ZPS
Peeled hot at 508 mm/minute
100
80
CH205/CH220
Percent rubber
60 CH8007/CH8210
CH252
40
CH8560D
20 CH8560S
Figure 20
Hot tear testing of NR/160° C/ZPS
Peeled 508 inches per minute/45 degree angle
100
80
CH205/CH220
Percent rubber
60 CH8007/CH8210
CH252
40
CH8560D
20 CH8560S
Figure 21
Salt spray test/72 hours/35° C/5% salt fog/ZPS
Stressed and tied back/hand peeled with pliers
21
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
100
80
Percent rubber
CH205/CH220
60 CH8007/CH8210
CH252
40
CH8560D
20 CH8560S
Figure 22
Salt spray test/72 hours/35 °C/5% salt fog/GBS
Stressed and tied back/hand peeled with pliers
22
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
and brushing. The final choice of adhesive is sometimes 7.1.2 Rubber-to-Cement (RC) Failure
determined by the results of standardised adhesion tests
in a laboratory (i.e., ASTM D-429). Another type of failure that can occur is failure between
the rubber and the adhesive film (Figure 24). ASTM
Assuming that a suitable adhesive is found and is being used test methods found in D-429 designate this as RC
correctly, then a bond failure must be addressed as a process failure, that is, the failure is between the rubber and the
problem. In order to understand what process factor may ‘cement’. Here the adhesive remains on the substrate
be responsible, the type of failure must first be determined. side (e.g., the metal) and appears to be a hard black film.
Then, possible causes for the failure can be explored. If you were to use a No. 2 lead pencil and lightly write
Surface analysis testing may be useful. From there, the on the failure, the pencil would leave a mark. If rubber
possible root cause and solution may be determined. were present, most likely there would not be a mark.
Adhesive
Primer
Metal/Substrate
Figure 23
Cohesive rubber failure
23
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
Elastomer
Rubber-to-cement
failure (RC)
Adhesive
Primer
Metal/Substrate
Figure 24
Rubber-to-cement failure
Elastomer
Adhesive
Primer
Cement-to-metal
failure (RC)
Metal/Substrate
Figure 25
Cement-to-metal failure
24
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
4. Excessive pre-bake. Adhesives for bonding rubber field failures may occur. This is especially true when
are heat activated. If the coated parts reside in the a primer is being used with a topcoat adhesive that
mould for an excessive time period before the rubber was designed to be a one-coat adhesive. The use of
is introduced (such as in a shuttle mould) then the a primer may not contribute to primary adhesion
adhesive could react and cure. There would no but is being used to enhance the environmental
longer be sufficient reactivity left for adhering to the resistance.
backbone of the rubber during moulding. If the mould
has many cavities and is hand loaded, it’s possible that 2. Improperly applied primer. For some systems, if
the first parts inserted might bake out and the last ones insufficient film thickness is applied, the adhesive may
would be fine. Improper use of infrared drying could still have a good initial bond but poor environmental
pre-activate the adhesive also. resistance may result. The primer supplier should be
contacted for film thickness guidelines.
5. Lack of heat. Large adhesive coated inserts may
provide too much of a heat sink during moulding. 3. Contamination. Improperly cleaned substrates can
The adhesive would therefore not get up to result in CM failure. When metals are processed
activation temperature and RC failure would occur. (holes drilled, punch died, etc) they have various
Sometimes the failure here may be a mixture of types of oils on them, which must be removed before
cohesive rubber failure and RC (e.g., 40%R, 60% the chemistry of the primer can sufficiently interact
RC) as the location of the heater rods and pins in with the substrate. Plastics may have mould release
the mould would allow differential heat transfer. on them. Some metals, like aluminium, oxidise
rapidly and need to be primed immediately after
6. Other. Other reasons include contamination of the mechanically blasting the surface. Contamination
adhesive coated inserts prior to moulding. Adhesive can also occur from oil being in the lines of a
coated parts should be covered when sitting on spray system. Chemical baths that have depleted
the plant floor to avoid contamination from mould their ability to clean obviously won’t clean the
release. When handling the adhesive coated parts, surface well enough for good adhesion to occur.
clean white cotton gloves should be worn to prevent Contamination is probably the leading cause of
contamination of the adhesive film by hand lotions, CM type failures. Sometimes the contamination
skin oils, etc. The shelf life of the adhesive should can creep into the system quite unknowingly. For
be considered also. example, if another part of the plant begins to
implement a silicone release agent, it is possible
The adhesive supplier or their literature should be that the silicone can get carried through the plant
consulted to find out the shelf life of the product. via air circulation. There have been cases where the
Sometimes it is good to run a different lot of adhesive contaminant has been carried outside via air ducts
when a failure is encountered. This will help decide if the only to have it re-enter because the wind is in such
adhesive is defective or if the process is out of control. a direction as to blow the contaminant from the
exhaust to the intake air vents.
25
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
7.3 Surface Analysis Techniques The reason that it was diluted too far needed to be
determined and was shown to be related to lack of
In many cases, visual observation and/or microscopic training of a new employee. The remedy then was to
analysis are sufficient to determine the type of the provide the correct training.
failure. The actual cause of the failure however is not
readily apparent. The use of certain analytical tools can An example of CM failure on brass was traced to the
help determine the cause of the failure. metal not being thoroughly cleaned. Further, the root
cause was that the company began to get varying grades
Some of the major methods used for surface analysis of brass and their acid cleaning step was not adequate
are as follows: for some grades. The solution to this problem was to
mechanically blast the metals. Another would have been
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to establish a specification for a certain type of brass
and work just with that material to develop a suitable
Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) cleaning method.
26
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
can include water immersion, acid and alkali exposure, 9.1 Bonding Rubber Rolls
salt spray, oil and fuel resistance, heat and cryogenic
resistance, dynamic cycling, as well as a vast array of For over 40 years, adhesive systems have been
other environments. successfully used to bond rubber rolls. The markets
include rolls used to transport various types of materials
The best test is to make the part and test it under in consumer goods, agriculture and mining industries.
actual conditions. Most engineering companies use Other applications include graphic arts and printing,
a simulating test that may accelerate the failure. The where the rolls transfer inks and process pulp and
accelerated test gives an indication as to the life paper products. Additional applications include coating
expectancy of the bonded part or at least be able to and lamination rolls that transfer adhesives, coatings
discern between various adhesives. and packaging labels to various goods. In all these
applications, the adhesive plays a very important role
The American Society for Testing and Materials in maintaining a strong, durable bond between the core
International (ASTM International) and the International and the rubber for the service life of the manufactured
Organization For Standardization (ISO) are two roll. The intent of this chapter is to provide an overview
organisations that have test methods for measuring bond of the manufacturing process, which provides details
strength. These standards describe a method to make on core preparation, adhesive selection and application,
test pieces that can be peel tested, or tested in tensile vulcanisation and a troubleshooting guide.
or shear (see Table 6).
The bonded test specimen can often be placed in various 9.1.1 Core Preparation
environments (with or without stress) for testing beyond
primary bond strength. By using such tests, various The most common core constructions used in the industry
adhesives and rubber formulations can be screened are steel or aluminium. Occasionally, magnesium, brass,
to determine the best adhesive to use in making trial copper, titanium and nickel-plated thin wall cores are
production parts. used in special applications. Additionally, non-metallic
cores, such as glass-reinforced composites or other
engineering plastics, are employed for weight reduction
and chemical compatibility.
9 Markets
The majority of roll manufacturers reprocess their
serviced cores because of the expense of the cores.
The art and science of adhesive usage can differ from
This is accomplished by removing the used rubber
the above processes according to what type of item is
and adhesive with machining lathes, sanders, grinders,
going to be manufactured. These sections address some
and/or high temperature bake cycles. Once old material
of those areas by market segments.
is removed from a serviced core, the surface can then
be mechanically and/or chemically prepared.
Table 6 ASTM International D-429 test methods The first step in creating a successful bond between the
for rubber-to-metal bonding rubber and the core material is core preparation. Core
ASTM Related Type of test preparation throughout the industry is performed in a
International ISO variety of ways and all serve to provide a clean and
standard consistent anchor profile (contour of the core surface)
A 814 Tensile for the adhesive system to attach to. Core preparation
B 813 Peel is considered the foundation for successful rubber
C 5600 Tensile/shear to core adhesion and is crucial to the success of the
D 814 Tensile (for cured subsequent process steps to achieve a consistent, high
rubber) quality, durable bond.
E - Peel (rubber lining)
F - Tensile/shear Core preparation can be subdivided into two basic
categories: chemical and mechanical preparation.
G - Double shear
Either of these methods may be used independently
(durability test)
or together. Most importantly, in-process bond
H 1827 Quadruple shear adhesion tests, production testing, and field service
(durability test) operating conditions assist in determining the best core
27
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
preparation steps required to achieve and maintain good is the most common method used to achieve a good
adhesion. profile. The disc or belt materials are typically silica or
aluminium oxide with a range of 700-180 micron (25-
The function of chemical preparation is to dissolve or 80 mesh) grit. The surface profile typically created is
suspend then remove the organic contaminants (i.e., 25-50 micron (1-2 mil) in height, from peak to valley.
cutting oils, greases, dirt, etc.) that may be present on The abrasion pattern created with the belt or disc should
the core surface from fabrication or service. Chemical be randomised to create maximum surface area. Caution
methods typically utilise organic solvents to remove must be used during machine lathing, grinding or belt
these contaminants because they often interfere with or sanding to avoid deep grooving as these processes
degrade the adhesive system’s ability to bond to the core can lead to potential adhesive system puddling that
surface. Rinsing, washing, soaking, brushing, or wiping may result in adhesive failure. The disc or belt should
is generally performed to remove these contaminants. be changed frequently to ensure an aggressive and
Collectively, these methods are referred to as degreasing. consistent anchor profile is maintained. This also
These methods are generally accomplished with organic minimises transfer of residual contamination from the
solvents such as alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), disc or belt back to the core surface.
toluene or xylene.
Shot, sand or grit blasting is employed in some cases.
Degreasing can be performed prior to and after Each of these media can provide a consistent surface
mechanical preparation. In some cases, solvent vapour profile on the core for the adhesive to attach to; 420
degreasing may be employed, although recent solvent micron (40 mesh) grit is common; however, smaller or
emission regulations have limited their use in the larger grit sizes are acceptable, depending on the core
industry. Additionally, some of the newly developed composition and equipment available. Grit media is
machining oils may not be soluble with the types of preferred to shot media because its angular shape tends
solvents mentioned above, so alternatives such as to rip and tear the core surface. This promotes good
alkaline or citric acid cleaners must be used to assist adhesive wetting because of the sharp ridges and valleys
in their removal. produced. Shot tends to produce less surface area than
grit because its rounded shape tends to peen the surface,
Lubrication and cooling solutions used with the creating a ‘crater-like’ profile. Shot also tends to drive
machining equipment should be identified and used surface contamination into the core surface, instead of
with caution. Coolant additives such as Teflon® and removing it.
silicone emulsifiers should be avoided as they can cause
potential bond failure. The media should be inspected frequently and changed
or refreshed periodically to retain a consistent profile.
Frequent change and disposal of solvents ensures Blast unit filters should be inspected routinely and
adequate cleaning activity. If solvent replacement cleaned or changed to minimise fine media introduction
is infrequent or ignored, the cleaning solvent may into the process. Blasting air sources should contain
become ineffective, perhaps detrimental. All equipment air/water extractors. These extractors should be
associated with core cleaning, such as brushes, rags and inspected frequently and drained periodically to avoid
containers should be disposed of when contaminated. contamination of the media and the core surface.
An indicator for excessive oil and/or moisture in the
Mechanical preparation is performed to remove any adhesive film is ‘fish-eyes’, which appear as small
inorganic contamination (i.e., weld scale and surface pinholes within the adhesive film. Additionally, bearing
oxidation) as well as any remaining adhesive and surfaces and bores on the core should always be
rubber. The purpose of this step is to expose a fresh, protected from media overspray, as well as minimising
new bonding surface, which promotes adhesive wetting. contamination to the inside diameter of hollow cores.
Mechanical preparation methods include blasting with
hand or automated blasting units, hand grinders, hand or After surface preparation is completed, a visual
automated belt sanding units, wire brushes, steel wool, inspection should be performed to ensure the core
or machining lathes. Prior to mechanical preparation, profile is uniform and free of any debris. Areas that may
degreasing should be employed to minimise the transfer have been lightly abraded or missed completely should
of organic contamination (oils, greases, dirt, etc.) into be identified and corrected. The level of cleanliness is
this process. subjective because it is difficult to measure; therefore
adhesion testing is a common way to verify the
Due to the size of most rolls, surface grinding by hand effectiveness of the cleaning solvents and associated
using a rotary disc, or hand or automated belt sanding preparation processes. In some cases, the core can
28
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
be checked for cleanliness with a water break test adhesive system selection process, basic information
(reference ASTM International, F22-65). This test is a such as the base polymer type and cure package is
good, quick method to determine if oil may be present needed. Additional information such as the curing unit
on the core surface, but since this test is considered (autoclave or conventional press), cure conditions plus
subjective, results may not always assure a successful service dynamics, temperature, and chemical resistance
bond. also aids the selection process.
It is optional to degrease the core again after abrasion Additionally, the type and amount of cure system,
is complete, but often this step can remove excess fillers, plasticisers, and other processing aids can
media fines and residual core debris as well as other affect the ability of the adhesive to bond the rubber.
contamination left on the core surface. An air blow-off The most common industry challenge is bonding low
step with clean, dry air is typically sufficient to remove polarity type compounds, such as EPDM and butyl.
excess media fines and residual core debris, provided no Additionally, these types of compounds lack attachment
other forms of contamination are present. For stainless sites for the adhesive to bond to. Softer compounds
steel cores, aluminium oxide belts, sand, or glass bead below 40 durometer Shore D are also typically
media must be used to eliminate the chance of dissimilar more difficult to bond. In special cases where lower
metals from coming in contact and causing under-bond durometer compounds are required, higher durometer
corrosion. (easier to bond) compounds can be used at the core
surface to bridge the outer layer of lower durometer
Following visual inspection, the adhesive system compounds.
should be applied as soon as possible to minimise the
reoccurrence of surface oxidation and other forms of Since rolls are often subjected to very demanding field
contamination. The period of time between mechanical service environments, most manufacturers choose a
preparation and adhesive application is referred to as two-coat (primer/adhesive combination) system for
layover. As layover time increases, the risk of forming best service durability. For example, CHEMLOK 205
a weak oxide layer increases. Weak oxide layers can provides the required core adhesion, followed by the
be pulled away from the core surface by the adhesive, appropriate Chemlok adhesive (often referred to as
which may result in adhesive failure to the core surface. topcoat or covercoat) to bridge the interface between
Layover time varies with each manufacturer and is the primer and rubber surfaces.
dependent on such factors as the core composition,
the method of preparation and the plant conditions. A One-coat adhesive systems can offer labour and cost
common practice is to complete adhesive application savings. However, the addition of a primer can improve
within one hour after mechanical preparation. their environmental performance. Exceptions are noted
when bonding speciality elastomers, such as silicones
In limited cases, the core may have a chemical and fluoroelastomers, where specialised systems such as
conversion treatment, such as zinc or iron phosphate, CHEMLOK 607 and CHEMLOK 5150 must be used.
nickel-plating, or other plating treatment. The function of
these treatments is to deposit a corrosion resistant layer, Once the adhesive candidates are identified, bond
which also must have bonding compatibility with the testing is needed to determine the optimal system with
adhesive system. Often, these treatments do not require the specific materials and processes. For initial bond
any additional preparation steps prior to application of evaluations, simply peeling the rubber away from the
the adhesive system. A clean, dry air blow-off, dry rag core with hand tools or machining lathes can provide
wipe, or light solvent wipe is suggested to remove any a good determination of the adhesive’s bond quality.
potential airborne contaminants like dust. Prior to rubber lay-up and vulcanisation, a strip of
tape or Mylar can be placed on the adhesive coated
core. The strip creates a non-bonded area (i.e., a rubber
9.1.2 The Adhesive System Selection Process ‘tab’) for ease of bond evaluation. With larger cores,
lathes, hoists or cranes may be required for evaluation
Proper selection of the adhesive system for the of the bond. Other methods include employing smaller
roll application is equally as important as adequate ‘witness’ cores that offer ease of testing bond quality,
preparation of the core. Before an adhesive system is especially when new materials and processes are being
chosen for a particular application, the rubber cover type considered.
must be provided. Rubber selection is based on a variety
of criteria that satisfy the specific end-use requirements In addition to the compatibility between the adhesive
for the roll and its corresponding service. To begin the and rubber, the bond at the core surface is also tested.
29
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
In special cases, bond strength measurements may be 9.1.3 Handling, Mixing, and Application
required to meet customer specification. A good bond Processes
is established when the rubber fails within itself.
The second step in creating a successful bond between the
Given the multitude of manufacturing materials and rubber and the core material is proper handling, mixing, and
processes, the adhesive selection process is specific for application of the adhesive system after core preparation
each manufacturer. For many manufacturers, multiple is completed. The handling, mixing, and application
adhesive systems are required because of the variety of processes all rely on each other for reproducible bond
compounds utilised. The correct choices are generally performance of the adhesive system.
derived from trial-and-error, tradition, suggestions from
the rubber supplier, as well as feedback from other For ease of discussion, the term ‘adhesive’ below refers
roll manufacturers within the industry. Regardless of to a primer or an adhesive.
the source, Table 7 condenses the selection process,
based on Lord Corporation testing and customer Temperature variations encountered during shipping and
manufacturing histories. Not all adhesives are listed. storage typically do not affect the performance of the
adhesive systems; however, storage temperatures and
Table 7 Chemlok selector guide for rubber rolls shelf life periods should be adhered to in order to ensure
Rubber type Chemlok Chemlok optimal adhesive performance. Exposure to excessive
One-coat systems Two-coat temperatures has the most effect on the shelf life of
systems the adhesive system. Storage temperatures of 21-27 °C
(70-80 °F) are suggested for most products. The user
Butyl 250, 252X, 253X, 205/234B,
should refer to product literature for additional specifics
6254 205/236A,
regarding the storage period and additional handling
205/238,
instructions. Temperatures above 38 °C (100 °F) for
207/259
extended durations, such as warehouse storage on upper
Chloroprene 250, 252X, 6254 205/220,
racks of non-air conditioned areas, should be avoided.
205/234B,
Outdoor winter storage or refrigeration below 10 °C
207/259
(50 °F) should be avoided. Storage of the adhesive
EPDM and EPR 250, 252X, 253X, 205/234B, systems in cool, well-ventilated and well-lighted storage
6254 205/236A, areas is suggested for optimal performance.
205/238,
207/259
Many solvent-based products do not freeze, and
Epichlorohydrin 250, 607, Ty-Ply 205/233 freezing temperatures simply increase viscosity and
BN some products may become ‘gel-like’ upon cool or
Fluoroelastomer 5150, 5151, 607 None cold storage. In these cases, the products should be
Nitrile 205, 250, 252X, 205/220, permitted to equilibrate to ambient plant temperatures,
253X, 6254, Ty- 205/233, then mixed thoroughly before using. If this procedure
Ply BN 207/259 is followed, adhesive performance is not typically
Carboxylated nitrile 205, 252X, 253X, 205/217 affected. Viscosity checks should then be performed.
6254
Hydrogenated 205, 6254 205/220, Inventory rotation procedures should be monitored
nitrile 205/233, to ensure that fresh product is used within its shelf
205/234B, life. Fresh product is essential to maintain consistent
207/259 adhesion. If material is suspect concerning shelf life, it
Natural 250, 252X 205/220, should be replaced with new material while disposing of
253X, 6254 205/234B the older material. Refer to the specific product literature
SBR 250, 252X 205/220, for storage conditions and other information regarding
253X, 6254 205/234B proper use and handling of the adhesive system.
Silicone (peroxide) 607, 608, Y-1540 None
Silicone (addition) 606 None Many of these products are flammable due to the type
of solvents that they contain. Solvents used in these
Urethane (castable) 213, 218 219/213,
products include aromatics, acetates, alcohols, ketones
219/218
and chlorinated solvents. Appropriate safety procedures
Urethane (millable) 218, 219, 250, Ty- 205/233 for flammable liquids should be practiced when handling
Ply BN products containing any of these solvents.
30
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
It is essential to refer to the MSDS (Material Safety Care should be taken to avoid wrapping the material too
Data Sheet) and label of the specific product to ensure tightly to avoid trapping excess moisture. As previously
that it is stored, handled, and utilised safely and that mentioned, cores are typically processed within 30-
appropriate controls and personal protective equipment 60 minutes after mechanical preparation.
are used.
Cores should be supported or elevated above the floor to
The most common container used throughout the reduce transfer of contamination during the application
industry is the single gallon can, due to its ease of process. The core is commonly rotated by hand in a
dispensing and quantity required for the job. Single cradle or by use of a lathe while the operator traverses
gallon containers can be mixed with paint shakers or air across the core surface with an adhesive loaded brush.
mixers, but hand mixing is the most common method. Cores should continue to rotate to reduce the amount
Adequate mixing is required for optimal performance of tears that may form on the bottom leading edge. The
of the adhesive system. Hand stirring with a ‘figure 8’ continued rotation also reduces the dry times for the
motion for 15 minutes is usually sufficient to disperse adhesives. Tears are typically caused by the adhesive’s
the solids within the solvent system. The purpose of low viscosity and gravity. In some cases, excessive
dispersing the solids within the solvent system is to tearing can lead to failure to the core or failure within
equally distribute the solids within the bulk of the liquid the adhesive layer. Since application methods vary, the
portion. Mixing should continue until all settled material product’s viscosity may require adjustment with solvent
is removed from the bottom and the adhesive has a diluents to optimise its application.
uniform appearance. The material should be frequently
stirred during use, especially if the product is unused Adhesive systems are commonly applied by brushing.
over break periods and production shift changes. Brushing is a simple, effective, and comparatively
inexpensive method to apply adhesive to the core.
To minimise potential contamination and solvent loss, Natural or camel hair brushes are suggested because
the container lid must be replaced when it is not in use. they offer improved wetting and leave behind fewer
With frequent opening and closing, solvent loss increases brush marks than less expensive disposable synthetic
solids content and viscosity. Lids and container edges brushes. Adhesive systems are commonly hand brushed
should be kept clean of excessive primer or adhesive ‘as received’ from the container. When using this
build-up to permit adequate container sealing. Labels method, clean gloves and a clean working environment
should be clearly legible to ensure that the proper are essential. Brushes should be dedicated to the specific
product is used for the particular job. adhesive and should be thoroughly cleaned with the
appropriate solvent after each use. Brushes should be
Prior to adhesive application, the core should be placed replaced when worn or damaged and should not be
in the work area and its temperature should be permitted stored inside the adhesive containers.
to reach ambient plant conditions. In the cooler months,
cores that are stored or processed in unheated areas When solvent evaporation occurs, particularly with
should be brought up to room temperature slowly and frequent opening and closing of containers, small
permitted to equilibrate to the plant conditions for a amounts of dilution solvent should be added to the
period of time. This step minimises the formation of adhesive system to return it to its original viscosity. It is
condensation, which could compromise adhesion to important to ensure that the proper solvent and amount
the core. Additionally, it is important to ensure that is added to the adhesive. If an incorrect solvent is added,
the core surface is permitted to cool down to ambient the material’s stability, application, drying, and bonding
temperature after friction heat is generated from belt performance may be compromised. If an incorrect
sanding or blasting. When the core is too hot to be amount is added, the applied adhesive thickness may
coated, typically above 60 ºC (140 ºF), the adhesive not be within specification. When adding the proper
solvent carriers can evaporate very quickly, which can solvent to the adhesive system, the mixture should be
result in reduced wetting of the adhesive. Additionally, stirred while small amounts of solvent are slowly added
excessive adhesive film thickness can result in failure to reduce the chance of ‘shock’. Shock can occur when
within the adhesive layer. large amounts of solvent are added quickly with little
or no mixing, and can result in ‘gel-like’ or hard-settled
During layover periods, dust, release agent, oil, and product that is unusable.
other debris can also contaminate the core before
adhesive application. During these periods, cores Viscosity (a measure of the adhesive’s consistency)
should be protected with plastic, vapour barrier paper, directly impacts product application characteristics
or other suitable material until the adhesive is applied. and the amount (or thickness) of adhesive applied. The
31
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
General Electric Zahn viscosity cup is the common release the nap onto the core surface during application.
tool for monitoring in-process viscosities, and serves Similar to brush application, technique is important to
as a relatively quick check for adequate mixing and successful roller application. Spray application with
potential solvent loss. The frequency of Zahn cup hand-held spray guns or pressure feed spray systems is
checks is determined by production histories. It is occasionally used for bulk processing of smaller cores.
suggested that initial checks be performed prior to the Details on proper dilutions and equipment resources are
start of the job and periodically throughout the use of the contained in product literature and associated product
product. The product literature contains typical viscosity guides.
specifications and the cup type to be utilised.
Adhesive systems typically dry within 30 to 60 minutes
When the adhesive system is applied by brush, a after application at 24 °C (75 °F) and 50% relative
smooth, uniform brush stroke technique is important humidity. If insufficient drying occurs, adhesion can be
to produce a uniform thickness of the adhesive system. poor and typically results in large blisters or bubbles due
One thin application coat is preferred over multiple to solvent entrapment. If more rapid drying is necessary,
coats. Multiple coats can often lead to poor adhesive explosion-proof fans or ovens set at 66-93 °C (150-
performance due to shearing within the thick layer of 200 °F) for 5-10 minute cycles are satisfactory. If fans or
adhesive. ovens are not feasible or available, the drying time can
be extended to several hours. Adequate ventilation in
Since dry film thickness is often impractical to measure the immediate work area is necessary to avoid build-up
due to the aggressive profile on the core, brass shim of solvent vapours to provide a safe, suitable working
stock of approximately 50 microns (2 mils) and a environment. Once the adhesive films are thoroughly
micrometer can be employed at a relatively low cost. dry, the rubber lay-up step can begin.
A dry film thickness measurement is done by placing
a clean shim in the application area and coating it with The rubber lay-up and vulcanisation steps should begin
the desired product. Once the product is thoroughly as soon as possible after the adhesive system is dried.
dry on the shim, measure the total thickness of the If longer time periods (layover) are required, adhesion
adhesive plus the shim, and then subtract the known tests should be used to ensure that the layover period
shim thickness from the total to yield an approximate does not impact adhesive performance. Typically,
thickness of the adhesive film. This method is typically layovers can be extended for several shifts, provided
accurate within a few tenths of a mil and gives a relative the cores are protected from contamination. During
thickness that covers the core. If the core has a suitable layover, adhesive coated cores should be protected with
surface for measurements, digital film thickness gauges plastic, vapour barrier paper, or other suitable material
can be utilised, which are easy to use, quick and more to protect against UV light and airborne contamination,
precise than the shim and micrometer method. particularly silicone release agents. Care should be
taken to avoid wrapping the material too tightly to avoid
The typical recommended dry film thickness of trapping excess moisture.
primers is 5-10 micron (0.2-0.4 mil) and of adhesives
is 15-20 microns (0.6-0.8 mil), with an average of Caution must be used to protect the coated core ends
25 micron (1.0 mil) for the two-coat system. One-coat from contaminated gloves, while the core is transported
adhesive systems normally require a dry film thickness to the rubber lay-up area. Contaminating, damaging, or
of 18-30 micron (0.7-1.2 mil) to provide optimal removing the adhesive system by improper or rough
performance. There are some product exceptions; check handling of the coated cores may lead to failure of the
product literature for optimal dry film thickness. A adhesive system. Small areas should be thoroughly
common technique in the industry is to rely on visual cleaned and touched-up with the primer or adhesive
inspection to avoid heavy or light application areas. depending on the extent of damage. If larger areas
Most importantly, a relationship between adhesive are contaminated or damaged, the cores should be
thickness and bond performance exists, and thin or thick reprocessed.
applications of primer or adhesive can create a potential
weak bond or failure. Tack coats, tacky tie coats, or tie cements are used
to help fasten the rubber to the adhesive surface
Roll coating techniques with paint rollers and trays are during the rubber lay-up process. With particular core
used when brushes are not feasible for larger cores. configurations and/or non-tack rubber formulations,
The paint roller nap height is typically less than 6 mm such as EPDM, the tack coat is essential. Tack coats are
(0.25 inch). The paint roller core and nap construction usually brush applied to the dried adhesive surface just
must withstand the solvent systems and should not prior to the rubber lay-up step. The tack coat generally
32
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
dries within 20-30 minutes; shorter periods may be used replacement. Occasionally, bond failures are not
depending on the type of tack coat adhesive used and detected on the finished roll, so careful final inspections
plant conditions. Caution should be used when applying should be conducted prior to shipment to minimise this
a solvent-borne tack coat to reduce the potential of possibility.
smearing or removing the adhesive system.
The cause of a bond failure can become very difficult,
In most cases, the tack coat is custom manufactured by sometimes impossible, to determine after a roll has
dissolving a suitable rubber into an appropriate solvent been returned from service. Most often, key information
system. The solids, viscosity, thickness, and degree of is lost because of oxidation and corrosion, plus the
tack should be monitored. Some tack coats are available abrasive and polishing effect of the rubber against the
commercially. In some instances, a light solvent wipe adhesive and the core. Occasionally, the failure may be
to the rubber surface can provide sufficient tack. This the result of an environment or condition that is rated
is performed just prior to rubber lay-up and caution beyond the capabilities of the materials utilised. The
must be used to reduce the chance of excess solvent most common examples of failures are caused from
entrapment, which typically results in blisters before excessive temperature, chemical attack, excessive
or after the cure cycle. load and speed conditions or deformation in the rubber
cover.
9.1.4 Rubber Lay-Up and Curing The American Society for Testing and Materials
provides a set of detailed symptom descriptions for
Whether hand lay-up of calendared sheet or automated bond failures. These can be used to assess the problem
extrusion feed is employed, it is important that all to determine appropriate corrective actions. (The terms,
potential air pockets be removed to allow the rubber to ‘elastomer’ and ‘adhesive’ can be interpreted as ‘rubber’
remain in contact with the adhesive surface prior to and and ‘cement,’ respectively). Rubber failure is always
during the vulcanisation cycle. Air entrapment is more the end goal and is considered the best bond obtainable.
common with hand lay-up because of lower pressures Table 8 is a troubleshooting guide for rubber rolls.
and temperatures. Operator technique of the lay-up
and subsequent shrink tape wrapping are key factors
in achieving good contact pressures and minimising 9.2 Bonding Urethanes
air entrapment. The rubber should always be freshly
mixed to minimise surface bloom. Process oils or other There are four basic types of polyurethane materials
ingredients that may bloom can degrade or interfere utilised in the rubber-to-metal bonding industry. The
with the adhesive system’s bond performance. Most types include Reaction Injection Moulding (RIM),
importantly during cure, lack of or inconsistent heat and millable gum, thermoplastic urethanes (TPU) and
pressure can compromise adhesive performance. For castable polyurethanes.
optimal bond results, each manufacturer must optimise
and monitor the cure time, ramping, and temperature Castable polyurethanes are the most popular material
parameters for best adhesive performance. choice when bonding, and the conventional systems
are comprised of two components: an A or resin side
consisting of a polyester or polyether based polyol
9.1.5 Troubleshooting coupled with a TDI (toluene diisocyanate) or MDI
(methyl diisocyanate), and a B or curative side typically
Every roll manufacturer strives for a high quality roll, based on active hydrogen, either hydroxyl or amine
but bond failures do occur. Failures result from a variety chemistry. Once the heated components are mixed,
of causes, and gathering all processing information, degassed, then cast, the polyurethane moulded assembly
along with the details on the location and type of is produced. The focus of this section is bonding
failure that occurred, as well as the number of failures, castable polyurethanes to substrates.
is important to aid in resolving the bond problem.
