HW Brick Installation Guide PDF
HW Brick Installation Guide PDF
INSTALLATION
GUIDE
TECHNICAL INFORMATION
INFORMATION
Harbison-Walker CONTENTS
Brick Installation INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................1
Guide HARBISON-WALKER ON THE WEB ............................................................7
GLOSSARY ............................................................................................91-98
WARNING: Some materials which are present in refractory products are harmful. One such
group is classified as substances known to cause cancer to humans. Other substances may be
classified as probably or possibly carcinogenic. These materials include minerals used in or
formed during the manufacture of these products. The primary threat presented by many of
these materials comes from inhaling respirable dust. The use of proper respiratory equipment,
as well as other personal protective equipment is mandatory where required by applicable law.
Please refer to the applicable Material Safety Data Sheet for such product.
The History of lades for the superior performance Northwest Magnesite, and
Harbison-Walker of the Lucy Furnace and began to following World War II,
The refractories company known as expand rapidly, pushed in large commissioned the company to
Harbison-Walker opened on measure by the explosive growth of build and operate a sea-water
March 7, 1865, as the Star Fire the steel industry. In 1910, a 10- magnesite facility at Cape May,
Brick Company. The firm was company merger created Harbison- NJ.
founded by J.K. Lemon, a Pitts- Walker
burgh entrepreneur who hoped to Refractories Company, a 33-plant • In 1945, the company pur-
build a fortune on America’s operation that was the largest of its chased Canadian Refractories
growing demand for refractory kind in the world. Harbison- Limited, makers of
brick following the Civil War. Walker also thrived on its vertical MAGNECON, an outstanding
In 1866, Lemon hired Samuel structure, exerting control over refractory for rotary cement
Pollock Harbison as a part-time every stage of its production kilns.
bookkeeper. Within four years, the process, through mining and raw
ambitious accountant had acquired materials • In the 1950’s, Harbison-
enough stock and refractory management to manufacturing, Walker built a high-quality
expertise to be named General transportation and distribution. magnesite facility at Ludington,
Manager of Star Fire Brick. In In the decades that followed, Michigan. This keyed the
1875, Harbison teamed with Harbison-Walker established and development of several industry
another stockholder, Hay Walker, fortified its position of industry standard products, including
to purchase the underachieving leadership by building new facilities direct-bonded magnesite-
company, and renamed it Harbison- and acquiring related organizations. chrome brick, pitch-bonded
Walker. and pitch-impregnated magnes-
Almost immediately, Harbison • In 1916, Harbison-Walker ite products, and magnesite-
and Walker realized a major organized the Northwest carbon refractories.
opportunity to grow their business Magnesite Company near
and its reputation. Through an on- Chewelah, WA. This gave the • In 1954, Harbison-Walker
going relationship with Thomas company a secure domestic became the first U.S. company
Carnegie, the fledging company source of magnesite, a material to produce refractories for the
landed a contract from Kloman, of choice for industrial furnaces basic oxygen furnace.
Carnegie, and Company to build in short supply during World
the Lucy Furnace, the largest blast War I. • In 1962, the company discov-
furnace ever designed. ered massive deposits of high
The company garnered acco- • In 1927, Harbison-Walker purity bauxitic kaolins at
acquired majority ownership of
Harbison-Walker
Distribution Centers
Atlanta, (Doraville) GA (770) 448-6266 Knoxville, TN (865) 546-4930
Baton Rouge, (Gonzales) LA (225) 644-2111 Lakeland, FL (863) 669-1040
Birmingham,AL (205) 788-1685 Los Angeles, (Pico Rivera) CA (562) 942-2151
Buffalo, (Tonawanda) NY (716) 692-1761 New York, (Rahway) NY (732) 388-8686
Charlotte, NC (704) 599-6540 Philadelphia, (Trevose) PA (215) 364-5555
Chicago, (Calumet City) IL (708) 474-5350 Pittsburgh, (Leetsdale) PA (412) 741-3200
Cincinnati, (Milford) OH (513) 576-6240 Portland, (Clackamas) OR (503) 656-2854
Cleveland, OH (216) 398-1790 Roanoke, (Salem) VA (540) 375-2107
Dallas, TX (214) 330-9243 Salt Lake City, UT (801) 886-0545
Davenport, IA (563) 445-1244 San Francisco, (Richmond) CA (510) 236-7415
Detroit, (Romulus) MI (734) 955-6025 Seattle, (Kent) WA (253)872-2552
Houston, TX (713) 635-3200 St Louis, MO (314) 521-3314
Kansas City, (Lenexa) MO (913) 888-0425 West Haven, CT (203) 934-7960
• Fairfield, AL • Sproul, PA
• Fulton, MO • Thomasville, GA
• Gary, IN • Vandalia, MO
* This is for 9-inch straights. Normally, for larger sizes the quantities required
are reduced in porportion to the decrease in surface area covered by the mortar
per 1000 9-inch equivalent.
Back-up brick
not tied to inner courses
length. In unsupported straight walls, a requirements for thermal expansion. organizations concentrate on refractory
4½-inch thickness will carry heights up When there is no need for an especially construction.
to 3 feet; 9 inches will carry heights of 3 strong bond, the brick are laid without Harbison-Walker maintains close
to 8 feet; 13½ inches, 8 to 12 feet; and mortar. In some cases, the fusion that contact with these organizations, lending
18 inches, walls higher than 12 feet. takes place on the hot face will provide its engineering skills and applications
Walls with unsupported length more the bond required. Generally, however, know-how to the search for solutions to
than one and one half times their heights the use of mortar is desirable to level any problem involving the use of
should be somewhat thicker, and thermal courses and to provide smooth bedding refractories.
spalling conditions may indicate addi- for the brick.
tional thickness. Walls of cylindrical Brickwork laid with heat-setting
furnaces and stacks, with adequate mortars should have thin joints, either Number of Refractory Straights
backing, may be somewhat thinner for a dipped or poured. The brick should be Required Per Square Foot of Wall
given height than straight walls. rubbed or tapped into place to produce or Floor
Cylindrical walls, arches and domes as much brick-to-brick contact as Thickness, 9 x 4½ x 3” Brick
are built with brick tapered to turn possible. Joints made with an air-setting Inches
circles. Arch brick slope from edge to mortar generally can be somewhat 3 3.6
edge so that the length of the brick thicker, but such joints should be 4½ 5.3
parallels the furnace wall like a stretcher, completely filled. 6 7.2
while the wedge tapers from end to end In furnace construction, proper 7½ 8.9
so that it faces into the furnace like a allowance must be made for thermal 9 10.7
header. A 9 x 4½ x 2½-inch arch brick expansion. Usually, vertical expansion 12 14.2
makes a 4½-inch lining, while the same allowances permit walls to move freely 13½ 16.0
wedge shape makes a 9-inch lining. In upward and horizontal expansion 18 21.4
basic brick, key brick shapes may also allowances appear at joints in the brick. 27 32.1
taper along the edges. Combinations of
these shapes taper in two dimensions to Rammed plastic refractories used for
turn domes. HEARTHS arch construction minimize the
number of joints.
The construction of furnace hearths
presents special problems. Some furnace
JOINT CONSIDERATIONS bottoms must withstand impact and
In many cases, brick sizes and shapes or abrasion from a charge of scrap metal.
the type of bond will be chosen to Liquid pressure may tend to float brick.
minimize the number of joints in the Many hearths must resist penetration by
lining. Monoliths — not without metal or slag accompanied by corrosion
construction or thermal expansion joints or erosion.