Manufacturing failures can be a result of a single step
or a combination of several or multiple interactions of 9.2.1 Bonding Applications
processes and materials.
The majority of bonding applications include industrial
Failures can become expensive with associated rollers, machinery wheels and casters, elevator track/
labour, materials, and downtime required for customer door wheels, and amusement ride wheels. Other
33
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
examples include seals and mounts utilised in mining, a final degrease. It is common practice to grit blast
agricultural and oilfield industries. In these examples, the substrates with 707-420 micron (25-40) mesh grit
the adhesives must be engineered to withstand dynamic media to provide an aggressive anchor profile. An
loads under varying temperatures as well as water and aggressive profile is important because it promotes
harsh chemical environments. good wetting of the adhesive, especially under the
high shear loads, which are due to the high tensile
Substrate preparation is the foundation for successful strength of the polyurethane system. After preparation
adhesion. Most often with the bonding applications, is completed, adhesive application should be completed
the substrate is mild steel or aluminium. The parts are as soon as possible (typically within 1 hour) to avoid
typically degreased with the appropriate solvent, such the reformation of weak oxide layers, which can
as MEK, abraded, such as grit blasting, followed by compromise adhesive bond performance.
34
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
9.2.2 Adhesive System Selection Table 9 is an example of a bonded test sample with some
environmental data using CHEMLOK 213.
This is a range of adhesive systems for castable
polyurethanes. Thinners can be used to improve brush and
dip application or when spray application is necessary. 9.3 Thermoplastic Elastomer Bonding
Non-pigmented versions of adhesives can be used when
cosmetics are of concern. To determine which adhesive
The introduction of thermoplastic elastomers
system is best, bond testing with the specific substrates
(abbreviated TPE) into the marketplace in recent
and polyurethane systems is required.
years has permitted the end user to compete against
thermoset rubbers. TPEs can offer the physical
properties of thermoset rubber with the advantages
9.2.3 Adhesive Application of thermoplastic processing. Essentially, the TPE is a
formulation comprised of two main materials, small
The adhesive systems can be applied by a number of rubber particles dispersed within a plastic matrix.
different methods. Most adhesives are brush applied; The three general types of TPEs include styrenic
however dip or spray or other forms of application can thermoplastic elastomers, hard polymer/elastomer
be employed, depending on the equipment available, alloys and multi-block polymers with hard crystalline
assembly configuration and volume requirements. segments. Specific classifications include SBCs (styrene
For optimal performance of the adhesive, apply it at blocked copolymers), TPOs (thermoplastic olefins),
the recommended dry film thickness. Avoid thick or TPVs (thermoplastic vulcanisates), TPU (thermoplastic
thin applications as they can lead to poor adhesive urethane), and COPEs (copolyester elastomers). The
performance. array of material combinations for TPEs has permitted
performance advantages against thermoset rubbers
After adhesive application and sufficient drying coupled with the ease of thermoplastic processing,
(typically 1 hour at room temperature), a pre-bake cycle reduced cost, design flexibility, high production
of the adhesive coated substrate is recommended. The throughput, and reduced waste with the ability to
purpose of the pre-bake cycle is to begin activation of recycle. These materials are processed through the use
the adhesive to the substrate, bring the temperature of plastics technology through injection, extrusion and
of the substrates close to the casting temperature, and blow-moulding techniques. The focus of this section
improve the environmental performance of the final will be the discussion of injection moulding of TPEs
assembly. Pre-bake is accomplished by placing the to substrates utilising adhesives.
adhesive coated parts into a safety-approved oven for
a minimum cycle of 2 hours at 121 ºC (250 ºF). The
optimal time and temperatures depend on the mass,
configuration and materials being processed.
Table 9 Adhesion values (cast urethane to metal)
Prior to the casting process, the two components (the
resin and curative) are pre-heated, mixed together and Specific test Adhesion results
de-gassed to remove trapped air during the mixing (N/25 mm)
step. Next, the pre-baked adhesive coated substrate Initial primary adhesion @ 0.5 689 N (155 PLI)
is placed into a mould cavity, followed by the casting mils DFT
of the polyurethane to fill the mould cavity. After Initial primary adhesion @ 1.0 1326 N (298 PLI)
the casting is completed, a cure cycle (typically 1-2 mil DFT
hours) is performed, followed by demoulding with a 2 h boiling water 1000 N (225 PLI)
final post-bake oven cycle (typically 4-8 hours) of the Pulled @ -35 ºC (-30ºF) 2015 N (453 PLI)
moulded assembly. The temperatures of the urethane
Pulled @ 100 ºC (212ºF) 792 N (178 PLI)
components, casting, moulds and post-bakes are in the
7 day salt spray ASTM B117 983 N (221 PLI)
range of 82-121 ºC (180-250 ºF). The optimal times
and temperatures depend on the material choices and 14 days @ 38 ºC (100ºF)/100% 916 N (206 PLI)
are optimised through testing. R.H.
DFT = dry film thickness, N = Newtons, PLI =
Once the moulded assembly has cooled, the adhesive pounds per linear inch, castable polyurethane to
strength can be evaluated. The end goal is to produce grit blasted SAE 1010 cold rolled steel per ASTM
a polyurethane-tearing bond, wherein the polyurethane D429B, modified to 45º angle of peel, pulled at
fails cohesively (i.e., failure within itself). 50 mm/minute, fluid soaks at room temperature
35
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
9.3.1 Bonding Applications adhesive to promote bonding. A primer may also be used
on the TPE surface when various protective coatings or
Adhesive systems play a key role in adhesion where double-sided acrylic tapes are required.
the bond interface between the TPE and the adjoining
substrate is important. Some of the bonded examples The second type of bonding involves the use of injection
include various handles or grips for industrial tools, moulding machinery, where an adhesive coated insert is
medical instruments, sporting equipment, as well as placed into a mould cavity, followed by TPE injection
bumpers, rollers, and various automotive interior/ to form the moulded assembly. The insert is first
exterior components. Other examples include various prepared by chemical and/or mechanical preparation,
seals, impellers and electrical plug body terminations. followed by adhesive application. Most often, the
In these examples, the adhesives must be engineered to inserts are degreased with an appropriate solvent, such
withstand dynamic loads under varying temperatures as MEK, followed by mechanical preparation, such
as well as protection against water and harsh chemical as grit blasting, with a final degrease to complete the
environments. preparation process. The prepared inserts should be
coated with the adhesive as soon as possible (typically
less than 1 hour) to minimise the chance of forming
9.3.2 Bonding Methods weak oxide layers. If weak oxide layers are present, they
can interfere or decrease adhesive performance.
There are two general types of bonding TPEs with
adhesives. The first type involves bonding a substrate
to a pre-moulded TPE by use of a structural adhesive, 9.3.3 Adhesive Selection (for Use in Injection
such as a urethane, epoxy or cyanoacrylate. The Moulding)
choice of adhesive type depends on the specifics of the
application. This process is typically carried out at room With the variety of materials available, Table 10
temperature with little or no heat and pressure. summarises Chemlok adhesive selection for many of
them.
TPEs by nature present non-polar surfaces; therefore a
primer can be used in conjunction with the structural
36
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
9.3.5 Pre-Baking Adhesive Coated Parts Prior to Table 11 shows an example of a bonded test sample with
Moulding some environmental data using CHEMLOK 487A/B:
After adhesive application and sufficient drying (typically Table 11 Adhesion of Santoprene® to metal
1 hour at room temperature), a pre-bake cycle of the Specific test Adhesion results
adhesive coated part is suggested to improve adhesive (N/25 mm)
performance. This is accomplished by placing the Initial primary adhesion 107 N (24 PLI) -100R
adhesive coated parts onto a hot plate or safety approved 99% Sulfuric acid 102 N (23 PLI) -100R
oven residing near the injection machine. A pre-bake
50% Sodium hydroxide 102 N (23 PLI) -100R
cycle of 10-15 minutes at 121 ºC (250 ºF) is typical,
but the optimal cycle depends on the part configuration, Transmission oil 67 N (15 PLI) -100R
materials and equipment utilised. The next step involves Brake fluid 107 N (24 PLI) -100R
placing the adhesive coated part while still hot into ASTM Oil #1 107 N (24 PLI) -100R
the mould cavity (immediately following pre-bake), ASTM Oil #3 80 N (18 PLI) -100R
followed by TPE injection to fill the cavity. N = Newtons, PLI = pounds per linear inch, R =
rubber failure, Santoprene® 101-45 (AES) bonded to
SAE 1010 cold rolled steel per ASTM D429B, modified
9.3.6 Injection Moulding to 45 peel, pulled at 50 mm/minute (2′/minute),
fluid soaks for 7 days at room temperature
Most TPE materials are pelletised for ease of handling,
charging the hopper and facilitating melt flow. TPEs can
be processed directly from their packaging, however 9.4 Rubber Lining
a drying cycle may be required prior to processing to
drive off potential moisture absorption. Rear, centre and The practice of bonding rubber liners to various types
front zones of the injection machine are typically held of storage tanks, mixing blades, pipes, and other
in the 177-204 ºC (350-400 ºF) range. Pack pressures process equipment has been going on for much of the
are typically 28-83 bar (400-1200 psi), however 20th century. A critical factor in the rubber lining of
the specific settings must be established with set-up storage tanks, mixing blades, pipes, and other process
trials. The temperatures and pressures depend on the equipment is the proper selection and application of
specific TPE material that is processed, the assembly the adhesive system. Without suitable adhesives, the
configuration and the injection equipment utilised. rubber lining could not be applied to the object, the
Mould cycle dwell times are typically 15 seconds to lining would not be held in place, and the total system
one minute, depending on the amount and type of TPE would fail. Thus, adhesives play a vital role in the
processed. The moulds are typically water cooled to lining industry.
maintain mould temperatures under 66 ºC (150 ºF) to
allow the TPE to cool and permit demoulding of the
bonded assembly. 9.4.1 Surface Preparation
37
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
or merely dents the metal surface and can drive the 9.4.2 Rubber Lining
dirt into the metal causing occlusion of loose particles.
The blasted surface is brushed or vacuumed cleaned The bond surface of calendered uncured rubber is
to remove any loose particles and create a dust free covered with plastic wrapping to protect it from
surface to which the adhesive is applied. The blast media contaminates and prevent the rolled stock from
removes scale and oxide layers exposing a fresh metallic sticking to itself. After the plastic lining is removed, it
surface. Once the metal is clean and rough it is more is common for the surface to be washed with solvent
chemically reactive and receptive to chemisorption by (toluene, xylene, etc.), or a coat of tack cement is
the primer. It is suggested to prime the prepared surface applied. Solvent washing, or the application of the tack
the same day it is blasted. cement allows the liner to stay in place when mated to
the substrate surface.
Satisfactory adhesion can be achieved to cast iron,
although its porosity can present problems due to
entrapped machine oil. Due to the porosity, two coats 9.4.3 Rubber and the Cure System
of primer may be required to get sufficient coverage.
There are a variety of adhesive systems available today
For stainless steel, it’s important to prime the surface for rubber lining. The two major parameters are, what
immediately (within 1 hour) after blasting. While the rubber is to be used and what is the method of cure.
percentage of chromium has been noted not to affect
adhesion, the bond strength can decrease with an For most rubber lining, natural rubber or natural rubber
increase in the nickel content. So in mining operations, backed butyl types, and chloroprene are most commonly
12% chromium containing stainless will be superior used. Table 12 is a guideline in the Chemlok adhesive
to mild steel in resistance to mine water and can be selection process for rubber lining. For autoclave cures,
bonded. a great variety of adhesives are available, with just a
few of the options listed here. Under these conditions,
Concrete does not readily lend itself to rubber lining due there is pressure and excellent heat transfer, sufficient
to its inherent moisture, and laitance of freshly poured to thermally activate the adhesives.
concrete (the powdery skin). However, the CHEMLOK
289/290 adhesive system has been successfully used In open steam curing (pressureless cures), adhesion was
in laboratory testing to bond natural rubber to concrete achieved for CHEMLOK 220/TY-PLY RC system if the
with an open steam cure. Fresh concrete should cure for bond line temperatures were consistently maintained at
30 days prior to bonding. The surface should be clean, about 80 °C (175 °F). However with the CHEMLOK
rough, and can be primed with a low viscosity two-part 289/290 system, adhesion can obtained at lower cure
polyamide curing epoxy primer. temperatures.
Note: CHEMLOK 286 tack cement may be used for natural rubber bonding using autoclave, exhaust steam
cures, or chemical cures. For butyl types and EPDM, use CHEMLOK 287. A polychloroprene-based cement is
used for chloroprene.
38
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
39
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
Adhesives should be stored in a similar fashion as the but not on the CHEMLOK 289 primer. This suggests
rubber. They should be kept out of direct sunlight, rain, that the adhesive should be applied just prior to lay-up
and snow. Indoor storage is recommended. where sunlight exposure occurs.
40
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
New fluids, new polymers, and higher temperatures Table 15 is a Chemlok adhesive selector guide for the
have also led to the development of new adhesives. different compounds typically used in dynamic seal
applications; most are either environmentally friendly
Dynamic seals are defined as rubber-to-metal bonded or aqueous formulations.
components used for sealing fluids in crankshafts,
transmissions, water pumps and brake applications. In Motorguard® 1100 (Lord Corporation) is a solvent-
modern automobiles, the dynamic seals are comprised based coating developed for exhaust manifold gaskets.
of a compounded elastomer that is adhered to a metal This low friction coating was developed for bonding to
support using an adhesive. The adhesive is applied stainless steel. It is resistant to both high temperature
using spray, dip, dip-spin, or brush techniques. The and hot fluid. This coating should help reduce the ‘ping’
adhesive looks like a paint or thin coating on the metal sound that occurs as the metal cools down and contracts
substrate. The adhesive is air-dried or dried using a heat after the engine is shut down.
source. The adhesive coated metal is then placed in a
mould and the rubber is introduced. The three rubber
moulding processes commonly used are: compression, 9.5.2 Summary
injection and transfer. The rubber is then cured using
both heat and pressure. While the rubber is curing in the
The dynamic seal market uses a wide variety of synthetic
mould the adhesive is also curing and forming chemical
rubber compounds. No single adhesive can bond all
bonds at the metal and rubber interfaces. The type of
compounds and withstand all environments. This is also
elastomer selected is primarily based upon its ability
an area where new rubber compounds are constantly
to resist the fluid it will be exposed to in service. Other
being developed to meet the needs and requirements of
factors that influence the choice of elastomers include
the automobile manufacturers. Before a new compound
cost, inherent dimensional stability and properties such
can be used there must be an adhesive system capable
as compression set, tear resistance and hardness.
of bonding that compound. The adhesive must then be
able to maintain adhesion throughout the life of the part
Other types of seals fall into the category of gaskets. even when exposed to extreme temperatures and harsh
These include oil pan gaskets, head gaskets and exhaust
manifold gaskets. In gasket applications sometimes an
elastomer is bonded to the metal and is handled much
like the dynamic seals described above. In the case of Table 15 Adhesive selection
multilayer steel (MLS) gaskets and exhaust manifold Elastomer Solvent EPCA Aqueous
gaskets a coating is applied that forms the seal between based solvent
metal interfaces. The coating is often applied using
Ethylene- CH250 CH6250 CH610
reverse roll coating techniques. Once applied the
acrylic CH250X CH8114
coating is then cured in an oven to achieve the desired
CH5150 CH130
properties. Later the actual part can be stamped out
CH8115
of the coil stock. Here the coatings can be either one
or two coats. Two coat systems are comprised of a Fluorocarbon CH5150 CH5150 CH610
primer or first coat and then a second coat of a different CH5151 CH5151 CH8114
composition often called a covercoat. Adhesion only CH130
takes place between the primer and the metal or CH8116*
between the primer and covercoat. The covercoat or Nitrile (NBR) CH205 TY-PLY CH8110
one-coat formulations include a rubber component that TY-PLY BN BN CH8115
eliminates the need for a rubber bonding step. CH8116*
HNBR CH8116*
CH8117*
9.5.1 Adhesive and Coating Selection Polyacrylate CH250 CH6250 CH610
CH250X CH8110
CH130
Adhesive selection for dynamic seals depends on the
CH8114
elastomer to be bonded. Other factors might include cost
and preference for either water-based, environmentally Silicone CH607 CH607 CH8116*
preferred adhesives and coatings (EPCA), or solvent- (peroxide) CH608 CH608 CH8117*
based products. The adhesive chosen must withstand the CH Y-1540 CH Y-
service environment of the seal. This includes resistance 1540
to a variety of hot fluids and wide range of temperatures. * Requires peroxide cure system in elastomer
41
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
fluids. If no adhesive currently exists a new formulation and adhesive requires a unique application technique
must be developed. Environmental regulations being known as coil coating.
adopted limit the adhesive manufacturer on what can
be used in new formulations. For all of the above
reasons there are a number of adhesives to choose 9.6.1.1 Coil Coating
from. Most of the new adhesive formulations are either
environmentally friendly solvent-based adhesives or are Coil coating is the continuous application of a primer
aqueous products. and an adhesive to one or both sides of a metal coil. A
cleaned and treated metal coil is uncoiled, run through
a roll coat setup, followed by a bake cycle to dry/set the
9.6 Adhesives for Automotive Weatherstripping primer. The coating and baking steps are repeated for
the topcoat adhesive application and the coil is rewound
The quiet ride of today’s automobiles, trucks and vans for shipment to a slitter or direct to the customer who
can be attributed to many rubber-to-metal bonded will be manufacturing the weatherstrip.
components. These components reduce or remove
noise, shock and vibration in the various areas of the Coil coating lines can be either single or tandem in
vehicle. Included in these ride improving components setup. A single line means that the primer is coated
are automotive weatherstrip. Weatherstrip is used to and baked onto the metal, and then the coil is rewound.
seal window, door, hood, decklid and sun/moon roof The coil is again fed through the single station coater
openings. An intricate extruded profile is assembled for application of the topcoat adhesive. With a tandem
consisting of an elastomeric material extruded over line, the primer is applied and baked and the topcoat
and bonded to a supported carrier. These profiles are is applied and baked using two coating stations in line
designed to seal the passenger compartment from outside with one another. A typical tandem line is depicted in
noise, dirt and inclement weather. Additionally, the Figure 26.
weatherstrip retains heat in the winter/air conditioning
in the summer, maintains clean glass surfaces, and This unique application method has many advantages.
sustains ice release properties between surfaces for ease The transfer efficiency of the primer and the coating
of opening power windows and doors. Weatherstrip is 100%. Line speeds vary within the industry, but at
around the trunk, the hood, and the door openings a typical line speed of 150-250 feet per minute, this
also provide a buffer between the metal frame and the method produces a large quantity of coated substrate
closure panel, reducing metal on metal noise. quickly. With the ability to coat both surfaces at one
time, this also saves application time. Coil coating also
allows the applicator control of the wet and dry film
9.6.1 Metal Profile Carriers thickness of the primer and coating within very tight
tolerances, as well as control over the cure state of the
The metal carrier provides structural integrity for the primer and adhesive. Energy savings can be achieved
profile. Some weatherstrip designs do not require a as many coil coaters recover heat from burning solvents
solid metal carrier and instead employ a woven wire being emitted.
mesh (lance) that can be formed as a support for the
elastomeric component. Most often an adhesive is not Due to the high capital investment needed to build a coil
required for the lance as the rubber will penetrate the coating line, there are dedicated businesses known as
lance and provide a mechanical lock to the carrier. The custom coil coaters, which weatherstrip manufacturers
typical metal types used for weatherstrip carriers are contract to coat coils for them. Not all coil coaters
aluminium, stainless steel and electrogalvanised steel. are setup to coat rubber to metal bonding adhesives.
Adhesion of an elastomeric component to these surfaces Reference the National Coil Coating Association online
requires the use of a primer and a topcoat. Prior to for a list of coaters (www.coilcoating.org).
application of the primer, typical pretreatment for the
aluminium is to clean the surface with detergent and
a rinse, followed by a chrome-free pretreatment. For 9.6.1.2 Selecting Primers and Adhesives
stainless steel the surface is commonly abraded to an
R-19 scuff factor, cleaned, and treated with a chrome The weatherstrip manufacturer selects primers and
free pretreatment. Electrogalvanised steel generally adhesives that are applied to coiled metal. Once the
has a very high zinc content. This metal is also given a metal has been coated it will be slit into narrow widths,
chrome-free treatment. The metal is coated while it is sometimes referred to as ‘pancakes’. These ‘pancakes’
in the form of a coiled roll. Application of the primer are then roll formed into an intricate shape as per the
42
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
OVEN OVEN
Accumulator
Steel coil
Figure 26
Coil coating line
OEM design print. The roll forming operation can bend With recent movement from heavy-metal containing
the metal back upon itself referred to as an 0T-bend, or it materials on automotive parts, Lord Corporation has
may form gentle bends in the coated metal. Most rubber developed an environmentally preferred adhesive
to metal adhesives do not have the flexibility to adhere for EPDM rubber, called Autoseal® 3370 Adhesive
to metals under such severe distortion. Lord Corporation (Autoseal® is a trademark of Lord Techmark Inc.). A
has developed a primer specifically for the coil coating comparison of the typical properties of both adhesives
industry called CHEMLOK 208A primer which was is given in Table 19.
formulated to provide the needed flexibility at a viscosity
suitable for reverse roll coating application. The primer Unlike the primer coat, the adhesive layer requires a
should be applied to the metal, targeting a wet film much lower bake temperature following the application
thickness of 10.2-25.4 microns, which will deposit a step. Both CHEMLOK 237A adhesive and Autoseal
dry film thickness of 2.5-5.1 microns. Following the 3370 adhesive require a peak metal temperature
application of the primer, the metal should be baked between 138-149 ºC. CHEMLOK 237A adhesive
to a peak metal temperature between 220-230 ºC to should be applied at a wet film thickness of 33.9-50.8
thoroughly cure the primer and to attain the maximum microns for a dry film thickness of 5.1-7.6 microns. It is
environmental performance. Physical properties for imperative that the peak metal temperature be achieved.
CHEMLOK® 208 Primer are given in Table 18. If the temperature is exceeded the adhesive could
become fully cured and have no activity available for
Special adhesive systems have also been developed bonding to the elastomer during the extrusion process.
to adhere to extruded EPDM, common weatherstrip If the metal does not reach the peak metal temperature,
material. CHEMLOK® 237A Adhesive has been used the adhesive could be undercured to the point where it
for bonding weatherstrip carrier for over 25 years.
43
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
will bond, or block, to itself when it is recoiled following of the extruder is machined to yield a rubber component
coating application. Testing is available to determine if of the desired dimensions.
adequate cure is achieved.
The heat of the rubber, now in intimate contact with
With the movement of weatherstrip elastomeric the adhesive coated metal, will cause the adhesive to
materials going from EPDM rubber to thermoplastic begin to bond to the elastomer. As the rubber cures,
vulcanisates (TPVs), newer adhesive systems are being so will the adhesive. Rubber vulcanisation occurs at
developed to be coil coated to metal. Adhesives are elevated temperatures (232-288 ºC) with dwell times
presently available for offline application of adhesive. of 2-3 minutes. Cure cycles exceeding 140 °C are
needed to activate the adhesives that bond the EPDM
to the metal.
9.6.2 Elastomeric Sealing Surfaces
The extrusion line can extrude one or two compounds
Approximately 20 years ago, styrene-butadiene rubber at the same time utilising varying durometer elastomers.
(SBR) was used for automotive weatherstrip. EPDM For instance, a weatherstrip belt line is typically made
became more popular for its advanced weathering using a dual-durometer dense EPDM compound
capabilities, extrusion properties and ability to be extruded over metal. A door seal is generally a
extended. Presently the market is beginning to switch coextrusion of a sponge rubber to create a sealing
to thermoplastic vulcanisates for producing weatherstrip surface and a dense rubber to encapsulate the metal
profile. TPVs have become popular for their ability carrier, which will be fastened to the vehicle.
to be colour matched to the vehicle interior, ease of
processibility, recyclability and reduced energy costs Auxiliary operations can also be performed on the
due to lower temperature needs. profile following extrusion of the rubber. The rubber can
have a slip coating applied to the surface of the rubber
to provide ice release, abrasion resistance, weathering,
9.6.3 Extrusion Process and chemical resistance. Yet other parts, typically for
glass run channels, are flocked. This process entails the
As noted earlier, the coated coil of metal is shipped to the deposition of a nylon or polyester fibre via electrostatic
weatherstrip manufacturer for processing into profiles. alignment in a wet adhesive. Both coatings and flock
The coil is unwound and fed through a series of rollers adhesives are available in the marketplace for this
(Figure 27), which roll form the metal into the desired application. Figure 28 shows a typical line setup.
shape of the carrier. This will become the backbone of
the rubber-covered profile. The formed metal is then fed The final step of the process noted above is to cut
through an extruder. For most weatherstrip applications, the profiles to desired lengths using a chopper. Some
EPDM rubber is the elastomer, which is extruded over profiles are further moulded together in corner moulding
the metal carrier. The extruder mixes and heats the operations to assemble full door, trunk, or window
rubber using a screw feed mechanism. A die on the end seals.
Accumulator
Extruder
Cooler
and air
Coated coil knife
Figure 27
Roll forming/extrusion line
44
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
Roll former
Rubber cure oven
- Charge
Coated coil Extruder
Figure 28
Roll forming/extrusion/clocking/coating line
9.6.4 Performance Testing Toluene can be used to remove the black topcoat
adhesive until the grey primer layer is evident. Measure
There are a number of tests that are routinely run on the primer layer. Subtract the primer thickness from the
coil coated metal to measure adhesion and state of cure total thickness to determine the adhesive thickness.
of the primer/adhesive.
Rubber adhesion – This test determines adhesion of
Solvent Double-Rubs – This test is used to make sure rubber to the coil adhesive. A typical test procedure may
that the primer and adhesive are not over- or under- include the following:
baked. The National Coil Coaters Association Technical
Bulletin Nos. II-18 covers this subject. Toluene is used • Mill rubber to a 3.2 millimetre sheet.
for the topcoat adhesive and MEK is used for the primer.
The adhesive should be resistant to between 5 and 15 • Cut adhesive coated metal into 50 x 76 millimetre
double rubs of a saturated cloth with toluene. The primer coupons.
should resist between 1-10 double rubs using MEK.
• Cut pieces of rubber to 76 x 101 millimetre.
T-Bends – This test is used to determine the adhesion
of the primer and adhesive to the metal after the metal • Pre-heat rubber for 3 minutes at 93 ºC.
has been crimped back on itself (such as would be done
in a roll forming operation). This is conducted both
• Mate rubber right out of the oven to the coated metal
with and against the grain of abrasion of the metal. The
and sandwich between two pieces of thin aluminium
metal is bent back upon itself to what is called a 0T-
(508 micron).
bend. Scotch tape is then affixed along the folded edge.
The tape is removed. The tape is inspected for flakes of
adhesive or primer. If the first fold results in removal of • Place the sandwich in a press and compress to
adhesive or primer, the crimped piece is folded on itself, 6.8 megapascals; no heat.
creating a gentler bend. The tape test is repeated. This
second bend is called 1T. The process is continued until • Remove the coated metal/rubber assembly from
the tape shows no signs of primer or adhesive residue. between the two pieces of aluminium and oven cure
A passing test would be less than 3T. For test details for 3 minutes at 232 ºC.
reference National Coil Coaters Association Technical
Bulletin No. II-19. • Water quench to room temperature.
Dry Film Thickness – A total film thickness can be • Cut the rubber with a razor blade across the centre
measured using an electronic film thickness gauge. of the sample.
45
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
• Bend the sample end-to-end along the razor cut and • If the rubber tears, leaving a thin layer on the coated
check rubber adhesion along the folded edge and metal, that is a passing result.
in the adjacent area.
Blocking Test – The National Coil Coaters Association
• If the adhesive does not separate along the razor Technical Bulletin No. II-17 is the specification for
cut/folded edge, that is a passing result. evaluation of pressure marking and blocking resistance
of organic coatings. This test is run per the specification
Figure 29 shows the difference between a passing and and the affinity of the adhesive to ‘stick’ to another
failing condition. coated layer of metal is judged. Ideally, a Grade
condition of 10 is desired.
Zero Pressure Bond Test – This test is also used to
determine adhesion of the rubber to the metal. The
following steps are used at Lord Corporation: 9.6.5 Summary
• Mill rubber to a 3.2 millimetre sheet. There are many ways to bond rubber to metal. This
section discussed a less known method for bonding
• Cut primed/top coated metal into 50 x 76 millimetre rubber to metal that utilises pre-coated metal using a
coupons. Mask off the edge, 50 millimetres width, coil coater to apply the adhesive. This method is used
with masking tape. primarily by the automotive weatherstrip industry, but
due to the excellent transfer efficiency of this process,
• Cut pieces of rubber to 76 x 101 millimetre. other companies are investigating the use of rubber
bonded to pre-coated sheet steel to either punch out parts
• Pre-heat rubber for 3 minutes at 93 ºC. or to create bent configurations. Use of adhesive-coated
coils may see more utility in the future.
• Mate rubber right out of the oven to both sides of
the coated metal and sandwich between two pieces
of thin aluminium (508 micron).
10 Future Trends in Rubber-to-Metal
• Place the sandwich in a press and compress to Bonding
1000 psi; no heat.
Over the last twenty years, there have been changes
• Remove the coated metal/rubber assembly from in certain aspects of the rubber-to-metal bonding
between the two pieces of aluminium and oven cure process. Examples are the increased use of injection
for 3 minutes at 232 ºC. moulding, higher performance demands (especially
those on automotive antivibration parts regarding heat
• Water quench to room temperature. and corrosion resistance), and the implementation of
adhesives that are free of hazardous materials (such
• Using needle nose pliers, peel the rubber away from as lead). The future promises to bring more changes
the coated metal. to those companies involved in manufacturing bonded
PASS FAIL
Figure 29
Rubber adhesion failure analysis
46
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
components. New elastomeric materials and substrates runner system (if injection moulding). Similarly, plastic
to be bonded, regulations affecting emission of volatile materials have been developed which bond to rubber
products and ever-changing performance demands during vulcanisation without the need for adhesives.
will require new products and technologies from the Development in these areas continues today.
suppliers of rubber-to-metal adhesives to meet the needs
of the industry. The typical metal substrate used for bonding to rubber
is steel which has been surface treated via grit blasting,
For antivibration characteristics, natural rubber (NR) zinc or iron phosphatising. In the future, engineered
is still the material of choice in bonded components. plastics and aluminium may become the substrates of
However, with tougher requirements for heat resistance choice due to the desire for lighter weight automobiles
and longer service life (especially in automotive for improved fuel economy. The major concern for
applications), NR is nearing its limit as a useful adhesive suppliers regarding this possibility is in the
material. This is especially true of NR cured with increased use of plastics. The word ‘plastic’ refers to a
sulfur or sulfur donors. Advances have been made in wide variety of different types of engineering materials
the development of new cure systems for NR based on that range from nylon to high-density polyethylene
either di-urethane technology (Tradename NOVOR, (HDPE). Plastics with low surface energies (compared
sold by Elgem Technology) or peroxide plus co-curative to that of steel) will be the substrates that will be most
chemistry. Elastomers cured via the non-sulfur approach difficult to bond to. Unfortunately, these are the same
have better heat resistance than their sulfur cured substrates that are of most interest to component
counterparts, but may be more difficult to bond with manufacturers due to their low cost.
conventional adhesives.