– present the fewest joints and opportu- Furnace hearths, in many cases, are
nities for penetration by metal, slag or built of refractory brick, usually seated
furnace gases. on a monolithic refractory bed. Others
Ramming mixes or castable refractory have sub-bottoms built of brick with
materials are often used to fill places working hearths composed of monolithic
where brick would be cut to fit. For refractories, such as dead-burned
example, ramming mixes or dry refrac- magnesite or a ramming mix.
tory materials can be used to protect the Construction details, as well as the
toe of the skewback (See discussion of refractories themselves, depend on
Arch Construction, UR - 22). On many applications. Even different furnaces
installations, the irregular space between within the same application area may
electric furnace roof brick and electrode perform more efficiently with a different
ports is filled with ramming mix or refractory design.
castable refractories. Sophisticated applications for refrac-
The thickness of joints between tories call for specialists in refractories
refractory brick depends on the brick, the design. A number of engineering firms
mortar, the need for preventing gas specialize in high temperature process
leakage or slag penetration, and the design, and many contractor/installer
Typical castable
construction
for sprung arch
When span, thickness and rise are angle including a higher rise and a for higher values. Silica roofs made with
established, all other dimensions can be shorter radius. On the other hand, the brick that maintain dimensional stability
calculated using the formulas in this flatter roof with a smaller rise indicates a and hot strength almost to their melting
section. smaller included central angle and a point, normally rise from one to two
The stability of any arch will depend longer radius. inches per foot.
on its rise, thickness and weight, as well Experiences suggests that a simple High-alumina refractories used in arch
as the thermal properties of the roof arch should rise not less than one construction call for at least 1.608 inch
refractories. Hot strength and thermal nor more than three inches per foot of per rise per foot of span. Basic
expansion are particularly important. span. For any particular furnace, the rise refractories need 21/4 to three inches of
Good arch design must take these factors selected should depend on operating rise in sprung arches. Insulating
into consideration. conditions, chiefly temperature, thermal firebrick, which give up hot strength in
Rise is normally expressed in inches cycling and the refractories used. exchange for low thermal conductivity,
per foot of span, or in terms of the Typically, stable fireclay arches rise call for two to three inches of rise per
central angle. They are directly related. from 11/2 to three inches per foot of span. foot of span.
It should be easy to visualize a larger High temperatures and soaking heat call For many applications, a 1.608 inch
rise, about 15/8-inch, is a logical standard
Special Standard in that it meets normal requirements for
Skew Skew strength and stability. The 60° central
angle equals one sixth of a circle and the
span equals the inside radius, so the
Ground Brick and
Approx. Mortar Mixture Ground Brick and number of brick required to build the
Line of Header Course
Mortar Mixture roof is easy to calculate.
Thrust
Approx.
The reaction of refractory brick to
Header Course
Line of furnace operation, i.e., heat-up,
Thrust establishes the practical limit for roof
rise. Operation and thermal expansion
tend to push the brick upward, opening
Special skewback Built-up skewback
joints at the top and pinching brick at the
A recommened construction A recommened construction
bottom. Brick that soften at operating
Buttress Block
Standard Skewback No. 60-9 temperatures may become permanently
Skew Buckstay
deformed, shortening the radius of the
arc and increasing the rise.
As the arch rises on heat-up, the line
Top of of thrust, the line of force along which
Approx.
Buttress Skewback the arch distributes the vertical and
Line of
Thrust
Angle horizontal elements of its weight, shifts
downward. As the line of thrust
approaches a horizontal position in the
Bulk Insulation arch, the horizontal force approaches its
maximum value.
Built-up skewback A 60° skewback with In some furnaces allowance for
A construction to be avoided. buttress block. thermal expansion of the brick will limit
Special Skew Special Shapes upward movement of the arch. Steel
casings can provide an allowance for
expansion. Paperboard placed between
brick will burn out and make room for
expansion. In some cases, horizontal tie
Approx. rods arc spring loaded or manually
Line of adjusted to permit thermal expansion of
Thrust the refractories.
Without adequate provision for
thermal expansion, the relationship
between arch thickness and rise* of the
Special skewback Arch with skewbacks
cold arch must be such that the line of
A construction occasionaly used supported outside of walls
thrust does not drop out of the arch
Note: A stretcher course should never be used immediately below the skewback.
21/4 0.76042S 82° 13.4’ 0.22840 1.09125S 1.43507T 0.65753T 0.75342T 0.87273Q
2.302 0.74742S 83° 58.5’ 0.23326 1.09544S 1.46563T 0.66896T 0.74329T 0.90000Q
21/2 0.70417S 90° 28.8’ 0.25133 1.11200S 1.57918T 0.71006T 0.70414T 1.00840Q
23/4 0.66004S 98° 29.7’ 0.27360 1.13464S 1.71906T 0.75753T 0.65280T 1.160444Q
3 0.62500S 106° 15.6’ 0.29517 1.15912S 1.85459T 0.80000T 0.60000T 1.333334Q
NOTE: The factors in the above tables are the following functions of 0: Column 2, 1/2 cosecant 1/2 0; column 4, Ø divided by 360°;
column 5; 1/2 cosecant 1/2 0
SKEWBACK DESIGN of the line of thrust, even when the Maximum Values on the following page.
Skewbacks may be built-up arch is cold, is not known, (2) Consider the NARMAG® 60DB brick
combinations of rectangular brick sizes, workmanship in construction of the arch design described earlier in this
as previously illustrated, or one-piece arch may be less than perfect, (3) the chapter. Its design parameters are:
special skews designed to fit the arch. position of the line of thrust will
Span (S) = 12 ft
Built-up skews satisfy the requirements change when the furnace is heated, (4)
of narrow spans, four feet or less, but tie rods can stretch and the furnace Thickness (T)= 1.125 ft
the one-piece skewback generally can settle, changing arch parameters, Inside Radius (r) = 9.125 ft
provides greater strength and better and (5) arch stresses can be increased Density of
support at the buttress. by the weight of material adhering to,
NARMAG® 60DB (D) = 192 lb/ft3
The slope of the skewback must be or absorbed by the bricks. The force
acting against the skewbacks depends Rise (h) = 2.25 inches per foot of
designed to match the central angle of
the arch, determined by the rise and primarily on the span, rise and span=12 x 2.25 = 27 inches=2.25 ft
span. When the skewback is carried on a thickness of the arch, the weight of the Outside radius (R+T) = 10.25 ft
channel or angle, the line of thrust brick, and conditions in the furnace.
Central Angle (0) = 82°13.4'
should pass through, or slightly above, Vertical force equals one half the
weight of the arch per running foot. The following calculations are based
the corner of the supporting steel.
The horizontal force depends on the on the assumption that the line of thrust
Skewback dimensions can be
weight of the arch and on the span and passes from the center of arch thickness
determined from the table of Arch
rise. at midspan to the center of arch
Constants below. From the example
The resultant thrust (F) acting at the thickness at the skewbacks.
above, a 2¼ inch rise produces a central
skewback equals the square root of the As shown in the table below, the
angle of 82° 13.4'. The slope equals half
sum of the squares of horizontal (H) weight of the arch equals 1.17 DST. That
the central angle, amounting to 41° 6.6'
and vertical (W) forces, that is: is, for this arch, 1.17 times 192 times 12
in this example. Other dimensions can
times 1.125 equals 3032.64 pounds per
be calculated from constants in the same
F= H2+(W/2)2 foot of arch length. Since W/2 equals
table.
1516.32, the vertical force that the walls
The V dimension is 0.75342 times the However, the stresses of a cold and buttresses must carry amounts to
thickness of an arch with a 2¼ inch rise. arch, in which all adjoining brick are in 1516.32 pounds per foot of arch length.
In this example above, 0.75342 times full contact, can be approximately From the same table, the horizontal
13.5 equals approximately 10.17 inches. determined from the table below. The thrust of cold arch with a 2¼ inch rise
Other skewback dimensions can be limiting value which the horizontal per foot of span equals 0.64 time its
determined in the same way. thrust approaches in a heated arch, weight (W). For the arch under
The amount of stress in a furnace can Hmax, can be calculated approximately consideration, 0.64 times 3032.64 equals
be only approximated because of the from the constants in the table of 1940.89 pounds per foot of arch length.
following variables: (1) the exact position
D= Density of brick in pounds per cubic foot. S=Span in feet. T=Thickness of arch in feet. W=Weight of brick per foot of arch length. The
constants given in this table are based on the assumption that the line of thrust passes from the center of the arch thickness at the point of
midspan, to the center of arch thickness at the skewbacks.