Rubber to metal adhesives have traditionally been
Automobile component manufacturers are working to supplied in a solvent carrier (xylene, toluene, ketones,
develop compounds based on other elastomer types alcohols). Over the last 10 years, new bonding agents
(HNBR, silicone, peroxide-cured EPDM) that have have been developed which are supplied as dispersions
better heat and ozone resistance, while still maintaining in water (along with a small amount of co-solvent).
acceptable antivibration properties. New adhesive These water-based adhesives were developed to help
chemistries may be needed to bond these compounds. customers comply with government regulations dealing
with the release of solvents into the atmosphere. More
Thermoplastic elastomers are popular because unused restrictive regulations regarding solvent emissions
moulded material can be reused with virgin elastomer. have been issued (for example, the Miscellaneous
Adhesive systems are available which can bond Metal Parts and Products Standard in the US) and
thermoplastic elastomers to metal and other substrates. more are being formulated. Water-based adhesives are
However, the environmental resistance of these adhesives one technology that can address the new regulations. It
is not equivalent to that obtained with conventional may be necessary in the future to have rubber-to-metal
thermosetting adhesives for NR bonding. If thermoplastic adhesives provided in other physical forms to overcome
elastomers find use in automotive antivibration any limitations with water-based adhesives. Some
applications, new adhesives will be needed. possible examples are adhesives supplied in film form,
as powder coatings, or as UV or EB-curable liquids that
Over the years, materials have been developed that can have no volatile components.
be added to rubber to provide direct adhesion to metal
substrates during vulcanisation; thus eliminating the Vibration isolation mounts typically employ rubber
need for adhesives. The advantages of this approach and metal, and as such, adhesives are needed to
include cost reduction due to elimination of the adhesive ensure that the mount maintains its structural integrity
application step and lessening of regulatory concerns and functionality. Devices that use rubber to absorb
due to the elimination of the (typically) solvent-based vibration and noise are called ‘passive’ control systems
adhesive and its accompanying dilution solvents. This because the device absorbs the vibration. ‘Active’
approach has several pitfalls. Typically, when such noise/vibration control systems act by the application
additives are put into rubber, they are cure system of signals to cancel out the incoming vibration or noise.
specific (i.e., useful for peroxide cured elastomers but Active control systems are gaining favour in design
not for sulfur-cured ones) and the physical properties of because they are better at cancelling out vibrations
the cured rubber are compromised in some way. Typical below 500 Hz and are more compact than passive
properties affected are bin stability, scorch safety, tensile systems. Since active systems act by the introduction of
and elongation. Care must be taken to make sure that cancelling signals, the need for rubber, and consequently,
the rubber does not bond directly to the mould and rubber/metal adhesives, is reduced.
47
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
Performance demands for rubber-to-metal adhesives in In summary, there are a number of possible future
the future will also continue to change. Environmental developments that could affect the bonding of rubber
resistance (particularly to heat and automotive fluids) to metal and the adhesive technology needed to
requirements will continue to increase in severity as accomplish this task. How many of these possibilities
automobile engine compartments continue to become actually turn into realities will depend on political,
more compact and as warranties get longer. Adhesives ecological, and technical factors. Whatever the future
are now expected to work at temperature extremes holds, adhesive manufacturers will strive to provide the
between 125 °C and –40 °C. New adhesive chemistries products and services necessary to ensure good, durable
may be needed to meet these needs. bonds between rubber and metal.
48
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
49
Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives and Processes
50
References and Abstracts
gives emission limit values for each activity sectors; for The results are reported of trials carried out to evaluate
the ‘rubber conversion activity’, the limit value of waste the ability of solvent-based and water-based adhesives
gas emission is 20 mg C/cub.m. For the past thirty years, to bond fluid resistant fluoroelastomers to metals for
many attempts have been made to substitute solvent-based automotive applications, such as seals and gaskets. Peel
bonding agents by aqueous systems and increasingly some strength tests were carried out on samples bonded together
bonding agent manufacturers have accepted the difficult by compression moulding and on samples immersed in
challenge for providing environment friendly alternatives various fluids and then oven aged for 500 hours at 150C.
in aqueous forms. 3 refs. 5 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.903355
Accession no.905544
Item 17
Item 15 164th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2003.
Polimery Proceedings of a conference held Cleveland, Oh., 14th-
48, No.9, 2003, p.614-9 17th Oct.2003.
Polish Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2003, Paper 25,
PROBLEMS OF RESORCIN ELIMINATION pp.13, 28cm, 012
FROM ADHESIVE SYSTEMS FOR STEEL NOVEL ADHESION PROMOTER FOR VARIOUS
CORDS ELASTOMER/SUBSTRATE COMBINATIONS
Hehn Z; Sajewicz J; Rajkiewicz M O’Rourke S
Kedzierzyn-Kozle Institute; Instytut Przemyslu Hall C.P.,Co.
Gumowego Stomil Piastow (ACS,Rubber Div.)
Urethanes with varying alkyl chain lengths were The results of experimental investigations carried out
synthesised and used, together with acrylamide, for on various rubber/substrate combinations employing
melamine-formaldehyde resin modification. A melamine- Hallbond APS (Adhesion Promoter System) in various
formaldehyde resin with a higher content of methylene forms are presented and discussed. The rubbers employed
groups was also developed. The resins, spread on calcium include EPDM, NR and chlorinated PE and data on
silicate, were used as systems for improving the adhesion polyester cord adhesion, wire cord adhesion, rubber-
of rubber to brass plated steel cords with the aim of to-textile adhesion and rubber-to-metal adhesion are
eliminating toxic resorcinol resins from such systems. tabulated.
The results of rheometric measurements of rubber blends USA
containing the resins and the results of investigations Accession no.903318
of strength properties of the vulcanisates obtained are
discussed. The effects of ageing conditions and the type
of melamine resin in the blend on the strength of rubber- Item 18
brass plated steel cord joint were characterised. The best 164th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2003.
results in this study were obtained with resin modified with Proceedings of a conference held Cleveland, Oh., 14th-
butyl urethane or acrylamide. The melamine-formaldehyde 17th Oct.2003.
resins with higher content of methylene groups showed Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2003, Paper 19,
better strength properties but needed much longer time of pp.29, 28cm, 012
vulcanisation. 17 refs. MECHANISM OF IMPROVED AGED
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
RUBBER-TO-BRASS ADHESION USING ONE-
COMPONENT RESINS
Accession no.903657 Patil P Y; van Ooij W J
Cincinnati,University
Item 16 (ACS,Rubber Div.)
164th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2003. An investigation was carried out to determine the effect
Proceedings of a conference held Cleveland, Oh., 14th- of an adhesion-promoting one-component resin system
17th Oct.2003. on the mechanical properties of NR-based formulations.
Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2003, Paper 65, Mechanical properties tested included stress at break,
pp.10, 28cm, 012 stress at 300% strain, elongation at break, tear behaviour,
ADHESIVES FOR BONDING adhesion and aged adhesion. The surfaces of the rubbers
FLUOROELASTOMERS-TO-METAL IN were analysed by ATR FTIR spectroscopy to confirm a
AUTOMOTIVE SEALING APPLICATIONS previously proposed theory regarding the migration of
Polaski E; Mowrey D resin from the rubber matrix to the surface. The corrosion
Lord Corp. performance of sulphidised cords embedded in a cured tyre
(ACS,Rubber Div.) was also investigated and a theory, which attributes loss
of rubber-to-brass adhesion to the ageing of brass cords, nanometre thickness significantly enhanced the adhesion
proposed. 22 refs. stability, and although the adhesion was reduced on ageing,
USA a marginal superiority compared with cobalt-free wire was
Accession no.903313 retained. 13 refs.
KOREA
Accession no.901575
Item 19
IRC 2002. Proceedings of a Conference held Prague,
1st-4th July 2002. Item 21
Prague,Rubber Divisions of the Czech and Slovak Tire Technology International
Societies of Industrial Chemistry, 2002, Paper 70, pp.8, Annual Review 2003, p.140-5
CD-ROM, 012 ADHESION PROPERTIES OF STEEL
SURFACE TREATMENT OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS
REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS Janypka P; Micuch M; Gazo P; Suriova V; Duris S;
Suriova V; Janypka P; Hudec I; Simor M; Cernak M Hudec I; Szostak M
Slovak Republic,Rubber Research Institute; Matador AS; Continental Matador; Slovak,Technical
Bratislava,Slovak Technical University; University; Poznan,University of Technology
Comenius,University
The adhesion of composite steel cord reinforcement
(Rubber Divisions of the Czech and Slovak Societies of
material and tyre reinforcement coating compound,
Industrial Chemistry)
including tyre wire and steel cord surface treated with a
The composition of steel cord, and the tensile properties of plasma, was studied using three dynamic test methods,
steel and polymers used for tyre reinforcement are briefly i.e. the Henley test, ultrasound and a test devised by the
detailed. The use of plating and additives to enhance Technical University of Poznan. The action of plasma on
adhesion to rubber is discussed. Steel cord was treated by the steel reinforcements and the morphology of rubber-
low temperature nitrogen or oxygen plasma at atmospheric steel cord systems were examined. The results obtained are
pressure, and the adhesion to rubber determined using the presented and discussed. All three laboratory procedures
Henley test. Enhanced dynamic adhesion was achieved were found to be suitable for the evaluation of rubber-metal
compared with standard treatments. Optimum treatment adhesion, but verification of the results with those of real
times were 2-3 s, with the adhesion decreasing with tyres under dynamic testing is required. 4 refs.
extended treatment times. 5 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND; SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA
SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA Accession no.900568
Accession no.901582
Item 22
Item 20 IRC 2002. Proceedings of a Conference held Prague,
IRC 2002. Proceedings of a Conference held Prague, 1st-4th July 2002.
1st-4th July 2002. Prague,Rubber Divisions of the Czech and Slovak
Prague,Rubber Divisions of the Czech and Slovak Societies of Industrial Chemistry, 2002, Paper 34, pp.19,
Societies of Industrial Chemistry, 2002, Paper 63, pp.7, CD-ROM, 012
CD-ROM, 012 BONDING RUBBER TO REINFORCING
NEW BONDING SYSTEM BETWEEN RUBBER MATERIALS WITH ADHESION PROMOTING
AND STEEL COAGENTS
Nah C; Chung K-H; Chang Y-W; Park S-J Costin R; Amara Y
Chonbuk,National University; Suwon,University; Sartomer Co.; Cray Valley
Hanyang,University; Korea,Research Institute of (Rubber Divisions of the Czech and Slovak Societies of
Chemical Technology Industrial Chemistry)
(Rubber Divisions of the Czech and Slovak Societies of
Two commercial additives to increase the degree of cure
Industrial Chemistry)
and enhance the bonding of rubber to reinforcement
A bonding system for application to brass-plated steel during peroxide curing, so eliminating the need to apply
cord used in tyres, to prevent the loss of bonding with the external bonding agents to the reinforcement, were
rubber in service due to dezincification, was investigated. evaluated. The rubbers investigated included: nitrile
Cobalt plating was applied onto the brass plating, followed rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM),
by copper plating to improve the wire drawing. Samples chlorosulphonated polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate
of cured natural rubber containing the steel cord were copolymer, styrene-butadiene rubber, silicone rubber,
aged in air at 100 C, or at 75 C in a relative humidity of and natural rubber. Aramid and polyester fabrics were
85%. Following ageing for 5-15 days, the force required used as reinforcement, and the reinforced rubbers were
to pull out the cord, and the amount of rubber retained on characterised by measurements of tensile strength,
the cord surface, were measured. A cobalt layer of several modulus and elongation, and Shore hardness. Curing
characteristics were determined using an oscillating disc materials get used. In August, the EPA signed off on the
rheometer. Rubber-to-metal adhesion was determined by long-anticipated new final rule for Maximum Achievable
shear and peel testing. The additives increased the degree Control Technology standards for a number of end-use
of cure and enhanced the adhesive bonding between the categories to regulate and control emissions of hazardous
rubber and un-treated metals and textiles. 12 refs. air pollutants. With the new MACT directives, there are
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; a number of ways a rubber-to-metal bonder can meet the
USA; WESTERN EUROPE regulation, including: using all water-borne adhesives;
Accession no.900221 using a hybrid aqueous/solvent system; and continuing to
use solvent-based adhesives in conjunction with a thermal
oxidiser to burn off hazardous air pollutants.
Item 23
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
USA
76, No.5, May 2003, p.154-9
Japanese Accession no.897669
DIRECT ADHESION BETWEEN POLYMER
PLATED METALS AND RUBBERS DURING Item 25
VULCANIZATION. IV. DIRECT ADHESION European Rubber Journal
BETWEEN POLYMER PLATED STEEL AND 185, No.9, Sept.2003, p.24-5
PEROXIDE CROSSLINKED EPDM DURING GROWTH IN AV PARTS LEADS TO HIGH
VULCANIZATION ADHESIVE USE
Gong P; Mori K; Oishi Y; Hotaka T White L
Iwate,University; Yokohama Rubber Co.Ltd.
Antivibration mounts are a major application for rubber-to-
The adhesion between polymer plated steel and peroxide- metal bonding agents and one that is growing faster than
crosslinked EPDM during vulcanisation was studied the total automotive market, according to Rohm & Haas.
with particular reference to the effect of the polymer film The trend for the car industry is to add more and more
thickness and the contents of the compounding ingredients, antivibration parts to reduce noise even further, which
such as HAF carbon black, process oil and peroxide. A is driving this high growth. Use of antivibration parts is
three-variable central composite designed experiment growing at some 4%/year, with bonding agent consumption
based on a Box-Wilson response surface methodology was growing at 2%/year worldwide. The global rubber-to-metal
used to evaluate the effect of the compounding ingredients. bonding agents business is worth some 120m US dollars,
The results showed that the thickness of the polymer plating of which Rohm & Haas a share of roughly 30%. Rohm
film should be controlled in an optimum range from about & Haas and CIL both have introduced lead-free lines of
20 nm to 200 nm in order to obtain adequate peel strength bonding agents. Water-based primers and adhesives for
of adherend. The peel strength was, however, affected by rubber-to-metal bonding have been developed, but are used
carbon black, process oil and peroxide contents, which was in only about 10% of the business. The automotive industry
explained as a result of the balance of reactions between has been seeking higher under-bonnet temperatures and
peroxide/rubber and peroxide/polymer plating film OEMs have been looking at different elastomers to extend
occurring at the adhesion interface during vulcanisation. the performance of mounts and other parts. Processors
The adherends under the optimum compounding showed are evaluating silicone rubber as an alternative to NR for
very good thermal stability, moisture resistance and water antivibration uses.
resistance. 19 refs.
ROHM & HAAS
JAPAN WORLD
Accession no.898395 Accession no.894360
Item 24 Item 26
Rubber and Plastics News Polymer Testing
33, No.5, 6th Oct.2003, p.8 22, No.6, 2003, p.671-6
CAN YOU LEAD A HORSE TO WATER? STUDYING THE CURE KINETICS OF RUBBER-
Meyer B TO-METAL BONDING AGENTS USING DMTA
Upcoming Environmental Protection Agency rules are Persson S; Goude M; Olsson T
driving growth of aqueous adhesives in underhood Metso Minerals (Skelleftea) AB; IFP Research AB
automotive applications, as suppliers say the water-borne Results are reported of a preliminary evaluation of the
materials will comply with the directives easier than potential of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis for use
traditional solvent-based adhesives. Producers of rubber- in characterising the curing of rubber-to-metal bonding
to-metal goods say that while the aqueous adhesives agents. The materials studied were Megum 3270 primer,
measure up on a performance basis with solvent-based Megum 100 adhesive and NR/polybutadiene blend. DMTA
materials, cost will continue to play a vital role in which was shown to be a promising technique for increasing
COMPONENTS WITH TOSCA AND ABAQUS utilised to test the adhesion between both materials.
Meske R; Sauter J; Friedrich M The higher ultrasonic reflection, the better is the quality
FE-Design GmbH; Freudenberg Forschungsdienste KG of adhesion. The ultrasonic method was verified by
(Hannover,Universitat) comparison with the standard mechanical test of adhesion
(the two plate method). The results of both methods show
To reduce time and costs in the development of elastomer-
close correlation. 10 refs.
metal components while maintaining a high product quality
SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA
it is essential to use efficient optimisation tools besides
already established non-linear FE analysis. FE-Design Accession no.887339
offers with the optimisation system TOSCA an integrated
solution for topology and shape optimisation with interfaces Item 34
to major industry standard FE solvers. In combination with Power at Work
ABAQUS it is now also possible to perform topology Winter 2003, p.18-9
and shape optimisation with moderate non-linearities. HITTING THE ROAD WITH HIGH-
To apply the optimisation algorithms of TOSCA PERFORMANCE ADHESIVES
successfully for stronger non-linearities, an enhancement
of the algorithms is necessary. This task is approached Fluoroelastomers are exceptionally good as seal
in the German research project ELAnO (Entwicklung components in automotive under-the-bonnet applications.
und Konstruktion von innovativen Leichtbauprodukten However, it can be difficult to bond fluoroelastomers to
unter konsquenter Verwendung adaptierter Analyse- und metal with water-borne adhesives. When Rohm & Haas
Optimierungsmethoden) in cooperation with Freudenberg acquired the Megum rubber-to-metal bonding business
and several other companies. The life time and durability from Chemetall in October 2001, it began offering the most
of elastomeric bearing components is increased by the complete product line available in rubber-to-metal bonding
systematic application of topology and shape optimisation technology across a broad geographic area. Water-borne
with TOSCA and ABAQUS under full consideration of Megum W3295 is one star in a comprehensive portfolio
geometric material and boundary non-linearities. First that includes both Megum and Thixon adhesives, and
results are shown presentation and an outline of future it securely bonds challenging specialty elastomers like
developments is given. 4 refs. fluoroelastomers, silicone, XNBR, HNBR and Vamac.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
With operations all over the world, Chicago Rawhide
WESTERN EUROPE Industries, the seal division of the world’s leading bearing
Accession no.889205 manufacturer SKF International, must receive identical
Rohm & Haas adhesive formulations no matter the
location.
Item 32
ROHM & HAAS CO.
Revista de Plasticos Modernos USA
83, No.551, May 2002, p.474-5
Accession no.885959
Spanish
NEW MATERIAL FOR NOISE INSULATION IN
THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY Item 35
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
Details are given of DuruLam, a rubber/metal laminate
17, No.5, 2003, 725-36
developed by Trelleborg Rubore for sound damping in
DIRECT ADHESION OF NATURAL RUBBER TO
automotive brake systems, and which is designed for
NICKEL/SULFUR PLATING DURING CURING
optimised adhesion to metal substrates.
Hachisuka S; Nakayama J; Mori K; Hirahara H; Oishi Y
TRELLEBORG RUBORE AB Tokyo Rope Mfg.Co.Ltd.; Iwate,University
EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN
EUROPE Direct adhesion of natural rubber to nickel/sulphur
Accession no.887771 plating, obtained by the addition of sodium thiosulphate
to the nickel chloride plating bath, during curing has been
investigated. It was concluded that nickel/sulphur plating
Item 33 is deposited in an amorphous form with sulphur distributed
KGK:Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe uniformly. The sulphur content depends on sodium
56, No.5, May 2003, p.237-41 thiosulphate concentration, bath temperature and plating
ON THE ULTRASONIC INVESTIGATION OF current. A sulphur content of 30 percent gave the optimum
RUBBER TO METAL ADHESION adhesion, as determined by tensile testing; thinner plating
Kostial P is preferable. It is concluded that during curing the nickel/
Trencin,University sulphur plating is transformed to a crystalline mixture of
An original physical method of testing the adhesion of alpha-nickel and nickel sulphide. 11 refs.
rubber to brass is presented. The measurement of reflection JAPAN
of ultrasonic waves on the brass-rubber interface was Accession no.884651
Kim J M; van Ooij W J of from 5 to 12 and then further treating the metal surface
Hankook Tire; Cincinnati,University with an adhesion-promoting composition comprising an
(ACS,Rubber Div.) acid, an oxidiser and a corrosion inhibitor.
USA
The morphology and crystallography of a copper sulphide
layer formed on brass panels cured in squalene. which Accession no.862344
acted as a liquid model system for NR, were investigated
using a combination of scanning electron microscopy and Item 44
grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. It was found that the RubberChem 2002, Proceedings of a conference held
morphology of the copper sulphide changed to a crystalline Munich, Germany, 11th-12th June 2002.
form with increasing cure temperature and that heat ageing Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, paper 17,
of the adhesion layer induced the decomposition of zinc p.131-46, 29 cm, 012
oxide and formation of zinc sulphide. 43 refs. COMPOUNDING EFFECTS ON PHYSICAL
KOREA; USA PROPERTIES AND RUBBER-METAL BONDING
Accession no.871394 Del Vecchio R J
Technical Consulting Services
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
Item 41
Elastomery The effects are investigated of four categories of
6, No.3, 2002, p.12-6 compounding variables on processability and properties of
Polish a carbon black reinforced NR compound, including rubber
MELAMINE RESINS MODIFIED BY URETHANE to metal bonding ability. Variables in the formulation
AS RESORCIN-FREE PROMOTERS OF RUBBER included the use of plasticisers, antidegradants, curing
ADHESION FOR STEEL CORD. PART II agents and cure types. Results are discussed with reference
Hehn Z; Rajkiewicz M; Sajewicz J to changes in physical properties, processing effects, and
Kedzierzyn-kozle Institute bonding properties. 2 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
The preparation of self-crosslinking melamine resins WESTERN EUROPE
modified with urethanes and acrylamide and their use as
adhesives for increasing the adhesion of rubber to steel/ Accession no.859585
brass cords. 9 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND Item 45
Accession no.871052 161st ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 2002.
Proceedings of a conference held Savannah, Georgia,
29th April-1st May 2002.
Item 42
Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2002, Paper 12,
Macplas
pp.9, 28cm, 012
26, No.233, Nov.2001, p.113-4
FAILURE ANALYSIS OF RUBBER-TO-METAL
Italian
BONDED ENGINEERED COMPONENTS
WATER-BASED SYSTEMS FOR RUBBER-TO-
Polaski G
METAL BONDING
Lord Corp.
Lindsay J
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Mould Perfect Consultancy
For successful bonding of rubber to metal in the
Aspects of the rubber-to-metal bonding process using
manufacture of quality rubber engineered components,
water-based adhesives are examined, and comparisons
the steps required are proper substrate preparation, proper
are made with the bonding process using solvent-based
selection of adhesive, proper adhesive preparation, proper
systems.
adhesive application and selection of suitable moulding
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE conditions. When a bond failure occurs, each of these steps
must be considered during failure analysis. The type of
Accession no.869452
failure must be identified as the first step and then causes
allocated to a specific type of failure. The root cause of the
Item 43 failure must then be identified and the problem corrected
Patent Number: US 6419784 B1 20020716 to prevent it from reoccurring. In some cases, various
PROCESS FOR IMPROVING THE ADHESION surface analyses may be conducted using sophisticated
OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS TO METAL techniques to determine the nature of the failure and the
SURFACES possible cause.
Ferrier D USA
The process involves pretreating the metal surface with Accession no.856244
a pre-dip, which comprises an aqueous solution with pH
The application of autodepositable organic coatings to The first step in the process for using rubber-to-metal
metals prior to rubber to metal bonding is discussed. The adhesives is to prepare the metal substrate for bonding.
metals to be coated pass through various processing steps The traditional methods for preparing steel substrates
which include alkaline cleaning, acid pickling, immersion include either grit blasting or phosphatising. In response
in the coatings, dehydration and curing. The effects of to environmental concerns and improved performance
these processing steps on the performance of the coatings requirements, Lord has introduced a system called
are considered and comparison is made with conventional MetalJacket for rubber to metal bonding. This is based on
rubber to metal bonding techniques. 2 refs. an autodepositable organic coating system. The MetalJacket
USA system combines the functions of pretreatment, priming
Accession no.842944 and corrosion protection. Optimised film thicknesses give
coatings that are corrosion resistant, tough and meet OEM
paint requirements. 2 refs.
Item 61 USA
Industria della Gomma
Accession no.842347
45, No.4, May 2001, p.48-50
Italian
OPTICAL METHODS FOR QUALITY Item 64
ASSURANCE OF COMPOSITE RUBBER Newtown, Pa., 1999, pp.2. 27 cms. 30/11/01
PRODUCTS PLV 2000, PLV 2100 HIGH PERFORMANCE
Steinbichler H LIQUID VITON ADHESIVES AND COATINGS
Steinbichler Optotechnik GmbH WITH EXCELLENT CHEMICAL- AND HEAT-
RESISTANT PROPERTIES
The principles of holographic, shearographic and
Pelseal Technologies LLC
electronic speckle pattern interferometry are examined,
and the application of these techniques to the quality Property data are presented for PLV 2000 and PLV
control of tyres and other composite rubber products, 2100 fluoroelastomer high performance adhesives and
rubber/metal components and reinforced plastics aircraft coatings from Pelseal Technologies LLC. The two-
components is discussed. component products have been used in a variety of
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; industrial applications, including: door gasket adhesives on
WESTERN EUROPE industrial ovens, coatings for fuel injection hoses in cars,
Accession no.842560 adhesives for splicing and bonding rubber belts, coatings
for equipment subjected to corrosive liquids, coatings
for metal and rubber rollers subject to high temperature,
Item 62
coatings for electrical cable harnesses, adhesives for
Industria della Gomma
bonding rubber gaskets to metals and for repairing jet
45, No.4, May 2001, p.17-21
engines.
Italian
USA
ADHESION OF VULCANISABLE
THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS TO VARIOUS Accession no.840471
SUBSTRATES
Tagliabue L; Delanaye J L Item 65
Advanced Elastomer Systems Rubber Bonding 2001. Conference Proceedings.
The adhesion of Advanced Elastomer Systems’ Santoprene Cologne, Germany, 20th-21st November 2001, Paper 16
thermoplastic elastomers, based on PP/EPDM blends, to REACTION KINETICS OF RUBBER-TO-METAL
glass, metals, plastics, EPDM and fabrics is discussed. BONDING AGENTS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
Surface treatment techniques for adhesion promotion and ON BOND DURABILITY
types of primers and adhesives used to bond Santoprene Perrson S; Goude M; Olsson T
to different substrates are examined. Metso Minerals; Lulea,University of Technology
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA; (Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
WESTERN EUROPE
The introduction of the dynamic mechanical thermal
Accession no.842555 analyser (DMTA) as a tool to characterise the curing
behaviour of rubber-to-metal bonding agents has opened a
Item 63 new avenue for studying the different reaction schemes of
European Rubber Journal the primers, adhesives and rubbers which form the rubber-
184, No.2, Feb.2002, p.18-21 to-metal bond. It is believed that the onset of cure (scorch
BONDING PREPARATION SAVES TIME time), the cure rate and the cure level of the layers forming
Weih M; Rearick B the bond have to be matched in some way in order to obtain
Lord Corp. strong and durable bonds in the shortest possible cure time.
The objective is to investigate the peel creep properties of
some well-characterised rubber-to-metal bonds from a cure (Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
state point of view. Experimental results are presented on
Post-vulcanisation bonding processes are defined and
how the mechanical durability of rubber-to-metal bonds of
the benefits and potential difficulties involved in such
a sulphur-cured NR/BR compound bonded to carbon steel
processes are outlined. The potential technologies for
is affected by different cure levels of the rubber, ranging
post-vulcanisation bonding processes, and the possible
from t2 to t135, in five steps. The peel test is carried out
available bonding systems, are reviewed, followed by
in warm water at 35 deg.C under a peeling load of 120N.
some examples of where post-vulcanisation bonding can
Suggestions as to how to improve the long-term durability
be used effectively.
of rubber-to-metal bonds are discussed. 4 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN WESTERN EUROPE
EUROPE
Accession no.839864
Accession no.839866
Item 68
Item 66
Rubber Bonding 2001. Conference Proceedings.
Rubber Bonding 2001. Conference Proceedings.
Cologne, Germany, 20th-21st November 2001, Paper 13
Cologne, Germany, 20th-21st November 2001, Paper 15
ADHESION OF RUBBER TO BRASS -
RUBBER BONDING BETWEEN EPDM SHEETS
INFLUENCE OF COBALT ON INTERFACE
(AND THERMOSET SHEETS) WITH VARIOUS
MORPHOLOGY
PERCENT PEROXIDE
Fulton W S
Vergnaud J M
Rhodia Industrial Specialties Ltd.
Saint Etienne,University
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
The strength of the bonding interface between brass-
There is a great difference between sticking two media
coated steel cord and rubber compound is one of the most
along a very thin surface and curing them together. In the
important factors governing the performance and durability
first case, even when bonding takes place, the surface is
of car and truck tyres. Interfacial strength is closely related
very thin, while in the second case some matter diffuses
to the structure of the bonding layer and any changes
through the two media creating a third medium whose
brought about during the lifetime of a tyre. The structure
properties are intermediate between the first two media.
of a tyre-cord interface is investigated by novel electron
Thus two sheets of EPDM with different % curing agent
microscopic methods, more traditional X-ray photoelectron
(2-10-20) are cured together. The best curing conditions are
spectroscopy profiling and X-ray diffraction techniques, to
determined using a numerical model, taking into account
reveal the morphology before and after ageing. Fine ion-
not only heat transfer but also the kinetics of cure of each
beam etching of a tyre cord previously embedded in a belt
rubber defined by MDR and calorimetry. Strong adhesion
compound creates specimens thin enough to visualise the
is obtained between these sheets, proved by excellent
bonding layer structure in the electron microscope. More
mechanical properties and by swelling experiment carried
importantly, it is possible to examine the effect that cobalt
out in toluene. In spite of more than 100% swelling, the
adhesion promoters has upon the interface morphology as
rate and extent of which depending largely on the % curing
the suppressed growth of crystalline dendrites normally
agent, a change in the shape of the two-layer materials is
associated with the ageing process. XPS profiling of the
shown, but the two layers do not separate. The hardness
interface reveals that different types of adhesion promoter
of the by-layer systems also varies progressively through
influence the amount and distribution of cobalt ions in
their thickness, resulting from the diffusion of the curing
the bonding layer. Such techniques coupled with X-ray
agent through the surface of these media. A similar study
diffraction also demonstrate the influence that cobalt
is carried out in repairing an old broken thermoset piece
has on the structure of the interface and the subsequent
with a new fresh uncured resin and curing them together,
crystallinity. 27 refs.
following a previous treatment provoking diffusion of the
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
resin into the old thermoset. 11 refs. EUROPE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.839863
Accession no.839865
Item 69
Rubber Bonding 2001. Conference Proceedings.
Item 67
Cologne, Germany, 20th-21st November 2001, Paper 11
Rubber Bonding 2001. Conference Proceedings.
AUTOMATION OF RUBBER INJECTION
Cologne, Germany, 20th-21st November 2001, Paper 14
PRESSES
POST VULCANISATION BONDING, PV
Steinl P
BONDING
LWB Steinl GmbH & Co.KG
Worthington K
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
Compounding Ingredients Ltd.; Synair Corp.
Especially for the production of rubber to metal bonded Ansarifar M A; Zhang J; Bell A; Ellis R J
parts, it is more and more important to guarantee high and Loughborough,University
stable quality as well as low costs for the manufactured (Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
part. LWB Steinl has developed rubber injection presses to
Bonding properties of a sulphur cure system-based NR
become fully automatic machines, enabling the producer to
compound containing 60 pph rubber by weight precipitated
meet current requirements. During the last five years LWB
amorphous white silica to steel, aluminium and nylon
designed machines suitable for large and very complex
6,6 is studied by means of peel tests. The compound also
parts, together with one of the world leading manufacturers
contains 7 pph bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl-) tetrasulphane
of rubber to metal bonded parts for the automotive industry.
bifunctional organosilane to prevent the silica from
However, the decision to choose automation has to be
interfering with the cure reaction in the rubber. When
taken after evaluation of a lot of components and is not
rubber is peeled at an angle of 90 deg. either at a constant
the right one for all manufacturers. The background of
rate of grip separation or under constant load, peeling
automation, advantages and disadvantages as well as the
energies up to 24 kJ/sq.m are measured. Under constant
‘step-by-step’ automation of rubber injection machines are
load, bond failure occurs in a time-dependent manner,
presented. Other aspects include automation: conditions
and is cohesive within the rubber somewhere between 17
machine-wise; motives for automation; automation and
and 700 mu m from the covercoat. Two modes of failure
its costs; development of automation; comparison of
are observed in these tests. Slow mode, where peel rate
expenses; and customised solutions.
is ~6.5 x 0-7 to 7 x 10-5 mm/s, and fast mode, where the
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
rate reaches approximately 240 mm/s. Notably, the bond
strength of the rubber to these substrates is almost similar.
Accession no.839861 15 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
Item 70 EUROPE
Rubber Bonding 2001. Conference Proceedings. Accession no.839856
Cologne, Germany, 20th-21st November 2001, Paper 9
KEY ELEMENTS IN THE INTERFACE OF
Item 72
RUBBER TO METAL BONDS
Rubber Bonding 2001. Conference Proceedings.
Dehnicke S; Kisner D; Lang H
Cologne, Germany, 20th-21st November 2001, Paper 4
Rohm & Haas Deutschland GmbH; Chemetall GmbH
INVESTIGATION OF THE KINETICS OF BOND
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
FORMATION, CORROSION RESISTANCE AND
Due to stringent technical requirements on modern ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE OF A NEW
rubber-to-metal composites, the majority of in-mould AQUEOUS, HEAVY METAL-FREE, METAL
bonded rubber components use a two-coat, primer plus TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR RUBBER-TO-
coversement bonding agent system. The most important METAL BONDING WHICH COMBINES THE
development in these bonding agent systems was the FUNCTIONS OF CHEMICAL PRETREATMENT,
recent change from lead-containing to lead-free bonding RUBBER-TO-METAL PRIMING AND
agent formulations for automotive applications. This CORROSION PROTECTION IN ONE PROCESS
change was accompanied by detailed examination into Weih M A; Rearick B
the presence and function of heavy metals in the different Lord Corp.
bonding agent layers. Based on selected analytical results (Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
from EDX and wavelength dispersive X-ray measurements
In order to maximise the bond strength, corrosion
on cross sections of rubber to metal bonded composites,
resistance and environmental durability of rubber-to-metal
contributions are given to the understanding of bond
bonded components used in automotive applications,
formation in general. A comparison of lead-containing
it is necessary to perform several separate and distinct
and remaining lead-free bonding agent formulations is
processes. These include: cleaning and chemically
presented. Typical performance parameters from rubber to
pretreating metals by zinc phosphatisation or plating to
metal bonding applications are also presented. 5 refs.
provide a consistent surface for bonding; priming with
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
a conventional solvent-based rubber-to-metal primer
to maximise adhesion to the metal substrate; and post-
Accession no.839859 treating parts after bonding with a paint or plating process
to obtain the necessary corrosion resistance mandated by
Item 71 the automotive companies. A new metal treatment system
Rubber Bonding 2001. Conference Proceedings. is developed, combining the separate functions above into
Cologne, Germany, 20th-21st November 2001, Paper 6 a single dip application process. This system is aqueous,
BONDING PROPERTIES OF SILICA FILLED heavy metal-free, provides a uniform self-limiting film
NATURAL RUBBER COMPOUNDS TO VARIOUS thickness, and is applied before the bonding process, with
SUBSTRATES no post-bonding treatment required. An investigation into
the kinetics of the reactions, which lead to these desirable studied and a model proposed for a possible mechanism
properties, is presented. 2 refs. of the adhesion of rubber compounds with silane-coated
USA metals. 21 refs.
Accession no.839854 USA
Accession no.836282
Item 73
Structural Adhesives in Engineering VI. Conference Item 75
Proceedings. Industria della Gomma
Bristol, 4th-6th July 2001, p.265-8, 012 45, No.2, March 2001, p.16-21
AN ASSESSMENT OF COLD-CURING Italian
ADHESIVES FOR USE IN A MARINE HIGHER PERFORMANCE REQUIRED OF
ENVIRONMENT PRIMERS
Bowditch M R; Hiscock D; Lane J M; Masters H J Dehnicke S
DERA Chemetall GmbH
(IOM Communications Ltd.)
An examination is made of the properties of Megum
Four cold-curing epoxide adhesive systems for bonding phenolic resin based primers (Chemetall) and their use in
a PU and a polychloroprene rubber to carbon steel were rubber-to-metal bonding. Results are presented of studies
evaluated in a search for materials suitable for use by the of adhesion and corrosion resistance and of the influence
Royal Navy. It was found that two of the four adhesive of different metal surface treatment techniques.
systems examined were unaffected by exposure to EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
seawater at 33C for six months. The general effect of WESTERN EUROPE
cathodic protection was to exacerbate the effects of water Accession no.835427
immersion, although one adhesive system was surprisingly
resistant. Heat ageing at 80C over a period of 14 days had
Item 76
no significant long-term detrimental effect on any of the
Thirty-ninth Annual Conference on Adhesion and
materials investigated. All the primer/adhesive systems
Adhesives.
showed a marked and consistent loss of joint strength
Oxford, 4th April 2001, Paper 9
when debonded at the higher temp. of 80C.
ROLE OF PRIMER IN RUBBER TO NYLON 6,6
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
BONDING APPLICATIONS
Ansarifar M A; Zang J; Bell A; Ellis R J
Accession no.838240 Loughborough,University
(Oxford,Brookes University,Joining Technology
Item 74 Research Centre)
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
Primers are often used in rubber-to-metal bonding
15, No.8, 2001, p.967-91
applications to protect the bonded area against corrosion
RUBBER-TO-METAL BONDING BY SILANES
in service. Their role in rubber to nylon 6,6 bonding
Jayaseelan S K; Van Ooij W J
applications is studied by means of peel tests. Test pieces
Cincinnati,University
in the form of bonded strips are prepared by vulcanising
The bonding of sulphur-vulcanised rubber compounds a conventional accelerator/sulphur compound of NR with
to metals was studied. It was shown previously that a sulphur to accelerator ratio of about 4:17, containing 60
bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane and vinyltriethoxysilane parts per hundred rubber by weight (phr) High Abrasion
worked for bonding peroxide-cured rubber compounds Furnace colloidal carbon black in contact with nylon 6,6
to metals. These silanes were found not to work with plates. Proprietary bonding systems - organic solvent-
sulphur-cured rubber compounds. For the latter case, a based Megum, 3276 (primer) and Megum 101 (covercoat),
mixture of bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl)amine and bis(tri or water-based Megum W23501 (primer) and Megum
ethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulphide was found to work and W23126 (covercoat) referred to, respectively, as System
results are presented of experiments in which brass, steel A or System B, are used. The rubber is peeled under
and electrogalvanised steel were bonded to a typical tyre constant load at an angle of 90 deg. in ambient temperature.
cord skim compound with and without a cobalt additive. Failure occurs in a time-dependent manner along the bond
This silane treatment was found to be as effective as or following a cavitation-like process in the rubber in the
better than brass adhesion to cobalt-containing rubber highly stressed region of the peel front adjacent to the
compounds. The superior corrosion protection offered by bond plate, and is of mixed modes for both systems. Some
the silanes was also demonstrated using DC corrosion and failures are cohesive in the primer layer and interfacial
polarisation resistance measurements. The silane process between nylon and primer, and some are cohesive in the
reported behaved similarly with all metal substrates. rubber. Visual examination of the peel front zone, where
The structure of the silane film on a metal substrate was large cavities are present over an extensive region, shows
Item 84 Item 87
Macplas Rubber to Metal Bonding. Proceedings of a one-day
25, No.223, Nov.2000, p.98-100 seminar held Shawbury, 30th January 1997..
Italian Shawbury, 1997, paper 7, pp. 7. 012
ADHESIVES FOR THE THIRD MILLENNIUM INSERT MOULDING - AUTOMATIC
Plasczynski T MANUFACTURING OF RUBBER-TO-PLASTIC
Lord Corp. MOULDED COMPONENTS
SUBSEQUENT PHOSPHATING PROCESS AND on composites and components manufactured from rubbers
RELATED EQUIPMENT bonded to metals, fabrics, fibres and plastic substrates.
Denman C Chapter titles include: Substrate preparation methods;
Abrasive Developments Ltd. Rubber to metal bonding; Rubber to metal and other substrate
(Rapra Technology Ltd.) bonding; Bonding rubber to metals with waterborne adhesive
systems; Rubber to rubber bonding; Rubber to Brass bonding;
Advantages are described of a wet blast phosphating
Review of tyre cord adhesion; Rubber to metal bonding using
process developed by Abrasive Developments Ltd. of
metallic coagents; Rubber to fabric bonding; Bonding rubber
the UK in conjunction with their Japanese licensee,
with cyanoacrylates; Bonding silicone rubber to various
Yamashita Rubber Company. The latter manufactures
substrates; failures in rubber bonding to substrates. Each
anti-vibration rubber and bonds it to supporting metal
chapter is well referenced.
parts exclusively for Honda Motor Company. The Vaqua
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
process, which together with the equipment, is described, INDIA; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
is claimed to deliver high quality components from an
automatic machine that combines both the cleaning Accession no.826525
and phosphating processes. The process is reported to
increase the strength of adhesive bonding between the Item 95
anti-vibration rubber and the metal parts, improve the International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives
corrosion resistance of the metal parts, whilst providing 21, No.3, 2001, p.233-9
quality within acceptable costs. Comparisons are made CURE-ADHESION OF RUBBER TO
with conventional pretreatments. ELECTROLESS PD-P ALLOY DEPOSIT: EFFECT
OF P CONTENT IN ALLOY
YAMASHITA RUBBER CO.LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; UK; Ikeda Y; Nawafune H; Mizumoto S; Sasaki M; Nagatani
WESTERN EUROPE A; Nishimori A; Yamaguchi K; Uchida E; Okada T
Accession no.827804 Konan,University; Hyogo Prefecture,Industrial
Research Institute; Ishihara Chemical Co.Ltd.
examined with reference to topics discussed at a round Thus, they are seen to function as adhesion promoters in
table meeting held in association with a conference on addition to crosslinkers to enhance both the adhesive and
adhesion which took place at La Bourboule, France. mechanical properties of the cured rubber. They can also
ICSI; LRCCP; MICHELIN & CIE.; BAYER FRANCE be used in an adhesive strip to bond both sulphur and
SA peroxide stocks to metal during curing. A further technique
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; demonstrated, is to apply a dispersion of the metallic
WESTERN EUROPE coagent as a reactive adhesive between the rubber stock
Accession no.800861 and metal prior to curing.
USA
primers for rubber to metal bonding. In addition, films their adhesion properties to natural rubber compounds
having a thickness of only a few tens of nanometers were were examined. The high adhesion of copper-coated plates
found to be more effective as primers than thicker films. to the rubber compound containing resinous bonding
Reactions between natural rubber and plasma polymerised additives was obtained at normal and over-cure conditions.
acetylene films were simulated using a model rubber The copper-coated plate containing an amount of copper
compound in which squalene was substituted for NR. coating sufficient to plate the surface with a uniform
Analysis of the model rubber compound as a function copper layer showed better adhesion that that having
of reaction time with plasma polymerised acetylene a small amount of copper coating on its surface. The
films showed evidence for the formation of sequences of stability against green humidity ageing and the cause of
conjugated double bonds in squalene due to crosslinking the high adhesion of the copper-coated plate were studied
and double bond migration. Evidence was obtained for in comparison with those of the brass plate. 14 refs.
attachment of pendant groups at the alpha-methylenic and SOUTH KOREA
methyl groups. 7 refs. Accession no.793679
USA
Accession no.794119
Item 117
Journal of Adhesion
Item 115 72, Nos.3-4, 2000, p.293-315
158th. ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2000. BONDING OF NATURAL RUBBER TO STEEL:
Conference preprints. SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND INTERLAYER
Cincinnati, Oh., 17th.-19th. Oct. 2000, paper 5 STRUCTURE
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN RUBBER-STEEL Cook J W; Edge S; Packham D E
BONDING PROCESSES Bath,University
Van Ooij W J
Cincinnati,University Two aspects of adhesion produced by the vulcanisation
(ACS,Rubber Div.) bonding of a simple NR compound to mild steel are
examined. Adhesion is measured using a 45 deg. peel test.
The bonding of sulphur vulcanised rubber compounds When the NR is bonded using a proprietary bonding agent
to metals is investigated, with reference to the use (Chemlok 205/220), to ‘smooth’ steel (acid etched) or
of a mixture of bistrimethoxysilylpropyl amine and ‘rough’ steel (phosphated) high values of peel energy and
bistriethoxysilylpropyl tetrasulphide for imparting adhesion good environmental resistance to water are obtained, with
between various sulphur-cured rubber compounds and failure cohesive largely within the rubber. The highest values
different methods. Results are presented of experiments of peel energy are associated with a phosphated surface
in which brass, steel and electrogalvanised steel were which consists of plate-like crystals which direct the stresses
bonded to a typical tyre cord skim compound, with and away from the substrate in a way which produces a failure
without cobalt additive. The new silane treatment was surface within the rubber which shows extensive tearing and
found to be as effective or better than brass adhesion cracking. The nature of the layer formed in the interfacial
to cobalt-containing rubber compounds. The superior region by interaction between bonding system and rubber
corrosion protection offered by the silanes was also is investigated using a chlorinated rubber as a model
demonstrated using DC corrosion and polarisation compound representing the adhesive and uncompounded
resistance measurements. The structure of the silane film NR to represent the rubber. When a blend of the two is
on a metal substrate is studied, and a model is proposed for heated in air at 150 deg.C, evidence is found of a solid state
a possible mechanism of adhesion of rubber compounds chemical reaction in which carbonyl groups are incorporated
with silane-coated metals. 21 refs. into the blend which become visually homogeneous. Further
USA evidence points to the relevance of this change to adhesion
Accession no.794117 in rubber-to-metal bonding. 34 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Item 116
Journal of Adhesion Accession no.791454
73, No.1, 2000, p.43-63
ADHESION BETWEEN RUBBER COMPOUNDS Item 118
AND COPPER-FILM-COATED STEEL PLATES Rubber Bonding 2000. Conference proceedings.
Pyong Lae Cho; Gon Seo; Gyung Soo Jeon; Amsterdam, Netherlands, 15th-16th May 2000, paper 19
Seung Kyun Ryu RUBBER TO METAL BOND TESTING USING
Chonnam,National University; Damyang,Provincial STRUCTURAL TESTING TECHNIQUES
College; MicroTech Bradley S
Three copper film-coated steel plates with different Diagnostic Instruments Ltd.
thicknesses of copper film (30-90 nm) were prepared and (Rapra Technology Ltd.)
Testing rubber to metal bonded products presents diverse a thin layer (a few gm) of rubber attached to the adhesive
technical difficulties. In most cases, a shear or tensile topcoat, a situation consistent with an interphasial (rather
load is applied to the product, and the effects of that than interfacial) failure locus. Nevertheless, the failure
load are observed. This subjective assessment is open is sufficiently near to the adhesive to facilitate durability
to misinterpretation and errors. The observer can only examinations in various fluids likely to be met in service.
see surface effects, any internal faults are hidden from 8 refs.
view. This may mean that life-reducing faults can be sent EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
into service. In some high deflection spring designs, in EUROPE
order adequately to stress the rubber section, a very high Accession no.790044
tensile or shear load is required. This load is far greater
than can be expected in service, and can, under certain
Item 120
circumstances, cause rupture and failure of the product
Rubber Bonding 2000. Conference proceedings.
during the bond test. A non-destructive testing method
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 15th-16th May 2000, paper 16
for bonded products has been used successfully for some
REPLACING STEEL WITH ALUMINIUM AND
years. A typical example of this is the testing of brake pads.
NYLON 6,6 IN RUBBER TO METAL BONDING
The pad is excited by a vibration impulse, and the emitted
APPLICATIONS
sound signature is analysed usinga Fast Fourier Transform
Ansarifar M A; Zhang J; Baker J; Bell A; Ellis R J
(FFT) analyser. The sound signature is proportional to the
Loughborough,University; Chemetall Ltd.; Avon
structural integrity of the brake pad. This applies structural
Vibration Management Systems Ltd.
testing methods to the product. The technique is widely
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
used to describe dynamic characteristics of spring/damper
systems; the application of the same to rubber to metal Traditionally, rubber has been bonded to steel for fixing
bonded product assemblies is proposed. purposes or to alter stiffness. Preliminary studies have
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN shown that lightweight aluminium alloys and nylon 6,6
EUROPE can replace steel in rubber to metal bonding applications
Accession no.790045 without compromising integrity and strength of the bond.
When a carbon black-filled NR compound is bonded to
aluminium and nylon 6,6 substrates, using commercial
Item 119
bonding agents, and then peeled at an angle of 90% either
Rubber Bonding 2000. Conference proceedings.
at a constant rate of grip separation or under constant load,
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 15th-16th May 2000, paper 18
the bond strength is almost identical to that measured
BONDLINE RUBBER TO METAL ADHESIVE
for some rubber to steel bonded test pieces, prepared by
FAILURE WITH ROTARY PEEL TESTING AND
the same procedure and tested under similar conditions.
IMPLICATIONS FOR COMPONENT DESIGN
Moreover, peeling energies up to 24 kJ/sq.m are recorded
Campion R P; Thomson B
for these bonds, and bond failure occurs in a time-
Materials Engineering Research Laboratory Ltd.
dependent manner within the rubber somewhere between
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
20 and 70 mu. m from the covercoat. The bond fails either
In an attempt to minimise contributions from rubber tear slowly, where the peel propagates along or parallel to the
and bending during peel adhesion testing, a double-peel interface at rates down to approximately 10 -66 mm/s,
arrangement is developed: a rubber strip is bonded to or rapidly, where the peel grows along the bond at rates
each side of a metal plate, with tabs located at opposite reaching about 240 mm/s. Interestingly, these two modes
ends for gripping. The test is rotary in nature; a full sweep of failure occur randomly and unexpectedly in a single
of angles from 35 to 155 deg. is possible. It is found peel test. 4 refs.
for a non-fabric-backed NR (bonded to mild steel with EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
Chemlok adhesives) that peel force is insensitive to peel EUROPE
angle over the range 45-85 deg.; moreover, ‘clean’ failure Accession no.790042
surfaces are observed. Increased forces associated with
fabric-backed testpieces lead to considerable tearing of
Item 121
the elastomer layer. However, unreinforced testpieces
Rubber Bonding 2000. Conference proceedings.
in which one rubber layer is prevented from debonding,
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 15th-16th May 2000, paper 15
thereby concentrating the rotation (up to 90 deg. only)
CARBON-SILICA DUAL PHASE FILLERS FOR
onto the other layer, leads to rubber-topcoat failure across
RUBBER TO METAL ADHESION
the entire bonded surface. The efficiency of this testpiece
Hardy D; Moneypenny H; Lanoye T; Mauer D
configuration has been advanced by replacing the static
Cabot Corp.; Cabot Europe Ltd.; Bekaert NV SA
bonded rubber layer with a metal hinge, giving rise to the
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
hinged rotary peel test. A peeling force of 200 N has been
measured reproducibly for the above NR/Chemlok system. A new generation rubber reinforcing agent, carbon-silica
Surface thickness measurements indicate the presence of dual phase filler (CSDP filler), has been developed to
provide the ability to enhance the physical properties of There are various test methods used for evaluating the
elastomers, especially reduced hysteresis. Characterisation adhesion of rubber to metal. While DIN, JIS and ASTM
of the CSDP filler determines that this filler consists of standardised test methods are widely used, they are
two phases, a carbon phase with a finely divided silica somewhat limited in simulating the multiple stresses
phase (domains) dispersed therein. In comparison with placed on the adhesive bondline of actual automotive parts.
conventional carbon blacks, CSDP filler is characterised For example, there is a lack of an available standardised
by high ash content, higher surface roughness and lower test method that can evaluate the adhesion of rubber in
tinting strength. From the compounding point of view, filled cylindrical shaped parts, such as automotive mounts
dual phase fillers are characterised by higher filler-polymer and bushings. Of particular concern is the adhesion of
interaction in relation to a physical blend of carbon black rubber to metal in parts that are swaged or calibrated - a
and silica at the same silica content, and lower filler-filler post-bonding procedure that compresses the outer metal
interaction in comparison with either conventional carbon tube. Studies have revealed that reducing the outside
black or silica having comparable surface area. CSDP diameter of the adhesive bonded cylindrical part (swage
fillers CRX 2000 and CRX 2002 are compared in an NR or calibration) greatly enhances long term durability.
wire skim formulation to a REGAL 300 carbon black Therefore, it is becoming commonplace to treat adhesive
control for original and aged wire adhesion properties. bonded cylindrical parts in this manner. This has created
The influence of the cobalt neodecanoate and boro-acrylate a need on the part of adhesive suppliers to deliver rubber
salts on properties is also investigated. 8 refs. to metal adhesives capable of accommodating metal
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; deflection associated with the swaging process. Also
FRANCE; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE required is a test method capable of evaluating the ability
Accession no.790041 of adhesives and metal treatments to survive such metal
deflections. Chemists can use this test to guide their efforts
in developing adhesives and metal treatments. Design
Item 122
engineers can use this test method to save time and money
Rubber Bonding 2000. Conference proceedings.
by evaluating test specimens during the prototyping stages,
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 15th-16th May 2000, paper 12
instead of costly fabricated metals. Lastly, since this test
NEW RESINS TO IMPROVE ADHESION OF
allows for controlled variation of the degree of swaging, it
RUBBER TO BRASS COATED WIRE
can be tailored to simulate the amount of metal deflection
Silberzan I; Lebraud S; Stuck B L
(degree of swage) to which both the adhesive and metal
Elf Atochem SA; Sovereign Chemical Co.; CECA SA
treatments are exposed during part manufacture.
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
USA
Over the years, resorcinol or resorcinol-formaldehyde resins Accession no.790035
have been widely used in combination with methylene
donors as a system for bonding rubber compounds to
brass coated steel wire. This is the common adhesion Item 124
means for adhesion in steel-belted radial passenger Rubber Bonding 2000. Conference proceedings.
and truck tyres and other brass coated wire reinforced Amsterdam, Netherlands, 15th-16th May 2000, paper 6
rubber compounds. However, resorcinol is a hazardous BONDING OF TPVS TO METAL
chemical that may generate some health concerns. CECA Van Nieuwenhove E
offers an alternative to impart good adhesion with new Advanced Elastomer Systems NV/SA
resins that contain very low amounts of free hazardous (Rapra Technology Ltd.)
chemicals. The data presented show that these alternative Thermoplastic vulcanisates combine thermoset properties
resins make it possible to obtain good original and aged with the ease of thermoplastic processing. They supply
adhesion values as well as good reinforcement properties proven performance in many different markets where
of rubber. 1 ref. flexible materials are required, often with significant costs
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; advantages. Applications include weatherstrips, window
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
profiles, roofing membranes, tubes and hoses, pipe seals
Accession no.790038 and a myriad of other applications. Existing TPV materials
are described, together with new products and development
Item 123 work in the adhesion onto reinforcement materials and
Rubber Bonding 2000. Conference proceedings. other substrates. Aspects covered include a definition
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 15th-16th May 2000, paper 9 and classification of thermoplastic vulcanisates; the key
EFFECTS OF METAL DEFLECTION ON properties of TPVs, and products and developments in
RUBBER TO METAL ADHESION adhesion onto reinforcement materials. 2 refs.
Plasczynski T BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
WESTERN EUROPE
Lord Corp.
(Rapra Technology Ltd.) Accession no.790032
With these adhesion theories in mind, an overview is An aqueous adhesive composition is provided which
presented of rubber-metal bonding. Several aspects comprises a water-soluble condensation polymer obtained
are discussed, such as how rubber-metal bonding can by subjecting a specific copolymer having an alkoxyl group
be obtained, the influence of the rubber compound and a specific alkoxysilane to hydrolysis-condensation, and
formulation on bonding, the necessary preparation of the an aqueous medium containing the condensation polymer.
metal prior to bonding and the optimum rubber compound This composition can firmly bond non-sulphur-curable
processing for rubber-metal bonding. 139 refs. elastomer materials to various adherends such as metals;
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; this has been hitherto difficult. A high-grade adhesion and
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE superior heat resistance and oil resistance can be attained.
Accession no.787004 No organic solvent is contained, promising environmental
safety.
JAPAN; USA
Item 130
International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives Accession no.783517
20, No.5, Oct. 2000, p.367-76
ADHESIVE BONDING OF AIRCRAFT Item 133
STRUCTURES Macplas
Higgins A 24, No.214, Dec.1999, p.107-8
British Aerospace Regional Aircraft Ltd. Italian
The history of and details on adhesives employed in the RUBBER-METAL ADHESION IN INDUSTRIAL
construction of aircraft are presented. Aspects covered APPLICATIONS
include the main adhesives used, a comparison of the Lindsay J
properties of structural adhesives for metal to metal BTR
bonding, surface preparation procedures, bonding Factors influencing the adhesion of metal and plastics
operations, bond quality assessment and methods for inserts to rubbers are discussed. Methods used in the surface
assessing new structural adhesives for aircraft. 9 refs. preparation of metal inserts are reviewed, and the selection
(Fifth Structural Adhesives in Engineering Conference, of bonding agents and control of injection moulding
Bristol Jury’s Hotel, 1-3 April, 1998) conditions for effective bonding are examined.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE EUROPE
Accession no.784323 Accession no.780281
good adhesion and resistance against corrosion, high can be applied as a viscous liquid or paste to either the
temperatures, oils and solvents. The products can be used metal or rubber prior to curing. 2 refs.
to bond many elastomers to almost all metals and their USA
alloys, as well as to surface treated metals, many plastics, Accession no.773563
wood, glass and textiles. Guidelines cover adhesive
storage, substrate preparation, selection of one- or two-coat
systems, adhesive application, drying, and vulcanisation. Item 138
A reference table lists recommended applications for International Polymer Science and Technology
each Chemosil grade, while a further table notes suitable 26, No.11, 1999, p.T/43-T/44. (Translation of Kauchuk i
mechanical or chemical substrate preparation methods for Rezina, No.4, 1999, p.29)
a range of metals and plastics. BRASS PLATING OF STEEL PARTS BEFORE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
RUBBER COATING
WESTERN EUROPE Kuznetsov E A; Loginova E V; Orlova S V
Accession no.777368 Gaz Open Joint Stock Co.
The favourable effect of a brass plating electrolyte with
Item 136 1,4-butyne diol on the adhesion of the brass plating
Adhesives Age to rubber is established. When the characteristics of a
43, No.5, May 2000, p.28/35 pyrophosphate electrolyte with and without the addition
VALUABLE PROPERTIES of 1,4-butyne diol were compared it was shown that the
Hoyt J K; Phillips P; Li C H; Riffle J S range of permissible current densities was broadened, a
Virginia,Tech change in the appearance of the brass to yellow and smooth
was apparent, and the electrolyte produced coatings with
A new family of polar, nitrile containing polysiloxane high adhesion to the steel base.
adhesives and sealants was prepared from poly(3- RUSSIA
cyanopropyl-methyl)siloxane (PCPMS) with the aim
Accession no.772338
of reducing the tendency for the materials to swell
in hydrocarbon fuels and improve adhesion to metal
adherends via hydrogen bonding. Polydimethylsiloxane Item 139
(PDMS) networks, and poly(methyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl) Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
siloxane) (PMTFPS) networks, which represent the current 53, No.4, April 2000, p.194-9
area of study for polar organosiloxane sealants in industry, INFLUENCE OF MOULDING TEMPERATURE
are compared to these novel PCPMS networks, and their ON THE STRENGTH OF NATURAL RUBBER TO
potential as adhesive/sealant materials is evaluated based METAL BONDED JOINTS
on thermal, swelling, mechanical and adhesive properties. Fernando M S D; Cudby P E F; Cook S
8 refs. Malaysian Rubber Producers’Research Assn.
USA The influence of moulding temperature on the peel strength
Accession no.776544 of a bonded joint is investigated for a sulphur cured semi-
EV NR vulcanisate. A higher peel force is recorded at the
Item 137 higher moulding temperature. The effect of vulcanisation
Rubber and Plastics News temperature on peel strength is thought to arise from
29, No.19, 17th April 2000, p.14-5 a change in the physical properties of the rubber and
METALLIC COAGENTS BOOST RUBBER-TO- modifications of the rubber near the bonded interface as
METAL BONDING a result of active species migration during vulcanisation.
Costin R; Nagel W A series of parallel investigations are conducted to find
Sartomer Co.Inc. supporting evidence for these findings. From these
studies it is concluded that it is a combination of changes
The use is described of metallic coagents for increasing in the mechanical properties of the NR vulcanisate and
the adhesion of rubber to metal substrates and synthetic any changes induced by the migration mechanisms that
fibres. The metallic coagents discussed are zinc diacrylate determines the final strength of the bonded assembly. 4
and zinc dimethacrylate, which are commercially available refs.
as Saret 633 and 634. The metallic coagents offer several EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
alternative ways of bonding rubber to metal which are EUROPE
less intensive and time consuming than conventional Accession no.771760
metal-reinforced rubber products. Details are given of
three techniques by which they may be used to improve
adhesion: as an internal adhesion promoter in an uncured
rubber compound; in a thin adhesive strip that functions
as a tie layer upon curing; and in a reactive dispersion that
Item 140 rubber mixes based on general and special purpose rubbers.
International Polymer Science and Technology The rubber to steel bond strength using different adhesives
26, No.5, 1999, p.27-31 was determined by the direct pull method by tension loading
NEW SYSTEMS FOR BONDING OF BREAKER of cylindrical specimens of rubber, the bases of which were
RUBBERS TO METAL CORD WITHOUT USING fastened by means of adhesive or brass to two metal discs.
RESORCINOL AND COBALT SALTS Results are given for the various elastomers and bonding
Legocki P; Kavun S M agents, and it was concluded that the most universal and
Moscow,Scientific Research Institute of the Tyre most effective adhesive for vulcanisates based on the
Industry rubbers studies was Chemosil 411. 2 refs.