The resultant force, also determined from COMPLEX REFRACTORY Temperatures above 400°F to 600°F
the table above, is 0.81 times 3032.64 DESIGN PROBLEMS (205°C to 316°C) should be avoided until
equals 2546.44 pounds per foot of arch Customers who design or build all steaming ceases.
length. refractory structures often tap Harbison- Furnace builders and refractory
Maximum values approached by Walker resources, e.g., engineering skills consumers should understand the
horizontal thrust can be determined from and advanced refractories technology, requirements of the brands that line their
the factors listed in the table. These data for solutions to complex problems furnaces. Careful drying of linings built
indicate that the maximum value involving refractory applications. of magnesia and some of its compounds
approached by horizontal thrust for a Harbison- Walker engineers have is especially important. Water vapor or
heated arch free to rise can be developed computer programs, which steam under pressure can cause
determined by multiplying the cold arch are used with customers, that can hydration of the magnesia.
horizontal thrust by a factor dependent produce complex arch or dome design Flame impingement on brickwork
on the ratio of thickness to span. In the parameters in a few minutes, often during heat-up can cause rapid, localized
example considered earlier, thickness saving many man-hours of calculation. expansion with consequent spalling.
equals 9% of span, that is, 1.125/12 For assistance with your difficult design Silica and basic brick, especially, tend to
equals 0.09. For a 2¼ inch rise, problems, please call your Harbison- spall when subjected to excessively
maximum thrust approaches 1.84H, or Walker representative. rapid changes in temperature.
1.84 times 1940.89 equals 3571.24 In low temperature furnaces, it is often
pounds per foot of arch length. This Initial Heat-Up Considerations good practice to heat the refractories to a
value is an approximation, but it lies In most cases, a new furnace should be higher temperature than that required for
well within the requirements of practical heated slowly with enough air operation for a short period of time. This
furnace design. circulating over the walls to remove preliminary heat-up develops the
The safety factor used in furnace moisture. Steam trapped in the pores of ceramic bond in mortared joints and
binding design is ordinarily higher than brick or mortar may damage the increases their mechanical strength.
that used in conventional steel structural brickwork. Good practice permits a
design because the furnace binding may furnace to dry out thoroughly at a
become overheated. For ordinary temperature not over 250°F(121°C) for 24
structural steel bindings, many furnace hours or longer, depending on the size of
designers limit tensile stress to 12,000 the vessel and the refractories in use.
pounds per square inch.
REFRACTORY
CONSTRUCTION
CALCULATIONS
Rings
The number of brick of two sizes to form Outside Cord Dimensions Outside Cord Dimensions
a ring can be calculated from formulas
listed below. When one brick, E, is a
straight, and the other, F, is a radial, use
Formulas 1-a, 1-b and 1-c. When both
brick, E and F, are radial with outside Ring
chord dimensions and inside chord Calculations
dimensions unequal, use Formulas 2-a,
2-b, and 2-c. When both brick, E and F.
are radial and the inside and outside Inside Chord Dimensions Inside Chord Dimensions
chord dimensions of E differ from those Combination of a Straight Brick (E) Combination of Two Radial Brick
of F, use Formulas 3-a, 3-b and 3-c for a and a Radial Brick (F) (E and F) to Form a Ring. Brick E
to Form a Ring Turns a Large Diameter than Brick F
single combination, and 4-a, 4-b, and 4-c
for a series of combinations.
(3-b) Nece+Nfcf = dg Df = Outside diameter of ring formed by Nt=Total number of pieces of brick E and
brick F. F used in combination to form a ring
having a given outside diameter Dg.
Ny Dg = A given outside diameter larger than
(4-b) Nf = (De-Dg)
De-Df Df, if brick E is radial Dg must lie Nx=Number of pieces of brick E required
between De and Df. to form a complete ring having an
(1-c) Nt = Ne+Nf outside diameter De.
dg = A given inside diameter.
(2-c) Nf = Nt-Ne Ny=Number of pieces of brick F required
Ce= Outside chord dimension of to form a complete ring having an
(3-c) Nt = Ne+Nf
brick E. outside diameter Df.