RUSSIA
The mechanical and adhesion properties of a series of
rubber mixes based on natural rubber were determined in Accession no.764803
this research. Maleic anhydride amino derivatives were
used as coagents of hexachloro-p-xylene for a metal cord Item 143
breaker. 9 refs. Translation from Kauchuk I Rezina, No.1, Tire Technology International
1999, p.32. Dec.,1999, p.4
RUSSIA WIRE - LESS COBALT
Accession no.771230 This article gives brief details of a new amino resin to be
used in the production of tyres. American company Cytec
Item 141 claim that the use of Cyrez 138 and 132 for rubber to wire
Adhesion ‘99. Conference Proceedings. adhesion can eliminate the use of cobalt without any loss
Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.425-30 of tyre performance, thus eliminating the problems of
DETERMINING THE ADHESIVE FRACTURE using cobalt such as waste disposal, fuming, high costs and
ENERGY OF BONDED JOINTS limited supply. This abstract includes all the information
Blackman B R K; Hadavinia H; Kinloch A J; Paraschi M contained in the original article.
London,Imperial College of Science,Technology & CYTEC INDUSTRIES INC.
Medicine USA
(IOM Communications Ltd.) Accession no.761802
A new protocol for measuring the fracture energy of
structural adhesive bonded joints in mode I is described. Item 144
Good reproducibility of results was found for round robin Adhesion ‘99. Conference Proceedings.
tests on steel, aluminium and CFRP joints. For double Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.257-62
cantilever beam (DCB) test specimens, simple beam theory MEASUREMENT OF RUBBER-TO-METAL
based on a shear corrected beam formula significantly BOND STRENGTH
underestimated the fracture resistance values compared Lawrence C C; Lake G J; Thomas A G
to corrected beam theory and experimental compliance East London,University
methods. For tapered DCB specimens, the simple beam (IOM Communications Ltd.)
theory and experimental compliance calculations were
The bond strength of NR/steel and SBR/steel joints bonded
within 10%. A strong dependence of fracture energy on
with a two-part adhesive was studied by a new test method
substrate material was observed. Results obtained from
involving combined pure and simple shear and which
mode II loading of adhesive joints using the end-loaded
could produce failure very close to the rubber/bonding
split test geometry are also presented. 7 refs.
agent interface. Failure surfaces showed that rubber tended
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
to be left on the outer edges of the bond, the central region
often being bare. This suggested that dilatational stresses
Accession no.765336 played a significant role in near-bond failure. 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
Item 142 EUROPE
International Polymer Science and Technology Accession no.761657
26, No.8, 1999, p.T/16-T/18. (Translation of Kauchuk i
Rezina, No.2, 1999, p.23)
Item 145
ADHESIVES FOR RUBBER-METAL PRODUCTS
Adhesion ‘99. Conference Proceedings.
Ushmarin N F; Kol’tsov N I
Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.251-6
Chuvash,State University
FRACTURE MECHANICS APPROACH TO
Tests were carried out on the performance of various FAILURE OF RUBBER-RIGID SUBSTRATE
adhesives in the bonding of rubber to metal. The adhesives JOINTS
were a series of products from Henkel and also some Fernando M S D; Lake G J; Lawrence C C; Ostman E;
produced in Russia, and the substrates were multicomponent Persson S; Southern E; Thomas A G
Item 153 exposed areas of steel crown ply or tread material and
Rubber World buffed surface.
221, No.3, Dec.1999, p.18/69 DUNLOP ADHESIVES LTD.
EFFECT OF CURE SYSTEM ON NR BONDING EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
Halladay J R; Krakowski F J EUROPE
Lord Corp. Accession no.756709
Much literature has been published on bonding rubber
to metal and testing rubber to metal bonds. This article Item 156
continues the bond investigations by concentrating on Rubber World
the influence of sulphur and accelerator choices in natural 221, No.2, Nov.1999, p.50
rubber. To determine the effect of sulphur, two levels were AMINO RESIN TECHNOLOGY
chosen. Four different accelerators, and two solvent-based
Cytec Industries’ amino resin technology achieves equal
and two aqueous adhesive systems were chosen. The two
or better wire adhesion and rubber coverage for tyre
test methods used for comparison were ASTM D 429
applications without the addition of cobalt. Compared
Method B and the proposed Method F buffer specimens.
to conventional resin adhesion systems, experimental
13 refs.
formulations are said to reveal that wire adhesion and
USA
rubber coverage can be achieved using one-component
Accession no.758078 modified melamine resins, Cyrez 138 and Cyrez 132.
This abstract includes all the information contained in
the original article.
Item 154
China Rubber Industry CYTEC INDUSTRIES INC.
USA
46, No.12, 1999, p.717-9
Chinese Accession no.754580
PROMOTING EFFECT OF COBALT
BORACYLATE ON ADHESION BETWEEN Item 157
RUBBER AND BRASS-PLATED STEEL CORD International Polymer Science and Technology
Jia Z; Yuxiang W; Huating L; Qijun P 26, No.2, 1999, p.11-3
Beijing,Research & Design Institute of Rubber Industry REFINED METHOD FOR PREDICTING THE
The promoting effect of cobalt boracylate on the WORKING LIFE OF A METAL CORD BREAKER
adhesion between rubber and brass-plated steel cord was Sakharov M E; Paritskaya Z A; Vlasko A V; Shvachich
investigated. The results showed that the adhesion between M V; Gamlitskii Yu A; Bass Yu P
the rubber and brass-plated steel cord was significantly Moscow,Tyre Research Institute
improved by adding cobalt boracylate RC-B16 and RC- Methods of predicting the service behaviour of rubber-cord
B23, particularly after salt water ageing and thermal composite materials in tyres, based upon the results of
humidity ageing. The adhesion promoting effect of RC- laboratory testing, are briefly reviewed. Tensile tests were
B16 and RC-B23 was found to be comparable to that of made on a variety of composites in which the type of cord,
Manobond C-16 and Manobond 680C respectively. its diameter, and the angle between the cord and the applied
CHINA stress were varied. The nominal tensile strength and the
Accession no.757710 breaking elongation were determined, the results being
processed statistically. Fatigue tests were also conducted.
The specimens with the highest rubber-to-cord adhesion
Item 155 did not always have the highest fatigue strength, and it
Tyres and Accessories was concluded that composites using metal cord should
No.12, Dec.1999, p.22 be evaluated according to the results of fatigue rather than
WATER-BASED ADHESIVE PERFORMS WELL static tensile tests. 16 refs. Translation of Kauchuk i Rezina
IN TEST No.6, 1998, p.45
In a move to provide the retreading industry with total RUSSIA
assurance that water-based adhesive is at least equal to, Accession no.753439
or better than, solvent-based adhesive, Dunlop Adhesives
commissioned an independent test programme and
Item 158
evaluation to compare the two types of adhesives. During
Eureka
processing, there was no difference observed between
19, No.9, Oct.1999, p.18
the building tack provided by water-based adhesive and
BOND BEATS THE ALUMINIUM BLUES
solvent-based adhesive. There is no evidence that the use
of water-based adhesive in any way adversely affected Most metals must be surface treated before they are joined
the bond normally achieved between filler rubber and to other materials to remove surface contamination. The
oxide layer makes the joining process for aluminium more Item 161
prone to error. Permabond’s 6050 acrylic adhesive uses 155th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1999.
a special additive that allows untreated surfaces to stick Conference Preprints.
to one another. An adhesion promoter etches through the Chicago, Il., 13th-16th April 1999, Paper 24, pp.7
contamination and the oxide layer. The adhesive will CHEMLOK ADHESIVES FOR THE RUBBER
mainly be used as a way of joining composites to metals, ROLL INDUSTRY
it is briefly reported. Means J D
PERMABOND LTD. Lord Corp.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN (ACS,Rubber Div.)
EUROPE
An examination is made of processes involved in the
Accession no.751169 manufacture of rubber covered rollers, including metal
core preparation, the selection and use of the adhesive
Item 159 bonding system, storage, handling and mixing of the
155th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1999. adhesive, drying, handling and storage of the adhesive
Conference Preprints. coated cores, and the roll building and vulcanisation
Chicago, Il., 13th-16th April 1999, Paper 60, pp.11 processes. Specific reference is made to Lord’s range
BONDING RUBBER TO METALS BY SILANES of Chemlok adhesives, but the guidelines presented are
van Ooij W J; Jayaseelan S K applicable to solvent-based adhesives in general.
Cincinnati,University USA
(ACS,Rubber Div.) Accession no.749841
A number of sulphur vulcanised rubber compounds were
bonded to steel, aluminium and brass using a one- or two- Item 162
step treatment of the metals with organofunctional and Industria della Gomma
non-organofunctional silanes. Silane treatments which 43, No.2, March 1999, p.45-50
had proved successful for bonding peroxide vulcanised Italian
rubbers were not suitable for use with sulphur vulcanised DEVELOPMENTS IN RUBBER-TO-METAL
rubbers. However, a mixture of two organofunctional BONDING AGENTS
silanes was effective for bonding both high and low
sulphur compounds to the metal substrates studied. The Technical developments in adhesives for rubber-to-metal
degree of adhesion was independent of the cobalt level of bonding aimed at the reduction or removal of solvent
the compounds, and the silane process provided superior emissions are reviewed. The performance characteristics
adhesion after exposure of bonded specimens to boiling of solvent-based and water-based systems are examined
water. 16 refs. and compared.
USA CHEMETALL GMBH
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
Accession no.749873 WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.742582
Item 160
155th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1999.
Item 163
Conference Preprints.
Macplas
Chicago, Il., 13th-16th April 1999, Paper 50, pp.41
24, No.206, March 1999, p.98-100
ADHESION SYSTEMS FOR BELTS AND HOSE
Italian
Hewitt N L
ADHESIVES FOR RUBBER-TO-METAL
PPG Industries Inc.
BONDING
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Zellner A
Studies were made of the influence of silica fillers, silane Chemetall GmbH
coupling agents, curing systems, resorcinol and phenolic
Developments in solvent- and water-based adhesives
resins and compounding and vulcanisation conditions on
for use in rubber-to-metal bonding are reviewed, and
the adhesion of rubber belt and hose compounds to fabrics
analytical and testing techniques used to study their
and cords. Results for the adhesion of polychloroprene,
performance are described. The environmental advantages
EPDM, chlorobutyl rubber and nitrile rubber indicate that
of water-based adhesives and modifications to solvent-
increased silica content, resorcinol and phenolic resins,
based systems aimed at reducing their environmental
zinc oxide and magnesium oxide are the major sources
impact are discussed.
of improved bonding. 3 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.749863 Accession no.740610
chemistry or morphology for enhanced adhesion to metal, product that is free from failure. This comprehensive
plastic and wood surfaces. It discusses mechanisms such article supplies a detailed assessment and explanation
as viscoelastic energy dissipation, weak boundary layers of the rubber to metal bonding process, describing in
and interphase, mechanical interlocking, and those based detail the three essential elements which form the core
on electrostatic, thermodynamic, diffusion, and chemical of the bonding process - selection of the polymer base,
bonding theories. Also included are uses of energy saving, the bonding agents and the substrate, together with the
ecologically clean anticorrosion micro-organisms in various processing routes depending on the selection of
treatment of polymer surfaces and acid-base interactions materials.
in adhesion. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.733188
Accession no.730771
Item 170
Materiaux et Techniques Item 173
86, Nos.9/10, Sept./Oct.1998, p.59-61 Rubber Bonding Conference. Conference proceedings.
TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF RUBBER-TO- Frankfurt, 7th-8th Dec.1998, paper 20. 012
METAL BONDED PARTS BONDING OF SURFACE PROTECTION
Jacks J MATERIALS MADE FROM RUBBER ON
Acadia Polymers Inc. METALLIC SURFACES
Busse G
The shortcomings of techniques such as Fourier transform Tip Top Stahlgruber Otto Gruber GmbH
IR spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis in (Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
the study of failure in rubber-to-metal bonded parts are
discussed. Results are presented of a study in which SEM Rubber-metal composites for producing functional
and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used in the surfaces are becoming increasingly important. This
failure analysis of a rubber-to-steel bonded component applies in particular to protection against wear and
which had failed after exposure to hydrocarbon oil at 150C. corrosion - types of stresses which may curtail the useful
The results suggested premature curing of the adhesive as life of unprotected technical products, plant components,
the most likely cause of failure. vessels and pipework in an often critical manner which
USA is also serious from the safety point of view. Linings and
coatings made from modern high-performance rubber
Accession no.732508
materials that are mechanically and chemically resistant
serve to reduce or prevent wear and corrosion. Apart
Item 171 from by hot vulcanisation, rubber-metal composites
Macplas can also be produced by bonding the two materials. In
23, No.202, Oct.1998, p.130-2 hot vulcanisation, the two surfaces are as a rule joined
Italian under pressure and temperature, with vulcanisation of
RUBBER-METAL SEALS FOR INDUSTRIAL AND the elastomer structural component taking place at the
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS same time. Bonding is a technically and economically
Beghini L advantageous securing method. 5 refs.
RFT SpA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
Performance requirements for rubber-metal seals used in WESTERN EUROPE
a number of industrial and automotive applications are Accession no.725098
examined, with particular reference to resistance to high
temperatures and lubricants. Aspects of the bonding of Item 174
rubbers to metal and plastics inserts in seal manufacture Rubber Bonding Conference. Conference proceedings.
are also discussed. Frankfurt, 7th-8th Dec.1998, paper 19. 012
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; STUDIES IN RUBBER TO METAL ADHESION
WESTERN EUROPE Cook J W; Edge S; Packham D E
Accession no.732481 Bath,University
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
Item 172 Two fundamental aspects of the adhesion produced by
Materials World the vulcanisation bonding of a simple NR compound to
7, No.5, May 1999, p.266-8 mild steel are examined. Adhesion is measured using a 45
SCIENCE AND ART OF RUBBER TO METAL deg. peel test. When the NR is bonded, using a proprietary
BONDING bonding agent (Chemlok 205/220), to ‘smooth steel’
Lindsay J (acid etched) or to ‘rough’ steel (phosphated) similar
Developments in the technology of rubber to metal values of peel energy (around 5 kJm-2) are obtained,
bonding allows the production of a uniform, high quality with failure cohesive within the rubber, so it appears that
for these, surface topography per se has little effect on and in some types of service failures. 4 refs.
peel energy. These topographical differences appear to EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
have little effect on the bond durability, as little or no EUROPE
deterioration of adhesion is observed after immersion of Accession no.725096
coated steel in water for periods up to 60 days. The nature
of the layer formed in the interfacial region by interaction
Item 176
between bonding system and rubber is investigated using
Rubber Bonding Conference. Conference proceedings.
a chlorinated rubber as a ‘model compound’ representing
Frankfurt, 7th-8th Dec.1998, paper 14. 012
the adhesive and uncompounded NR to represent the
SUBSTRATE PREPARATION FOR BONDING
rubber. When a blend of the two is heated in air at 150
Holcroft R
deg.C, evidence is found of a solid state chemical reaction
Abrasive Developments Ltd.
in which carbonyl groups are incorporated into the blend
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
which became visually homogeneous. Further evidence
points to the relevance of this change to adhesion in rubber Abrasive Developments has, in conjunction with its
to metal bonding. 18 refs. Japanese licensee, developed a wet blast phosphating
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN plant that raises quality standards within the industry. The
EUROPE solution achieved delivers high quality components from
Accession no.725097 an automatic machine that combines both the cleaning and
phosphating processes. The cleaning section benefits from
the unique degreasing and surface treatment properties of
Item 175
the VAQUA process. Wet blast phosphating (WBP) was
Rubber Bonding Conference. Conference proceedings.
first developed some 15 years ago in co-operation with
Frankfurt, 7th-8th Dec.1998, paper 18. 012
Yamashita Rubber. Yamashita has two main objectives to
THE INFLUENCE OF MOULDING
achieve from the development of a Wet Blast Phosphating
TEMPERATURE ON THE STRENGTH OF
plant: the increase in the strength of adhesive bonding
NATURAL RUBBER TO METAL BONDED
between the anti-vibration rubber and the metal parts,
JOINTS
and the improvement of corrosion resistance of the
Fernando M S D; Cudby P E F; Cook S
metal parts and hence useful life under any weather
Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre
conditions. In addition to these objectives, the demand
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
for this type of component from the automotive industry
Bond formation in a rubber to metal assembly is a complex as a whole has increased and the requirement was for
subject and is influenced by the nature of the metal and phosphating prior to bonding whilst still keeping cost at
how its surface has been prepared, the composition of the an acceptable level. To achieve the improved quality and
adhesive, primer, elastomer, the filler type or level and reduced cost requirements, the WBP plant has to operate
the cure system. Proprietary chemical bonding agents continuously and automatically process the metal parts
are used in these bonding operations and these consist for phosphating.
of reactive ingredients suspended or dissolved in organic EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
solids. Commonly used bonding systems consist of a EUROPE
primer and an adhesive and are cured during vulcanisation Accession no.725092
of the rubber. Post vulcanisation bonding is also used in
some instances. Bonded units are subjected to quality
Item 177
control tests after production and in such tests, failure
Rubber Bonding Conference. Conference proceedings.
often occurs in the rubber close to the bonded interface. It
Frankfurt, 7th-8th Dec.1998, paper 10. 012
has been suggested that during vulcanisation a boundary
DEVELOPMENT OF RUBBER METAL BONDING
layer is created in the rubber near the interface with
AGENTS DURING THE LAST 25 YEARS
properties that differ from those of the bulk rubber. The
Ozelli R N
formation of this modified rubber layer near the bond
Par Oberflachenchemie GmbH
line is a result of diffusion of certain species from the
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
bonding agent to the rubber during vulcanisation. The
influence of moulding temperature on the bond strength The development of rubber/metal parts in the last 20-25
is assessed for a sulphur-cured NR vulcanisate as a means years in Europe has been strongly dependent on the car
of addressing the proposed mechanisms that occur in the industry. 75% of all rubber/metal parts were produced
interfacial regions of a bonded rubber to metal assembly. for the car industry. In the last 20 years the market has
Experimental data are presented which elucidate the role shown showing the following trends: high speed cars with
of the different mechanisms involved in the formation of small engines; where the engine mount is required to act
a reliable bond and the resulting creation of a boundary in conditions where the temperature and the dynamically
layer near the interface, which determines the locus of resistance of parts are higher. Better stabilisation is
failure, that is so often observed in quality control tests required so softer rubber compounds are used where
previously the standard compound hardness was 50-60 in helicopters rotor assemblies and the nozzles of the
Shore A, and today is 25 Shore A. New engine mounts with solid rocket motors used in the space shuttle programme.
liquid ‘Hydro-Lager’ developed in Germany use ‘Glycol At first glance, the procedure is relatively simple; apply
+ mix’ (ethylene and propylene glycol). Consequently adhesive to the metal component, place the coated metal
there are new problems for the production of rubber/metal in a mould and combine with the rubber. The bonding then
parts. There has also been a call for rubber companies takes place with heat and pressure at the same time as the
to make the production rational and increase the quality vulcanisation of the rubber. However, it is a statistical
and quantity, giving rise to a significant improvement in process employing many variables all of which need to
rubber metal bonding, high temperature vulcanisation be managed in order to produce a level of adhesion that
and short time. The major developments over the last 20 allows the final part to function. In most cases, this level
years are summarised: vulcanisation times are shorter and of adhesion is such that the bond is stronger than the
temperatures higher, softer rubber compounds, higher rubber substrate resulting in failures that are cohesive in
bonding quality and pollution problems. the rubber substrate and not in the adhesive nor between
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; the adhesive and either substrate.
WESTERN EUROPE USA
Accession no.725088 Accession no.725085
Item 178
Rubber Bonding Conference. Conference proceedings. Item 180
Frankfurt, 7th-8th Dec.1998, paper 8. 012 Rubber Bonding Conference. Conference proceedings.
FACTORS AFFECTING RUBBER TO METAL Frankfurt, 7th-8th Dec.1998, paper 6. 012
BOND STRENGTH AND FAILURE MODE LIFE PREDICTION FOR RUBBER/METAL
Del Vecchio R J; Halladay J R BONDS: THE ROLE OF ELEVATED
Technical Consulting Services; Lord Corp. TEMPERATURE IN ACCELERATED TESTING
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal) Stevenson A; Thomson B
Materials Engineering Research Laboratory
Designed experiments are used to evaluate multiple (Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
combinations of compound type, compound quality,
bonding adhesives and ASTM bond test methods to There is increased interest in methods for quantitative
determine what effects these variables have on the strength prediction of the life of rubber-to-metal bonds. Increased
of the rubber to metal bond and also how it fails under warranty periods for automotive components mean that
tension. Data on failure loads, type of failure and percent premature failures have become more costly and high
retained elastomer on the surface are used to compare and profile for vehicle manufacturers. Increased demands on
contrast how bonds can be characterised and evaluated. the performance of components means that the likelihood
Conclusions are drawn about the meaning of data from of premature failure may increase unless a rational
different test methods and the validity of the common method of life prediction is applied at the development
assumption that failure mode is the single most significant stage. In addition there is a trend motivated by impending
criterion of bond quality. 8 refs. legislation in Europe and the USA to discontinue usage of
USA
long established solvent based primers and bonding agents
and replace them with the water based systems whose
Accession no.725086 durability is much less well established. The problems that
occur with rubber-to-metal bonds in service are not usually
Item 179 of a short-term nature unless manufacturing mistakes are
Rubber Bonding Conference. Conference proceedings. made. They may typically become apparent only after 1-5
Frankfurt, 7th-8th Dec.1998, paper 7. 012 years’ service when there has been extended exposure to
ADHESIVES FOR THE NEW MILLENNIUM service environments, such as salt water. The problem then
Polaski G arises of how to perform realistic tests without waiting
Lord Corp. 1-5 years for the results. A joint industry research project
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal) has been underway at MERL since 1995 to investigate
Many rubber moulded goods require a metal component in this problem and develop accelerated test methods that
order to support the rubber article or enhance attachment can be verified against long term test data of up to 15
of the rubber to an engineering component. For example, years duration. Some results of testing with wet exposure
an automotive engine mount may consist of a block of at a range of temperatures up to 95 deg.C are presented.
rubber for absorbing shock and vibration and by adhering The difficulties of developing a methodology for the life
steel plates to it, allows the assembly to be connected to the prediction of rubber-to-metal bonds are outlined. 2 refs.
frame of the car. Other bonded items include bridge bearing EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
pads, military tank track pads, bushings, transmission
and brake fluid seals, pump impellers and flex bearings Accession no.725084
Details are given for carbon black-filled NR used for coating For the successful use of steel cords in radial tyres, a good
brass-plated metal cord. The influence of adhesion activators rubber-to-metal bond is vital. Good adhesion generally
on physicomechanical properties of vulcanisates is discussed. requires the use of two main groups of adhesion promoters:
2 refs. Translated from Kauch.i.Rezina, 1, 1998, p.14 resin former (SRH-silica, melamine system, resorcinol)
RUSSIA and a metal salt. The bonding mechanism is found to be
dependent on the chemical composition and the surface
Accession no.714280
structure of the brass, the composition of the cure mixture
and the sulphidisation conditions. A DSC study of the
Item 187 interactions between sulphur, N-dicyclohexylbenzothi
Industria della Gomma azole-2-sulphenamide (DCBS), zinc oxide, and copper
42, No.3, April 1998, p.23-7 II dodecanoate and copper II hexadecanoate as adhesion
Italian promoters is reported. 7 refs.
RUBBER-TO-METAL BONDING AGENTS FOR SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA
THE 21ST CENTURY Accession no.708409
after steam ageing. A background to the rubber-brass textile fibre or metal reinforcing material in a vulcanisable
adhesion mechanism is presented, and the effects of cobalt rubber composition comprising rubber, a vulcanising
salts, including different results from model system studies agent, reinforcement, a methylene donor, a methylene
carried out in the laboratory, are described. The adhesion acceptor and a maleic anhydride functionalised triblock
data obtained from Rhodia’s new adhesion promoters are copolymer having polystyrene endblocks and poly-
discussed. It is shown that the new promoters give the best (ethylene/butylene) midblocks.
balance of initial/steam aged adhesion and that this best USA
balance is obtained for a lower level of cobalt. 13 refs. Accession no.688208
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.697363 Item 199
Tire Technology International
1998, p.63-6
Item 196 RESORCINOL RESINS FOR WIRE BONDING
Adhesive Technology Peterson A
15, No.2, June 1998, p.30-2 INDSPEC Chemical Corp.
TESTING RUBBER-TO-METAL BONDED PARTS
Jacks J Dry bonding systems for steel and synthetic fabric
Acadia Polymers Inc. reinforcements are formulated with resorcinol and
resorcinol novolak resins which have been formulated
The use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning with minimum levels of free resorcinol to help eliminate
electron microscopy to deduce that the failure of a rubber- fuming associated with resorcinol. Steel radial passenger
to-metal bonding application is caused by premature and truck tyre performance depends in part on the strength
crosslinking of the adhesive is described. By eliminating and durability of the cord to rubber bonds that comprise
other possible causes of debonding, such as contamination, these products. This comprehensive article supplies a
a more robust manufacturing process is developed. detailed analysis of optimisation and adhesion mechanism
USA studies with brass plated steel cord showing the beneficial
Accession no.689881 effects of precondensed resorcinol novolak resin bonding
systems mixed directly into the ply compounds which help
to ensure satisfactory adhesion performance. 10 refs.
Item 197
USA
Rubber World
218, No.3, June 1998, p.18/34 Accession no.685061
AQUEOUS ADHESIVES AS AN ALTERNATIVE
TO CONVENTIONAL RUBBER-TO-METAL Item 200
ADHESIVES 153rd ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 1998.
Dehnicke S Conference preprints.
Chemetall GmbH Indianapolis, In., 5th-8th May,1998. Paper 70. 012
This article provides a short, but up-to-date introduction into ADHESION OF EPDM AND FLUOROCARBON
the current activities in modern rubber-to-metal adhesives. ELASTOMERS TO METALS BY USING WATER
The focus is on water-based bonding systems. Taking SOLUBLE POLYMERS
examples from three very different fields of application in Van der Aar C P J; Van der Does L; Bantjes A; Martin J;
the automotive sector, aqueous and solvent-based adhesive Roseboom F
systems are presented and described in detail, particularly Twente,University; Vernay Laboratories Inc.; Vernay
with regard to their method of application. Europa BV
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; (ACS,Rubber Div.)
WESTERN EUROPE
New aqueous bonding systems are described for the
Accession no.688515 adhesion of EPDM and fluorocarbon elastomers to a
variety of metals. The water-soluble polymeric coupling
Item 198 agents are obtained by chemical modification of
Patent Number: US 5656687 A 19970812 polyacrylic acid and polyvinylamine. These polymeric
USE OF MALEATED STYRENE-ETHYLENE- coupling agents can form either physical, covalent or
BUTYLENE-STYRENE TRIBLOCK POLYMER ionic bonds across the polymer metal interface. During
FOR IMPROVED ADHESION moulding, co-vulcanisation with the rubber occurs and
Segatta T J a thermally stable and chemically resistant layer with
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. high cohesive strength is formed. In case of polyacrylic
acid, hydroxamic acid moieties are introduced to
There is disclosed a method for adhering rubber to increase the metal affinity and unsaturated moieties for
reinforcing materials which comprises embedding a co-vulcanisation are obtained by reacting the carboxylic
acid moieties with allyl glycidylether. The amine groups Item 203
of polyvinylamine are partially converted to iminodiacetic Rubber and Plastics News
groups for improved metal affinity and also reacted with 27, No.16, 9th March 1998, p.12-7
allylglycidylether to obtain the desired unsaturation. By EVALUATION OF RUBBER-TO-METAL
using these water-soluble polymeric coupling agents, the BONDING
formed bonds of EPDM and fluorocarbon elastomers to Del Vecchio R J; Halladay J R
a variety of metals can successfully withstand specific Technical Consulting Services; Lord Corp.
autoclave tests and fuel ageing. 27 refs.
This article describes designed experiments that were used
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
to evaluate combinations of compound type and quality
bonding adhesives, and ASTM bond test methods, to
Accession no.683279 determine what effects these variables have on the strength
of the rubber-to-metal bond, and how it fails under tension.
Item 201 Data on failure loads, type of failure, and percent-retained
153rd ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 1998. elastomer on the surface, are used to compare and contrast
Conference preprints. how bonds can be characterised and evaluated. Results are
Indianapolis, In., 5th-8th May,1998. Paper 5. 012 presented and discussed, and conclusions drawn. 9 refs.
TECHNIQUES FOR BONDING RUBBER TO USA
METAL USING METALLIC COAGENTS Accession no.677360
Costin R; Nagel W
Sartomer Co.Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.) Item 204
Professional Engineering
Metallic coagents are effective crosslinkers for both 11, No.4, 25th Feb.1998, p.44
saturated and unsaturated elastomers and can be used RUBBER-TO-METAL BONDING REVISITED
over a wide concentration range to tailor mechanical
properties for a variety of applications. It was found that, An accelerated test method should lead to improved
in addition to improving the mechanical properties of bond strengths between rubber and metal components.
rubber, they also increase the adhesion of rubber to metal Current methods for accelerating bond failure expose
substrates and synthetic fibres during vulcanisation. The the bond to wet conditions at high temperatures, because
metallic coagents discussed are zinc diacrylate and zinc failure had been assumed to be the result of a chemical
dimethacrylate, which are commercially available under reaction accelerated by heat. This is now known to be an
the tradenames of Saret 633 and Saret 634, respectively. oversimplification and the high temperature can, in some
2 refs. cases, reduce the bond failure rate. Other acceleration
USA
factors have been discovered to be more significant in
bond failure than temperature. These include mechanical
Accession no.683225 strain, salinity, oxygen content and pH. A MERL study
included a range of different adhesive systems using NR,
Item 202 polychloroprene, nitrile rubber and hydrogenated nitrile
Rubber Chemistry and Technology rubber. Results compare well with 14-year exposure tests
70, No.4, Sept./Oct.1997, p.541-8 under non-accelerated conditions. The test method will
EFFECT OF VARIOUS BONDING AGENTS ON affect the design of antivibration mounts, bridge bearings,
THE SULFIDATION OF BRASS-PLATED STEEL seismic mounts for buildings, offshore platforms and other
CORDS IMMERSED IN SQUALENE MIXTURES flexelements. The next phase of the project will look at
Hamed G R; Paul R the effect of manufacturing variables on bond strength.
Akron,University This abstract includes all the information contained in
the original article.
Brass-plated steel cords were immersed at elevated temps.
in various squalene mixtures containing sulphur curing MATERIALS ENGINEERING RESEARCH
agents and commercially-available bonding agents. LABORATORY LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
Squalene is a low molec.wt. analogue of NR. Copper EUROPE
sulphide growth was characterised by SEM and energy-
Accession no.676174
dispersive X-ray analysis. The bonding agents caused
early sulphide growth, even prior to ‘scorch’, but mitigated
sulphide overgrowth upon humid ageing. Both effects were Item 205
expected to improve joint durability. 22 refs. (Fall ACS Rubber World
Rubber Division Meeting, Louisville, Oct.1996) 217, No.2, Nov.1997, p.44
USA ADHESION RESIN SYSTEM
Accession no.679124 It is briefly reported that Cytec Industries has introduced
a one-component, lower-cost, environmentally-safe
adhesion resin system for bonding brass-plated steel cords Item 208
to tyres. The company will produce liquid and powder Adhesives Age
forms of the products, Cyrez CRA 138 and Cyrez CRA 40, No.11, Oct.1997, p.36-8
132. The structure of the new resin in the melamine family SEM AND XPS TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF
contains self-condensing sites which enable crosslinking RUBBER-TO-METAL BONDED PARTS
without the use of an acceptor. Jacks J
CYTEC INDUSTRIES INC. Acadia Polymers
USA
This article examines the analysis of failure of bonding
Accession no.664895 rubber to metal, looking in particular at scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) testing, and X-ray photo-electron
Item 206 spectroscopy (XPS) testing. A case study example is
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe discussed, and conclusions are drawn.
50, No.11, Nov.1997, p.778/85 USA
IMPROVED TYRE SAFETY AND LIFE BY A Accession no.661039
NEW WIRE/RUBBER ADHESION SYSTEM
Orjela G; Harris S J; Vincent M; Tommasini F
Item 209
In the dual layer coating, NiZn which is difficult to draw, IRC ‘97. Conference proceedings.
tends to flow into the ZnCo inner layer coating or wear Kuala Lumpur, 6th-9th Oct.1997, p.1037-40. 012
off during the drawing process. Ni does not participate DIRECT ADHESION BETWEEN RUBBERS
in the wire/rubber adhesion bond contrary to the state- NICKEL PLATINGS AND NICKEL PLATINGS
of-the-art and therefore is not necessary for wire/rubber DURING CURING USING TRIAZINE THIOLS
adhesion. A single layer of ZnCo is sufficient in which SYSTEM
Co is concentrated at the Fe interface and imparts better Hirahara H; Mori K; Oshi Y; Sasaki Y; Omura S
corrosion performance. Drawability of the ZnCo can be Iwate,University; Toa Denka Co.Ltd.
obtained by reducing the thermal treatment of the wire (Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia)
during drawing by using a plating morphology with mixed
crystal orientation, avoiding W-carbide dies in the last Direct adhesion between nickel platings and rubbers is
drawing process (and elimination welding), and using successful using 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trithiol sodium salt
thermally stable lubricants. Prototype passenger tyres with (TTN). Peel strength in the adherends is influenced by
the new adhesion system are tested in the laboratory and in amount of TTN. The decrease in peel strength after post
field tests up to 110,000 km, showing superior corrosion cure is attributed to decrease of interfacial bonds between
resistance. 9 refs. nickel and rubbers in the adherends. From Kraus plots in
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; the nickel powder-rubbers composites containing TTN,
ITALY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE first order bonds are confirmed to form in the interface
Accession no.662341 between the nickels and rubbers. The concentration of
sulphur of TTN at nickel plating-rubbers adherends
interface are observed to increase from XMA and XPS
Item 207
analysis. The above results suggest that TTN works as a
Luntai Gongye
binder which bonds between nickel platings and rubbers.
17, No.11, 1997, p.662-4
Nickel plating-rubbers adherends possess excellent oil,
Chinese
water and heat resistance. 3 refs.
INFLUENTIAL FACTORS ON ADHESION
JAPAN
BETWEEN RUBBER AND BRASS-PLATED
STEEL CORD Accession no.658849
Lingjun C
Dongfeng Gold Lion Tire Corp. Item 210
The influence of sulphur, zinc oxide, accelerator, carbon IRC ‘97. Conference proceedings.
black and processing on the adhesion between rubber and Kuala Lumpur, 6th-9th Oct.1997, p.632-3. 012
brass-plated steel cord is investigated by the orthogonal ELECTRON SPIN ECHO STUDY OF THIOKOL
design method and the comparative test. The results show RUBBER TO COPPER ALLOY BONDING
that the sulphur type has little influence on the adhesion; Nefed’ev E S; Mirakova T Y; Kadirov M K; Petrov O V;
the adhesion improves as the level of zinc oxide increases; Orlinskii S B; Rakhmatullin R M; Aupov M I
the adhesion with 1.0 phr of CZ is greater than that with Kazan,State Technological University; JSC
1.3 phr of DZ; the adhesion increases with high structure (Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia)
carbon black; the mixing method and the curing time have It has long been established that brass-plated metal surfaces
significant influence on the adhesion. have a promoted adhesion to NR. It is believed that the high
CHINA adhesion strength between rubber and brass is caused by
Accession no.661782 a presence of copper sulphide film formed during sulphur
vulcanisation. In the case of polysulphide-based sealants, reaction was observed for the squalene based systems. It
the formation of copper sulphide is accompanied by that was concluded that an intermediate formed in the reaction
of (CuS4)2+ paramagnetic complexes, the concentration was responsible for crosslinking between squalene and
of which is found to correlate inversely with adhesion the primer in the model system, and for adhesion at the
strength. An attempt is made to determine a structure NR/primer interface in an actual bond. 12 refs.
of sulphur-contained ligands as well as dynamics of the USA
complex by the ESE method. 3 refs. Accession no.658303
RUSSIA
Accession no.658345 Item 213
152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997.
Item 211 Conference Preprints.
IRC ‘97. Conference proceedings. Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 25, pp.31.
Kuala Lumpur, 6th-9th Oct.1997, p.477-83. 012 012
DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF ENGINE RUBBER-METAL BONDING STUDIES USING
DIPSTICK FOR NATIONAL CAR INDUSTRY DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS
Lye C B; Siew Chet P; Tan E Del Vecchio R J; Halladay J R
Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia; Malaysia Auto Technical Consulting Services; Lord Corp.
Products Sdn.Bhd. (ACS,Rubber Div.)
(Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia)
Designed experiments were used to evaluate the effects of
A Malaysian entrepreneur, with the assistance of the multiple combinations of compound type (NR or SBR),
Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, has developed a compound quality, bonding adhesive (solvent-based or
moulding technology using a polyacrylate rubber suitable aqueous) and ASTM bond test methods on the strength
for the production of the car engine dipstick. To ensure of rubber-to-metal bonds and their failure under tension.
durability and adhesion of the rubber to metal, a novel Data on failure loads, type of failure and percent retained
method of testing is developed. This method is able to elastomer on the surface were used to compare and
distinguish various failure modes of the metal-to-rubber contrast how bonds could be characterised and evaluated.
bonding. It can be used as a screening tool to differentiate Conclusions were drawn concerning the meaning of data
bond strength, bonding material or even rubber grades. from different test methods and the validity of the common
Over 800,000 units are produced with less than five defects assumption that failure mode is the single most significant
or rejects. 6 refs. criterion of bond quality. 8 refs.
MALAYSIA USA
Accession no.658327 Accession no.658279
in which one rubber layer was prevented from debonding, Item 217
thereby concentrating the rotation (up to 90 degrees only) 152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997.
onto the other layer, led to complete interfacial failure Conference Preprints.
across the entire metal length. 7 refs. Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 21, pp.33. 012
MERL LTD. WIRE ADHESION: A REVIEW OF PRESENT DAY
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; TECHNOLOGY AND A LOOK TO THE FUTURE
WESTERN EUROPE Hoff C M
Accession no.658278 Cytec Industries Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Item 215 One-component melamine resins capable of forming
152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997. a network without the need for a co-reactant such as
Conference Preprints. resorcinol were evaluated as adhesion promoters in the
Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 23, pp.20. bonding of rubbers to steel cords, and their performance
012 was compared to that of some classical two-component
APPLICATION CHARACTERISTICS OF methylene donor-methylene acceptor systems. The one-
AQUEOUS ADHESIVES component systems gave good original and aged adhesion,
Rearick B A equivalent tensile and dynamic mechanical properties and
Lord Corp. superior cut growth resistance. 8 refs.
(ACS,Rubber Div.) USA
Item 225 system to apply and dispense the structural adhesive and
Advanced Materials and Processes attach the components.
151, No.6, June 1997, p.47-8 ND INDUSTRIES INC.
TESTING BONDED PARTS USA
Jacks J Accession no.636328
Acadia Polymers Inc.
The robust nature of rubber-to-metal bonded parts qualifies Item 228
them for applications in critical systems operating in European Rubber Journal
hostile environments. Although it is imperative to 179, No.4, April 1997, p.30-1
determine the root cause of failure if a part becomes BONDING PROBLEMS BEING SOLVED
disbanded in critical applications, the multiple constituents White L
of rubber compounds make analysis difficult by traditional
methods. Furthermore, when parts fail at the adhesive Water-based rubber-to-metal bonding systems are
bond interface, analysis of the system often becomes even beginning to take over, but detailed attention to procedures
more complex. It is described how X-ray photoelectron is essential, was the message at a recent seminar on rubber-
spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy can be to-metal bonding organised by Rapra Technology. The
used in such a situation to deduce that the most likely advantages and disadvantages of water-based systems
cause of a bond failure was premature crosslinking of the were examined. Other topics discussed included solvent
adhesive. emission regulations, metal surface preparation, changes
USA
in environmental test specifications, accelerated durability
testing and degreasing.
Accession no.642046
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Item 226 Accession no.631580
China Synthetic Rubber Industry
20, No.3, 1997, p.181-5
Item 229
Chinese
Patent Number: US 5536774 A 19960716
ONE-COAT ADHESIVES FOR BONDING
USE OF MALEATED STYRENE-ETHYLENE-
RUBBER-TO-METAL THROUGH
BUTYLENE-STYRENE TRIBLOCK POLYMER
VULCANISATION
FOR IMPROVED ADHESION
Ding Lipeng; Ma Xingfa; Wang Zhongping;
Segatta T J
Wu Chongguang
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
Shandong,Non-Metallic Materials Institute
Rubber is adhered to reinforcing materials by embedding a
The composition, formulation, preparation and application
textile fibre or metal reinforcing material in a vulcanisable
of one-coat adhesives for bonding rubber to metal through
rubber composition comprising rubber, a vulcanising
vulcanisation are reviewed. The types and function of
agent, reinforcement, a methylene donor, a methylene
components in the adhesives, including film-forming
acceptor and a maleic anhydride functionalised triblock
agents, adhesion synergists, adhesion promoters, coupling
copolymer having PS endblocks and poly-(ethylene/
and curing agents, fillers and solvents, are discussed. 29
butylene) midblocks.
refs.
USA
CHINA
Accession no.630899
Accession no.636610
Item 230
Item 227
International Polymer Science and Technology
Rubber World
23, No.11, 1996, p.T/78-83
215, No.6, March 1997, p.62
MELAMINE IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY
STRUCTURAL ADHESIVE
Afanas’ev S V
ND Industries was asked to solve a problem with a
A survey is made of applications of melamine derivatives
special automotive shock absorber mounting assembly
in the rubber industry, with particular reference to their
that required the secure attachment of a butyl type rubber
uses as adhesion promoters, accelerators and scorch
washer to a steel nut assembly that had been plated. The
retarders. 43 refs. (Translation of Kauchuk i Rezina, No.4,
company selected its 2434000 Instant Superglue, an ethyl
1996, p.45).
cyanoacrylate with higher peel and shock resistance than
RUSSIA
other grades. The material is typically hand applied, but
the company is offering a high production application Accession no.629932
Item 252
Item 255
Rubber and Plastics News
148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995.
25, No.17, 11th March 1996, p.14-7
Conference Preprints.
COAGENTS FOR RUBBER-TO-METAL
Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 119, pp.35.
ADHESION
012
Costin R; Nagel W R
NEW WATER-BORNE RUBBER-TO-METAL
Sartomer Co.
BONDING ADHESIVES
Metallic coagent-peroxide systems were shown to provide Plasczynski T; Mowrey D H
the best properties of peroxide and sulphur cures, yielding Lord Corp.
high tensile and tear strength, good heat-aged properties (ACS,Rubber Div.)
with the benefit of good adhesion. The use of Saret metallic
Chemlok 8282, an aqueous adhesive developed by Lord
coagent systems, in particular, Saret 633, an anhydrous
Corp., was used in combination with Chemlok aqueous
zinc diacrylate containing a non-nitroso scorch retarder
primers for bonding a number of rubbers to metal surfaces.
and Saret 634, an anhydrous zinc dimethacrylate are
The effects on adhesion of pre-bake exposure, immersion
demonstrated to improve performance properties for
in hot ethylene glycol and boiling water and salt fog
adhesive application. They eliminate the need for external
exposure were investigated. The results showed that the
adhesives and a separate curing step, developing bonds
performance of the aqueous adhesive rivalled that of
at the rubber-metal interface during the curing step, and
solvent-borne systems.
producing crosslinks in the rubber during curing.
USA
USA
Accession no.583041
Accession no.586794
Item 256
Item 253
148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995.
China Synthetic Rubber Industry
Conference Preprints.
19, No.2, 1996, p.115-6
Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 112, pp.22.
Chinese
012
ADHESIVE R-4 FOR BONDING OF RUBBER
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW ONE-COAT
AND METAL
ENVIRONMENTALLY RESISTANT AQUEOUS
Liao Ming; Yang Zhongwen
RUBBER-TO-METAL ADHESIVE
Shanghai,Institute of Rubber Articles
Dorrington P
The formulation and preparation of adhesive R-4 for Morton International
bonding of rubber to metal are described. It is shown that (ACS,Rubber Div.)
Environmental factors which have led to the replacement tests. Improvements in original and aged adhesive energy
of solvent-based adhesives with water-based systems are and rubber coverage values were obtained in the optimised
reviewed, and details are given of Thixon 2500, a one-coat system. An NR wire coat compound containing silica,
aqueous adhesive developed by Morton International for organocobalt and a resorcinol-formaldehyde donor resin
use in rubber-to-metal bonding. The adhesion, prebake system was also studied. The results were compared with
resistance and boiling water resistance of this adhesive are those for tyre manufacturers’ wire coat formulations using
examined in comparison with two solvent-based adhesives, specialised ingredients to improve adhesion. 37 refs.
Thixon 2000 and Thixon OSN-2, and results are presented USA
of studies of property changes on long-term ageing. Accession no.580249
USA
Accession no.583035 Item 259
148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995.
Item 257 Conference Preprints.
Journal of Adhesion Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 65, pp.26. 012
55, Nos.1-2, 1995, p.151-63 MECHANISM BY WHICH PRECIPITATED
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF INTERPHASES SILICA IMPROVES BRASS COATED WIRE-TO-
BETWEEN MODEL RUBBER COMPOUNDS AND NATURAL RUBBER ADHESION
PLASMA POLYMERISED ACETYLENE FILMS Waddell W H; Evans L R; Goralski E G; Snodgrass L J
Tsai Y M; Boerio F J; Kim D K PPG Industries Inc.
Cincinnati,University; Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. (ACS,Rubber Div.)
Results are presented of a study by reflection-absorption IR The effects of precipitated silica on adhesion between
spectroscopy of the reactions occurring in the interphase brass coated steel tyre cords and an NR/polyisoprene wire
between a plasma-polymerised acetylene primer and a coat formulation were investigated by the quantitative
model ‘natural rubber’ compound consisting of a mixture determination of elements in the interfacial growth layer
of squalene, zinc oxide, carbon black, sulphur, stearic formed on cords treated in model systems consisting of
acid, cobalt naphthenate, N,N-dicyclohexylbenzothiazole squalene suspensions containing carbon black and curing
sulphenamide, and diaryl-p-diphenyleneamine. The results ingredients, with and without silica and organocobalt. The
obtained, which are of importance for rubber-to-metal surface characterisation techniques used included SEM with
bonding, are shown to be consistent with the view that the energy dispersive X-ray analysis, Auger electron spectroscopy,
accelerator breaks down to form a zinc perthiomercaptide X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and proton induced X-ray
which is the species responsible for crosslinking. 19 refs. emission spectroscopy. The effects of using silica and cobalt
(Adhesive & Sealant Council, Fall Convention, St.Louis, neodecanoate in the suspensions were statistically analysed.
Missouri, USA, Oct.1993) The mechanism for adhesion improvement by silica was
USA shown not to be a simple effect of improving the rubber
physical properties. A chemical mechanism in which silica
Accession no.582554
moderates the thickness and relative elemental composition
of the interfacial growth layer was proposed. 44 refs.
Item 258 USA
148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995. Accession no.580248
Conference Preprints.
Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 66, pp.39. 012
Item 260
OPTIMISATION OF AN ORGANOCOBALT
148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995.
CONTAINING WIRE COAT COMPOUND USING
Conference Preprints.
PRECIPITATED SILICA
Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 2, pp.24. 012
Evans L R; Waddell W H
SELECTION AND TESTING OF ANTITACKS TO
PPG Industries Inc.
RETAIN COMPOUND PHYSICALS AND WIRE
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
CORD ADHESION
Based on the proposed chemical mechanism of the O’Rourke S E
enhancement of adhesion between brass coated steel tyre Hall C.P.,Co.
cords and NR by precipitated silica, statistically designed (ACS,Rubber Div.)
compounding experiments were undertaken to optimise
Results are presented of a study of the effects of four different
the composite performance of an NR/polyisoprene wire
antitack agents on the viscosity, curing characteristics,
coat compound containing silica and an organocobalt
mechanical properties and wire cord adhesion of NR, EPDM
adhesion promoter. Compound cure and cured compound
and nitrile rubber compounds. 3 refs.
mechanical properties and adhesion were examined. Energy
USA
of adhesion values for original and heat, humidity and salt
aged specimens were determined from tyre cord adhesion Accession no.580191
substrates for automotive seals and similar applications. agent for rubber-to-metal bonding. The necessary changes
Megum W3293 is a one-coat aqueous adhesive that will of parameters for surface pre-treatment and processing are
work with all different curing systems. It is said to provide described. 2 refs.
the bond with an outstanding resistance to fuels, oil and EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
other environmental influences. WESTERN EUROPE
the performance of rubber-to-metal bonded components bondline surfaces and the visual characterisation of the
using such adhesives, dependent on the design of the extent of corrosion. The Cl:Al ratio, which represented
adhesive, and the end-user’s metal preparation and the ratio of primer to corrosion product at the locus of
adhesive preparation. A review of the thermodynamics failure, varied from 0.4 to 47. The implications for metal-
of wetting and measurement methods is presented, and to-rubber bond fabrication and storage are discussed.
a method is described which has been adapted from the 3 refs. (Adhesion Society Inc., 16th Annual Meeting,
printing industry, to determine the wetting of waterborne Williamsburg, Virginia, USA, Feb.1993)
adhesives on metals. USA
USA Accession no.532160
Accession no.534664
Item 292
Item 290 Journal of Adhesion
Rubber World 46, Nos.1-4, 1994, p.15-38
210, No.6, Sept.1994, p.19-22 MOLECULAR BONDING AND ADHESION AT
MECHANISM OF BRASS ADHESION POLYMER-METAL INTERPHASES
Hewitt N L Lieng-Huang Lee
PPG Industries Inc. Xerox Corp.
This article describes a compounding approach to explore This review demonstrates that there are well established
the mechanism by which precipitated silica enhances molecular bonding and strong interactions between monomers
the adhesion of natural rubber to brass. Brass adhesion or polymers and metals. Both theoretical and experimental
evaluation was generally conducted in the dynamic work related to adsorption and adhesion at polymer-metal
mode by the disc fatigue procedure. Replicate assemblies interphases are discussed. The fractal nature of polymer-
of rubber and wire coated with 63% copper brass were metal interphases and the effect of chemisorption on fractal
flexed in the cord compression fatigue test apparatus for dimension are described. Several theoretical studies related to
six hours at 16% strain, compressed and extended. It was the models and the conformation of polymer segments to metal
concluded that bond fatigue life of brass coated wire to surfaces are mentioned. Experimental work is cited on XPS,
rubber adhesion assemblies is greatly improved at reduced surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy, Mossbauer
concentrations of zinc oxide. Further improvement occurs emission spectroscopy, on chemisorption, molecular bonding,
when carbon black is partially replaced by precipitated, redox interaction, restructuring of polar groups, and contact
fine particle silica. The mechanism of brass adhesion oxidation of polymers on metal surfaces. Among them, SERS
enhancement by silica involves a reduction of interfacial and XPS are capable of describing chemical composition and
zinc oxide when soluble zinc is removed from the system conformation right at the interfaces. 67 refs.
by attachment to silica surface silanols. 5 refs. USA
USA Accession no.531568
Accession no.532325
Item 293
Item 291 Rubber Products Manufacturing Technology.
Journal of Adhesion New York, Marcel Dekker, 1994, p.449-72. 8
47, No.1-3, 1994, p.51-64 RUBBER-TO-METAL BONDING
INTERFACIAL CHEMISTRY OF AN Sexsmith F H
ALUMINIUM-TO-EPDM BONDING SYSTEM Lord Corp.
Hemminger C S Edited by: Bhowmick A K; Hall M M; Benarey H A
Aerospace Corp. (Indian Institute of Technology; Industrial Engineering
Corp.)
During recent examinations of ageing in aluminium-to-
rubber bonds on stored solid rocket motors, corrosion The motor vehicle industry is by far the biggest user of
and minor insulator debonds were observed. A test was bonded elastomer components. Typical applications such
conducted to study the progressive effect of exposure to as engine mounts, suspension bushings, transmission
high humidity of the bondline, elevated temp. being used and axle seals, couplings and body mounts are largely
to accelerate the ageing. In a parallel test, samples were engineered to each vehicle’s requirements. Manufacture
held at elevated temp. in a dry atmosphere. The test results usually involves moulding of the elastomer to shape,
were compared with the analyses of corroded and non- vulcanisation and bonding, all in a single stage operation.
corroded hardware samples. The predominant corrosion Aspects covered include rubber-to-metal assemblies,
product detected at the bondlines was aluminium oxide/ materials, manufacturing methods, adhesives and testing.
hydroxide. In general, there was a very good correlation 38 refs.
between the Cl:Al atomic percent ratio calculated from USA
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the ruptured Accession no.524806
Item 309 coverage of the brass plate surface observed after shearing
Adhesion ‘93. Conference Proceedings. were compared with the appearance of the bonding layer
York, 6th-8th Sept.1993, p.153-8. 9(12)4 in the foil samples made visible in TEM. Correlations
FAILURE OF RUBBER TO METAL BONDED between the results of both investigation methods are
UNITS discussed. 39 refs.
Ansarifar M A; Lake G J AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn. Accession no.494058
(Institute of Materials)
In many applications rubber is bonded to metal for Item 312
fixing or other purposes. Integrity of the bond may be Automotive Engineering
vital to maintain the required stiffness characteristics 101, No.8, Aug.1993, p.45-7
and ensure adequate life. The mechanics of bond failure WATERBORNE RUBBER-TO-METAL
was studied and it appears that similar behaviour may ADHESIVES
occur in compression, shear or peeling. Cavitation-like Bond K M; Mowrey D H
failure observed in the rubber in the bond region may be Lord Corp.
associated with the constraint imposed by the metal on the
deformation of the rubber. 8 refs. Following the passage of the US Clean Air Act
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Amendments, requiring that emissions of volatile organic
compounds be reduced, choices have been limited for
Accession no.499041 rubber-to-metal adhesive users in the vehicle industry,
and also for formulators. This article reports in detail on
Item 310 the performance of a new aqueous one-coat adhesive and
International Polymer Science and Technology primer, which is proving superior to that of solvent-based
20, No.9, 1993, p.T/13-21 adhesive products. Experiments are described for testing
FACTORS AFFECTING BOND STRENGTH OF levels of adhesion and environmental resistance, and
RUBBER TO METAL PARTS results are given.
Setiawan L; Schonherr D; Weihe J USA
Accession no.491840
Some of the factors that influence the manufacture of
rubber to metal parts, as seen from a rubber processor’s
point of view, are discussed. 15 refs. Translation from Item 313
Gummi Fasern Kunst., No.7, 1993, p.357. Articles from Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers 45, No.12, Dec.1992, p.1038-43
to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and RUBBER-METAL-BONDING. DIRECT
Technology. OBSERVATION OF THE INTERFACE LAYERS
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE BY MEANS OF ANALYTICAL ELECTRON
Accession no.498654 MICROSCOPY (AEM)
Kretzschmar T; Hofer F; Hummel K
Graz,Technische Universitat
Item 311
The bonding layers of rubber-brass systems were observed
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
directly by transmission electron microscopy coupled with
46, No.9, Sept.1993, p.710-7
energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The techniques used
RUBBER-METAL BONDING: INVESTIGATION
are described. In each case, a rubber-metal bonding layer,
OF RUPTURE BEHAVIOUR OF THE BONDING
divided into one or more sublayers and showing good fusion
LAYER BY MEANS OF TRANSMISSION
with the rubber, was observed. The thickness of the bonding
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND BONDING
layer system correlated well with the sulphur content in
STRENGTH MEASUREMENTS
the cure system. With increasing sulphur content, a thicker
Kretzschmar T; Hofer F; Hummel K; Sommer F
layer with more sublayers was obtained. It became more
Graz,Universitat; Semperit Technische Produkte GmbH
brittle with increasing thickness. Thus, vulcanisation led to
Rupture behaviour of the rubber-brass bonding layer was a tear off of rubber directly from the brass surface at some
investigated by TEM and bond strength measurements spots, after which the molten rubber filled the developing
by shearing. Rubber-brass composites were prepared by cavities. The sublayers consisted mainly of copper sulphide
either embedding thin brass foils in, or by connecting two which had grown into the rubber compound. A very thin
brass plates with different cure systems (sandwich). The zinc oxide layer adjacent to the brass surface was found.
foil samples were cut by cryo-ultramicrotomy for TEM Copper sulphides were responsible for the formation of the
investigations and the sandwich samples were inserted in rubber-metal bonding. 49 refs.
the stress equipment of a Zwick universal testing machine AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE
and sheared. The strength values measured and the rubber Accession no.487379
Item 314 Brass layers of different structure were galvanised onto the
143rd Meeting, Spring 1993. Conference Proceedings. wires of steel cords to optimise rubber to metal adhesion.
Denver, Co., 18th-21st May 1993, Paper 62, pp.24. 012 The structures of the brass layers were analysed and the
NEW AQUEOUS ADHESIVES FOR BONDING properties of steel cord-rubber composites were examined
ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE RUBBER TO under different test conditions. 7 refs.
METAL EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Treat C J Accession no.477960
Lord Corp.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Item 317
Applications of two water-based adhesives developed by Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
Lord Corp., Chemlok 8102 and 8110, in the bonding of nitrile 46, No.2, Feb.1993, p.139-45
rubber to steel are described. Results are presented which German
show that the performance of these adhesives is comparable BONDING SYSTEMS FOR TEXTILE AND STEEL
and sometimes better in primary adhesion, boiling water WIRE BONDING, TODAY AND TOMORROW
and hot oil testing when compared to their solvent-based Magg H
counterparts, TyPly BN and Chemlok 205. They can be Bayer AG
sprayed or dipped to give coatings 0.3-0.5 mil in thickness, or
diluted to very low solids for an extremely thin and practically Bonding systems and mechanisms for the bonding of rubber
invisible coating less than 0.05 mil in thickness. 1 ref. to textiles and steel cords are discussed. Textile bonding
USA
systems examined include resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF)
latices, RF/silica systems and isocyanates. The proposed
Accession no.480209 mechanism for RF systems involves a reaction product
of resorcinol and formaldehyde acting as a link between
Item 315 rubber and textile fibres to form covalent bonds by means
143rd Meeting, Spring 1993. Conference Proceedings. of addition and condensation processes. The bonding
Denver, Co., 18th-21st May 1993, Paper 23, pp.21. 012 mechanism of bonding agents for brass or zinc plated
NOVEL ADHESION PROMOTERS BASED ON steel cords (sulphur, RF/silica systems and lead or cobalt
VINYL TERMINATED CARBAMYLMETHYLATED adhesion promoters) is explained by the formation of non-
MELAMINES stoichiometric phases characterised by an excess amount
Singh B; Sedlak J A of sulphur. 12 refs.
American Cyanamid Co. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
(ACS,Rubber Div.) Accession no.477948
Details are given of a new resorcinol-free experimental
adhesion promoter, RAP-393, for the bonding of Item 318
vulcanised rubber to brass plated steel cords in tyres. The Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
material is part of a broader series of vinyl terminated 46, No.2, Feb.1993, p.112-5
carbamylmethylated melamine resins which are capable INFLUENCE OF BORIC ACID ESTER ON THE
of crosslinking through vinyl polymerisation, mercapto STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE
addition and conventional condensation mechanisms. RUBBER/BRASS INTERFACE OF COBALT-
RAP-393 may be used in conjunction with Cyrez 963 CONTAINING BONDING COMPOUNDS
hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM) adhesion Pieroth M; Holtkamp D; Elschner A
promoter. Oscillating disc rheometer, stress-strain and Bayer AG
21-day adhesion results on NR compounds are presented
to show equivalence to the commercial HMMM/resorcinol A study was made of the role of KA 9128 boric acid ester
adhesion promoter system. 6 refs. in improving the post-ageing adhesion of cobalt-containing
USA
bonding compounds to brass plated steel cords. Transmission
electron microscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry
Accession no.480178 were used to investigate the influence of steam ageing on the
structure and composition of the brass/rubber interface using
Item 316 high sulphur NR bonding compounds without additives,
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe with cobalt naphthenate (CN) and with CN plus boric acid
46, No.3, March 1993, p.233-5 ester. The effect before ageing was not pronounced, but
German a considerable difference between the compounds was
STRUCTURE OF BRASS PLATED STEEL CORD observed after steam ageing. The boric ester acted with
WIRES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON RUBBER- cobalt salts as a corrosion inhibitor, preventing the growth
METAL ADHESION of a thick intermediate layer. 5 refs.
Krone R EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Wolf G.,Seil- & Drahtwerke GmbH & Co. Accession no.477944
chlorosulphonated PE. Selection of gasketing techniques - mechanical conditioning, when required and includes two
glued, glueless or spot-glued - is also discussed. 3 refs. test methods. Photocopies and loans of this document are
USA not available from Rapra. It may be purchased from BSI.
Accession no.465924 Contact Rapra for further details.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.463026
Item 325
Rubber World
207,No.2,Nov.1992,p.18 Item 328
CHLOROPYRIMIDINES AND Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
CHLOROTRIAZINES AS RUBBER-TO-METAL 44,No.6,June 1991,p.560-5
ADHESION PROMOTERS German
Seibert R F; Wheeler E L; Barrows F H; True W R EFFECT OF VARIOUS SURFACE TREATMENTS
Uniroyal Chemical Co. ON THE BONDING PROPERTIES OF EPDM
VULCANISATES
US patent 5,126,385 has been assigned to Uniroyal
Dorn L;Wahono W
Chemical Co. concerning a reinforced elastomeric
BERLIN,TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
composition produced by curing a blend comprising
vulcanisable rubber, brass coated metal reinforcement, A study was made of the effectiveness of various treatments,
sulphur or sulphur donor and a compound containing i.e. etching, low pressure plasma, thermocorona as well
chloropyrimidines and chlorotriazines as rubber-to-metal as use of methylcyanoacrylate adhesion promoters, for
adhesion promoters. improving the adhesion of EPDM to steel surfaces using
USA epoxies, PU and methylcyanoacrylates as bonding agents.
Accession no.465249 Results obtained with the different pretreatments and
bonding agents are discussed and evaluated. 21 refs.
GERMANY
Item 326
Accession no.457617
Rubber and Plastics News
21,No.27,6th July 1991,p.15-8
ADHESION IMPORTANCE IN REINFORCED Item 329
PRODUCTS 141st Meeting,Spring 1992,Conference Proceedings.