(4-c) Nt = Ne+Nf
OVERVIEW
Refractory brick are classified on the basis of their form as Rectangular
Shapes or Special Shapes.
Rectangular Sizes are brick of relatively simple design, with certain
definite shapes, that are marketed in sufficient amounts to permit quanti-
ty production. Rectangular sizes are preferred wherever furnace con-
struction and operating conditions permit. These brick cost less than
longer and more intricate shapes.
Special Shapes are refractory brick of special design of either sim-
ple or intricate form. Some special shapes may be considered as mod-
ifications of rectangular tile having the same overall dimensions.
For initial orders of special shapes, drawings showing complete
details of the shapes, as well as their assembly in the furnace, should
be included. The drawing and shape numbers should be provided on
all subsequent orders.
3"
4 1/2"
4 1/2"
4 1/2"
9"
9" 9"
3"
2"
2 3/4"
3"
4 1/2"
3 1/2"
4 1/2"
9"
9"
3" 9" 2 1/2"
1 1/2"
3" 3"
4 1/2"
4 1/2"
2 1/4"
9"
9" 9"
3" 2 7/8"
2"
3"
4 1/2"
3"
9"
9" 3" 9" /2"
41
2 3/4"
9 Inch No. 1 Arch 9 Inch No. 3 Key 9 Inch – 48° Side Skew
9 X 41/2 X (3 – 23/4) 9 X (41/2 – 3) X 3 9 X (41/2 – 113/16) X 3
3"
2 3/4"
4 1/2"
4 1/2
"
3"
3"
9" 9"
/4 "
9" /2"
21 41
2 1/2"
9 Inch No. 2 Arch 9 Inch No. 4 Key 9 Inch – 60° Side Skew
9 X 41/2 X (3 – 21/2) 9 X (41/2 – 21/4) X 3 9 X (41/2 – 23/4) X 3
3"
6 5/16"
4 1/2
1/8"
3"
3"
"
4 1/2"
4 1/2"
3" 3"
1 1/2"
5/8"
9" 9" 9" /2"
4" 41
3"
4 1/2" 7 1/4"
3"
4 1/2"
3"
9"
2"
9"
/2" 4 1/
31 9"
3"
9 x 41/2 x 3 Straight 9 x 41/2 x 3 1.20 No. 1-X Wedge 12 x 41/2 x (3-27/8) 1.57
9 x 31/2 x 3 Sm. Straight 9 x 31/2 x 3 0.93 No. 1 Wedge 12 x 41/2 x (3-23/4) 1.53
9 x 21/4 x 3 Soap 9 x 21/4 x 3 0.60 No. 2 Wedge 12 x 41/2 x (3-21/2) 1.47
9 x 41/2 x 11/2 Split 9 x 41/2 x 11/2 0.60 No. 3 Wedge 12 x 41/2 x (3-2) 1.33
No. 1-X Wedge 9 x 41/2 x (3-27/8) 1.17 No. 1-X Wedge 12 x 6 x (3-27/8) 2.09
No. 1 Wedge 9 x 41/2 x (3-23/4) 1.15 No. 1 Wedge 12 x 6 x (3-23/4) 2.04
No. 2 Wedge 9 x 41/2 x (3-21/2) 1.10 No. 2 Wedge 12 x 6 x (3-21/2) 1.96
No. 3 Wedge 9 x 41/2 x (3-2) 1.00 No. 3 Wedge 12 x 6 x (3-2) 1.78
Sizes Name Dimensions (In.) Equivalent Sizes Name Dimensions (In.) Equivalent
131/2 x 41/2 x 3 Straight 131/2 x 41/2 x 3 1.80 18 x 41/2 x 3 Straight 18 x 41/2 x 3 2.40