Gozdiff M Louisville,Ky.,19th-22nd May 1992,Paper 67,pp.24. 012
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN WATERBORNE
ADHESIVE TECHNOLOGY
The basics of direct rubber bonding to brass plated and
Bond K M;Mowrey D H
zinc coated steel reinforcement are examined, and selected
LORD CORP.,ELASTOMER PRODUCTS DIV.
reactions and conditions that contribute towards destroying
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
those bonds, once formed, are discussed. Discussion is
restricted to moisture, acidic gases and water soluble salts The use of Chemlok 855, a water-borne one-coat adhesive
that occur as vulcanisation byproducts are brought in by developed by Lord Corp., in rubber-to-metal vulcanisation
compounding ingredients. 11 refs. bonding is examined. Test results are presented which show
USA that this adhesive is equal in performance to commercially
Accession no.463858 available solvent-based one-coat systems, giving excellent
primary adhesion to a wide variety of elastomers. 3 refs.
USA
Item 327
Accession no.453340
London, 1992, pp.ii,5. 12ins. 19/6/92. 95171T
BS 903:PART A14:1992. PHYSICAL TESTING
OF RUBBER. PART A14. METHOD FOR Item 330
DETERMINATION OF MODULUS IN SHEAR OR Adhasion
ADHESION TO RIGID PLATES - QUADRUPLE 36,No.4,April 1992,p.28-34
SHEAR METHOD German
British Standards Inst. CURRENT ASPECTS OF ADHESION
BS 903:Part A14:1992 TECHNOLOGY: ADHESIVES IN
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
This part of BS 903 describes methods to determine the
Hennemann O-D;Gross A
modulus in shear or the strength of bonds of rubber to
FRAUNHOFER-INSTITUT FUER ANG.
metal or other rigid plates, using rubber bonded between
MATERIALFORSCHUNG
four parallel plates. This edition supersedes BS 903:
Part A14:1970 which has been withdrawn. It makes The paper is divided into five sections: adhesion of sheet
provision for the testing of thermoplastic rubbers and for steel, bonding of machine components, adhesion to glass
in precision manufacture, adhesion to stainless steel, and cure time determined using a Monsanto Rheometer.
a flexible integrated system for the adhesion of structural Percent elongation, bond strength and tensile strength
parts. Improvements desirable in adhesive technology are: measurements were carried out on samples cured at 140,
the ability to calculate the strength of a joint, estimation 150, 160 and 170C. The use of a cushion gum (NR/SBR
of the stability of an adhesive, and further efforts at blend) to achieve a good rubber-to-metal bond was also
intergrating it into the manufacturing process. 1 ref. evaluated as was the influence of compression on rubber-
GERMANY to-metal bonding during curing. 19 refs.
Accession no.451487 TURKEY
Accession no.442346
Item 331
Adhesives Age Item 334
35,No.6,31st May 1992,p.17 139th Meeting,Spring 1991.Conference Proceedings.
POLYCHLOROPRENE-BASED SYSTEM Toronto,Ont.,21st-24th May 1991,Paper 91. 012
Mowrey D H;Pontare N M OPTIMISATION OF A NATURAL RUBBER
LORD CORP. BREAKER COMPOUND CONTAINING
SPECIFIC CHLOROTRIAZINES AS WIRE TO
US patent 5,093,203 has been assigned to Lord Corp.
RUBBER ADHESION PROMOTERS
concerning an adhesively bonded rubber-metal assembly
Seibert R F
prepared by applying a primer component and an overcoat
UNIROYAL CHEMICAL CO.INC.
component between a metal surface and a rubber substrate.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The primer component comprises a polychloroprene
compound, a phenolic resin and a metal oxide. Two experimental adhesion promoters are discussed, i.e.
USA 2-chloro-4, 6-bis(N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamino)-1,3,5-
Accession no.451486 triazine and 2, 4-dichloro-6-(N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamino)-
1,3,5-triazine. Further work on optimisation of compounds
containing these additives is presented on the adhesion of
Item 332 brass coated steel to NR breaker compounds in the aged
Journal of Adhesion and unaged state. Physical and dynamic properties are
37,No.1-3,1992,p.63-72 shown. An optimised compound for zinc coated galvanised
SURFACE PREPARATION OF TANTALUM FOR steel cable to NR and NR/BR compounds is formulated for
ENCAPSULATION AND ADHESIVE BONDING conveyor belt applications. 2 refs.
Allen K W;Tiow Lin Tan USA
CITY UNIVERSITY,LONDON
Accession no.441950
A number of methods of surface preparation of tantalum
for encapsulation in silicone rubber and for structural
Item 335
adhesive bonding were explored. The only ones which
Rubber World
could be generally useful were boiling for 24h in distilled
205,No.3,Dec.1991,p.30-3
water (28% improvement) or boiling for 4h in sodium
DYNAMIC ASPECTS OF BRASS ADHESION
hydroxide solution followed by boiling for 2h in dilute
Hewsitt N L
hydrochloric acid (34% improvement). An alternative,
PPG INDUSTRIES INC.
which could sometimes be used, was heating in air for at
least 2h at 100C. Using disc fatigue for the dynamic evaluation of brass
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE adhesion is reported to provide an opportunity to measure
Accession no.447488 the fatigue life of rubber-to-metal bonds unencumbered
by cohesive failure. As a result of disc fatigue studies two
brass skim compounds are recommended. 5 refs.
Item 333 USA
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
Accession no.441604
31,Nos.1-2,Jan/Feb.1992,p.135-56
INVESTIGATION OF RUBBER-TO-METAL
BONDING ON SOLID RUBBER TYRES Item 336
Ercin M;Berber R Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
ANKARA,UNIVERSITY 5,No.10,1991,p.927-44
CONTROLLING FACTORS IN CHEMICAL
The results are reported of a study carried out to determine
COUPLING OF POLYMERS TO METALS
the factors contributing to the ability to produce strong and
Bell J P;Schmidt R G;Malofsky A;Mancini D
permanent rubber-to-metal bonds in solid tyres made from
CONNECTICUT,UNIVERSITY; DOW CORNING
a blend of NR and cis-polybutadiene. The effect of surface
CORP.
cleaning on adhesion was examined and the optimum
Item 341
Item 338
Stuttgart, c.1991, pp.4. 8x6ins. 24/9/91. 42D14-6A1
138th Meeting Fall 1990.Preprints.
FAMOUS ADHESIVES
Washington,DC,9th-12th Oct.1990,Paper 30. 012
CHEMISCHE FABRIK ASPERG KG
COMBINING COBALT AND RESORCINOLIC
BONDING AGENTS IN BRASS-RUBBER Descriptions are given of three well-known adhesives
ADHESION from Asperg. They are Adhesive SK700, Adhesive R9
Hamed G R;Huang J and Adhesive AK60. The first is a neoprene-based contact
AKRON,UNIVERSITY adhesive for bonding leather to leather, rubber foam,
(ACS,Rubber Div.) cork, felt and fabrics. The second is also neoprene-based,
but is used for bonding plastic laminates, and veneering.
The bonding of NR compositions to brass plated steel
Adhesive AK60, also neoprene-based, is designed for
cord in steel belted radial tyres is investigated. The merits
bonding metal to rubber, foam, felt, leather, wood, glass,
of both cobalt naphthenate and HR additives to promote
cork and stone, and has been developed for bodywork
bonding and to enhance durability are studied. Secant
applications in the automotive industry. Brief performance
modulus, tear resistance, squalene model experiments,
properties are described for each.
atomic absorption, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and
GERMANY
FTIR-ATR, was conducted. Ageing experiments were
also carried out. Accession no.434709
USA
Accession no.436395 Item 342
Rubber World
204,No.5,Aug.1991,p.74
Item 339
COMPOSITE BONDING
138th Meeting Fall 1990.Preprints.
Washington,DC,9th-12th Oct.1990,Paper 31. 012 K & K Technologies has recently introduced an advanced
ADHESIVES FOR BONDING CATHODICALLY process for rubber/plastic composite bonded parts.
PROTECTED RUBBER TO METAL DEVICES The process uses a thermoplastic material, Vestoran,
Warren P A;Mowrey D H;Gervase N J engineered to obtain one step rubber to plastic bonding
without the use of adhesives, clamps, adhesion promoters OF SULPHUR AND WATER RESISTANCE
and secondary connectors. Structural integrity is said to be Ikeda Y;Nawafune H;Mizumoto S;Yamaguchi K;Kadota
maintained and a durable lasting bond ensured. Vestoran K;Haga M
can take the place of metal in conventional rubber to metal ISHIHARA CHEMICAL CO.LTD.;
bonded parts. KONAN,UNIVERSITY
K & K TECHNOLOGIES INC. The effect of sulphur dosage on peel strengths before
USA
and after ageing in hot water was investigated for SBR
Accession no.433769 and NR adhesion-cured onto an electroless Pd-P alloy
deposit. 6 refs.
Item 343 JAPAN
137th Meeting Spring 1990.Conference Preprints. Accession no.429870
Las Vegas,Nv.,29th May-1st June 1990,Paper 77. 012
SELECTED CHLOROPYRIMIDINES AND
Item 346
CHLOROTRIAZINES AS WIRE ADHESION
Rubber World
PROMOTERS
204,No.4,July 1991,p.13
Seibert R F
RUBBER-TO-METAL BINDERS FROM
UNIROYAL CHEMICAL CO.INC.
CHLORINATED RUBBER AND BROMINATED
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
POLYDICHLOROBUTADIENE
The adhesion characteristics of several adhesion Scheer H
promoters are demonstrated and compared to existing HENKEL AG
systems. The adhesion promoters are chloropyrimidines
US patent 4,994,519 has been assigned to Henkel
and chlorotriazines. Their effectiveness is shown in
concerning a heat-stable binder for use in the vulcanisation
both unaged conditions and several different ageing
of natural or synthetic rubber mixtures onto metallic or
environments. Formulations are based on 80:20 NR and
other substrates, comprising a mixture of chlorinated
polybutadiene and 100% NR. 3 refs.
rubber, after-brominated polydichlorobutadiene, quinone
USA
dioxine, carbon black and ground sulphur.
Accession no.430739 GERMANY
Accession no.429689
Item 344
Adhesion.Principles and Practice for Coatings and
Item 347
Polymer Scientists.Conference Proceedings.
Rubber India
Kent,Oh.,20th-24th May 1991,Paper 10. 9(12)4
63,No.4,April 1991,p.19/42
COUPLING AGENTS AS ADHESION
MOULDING IN RUBBER INDUSTRY
PROMOTERS IN ADHESIVE BONDING
Dighe K D
Boerio F J;Dillingham R G;Ondrus D J
SWASTIK RUBBER PRODUCTS LTD.
CINCINNATI,UNIVERSITY
Edited by: Krauss C J This comprehensive article examines the various moulding
(Kent State University) methods for rubber including compression, transfer and
injection moulding. The advantages and disadvantages,
The characteristics of silane primer films applied to
mould design, equipment, curing and problem prevention
metals and the use of silane primers to enhance the
are described in some detail. In addition the bonding of
hydrothermal stability of adhesive bonds to metal are
rubber to metal is discussed, including surface preparation,
presented. Emphasis is given to iron/epoxy adhesive
choice of method and bond failures. 8 refs.
joints, titanium/epoxy adhesive joints, aluminium/epoxy
INDIA
adhesive bonds, rubber to metal bonding, adhesion of PE
to sapphire. 38 refs. Accession no.428703
USA
Accession no.430273 Item 348
Hule Mexicano y Plasticos
45,No.522,Jan.1990,p.12/20
Item 345
Spanish
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi
DEVELOPMENTS IN RUBBER-METAL
64,No.6,1991,p.372-7
FABRICATIONS
Japanese
German Torres A
ADHESION OF RUBBER TO METAL AND ITS
ALLOY. II. CURE-ADHESION OF RUBBERS TO Following a short synopsis of the history of rubber-to-
ELECTROLESS PD-P ALLOY DEPOSIT. EFFECT metal bonding, the article devotes itself to the technology
involved. The aspects briefly covered include adhesion then conducted to determine the energy release rates and
theory, surface preparation, adhesive applications, process crack opening angles associated with various loads and
control and moulding equipment. Dynamic properties of scarf angles. Cathodic delamination experiments were
rubber metal components and the factors influencing them conducted and crack growth rates were correlated with
are dealt with at greater length. energy release rates and crack opening levels. 11 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE USA
Accession no.426891 Accession no.420640
compounds are discussed, special mention being made of A study was made of various electrical surface pretreatment
findings for KA 9128. 1 ref. methods for EPDM and their effectiveness in improving
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN the adhesion properties of this rubber. Particular emphasis
EUROPE is placed on a thermocorona technique which was
Accession no.417146 developed at Berlin University. Results obtained with these
techniques for EPDM/metal bonds, using epoxy and PU as
adhesives, are discussed and evaluated. 18 refs.
Item 360
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN
Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques EUROPE
67,No.696,May 1990,p.221-2
Accession no.408999
EFFECT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND
MECHANICAL INTERLOCKING ON ADHESION
Gent A N;Lin C W Item 363
AKRON,UNIVERSITY Swiss Bonding 90-Bonding in Metalwork and
Construction.Conference proceedings.
Two models of adhesion have been considered: one when
Rapperswil,28th-30th May 1990,p.233-58. 6A1
the substrate was a rigid plate containing a regular array
German
of cylindrical holes and one when the substrate was a
INFLUENCES OF MANUFACTURING
woven cloth of stainless steel wire. In the second case the
CONDITIONS ON QUALITY OF ADHESIVE
adhesive could not be removed from the holes without
METAL JOINTS WITH VERY DIFFERENT
breaking the strands. Experimental measurements were
MATERIAL PARAMETERS
compared with the theoretical predictions, using NR and
Marwinsky-Moniatis B
SBR; reasonable agreement was obtained. It was found
SCHINDLING AG
that in either case the apparent work of detachment could
Edited by: Schindel-Bidinelli E
exceed the work of rupture of the adhesive layer without
the material actually breaking. Using the bonding of a chrome-nickel-steel to a hard
USA ferrite as an example, the influence of metal pretreatment,
Accession no.410357 application of adhesive curing behaviour and type of
adhesive on quality of bonded joint was investigated.
Adhesives employed were two anaerobic systems, a silicon
Item 361 rubber and a modified epoxy resin. Results obtained are
Automotive Engineering reported and evaluated. 5 refs.
98,No.7,July 1990,p.35-7 SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
RUBBER TO METAL ADHESIVES IMPROVE
Accession no.408997
QUALITY OF HYDRAULIC MOUNTS
Mowrey D
LORD CORP. Item 364
European Rubber Journal
The development of a new rubber-to-metal bonding system
172,No.9,Oct.1990,p.38-40
for hydraulic mounts, that meets the most demanding
LOOKING FOR A BINDING SOLUTION
specifications of automakers for resistance to high temps,
White L
boiling water, salt spray and a wide variety of aggressive
automotive fluids, is highlighted. The new system, called The pressure is on in the rubber-to-metal bonding
Chemlok EP5665-28A and EP5772-52, was extensively industry as solvent-based adhesives are under increasing
field tested for bonding a wide variety of NR compounds to environmental pressure. Many industry experts are
grit blasted and zinc-phosphatised steel and aluminium. sceptical that water-based systems will be able to provide
USA an acceptable alternative. The major bonding agents are
Accession no.410356 examined including Chemlok, the agreed market leader.
Bonded parts used in the automotive industry and quality
control measures are discussed.
Item 362 WORLD
Swiss Bonding 90-Bonding in Metalwork and
Construction.Conference proceedings. Accession no.408020
Rapperswil,28th-30th May 1990,p.353-72. 6A1
German
PRETREATMENT OF SUBSTRATES BASED ON
EPDM RUBBER COMPOUNDS
Dorn L;Wahono W
BERLIN,TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
Edited by: Schindel-Bidinelli E
Subject Index
A 106 136 213 AQUEOUS SOLUTION, 4 13 43
ADHESIVE TAPE, 62 350 46 111
ABRASION, 86 94 161 ADSORPTION, 75 84 97 129 162 ATOMIC ABSORPTION
ABRASION RESISTANCE, 84 169 212 289 292 301 306 SPECTROSCOPY, 316 338
104 160 161 171 287 AEROSPACE APPLICATION, 61 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY,
ABS, 62 135 323 130 293 330 49 50
ACCELERATED TEST, 8 180 204 AGEING, 15 18 20 46 80 86 94 98 ATTENUATED TOTAL
228 109 115 116 124 140 159 166 REFLECTION
ACCELERATOR, 13 29 30 44 64 182 194 202 213 217 230 232 SPECTROSCOPY, 18 148 163
71 153 160 212 230 257 258 237 240 256 258 259 260 265 187
260 290 303 305 307 313 319 278 287 290 291 294 303 304 AUGER ELECTRON
321 305 318 334 338 343 345 SPECTROSCOPY, 49 50 246
ACCIDENT, 108 AGITATION, 42 163 215 228 256 259 316 353
ACETONE, 147 148 149 349 AGITATOR, 42 135 AUTODEPOSITION, 60 63 104
ACID ETCHING, 85 146 215 277 AIR BUBBLE, 61 AUTOMATION, 42 69 87 92 215
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES, 32 191 AIR DRYING, 86 133 215 330 350
ACRYLAMIDE, 15 41 315 AIR ENTRAPMENT, 133 161 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION,
ACRYLATE RUBBER, 197 249 AIR POLLUTION, 24 88 188 12 16 24 25 32 34 38 58 62 63
ACRYLIC ELASTOMER, 131 161 AIRLESS SPRAYING, 162 215 92 126 128 133 158 159 162
162 171 239 302 322 ALLOY, 13 79 107 133 141 146 163 171 177 187 191 194 197
ACRYLIC POLYMER, 62 158 336 171 233 254 358 211 216 224 227 232 239 251
ACRYLONITRILE-STYRENE- ALUMINIUM, 5 32 38 47 51 71 264 266 293 312 320 323 330
ACRYLIC TERPOLYMER, 62 75 79 84 85 90 107 120 133 135 337 341 349 350 361 364
ACTIVATOR, 37 160 186 212 141 146 159 171 188 194 200 AUTOMOTIVE HOSE, 191
ADDITIVE, 13 22 23 44 52 53 62 220 233 239 268 277 285 287
74 75 82 84 85 86 105 111 121 291 292 323 330 344 349 358
133 135 144 145 146 147 148 360 361 B
149 158 159 160 161 162 163 ALUMINIUM FOIL, 159 BAKING, 96 240 255 256
170 187 188 202 206 212 215 ALUMINIUM OXIDE, 51 133 135 BEARING, 171 194 251 279 293
216 217 226 230 237 238 239 145 291 349 BELT, 108 159 160 164 230 307
240 255 256 257 258 259 260 AMINE, 29 74 249 260 BELTING, 94 297 326
273 277 285 286 287 301 302 AMMUNITION, 277 BINDING ENERGY, 170 259 356
303 305 307 314 315 317 318 ANAEROBIC, 166 BIODETERIORATION, 85 169
334 ANAEROBIC ADHESIVE, 323 171
ADHESION PROMOTER, 10 13 330 363 BISTRIETHOXYSILYLPROPYL
17 37 52 62 68 83 98 99 105 ANALYSIS, 5 10 18 31 38 40 42 TETRASULFIDE, 74 115 149
106 116 129 137 152 154 158 45 56 61 67 83 85 113 139 141 BLASTING, 91 92 145 268
159 168 182 188 189 195 212 144 146 147 148 149 163 170 BLEND, 3 13 26 62 105 160 197
217 218 220 226 230 232 239 174 175 180 187 189 199 212 230 238 239 258 259 298 305
241 246 258 259 262 263 267 213 214 216 217 237 238 239 307 315 317 325 333 349
270 273 284 287 299 303 305 247 251 258 259 260 285 286 BLOW MOULDING, 347
307 315 317 318 325 328 334 287 301 306 307 308 315 316 BOILING WATER, 59 216 240 255
343 344 318 337 256 285 301 306 314 361
ADHESION PROMOTION, 33 36 ANODISATION, 277 294 358 BOILING WATER RESISTANCE,
53 62 63 70 75 77 84 85 86 90 ANTI-ADHESIVE PROPERTIES, 104 159 162 188
91 92 112 114 115 126 133 145 260 BOND INTEGRITY, 153 264
146 150 151 161 163 174 176 ANTIOXIDANT, 108 212 345 BOND LINE, 141 146 240
182 183 187 194 195 206 212 ANTIOZONANT, 86 147 BOND SCISSION, 86
213 215 217 258 259 267 268 ANTI-VIBRATION MOUNT, 92 BOND STRENGTH, 7 8 19 20 22
284 290 303 307 316 318 321 AQUEOUS, 57 72 88 91 96 132 37 44 51 58 71 79 88 90 91 93
326 331 332 348 218 268 289 296 312 322 101 103 105 109 131 135 142
ADHESIVE FAILURE, 39 85 86 AQUEOUS ADHESIVE, 24 42 84 144 145 147 149 152 153 160
103 113 159 170 214 85 145 162 163 187 188 194 161 170 175 178 190 202 213
ADHESIVE FILM, 82 251 197 213 215 239 240 255 256 233 237 238 244 245 249 251
ADHESIVE STRENGTH, 19 29 92 285 286 301 302 312 314
253 270 273 275 286 290 295 RUBBER, 277 276 289 302 333
297 298 301 302 303 304 310 CARBOXYLATED RUBBER, 230 CLOSED MOULD, 277
311 314 318 327 328 329 333 302 COAGENT, 112 137 201 252 270
340 344 352 353 354 358 359 CATERPILLAR TRACK, 251 281 287
362 363 CATHODIC DEBONDING, 339 COAGULATION, 188 215 239 256
BOUNDARY LAYER, 37 49 170 CAVITATION, 144 145 147 148 COATED METAL, 114 147
BR, 26 51 95 100 112 230 238 250 244 271 286 309 COATING, 12 20 37 63 64 72 75
272 319 334 CEMENT, 134 203 235 297 78 86 88 104 108 133 134 135
BRAKE, 32 CHARACTERISATION, 26 82 115 145 147 161 172 188 190 197
BRAKE FLUID, 75 85 188 320 136 247 265 291 311 351 352 203 213 215 216 217 221 228
BRAKE HOSE, 191 353 230 235 238 239 240 268 277
BRASS, 4 5 10 15 18 20 29 30 40 CHEMICAL BOND, 1 342 355 331
41 49 50 68 74 77 90 94 98 99 CHEMICAL BONDING, 2 28 109 COBALT, 20 68 77 143 149 152
101 107 115 135 138 149 152 133 161 168 195 206 217 232 254 258 259
159 160 181 194 195 200 202 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, 170 263 317 318 335
230 231 232 237 246 247 248 275 292 308 COBALT BOROACYLATE, 101
251 258 259 273 274 285 287 CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, 51 154 246
290 303 305 307 308 311 313 53 60 63 84 85 86 90 91 92 97 COBALT COMPOUND, 74 80 101
315 316 317 318 321 325 326 106 133 136 148 161 163 187 182 273 319 359
335 338 359 188 202 213 229 237 315 COBALT NAPHTHENATE, 101
BROMOBUTYL RUBBER, 318 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, 16 32 152 186 212 257 258 260 303
BRONZE, 54 90 135 194 64 67 70 73 75 84 85 86 89 132 305 307 318 338
BUILDING APPLICATION, 251 145 147 161 162 170 171 188 COBALT NEODECANOATE, 101
279 323 330 216 228 238 240 121 258 259
BUSHING, 58 67 104 264 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, 7 16 COBALT SALT, 159 307 318 321
BUTADIENE COPOLYMER, 48 32 59 64 67 70 73 75 84 85 86 COBALT STEARATE, 101 212 246
193 222 243 89 104 132 135 136 145 147 COEXTRUSION, 62 197 239
BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE 161 162 170 171 188 197 216 COHESION, 62 75 84 95 287 289
COPOLYMER, 22 27 75 84 88 228 238 239 240 249 251 255 301 303 305 306 323
90 94 112 135 159 160 161 162 256 277 285 320 324 361 COHESIVE FAILURE, 39 133 141
171 172 188 197 204 228 239 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, 83 109 144 145 149 159 161 170
240 249 255 256 260 264 269 114 136 223 239 251 COHESIVE STRENGTH, 86 106
270 272 281 282 285 287 296 CHEMICAL TREATMENT, 53 84 215 306
302 306 307 312 314 317 320 85 90 91 194 COIL COATING, 239
322 324 329 347 CHEMISORPTION, 84 277 292 COLD BONDING, 297
BUTADIENE-STYRENE CHLORINATED NR, 295 COLOUR, 161 237 277 302
COPOLYMER, 3 13 78 84 107 CHLORINATED PE, 17 322 COMPATIBILITY, 97 152 241 249
133 135 144 159 161 162 163 CHLORINATED RUBBER, 148 290 326 357
187 197 213 230 239 240 241 346 COMPOSITE, 29 30 37 38 61 62
249 250 251 255 256 269 272 CHLOROBUTYL RUBBER, 160 94 105 109 128 131 133 141
285 305 306 307 312 317 320 CHLOROPRENE POLYMER, 73 149 158 159 160 164 169 171
329 333 345 349 360 84 94 135 160 161 162 163 172 186 190 193 198 199 214 217
BUTYL RUBBER, 84 88 125 135 187 204 221 228 230 240 249 258 259 260 277 281 303 305
160 163 197 227 239 253 255 250 272 312 329 331 341 351 307 315 316 317 318 325 338
256 272 285 312 323 324 329 CHLOROSULFONATED 342 358
POLYETHYLENE, 22 161 250 COMPOUND, 7 29 83 86 133 149
252 261 270 282 287 324 159 191 203 208 213 216 238
C CHLOROTRIAZINE, 98 237 307 260 315
CABLE, 94 325 334 343 COMPOUNDING, 8 44 86 97 109
CAMSHAFT, 330 CHROMIC ACID, 146 323 349 358 112 133 135 137 153 160 161
CAR, 32 38 62 133 159 162 163 CHROMIUM, 53 355 363 186 201 213 217 252 258 259
171 187 191 194 216 239 337 CHROMIUM FREE, 53 85 260 270 287 303 307 335
CARBON BLACK, 3 23 29 44 76 CIS-1,4-POLYBUTADIENE, 308 COMPOUNDING INGREDIENT,
93 107 120 121 145 147 148 313 44 321 326
160 162 170 207 208 212 230 CLAY, 260 COMPRESSION, 38 58 161 271
240 257 258 259 286 298 303 CLEAN, 301 333 290
346 CLEANING, 42 60 90 91 92 133 COMPRESSION MOULD, 256
CARBON FIBRE-REINFORCED 134 135 149 172 215 235 268 285 286 287 333 354
COMPRESSION MOULDING, 16 CROSSLINK DENSITY, 29 75 136 300 334 338 343 345 352
104 135 168 188 347 139 148 175 230 232 DEGREASING, 53 75 84 85 86 88
COMPRESSION SET, 44 153 160 CROSSLINKING, 26 41 49 50 52 92 93 94 133 134 135 145 146
270 281 287 75 84 96 97 121 125 136 137 188 215 228 240 268 276 285
COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS, 148 149 159 161 170 187 196 301 358
61 170 212 213 239 197 201 205 208 212 216 217 DELAMINATION, 38 65 162 249
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN, 225 230 231 251 252 257 290 288 351
211 350 CROSSLINKING AGENT, 112 249 DEPOSITION, 60 100 114 212 231
COMPUTER AIDED TESTING, 251 270 281 DEPTH PROFILING, 98 259 316
38 61 85 146 CRYO-ULTRAMICROTOMY, 247 318
CONDENSATION, 46 57 132 162 311 DESIGN, 7 23 51 69 93 108 119
205 217 315 CURE TIME, 15 49 50 87 127 141 173 178 211 213 275 283
CONSTANT LOADING, 216 238 144 145 146 147 148 149 159 DEZINCIFICATION, 20 258 307
CONTACT ADHESIVE, 323 341 213 214 216 217 237 238 258 326
350 259 260 286 287 297 302 305 DICHLOROBUTADIENE
CONTACT ANGLE, 96 100 301 303 306 307 314 333 COPOLYMER, 48
CONTAMINATION, 39 86 91 133 CURING, 13 22 26 28 35 39 40 49 DICYCLOHEXYL
134 161 170 203 208 50 60 62 63 72 73 84 85 86 94 BENZOTHIAZYL
CONVEYOR BELT, 159 160 262 95 96 104 112 114 121 125 134 SULFENAMIDE, 248 308 313
283 321 334 137 141 146 159 163 170 187 DIENE POLYMER, 26 51 73 95
COPPER, 98 116 237 246 259 355 195 203 230 232 234 235 252 100 188 248 295 308
COPPER SULFIDE, 99 202 237 255 260 270 277 302 306 311 DIESEL ENGINE, 32
248 258 307 313 315 323 325 347 363 DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL
CORD, 157 160 190 267 CURING AGENT, 23 44 66 71 74 ANALYSIS, 83 136 163 187
CORONA, 323 349 362 75 84 112 144 145 148 149 153 189 214 251 307
CORONA TREATMENT, 62 328 159 160 162 163 183 187 188 DIFFUSION, 66 75 97 129 147 163
CORROSION, 53 94 159 190 217 192 198 201 202 212 216 217 187 216 238 251 306
240 291 330 226 229 230 237 238 240 255 DILATATION, 144 145 148
CORROSION INHIBITOR, 43 53 258 259 263 266 277 285 287 DILUTION, 42 135 162 188 215
85 215 318 298 302 303 307 314 315 318 249 314
CORROSION RESISTANCE, 12 CURING SYSTEM, 160 212 239 DIPPING, 43 53 78 86 104 215 256
18 42 53 58 63 72 74 75 84 85 240 248 270 286 303 305 313 263 302 305 307 314
86 91 92 104 115 126 128 133 CURING TEMPERATURE, 62 84 DIRECT ADHESION, 6 77 97 109
134 135 149 161 162 163 173 85 86 141 144 145 146 147 148 DISPERSION, 42 96 112 137 215
177 187 188 190 194 197 206 149 159 161 163 187 214 217 259 260 320 350
215 216 239 240 272 277 285 230 237 238 239 256 258 260 DISSOCIATION, 212 232
288 300 302 315 318 320 330 286 287 302 305 306 307 314 DISSOLUTION, 53 147 249 251
364 333 DOMESTIC APPLIANCE, 171
COST, 53 85 87 92 106 143 184 CYANOACRYLATE, 62 94 224 DRY BONDING, 199
205 256 286 330 350 234 349 350 DRYING, 42 75 85 86 133 134 135
COUPLING AGENT, 46 74 75 115 161 162 163 187 188 194 197
127 128 149 159 160 165 187 215 239 264 276
195 200 226 239 275 303 307 D DRYING TIME, 86 161 163 187
336 344 DAMPING, 25 32 78 171 191 193 194 215 239
COVALENT BONDING, 216 238 330 DURABILITY, 7 8 65 95 114 185
252 270 287 317 DEBOND, 196 238 258 202 216 231 233 237 238 245
CR, 73 84 94 160 161 162 163 187 DEBONDING, 38 45 73 75 85 86 332 338 342 352
204 221 228 230 240 249 250 113 147 161 162 170 214 216 DYNAMIC LOADING, 38 171
272 312 331 274 291 352 191
CRACK GROWTH, 103 144 147 DEFECT, 38 61 86 237 337 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
148 264 351 DEFENCE APPLICATION, 277 THERMAL ANALYSIS, 26 65
CRACK PROPAGATION, 56 141 DEFORMATION, 38 61 75 86 141 125
146 217 144 145 146 191 271 286 309 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES, 44 67
CRACK TIP, 103 141 146 244 355 118 177 191 217 258 265 305
CRACKING, 56 117 141 144 146 DEGRADATION, 15 18 20 46 67 334 348
147 148 217 258 277 286 70 72 80 85 86 94 98 102 109 DYNAMIC SEAL, 171 302
CROSSLINK, 83 169 238 287 303 115 124 140 153 159 180 182 DYNAMIC TESTING, 160 290
305 306 315 194 213 217 230 232 237 240
E EPOXY RESIN, 62 73 84 90 146 259 270 277 286 290 298 303
211 292 304 307 323 328 330 307 309 317
EARTHQUAKE, 279 293 336 344 349 358 362 363 FILLER CONTENT, 133 160 240
EB, 18 75 157 187 230 349 350 EQUIPMENT, 42 61 92 274 315 258 259 286 303
EBONITE, 84 251 ETCHING, 68 85 90 91 100 212 FILM, 36 63 82 88 114 115 134 141
ELECTRODEPOSITION, 84 86 215 246 277 308 323 328 146 148 149 212 231 257
ELECTROGALVANISED STEEL, ETHYLENE ACRYLIC RUBBER, FILM FORMING, 149 162 163 187
149 131 188 197 239 249
ELECTROLESS PLATING, 28 95 ETHYLENE GLYCOL, 230 240 FINISHING, 161 168
209 255 285 301 329 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS, 5
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 30 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE 31 56 113 146 180 286
40 68 144 147 175 196 208 225 COPOLYMER, 84 112 230 FIRE HOSE, 160
247 308 311 313 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE- FLAME TREATMENT, 62 169
ELECTROSTATIC ADHESION, DIENE TERPOLYMER, 1 17 FLEXURAL PROPERTIES, 75 104
84 22 23 46 62 66 75 84 88 94 112 146 191 214 217 271 305 309
ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING, 124 135 159 160 161 162 163 FLUID RESISTANCE, 75 131 171
188 215 172 185 188 197 200 201 203 216 238 255 270 285 287
ELONGATION, 22 38 44 136 153 239 241 249 251 252 253 260 FLUOROELASTOMER, 16 34 64
160 213 217 240 251 260 270 269 270 272 281 287 291 296 75 84 90 161 162 171 197 200
277 281 286 288 290 305 333 307 320 324 328 347 349 362 230 239 249 251 264 322 324
ELONGATION AT BREAK, 18 75 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE FLUOROPOLYMER, 9 228 266
157 187 230 260 287 349 350 COPOLYMER, 22 62 112 252 FLUOROSILICONE RUBBER,
EMISSION, 78 84 94 162 163 187 270 281 287 110 219 322
188 194 235 255 256 285 314 EXPOSURE TIME, 84 85 147 170 FORCE, 38 144 146 147 213 214
337 213 240 255 256 302 238 256 260
EMISSION CONTROL, 24 63 88 EXTRACTION, 148 247 FORMULATION, 18 44 68 80 102
ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY EXTRUSION, 62 81 85 161 230 107 122 137 142 153 172 178
ANALYSIS, 30 148 163 170 239 199 201 226 235 253 270 281
187 202 237 247 251 259 313 290 319 337 347
338 FOURIER TRANSFORM
ENERGY OF ADHESION, 258 F INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY,
259 360 FABRIC, 22 62 94 112 160 253 263 18 36 96 100 148
ENGINE MOUNTING, 78 149 159 297 FRACTURE, 86 133 141 144 145
163 177 187 191 197 239 FABRIC REINFORCED, 214 305 146 147 148 162 245 249 251
ENGINEERING APPLICATION, FAILURE, 3 11 39 56 70 71 76 79 351
45 62 75 87 133 251 330 85 90 94 95 108 117 119 133 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS, 141
ENVIRONMENT, 14 53 72 84 85 141 142 144 145 146 147 148 233
150 162 163 177 181 184 187 149 153 159 161 170 171 178 FREE-RADICAL INITIATOR, 48
188 194 255 256 314 322 329 180 196 203 208 213 214 216 FREEZE-THAW STABILITY, 162
ENVIRONMENTAL 228 233 238 239 240 244 245 215 249
PROTECTION, 88 134 289 255 256 260 261 264 265 271 FUEL RESISTANCE, 136 228 266
ENVIRONMENTAL 277 285 286 287 290 291 306 FURNITURE, 171
RESISTANCE, 39 240 255 256 309 311 318 332 339 364
285 298 301 302 312 FAILURE ANALYSIS, 39 45 89
ENVIRONMENTALLY 170 239 353
G
FRIENDLY, 55 59 132 167 205 FAILURE MECHANISM, 145 148 GALVANISED, 115 159 316
228 235 153 213 GAS TURBINE, 61
EPDM, 1 17 22 23 46 62 66 75 84 FAST CURING, 234 GASKET, 16 64 78 197 228 239
88 94 112 124 135 159 160 161 FATIGUE, 11 56 58 67 124 133 157 296 324
162 163 172 185 188 197 200 160 166 191 230 265 278 286 GEOMETRY, 141 144 145 213 214
201 203 239 241 249 251 252 290 303 335 283 288
253 260 269 270 272 281 287 FIBRE, 62 112 137 169 192 229 GLASS, 62 109 135 280 323 330
291 296 307 320 324 328 347 299 307 317 341
349 362 FIBRE-REINFORCED RUBBER, GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED
EPICHLOROHYDRIN 22 149 159 217 RUBBER, 307
POLYMER, 162 239 FILLER, 82 94 121 133 144 145 GLOW-DISCHARGE
EPICHLOROHYDRIN RUBBER, 147 148 160 162 163 169 170 POLYMERISATION, 100 114
197 249 186 212 219 226 230 240 258 212 231 257
GLYCOL, 75 78 89 188 216 238 HYDRAULIC HOSE, 160 ISOPRENE POLYMER, 135 148
GREASE RESISTANCE, 171 HYDROCHLORIC ACID, 53 148 159 164 230
GRIT BLASTING, 63 145 161 215 187 308 311 332
216 238 240 276 277 285 288 HYDROGENATED NBR, 75 171
358 361 197 239 302 J
HYDROLYSIS, 46 57 132 149 159 JOINT, 47 141 144 145 146 147
317 194 323
H HYPALON, 112 JOINT STRENGTH, 47 73 109 144
HANDLING, 42 131 135 161 215 145 147 340 352
252 262 263
HARDNESS, 22 44 53 62 153 160
I
161 162 163 187 197 213 214 IIR, 84 88 125 135 160 163 197 L
216 230 238 250 255 256 258 227 239 272 312 LAMINATE, 32 109 288 305 310
260 265 270 272 281 285 286 IMMERSION, 16 53 85 145 147 341
287 290 303 314 335 349 357 216 237 238 240 255 285 288 LAP JOINT, 231
HEALTH HAZARD, 15 53 78 94 302 LAP SHEAR JOINT, 287
105 150 167 194 263 IMPACT PROPERTIES, 67 104 LAP SHEAR STRENGTH, 27 252
HEAT AGEING, 16 20 40 86 102 133 230 270 281 287 358
121 131 166 213 217 230 240 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION, 9 LATEX, 14 187 188 215 222 239
258 259 260 270 287 304 305 78 133 171 191 194 241 251 305 307 317
HEAT CURING, 125 323 INHIBITOR, 112 153 192 230 LAUNCH TUBE, 277
HEAT RESISTANCE, 23 25 59 64 INJECTION MOULD, 255 256 277 LEAD, 59 78 317
85 101 132 133 135 161 162 285 286 329 LEAD-FREE, 25 70 250 272
171 185 188 197 215 216 228 INJECTION MOULDING, 62 69 LEGISLATION, 14 24 88 312
230 238 239 240 249 251 255 84 93 97 133 135 162 168 179 LINING, 163 251 297
256 273 277 285 188 211 230 251 347 LIQUID RUBBER, 27 112 277
HEATED, 38 42 62 85 86 117 134 INJECTION TRANSFER LOADING, 38 108 141 145 146
145 147 161 162 163 187 188 MOULD, 277 147 161 171 191 213 216 238
197 215 216 239 INSERT, 42 133 141 163 170 171 271
HEATING, 12 38 42 62 85 86 117 215 216 238 277 329 LONG-TERM, 73 185 256
134 145 147 161 162 163 187 INSERT MOULDING, 39 62 87 93 LUBRICANT, 46 86 108 133 171
188 197 215 216 239 249 256 96 133 277 206 260
260 332 INTERACTION, 51 54 212 237
HEAVY VEHICLE TYRE, 68 195 259 286 292 303 353
HEXAMETHOXYMETHYLME INTERDIFFUSION, 84 109 148 M
LAMINE, 29 160 166 217 230 188 306
MACHINERY, 42 69 86 87 103
258 303 305 315 INTERFACE, 23 28 30 51 95 109
133 249 264 311 347 348
HEXAMETHYLENE 144 146 147 148 185 214 216
MANUFACTURE, 58 78 108 330
TETRAMINE, 217 305 317 232 238 291 313 318
MARINE APPLICATION, 73 352
HIGH TEMPERATURE, 50 145 INTERFACIAL ADHESION, 21 98
MASS SPECTROMETRY, 148 149
202 255 99 109 212 258 303 318
163 187
HIGH-SOLIDS, 84 188 249 INTERFACIAL BONDING, 77 97
MATERIAL REPLACEMENT, 3
HNBR, 75 171 197 239 281
14 55 59 70 72 88 120 150 159
HOSE, 61 62 78 160 191 307 321 INTERFACIAL DEBONDING, 86
162 163 228 254 255 256
HOT AIR AGEING, 101 217 INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES, 54
MATERIALS SELECTION, 39 45
HOT CURING, 125 68 70 84 109 115 152 174 221
84 90 135 161 172 173 181
HOT MELT ADHESIVE, 62 185 223 246 290 292 344 355 356
MECHANICAL PART, 62 75 162
323 350 357
163 171 187 191 194 239 256
HOT WATER, 255 256 277 288 300 INTERPHASE, 49 50 99 109 212
277 302 314
HOT WATER RESISTANCE, 84 231 257 274 292
MECHANICAL TREATMENT, 53
85 159 162 188 193 216 238 IONIC BOND, 84 270 287
84 85 86 90
240 249 255 256 285 301 302 IR SPECTROSCOPY, 36 83 96 100
MECHANISM, 30 74 75 79 84 95
306 314 114 128 148 149 163 170 174
96 109 212 216 238 259 271 274
HUMID AGEING, 116 202 217 187 212 257 336 338 353
288 303 307 309 313 317 318
HUMIDITY, 80 98 102 121 221 IRON, 53 133 237 259 344
MEDICAL APPLICATION, 94
233 237 258 259 260 272 290 IRON PHOSPHATE, 53 302
MELAMINE-FORMALDEHYDE
291 303 350 358 ISOCYANATE, 27 84 145 162 251
RESIN, 15 156 205 217 315 323
HYDRAULIC APPLICATION, 361 317
METAL COATING, 20 37 290 325 NBR, 22 27 88 112 135 197 249 220 223 224 235 238 239 244
METAL CORD, 20 37 62 105 106 269 272 312 320 324 249 256 261 271 285 287 301
152 230 299 NEOPRENE, 73 84 94 160 161 162 305 312 315 329 336 345
METAL FIBRE-REINFORCED 163 187 204 221 230 240 351 PEEL TEST, 75 85 145 146 147
RUBBER, 4 137 159 168 190 NICKEL, 209 232 254 363 148 149 153 159 163 175 187
201 270 281 325 326 NITRILE RUBBER, 22 27 75 84 188 213 214 238 256 264 285
METAL INSERT, 42 133 163 170 90 94 159 160 161 162 171 172 287 301 349
171 215 216 238 276 277 329 188 204 228 239 240 255 256 PEELING, 213 214 240 255 285
METAL OXIDE, 37 53 239 292 260 264 270 281 282 285 287 309 349
298 331 296 302 306 307 314 317 322 PERFLUOROELASTOMER, 2
METAL REINFORCED RUBBER, 329 347 PEROXIDE, 23 75 84 159 192 219
4 137 159 168 190 197 201 239 NOISE REDUCTION, 25 32 191 249 277 287 302 303 314
270 281 325 326 338 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST, 33 PEROXIDE VULCANISATION,
METHYLENE DONOR, 198 217 38 61 85 118 75 84 112 137 153 159 252 270
229 305 NOVOLAC RESIN, 96 150 199 277 281 287 290
MICROPROBE, 251 217 PH, 43 53 159 241 256 260
MICROSCOPY, 39 42 68 83 102 NYLON, 62 75 90 112 124 133 135 PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE
141 144 147 169 237 247 248 171 250 262 RESIN, 96 105 323
353 PHENOLIC RESIN, 75 85 90 160
MICROWAVE CURING, 114 162 197 230 239 251 284 331
MIGRATION, 18 62 85 86 99 114 O PHOSPHATE, 53 92 176 218 288
147 148 161 163 187 188 216 ODOUR, 215 PHOSPHATISATION, 53 63 84 85
238 267 301 OFFICE FURNITURE, 171 86 90 91 92 133 161 187 188
MILITARY APPLICATION, 277 OIL RESISTANCE, 85 132 135 213 288 302 361
MILLING, 260 261 170 171 197 228 239 266 302 PHOSPHORIC ACID, 349 358
MIXING, 37 39 42 71 86 102 109 314 329 PHOTOCHEMISTRY, 27
133 135 150 153 160 161 208 ONE-COAT, 135 145 161 215 226 PHOTOELECTRON
213 215 217 260 265 287 290 240 255 256 266 312 SPECTROSCOPY, 170 196 208
299 ONE-COMPONENT, 9 18 30 53 221 225 231
MODULUS, 133 136 141 145 153 156 205 217 323 330 350 PIGMENT, 134 162 163 187 188
160 166 213 217 258 270 277 ONE-PART, 141 215 235 249 251 256 277
281 287 305 306 327 338 349 ONE-STEP, 159 PISTON, 171
MOISTURE, 20 42 237 258 323 OPTICAL APPLICATION, 330 PLASMA, 323 349
326 OPTICAL MICROSCOPY, 83 102 PLASMA POLYMERISATION,
MOISTURE RESISTANCE, 23 147 237 100 114 212 231 257
273 287 302 OPTICAL PROPERTIES, 61 161 PLASMA TREATMENT, 19 21 77
MOULD, 42 86 87 172 235 347 348 212 237 239 247 277 302 84 129 231 268 328 362
MOULD FOULING, 163 187 188 OVEN AGEING, 153 217 305 PLASTICISER, 44 86 94 131 135
MOULD RELEASE AGENT, 78 OVERCURE, 101 116 170 303 305 161 230
86 135 347 OXIDATION, 24 53 84 85 86 161 PLATED, 237 263
MOULD TEMPERATURE, 86 133 162 185 212 292 PLATING, 20 23 28 35 77 116 138
139 175 216 238 240 255 285 OXIDISING AGENT, 43 53 346 161 276
MOULDING, 16 42 45 67 75 84 85 OZONE CRACKING, 147 POLARITY, 75 84 97 136 307
86 93 94 104 135 168 179 187 POLLUTION, 24 88 188 235
188 213 214 215 216 238 239 POLYACETYLENE, 77 100 114
240 260 270 347 348 P 212 231 257
MOULDING PRESSURE, 62 86 POLYACRYLATE, 197 211 249
PATENT, 46 57 325 331 346
214 323
PE, 62 90 135 252 322 323
MOUNTING, 11 25 149 159 163 POLYAMIDE, 62 75 90 112 124
PEEL ANGLE, 75 85 145 146 147
187 191 227 239 361 133 135 171 250 262 263 277
148 213 214 244 256 309
MULTI-LAYER, 109 146 279 299 305 307 323
PEEL ENERGY, 144 147 148 214
MULTI-MATERIAL MOULDING, POLYBUTADIENE, 26 51 95 100
PEEL FORCE, 145 146 213 214
62 87 112 230 238 248 250 272 305
PEEL RESISTANCE, 227
307 317 319 333 343
PEEL STRENGTH, 1 3 13 16 23
POLYCARBONATE, 62 90 323
N 27 44 47 62 65 71 75 76 79 83
330
85 95 103 115 117 119 120 139
NATURAL FIBRE-REINFORCED POLYCHLOROPRENE, 73 84 94
145 146 147 148 149 158 159
RUBBER, 307 135 160 161 162 163 172 187
163 185 187 188 197 213 214
204 221 228 230 240 249 250 289 291 301 306 312 320 329 RHEOMETRY, 15 216 217 238 260
255 256 272 285 295 296 299 330 331 349 364 287 306 315 333
307 312 317 324 329 341 PRIMERLESS, 62 85 RIB, 171
POLYCYANOACRYLATE, 62 224 PROBLEM PREVENTION, 85 86 ROCKET MOTOR, 291
234 89 347 ROLL COVERING, 86 161 162
POLYDIENE, 26 51 73 95 100 188 PROCESSING, 45 49 50 56 58 60 163 197 239
248 295 308 73 78 86 92 94 100 108 109 129 ROLLER, 38 161 162 163 251
POLYETHYLENE, 17 62 90 135 161 172 202 207 232 239 253 ROTARY MOULD, 87
161 250 252 261 270 287 322 269 274 277 296 320 330 ROUGHNESS, 53 145 147 237 244
323 324 PROSTHESIS, 332 RUPTURE, 213 249 291 311 360
POLYFLUOROETHYLENE, 62 77 PROTECTIVE COATING, 64 72 RUSTING, 84 85 86 145 302
90 133 135 141 146 171 104
POLYISOPRENE, 148 159 164 230 PULL-OUT, 6 100 160 170 217
250 258 259 272 304 232 244 258 259 260 265 290 S
POLYMERIC ADHESION 303 305 318 SAFETY, 53 103 108 131 167 262
PROMOTER, 212 217 284 PULL TEST, 227 240 256 307 354 SALT, 53 217 300 326
POLYMERIC COUPLING PULLING, 240 256 286 SALT FOG RESISTANCE, 75 84
AGENT, 165 PULLING FORCE, 256 260 85 104 162 240 255 258 264
POLYMETHYL 277 285 329
CYANOACRYLATE, 328 SALT SPRAY RESISTANCE, 7 59
POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER, 85 Q 102 104 240 255 256 285 361
POLYSILOXANE, 136 179 219 QUALITY CONTROL, 38 61 85 SALT SPRAY TEST, 63 249 300
277 87 92 130 175 203 211 330 364 339
POLYTETRAFLUORO- SALT WATER, 288 305
ETHYLENE, 62 77 90 133 135 SAMPLE PREPARATION, 102
141 146 171 323 R 247 308
POLYURETHANE, 62 73 75 78 SAND BLAST, 161 239
RADIAL PLY TYRE, 6 101 102
89 94 135 145 161 230 241 278 SANDING, 53 75 84 85 86 133 187
105 189 195 217 303 319
297 323 328 349 350 362 188 308
RADIATION CURING, 230 323
POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER, SANDWICH STRUCTURE, 32 61
RADIATOR HOSE, 262
75 161 230 SATURATED POLYESTER, 62
RAYON, 250 263 307
POROSITY, 53 85 360 112 250 262 263 307
REACTIVE ADHESIVE, 163 187
POST CURING, 168 216 250 SBR, 3 13 78 84 107 133 135 144
REGULATION, 14 88 228 249 264
POWDER, 53 188 205 217 260 299 159 161 162 163 187 197 213
REINFORCED RUBBER, 6 22 38
POWER TRANSMISSION 230 239 240 241 249 250 251
61 149 157 159 160 214 217
BELTING, 160 230 255 256 269 272 285 305 306
260 277 303 305 307 315 316
PRE-TREATMENT, 43 55 60 91 97 307 312 317 320 329 333 345
317 318 325 335
168 187 194 219 231 349 360
REINFORCEMENT, 4 22 106 142
PRECIPITATED SILICA, 160 258 SCANNING ELECTRON
157 190 198 229 230 305 307
259 290 303 MICROSCOPY, 30 40 102 144
326
PREHEATING, 42 62 86 145 147 148 170 175 196 202 208 225
REJECT RATE, 228
162 163 187 188 215 239 249 237 247 251 259 313 318 349
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, 237 302
256 260 353
358
PRESSURE, 32 38 42 61 69 100 SCORCH, 160 202 217 230 237
RELEASE AGENT, 78 86 135
108 114 161 171 188 215 328 258 260 287
RESORCINOL, 166 217 230 263
349 SEA WATER, 73
267 305 307 315
PRETREATMENT, 43 55 60 91 97 SEAL, 2 16 34 55 62 78 162 163
RESORCINOL-
168 187 194 219 231 242 268 171 187 194 211 239 256 266
FORMALDEHYDE RESIN,
275 276 308 311 328 353 362 277 293 296 302 314
29 80 106 150 160 199 217 258
363 SEALANT, 112 136 201 252 349
284 303 305 307 317 338
PRIMER, 7 9 12 14 26 36 39 42 53 350
RETENTION, 213 255 285 286
62 70 72 73 75 76 78 84 85 86 SEALING RING, 162 163 171 187
RETREADING, 89 155
88 90 97 104 110 114 123 125 SEISMIC BEARING, 194 279
REVERSE ROLL COATING, 161
126 133 134 145 147 148 149 SELF-ADHESION, 109 280
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES,
151 161 162 163 167 184 187 SELF-DRYING, 42 75 85 86 133
50 86 133 160 162 170 188 197
197 212 213 215 216 219 228 134 135 161 162 163 187 188
203 215 228 230 234 239 255
231 235 238 239 240 249 250 194 197 215 239
256 260 290 302 315
251 255 256 257 272 285 286
RHEOMETER, 121 153 306 315 333
SURGICAL APPLICATION, 332 155 160 195 203 206 208 210 TREAD, 89 106 108 217
SUSPENSION, 133 162 163 187 213 214 249 264 265 270 281 TROUBLESHOOTING, 89
191 251 259 286 290 306 311 312 320 327 TRUCK TYRE, 68 195
SWAGING, 58 63 104 329 330 332 333 335 345 353 TWO-COAT, 9 39 135 161 239
SWELLING, 38 66 136 147 148 354 361 TWO-COMPONENT, 53 64 144
160 277 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE, 134 217 299 323 330 350
SYNTHETIC FIBRE, 112 250 187 188 TWO-MATERIAL INJECTION
SYNTHETIC FIBRE- TEXTILE, 17 94 307 317 MOULDING, 62
REINFORCED RUBBER, 305 TEXTILE-REINFORCED TWO-PART, 53 64 144 217
307 RUBBER, 38 305 307 317 TWO-STAGE, 159 217
SYNTHETIC RUBBER, 8 9 39 63 THERMAL AGEING, 20 265 TYRE, 4 6 18 41 61 68 77 78 80
78 108 109 132 134 169 203 THERMAL DEGRADATION, 16 89 98 101 102 105 108 122 127
346 20 40 73 86 102 121 131 166 143 149 152 154 155 156 157
213 217 230 232 240 291 361 159 166 186 189 195 199 205
364 206 207 217 230 237 258 259
T THERMAL EXPANSION, 38 260 262 303 304 305 307 315
T-JOINT, 304 THERMAL GRAVIMETRIC 318 319 321 325
TACK, 155 197 323 ANALYSIS, 83 136 199 TYRE BELT, 217 290 303 305
TACKIFIER, 94 273 THERMAL STABILITY, 23 25 59 TYRE CORD, 4 15 18 19 20 21 29
TANK LINING, 163 64 85 101 132 133 135 161 162 30 41 49 50 54 74 80 94 98 99
TAPE, 62 171 185 188 197 215 216 228 100 101 105 106 115 116 122
TEAR STRENGTH, 3 7 33 59 104 230 238 239 240 249 251 252 127 149 152 157 159 168 182
144 160 161 166 216 230 238 255 256 273 277 285 287 315 189 195 199 202 207 217 230
240 251 252 255 258 259 270 330 346 232 237 254 258 259 260 262
277 285 287 315 338 345 THERMOCORONA 263 265 303 304 305 307 315
TEARING, 18 113 117 213 214 216 TREATMENT, 362 318 321 338
238 240 256 286 313 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC
TEMPERATURE, 38 42 53 84 86 ANALYSIS, 83 96 136 199 307
109 133 134 145 147 155 162 315 U
170 171 187 188 191 194 213 THERMOPLASTIC ULTRAMICROTOME, 308 313
215 216 235 237 238 239 240 ELASTOMER, 62 81 85 124 ULTRASONIC CLEANING, 149
249 255 264 268 277 285 290 168 322 324 327 UNDER THE BONNET
302 350 THICKNESS, 12 23 32 42 54 63 75 APPLICATION, 24 34
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE, 84 85 86 100 104 114 116 133 UNDERCURE, 85 86
106 216 141 145 146 161 163 187 188 UNDERWATER, 145
TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE, 212 214 215 220 228 231 238 UNFILLED, 144 145 147 148
64 324 361 364 240 251 255 259 285 286 313 UV CURING, 330
TENSILE PROPERTIES, 6 22 35 314 323 350
44 75 131 136 138 146 153 157 THICKNESS CONTROL, 42 133
162 213 217 230 234 235 249 141 V
260 290 315 333 349 THIN FILM, 36 88
VALVE STEM SEAL, 171
TENSION, 32 38 144 146 161 213 TIE LAYER, 6 112 137
VAPOUR DEGREASING, 215 240
256 354 TITANIUM, 70 90 110 135 277
285
TENSION LOADING, 38 141 213 280 344
VEHICLE, 32 108 330 337
TEST EQUIPMENT, 2 38 61 65 TOPCOAT, 88 133 145 147 161
VEHICLE SUSPENSION, 133 162
103 118 121 125 145 265 306 188 213 215 216 228 238 240
163 187 191
311 255
VEHICLE TRANSMISSION, 194
TEST METHOD, 2 33 35 39 44 63 TORQUE, 216 258 287 305
VEHICLE WINDOW, 62
67 89 91 93 94 102 104 109 112 TORSION, 161 191
VIBRATION, 38 78 191
113 115 118 136 142 144 153 TOXICITY, 15 53 78 105 194 315
VIBRATION DAMPER, 11 24 32
155 195 203 206 208 210 213 TRANSFER MOULD, 87 256 286
38 55 58 159 162 163 171 187
214 286 347
188 191 194 197 222 239 264
TEST SPECIMEN, 85 141 145 213 TRANSFER MOULDING, 135
293 300
214 265 286 288 352 188 347
VIBRATION DAMPING, 25 32 78
TESTING, 2 33 35 38 39 44 61 63 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON
193 251
65 67 85 89 91 93 94 102 103 MICROSCOPY, 28 30 40 196
VIBRATION MOUNTING, 25 227
104 109 112 113 115 118 121 208 225 247 248 311 313 318
VIBRATIONAL
125 136 142 144 145 146 153 353
SPECTROSCOPY, 36 96 128
X
X-RAY ANALYSIS, 30 40 68 102
147 148 163 170 187 202 208
221 225 231 237 311 313 338
Company Index
A BRITISH STANDARDS INST., 327 CONNECTICUT,UNIVERSITY,
BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL 336
ABRASIVE DEVELOPMENTS LABORATORY, 185 CONTINENTAL MATADOR, 21
LTD., 92 176 BTR, 133 CONTITECH
ACADIA POLYMERS INC., 170 BTR PERADIN LTD., 93 TRANSPORTBANDSYSTEME
196 208 225 BTR PLC, 194 GMBH, 283
ADVANCED ELASTOMER BUDAPEST,RESEARCH CORRY RUBBER CORP., 7
SYSTEMS, 62 81 124 INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS CRAY VALLEY, 22
AEROSPACE CORP., 291 SCIENCE, 220 CSIC, 221
AKRON RUBBER BUSAK & SHAMBAN GMBH, 2 CYTEC INDUSTRIES INC., 143
DEVELOPMENT 150 156 205 217
LABORATORY INC., 102
AKRON,UNIVERSITY, 113 202 C
237 338 360 CABOT CORP., 121
D
ALCAN RUBBER & CHEMICAL CABOT EUROPE LTD., 121 DAMYANG,PROVINCIAL
INC., 167 CALIFORNIA,UNIVERSITY, 108 COLLEGE, 98 99 116
ALLIANT TECHSYSTEMS INC., CAMBRIDGE,UNIVERSITY, 147 DEGUSSA AG, 284
277 CASE WESTERN RESERVE DELAWARE,UNIVERSITY, 51
AMERCORD INC., 10 54 UNIVERSITY, 56 113 DERA, 73
AMERICAN CYANAMID CO., 315 CECA SA, 122 DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS
ANGUS CHEMICAL CO., 305 CF GOMMA SPA, 191 194 LTD., 118
ANHUI KAIYUAN TIRE CHARTWELL INTERNATIONAL DIVERSIFIED ENTERPRISES, 301
CO.LTD., 101 INC., 241 DNEPROPETROVSK
ANKARA,UNIVERSITY, 333 CHEMETALL GMBH, 70 75 126 CHEMICOTECHNOLOGICAL
ASSOGOMMA, 85 194 134 162 163 184 187 194 197 INSTITUTE, 340
AVON VIBRATION 218 235 239 249 337 DONGFENG GOLD LION TIRE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS CHEMETALL LTD., 91 120 126 CORP., 207
LTD., 120 CHEMICAL INNOVATIONS DOW CORNING CORP., 280 336
LTD., 9 DOW CORNING TORAY
B CHEMISCHE FABRIK ASPERG SILICONE CO.LTD., 219
KG, 341 DUNLOP ADHESIVES LTD., 155
BATH,UNIVERSITY, 117 174 CHINA,INSTITUTE 53 OF DUNLOP METALASTIK, 88
BAYER AG, 317 318 359 ORDNANCE INDUSTRY, 3 DUPONT CO.,ELASTOMERS
BAYER FRANCE SA, 109 CHONBUK,NATIONAL DIV., 131
BEIJING,RESEARCH & DESIGN UNIVERSITY, 20 DUSLO LTD., 164
INSTITUTE OF RUBBER CHONNAM,NATIONAL
INDUSTRY, 154 319 UNIVERSITY, 49 50 98 99 100
BEKAERT NV SA, 121 127 116 E
BEKAERT SA, 6 CHUVASH,STATE UNIVERSITY, EAST LONDON,UNIVERSITY,
BERLIN,TECHNICAL 142 103 144 145 147 148
UNIVERSITY, 328 349 362 CIL, 78 ELF ATOCHEM SA, 122
BMW AG, 350 CINCINNATI,UNIVERSITY, 18 ENGEL VERTRIEBS GMBH, 87
BONDER SPA, 194 30 36 40 74 114 115 128 149
BOSTIK LTD., 234 159 212 231 254 257 344
BRATISLAVA,SLOVAK CIRCLE-PROSCO INC., 55 F
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, CITY UNIVERSITY,LONDON,
19 FE-DESIGN GMBH, 31
332
BRIDGESTONE CORP., 108 FEDERAL-MOGUL WORLD
CNRS, 109 127
BRIDGESTONE ENGINEERED WIDE INC., 111
COCHIN,UNIVERSITY OF
PRODUCTS CO., 279 FIRESTONE, 108
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,
BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE, FLEXSYS BV, 166
27
108 FORD MOTOR CO., 108
COMENIUS,UNIVERSITY, 19
BRITISH AEROSPACE FRAUNHOFER-
COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS
REGIONAL AIRCRAFT LTD., INSTITUT FUER ANG.
LTD., 67 89
130 MATERIALFORSCHUNG, 330
Y
YAMASHITA RUBBER CO.LTD.,
92
YAROSLAVL’,STATE
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,
37
YOKOHAMA RUBBER CO.LTD.,
23 29
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