No. 1 Arch 131/2 x 41/2 x (3-23/4) 1.72 No. 1-X Wedge 18 x 41/2 x (3-27/8) 2.35
No. 2 Arch 131/2 x 41/2 x (3-21/2) 1.65 No. 1 Wedge 18 x 41/2 x (3-23/4) 2.30
No. 3 Arch 131/2 x 41/2 x (3-2) 1.50 No. 2 Wedge 18 x 41/2 x (3-21/2) 2.20
No. 3 Wedge 18 x 41/2 x (3-2) 2.00
No. 1 Key 131/2 x (41/2-4) x 3 1.70
No. 2 Key 131/2 x (41/2-31/2) x 3 1.60 18 x 6 x 3 Straight 18 x 6 x 3 3.20
No. 3 Key 131/2 x (41/2-3) x 3 1.50 No. 1-X Wedge 18 x 6 x (3-27/8) 3.13
No. 4 Key 131/2 x (41/2-21/4) x 3 1.35 No. 1 Wedge 18 x 6 x (3-23/4) 3.07
No. 2 Wedge 18 x 6 x (3-21/2) 2.93
131/2 x 6 x 3 Straight 131/2 x 6 x 3 2.40 No. 3 Wedge 18 x 6 x (3-2) 2.67
No. 1 Arch 131/2 x 6 x (3-23/4) 2.30
No. 2 Arch 131/2 x 6 x (3-21/2) 2.20 18 x 9 x 3 Straight 18 x 9 x 3 4.80
No. 3 Arch 131/2 x 6 x (3-2) 2.00 No. 1-X Wedge 18 x 9 x (3-27/8) 4.70
No. 1 Wedge 18 x 9 x (3-23/4) 4.60
No. 1-X Wedge 131/2 x 6 x (3-27/8) 2.35 No. 2 Wedge 18 x 9 x (3-21/2) 4.40
No. 1 Wedge 131/2 x 6 x (3-23/4) 2.30 No. 3 Wedge 18 x 9 x (3-2) 4.00
No. 2 Wedge 131/2 x 6 x (3-21/2) 2.20
No. 3 Wedge 131/2 x 6 x (3-2) 2.00 21 x 6 x 3 Straight 21 x 6 x 3 3.73
No. 1-X Wedge 21 x 6 x (3-27/8) 3.65
No. 1 Key 131/2 x (6-5) x 3 2.20 No. 1 Wedge 21 x 6 x (3-23/4) 3.58
No. 2 Key 131/2 x (6-43/8) x 3 2.07 No. 2 Wedge 21 x 6 x (3-21/2) 3.42
No. 3 Key 131/2 x (6-3) x 3 1.80 No. 3 Wedge 21 x 6 x (3-2) 3.11
15 x 6 x 3 Straight 15 x 6 x 3 2.67
No. 1-X Wedge 15 x 6 x (3-27/8) 2.61
No. 1 Wedge 15 x 6 x (3-23/4) 2.56
No. 2 Wedge 15 x 6 x (3-21/2) 2.44
No. 3 Wedge 15 x 6 x (3-2) 2.22
15 x 9 x 3 Straight 15 x 9 x 3 4.00
No. 1-X Wedge 15 x 9 x (3-27/8) 3.92
No. 1 Wedge 15 x 9 x (3-23/4) 3.83
No. 2 Wedge 15 x 9 x (3-21/2) 3.67
No. 3 Wedge 15 x 9 x (3-2) 3.33
Diameter of Diameter of
Hearth Jacket No. of Hearth Jacket No. of
B (Ft In) Blocks (Ft In) Blocks
C
17 6 897 27 6 2176
18 0 947 28 0 2255
A D
18 6 999 28 6 2335
19 0 1053 29 0 2417
19 6 1108 29 6 2500
A B C D
Name 20 0 1164 30 0 2584
(In) (In) (In) (In)
20 6 1222 30 6 2669
21 0 1281 31 0 2756
DJ-1-3 9 4 1/2 11/2 3 21 6 1342 31 6 2845
22 0 1403 32 0 2935
DJ-2-3 9 6 3/4 3 3/4 3
22 6 1467 32 6 3026
DJ-3-3 9 9 6 3 23 0 1531 33 0 3119
23 6 1598 33 6 3213
BS-115-3 13 1/2 6 3/4 2 3/4 3 24 0 1665 34 0 3308
24 6 1734 34 6 3405
BS-116-3 13 1/2 9 5 3
25 0 1804 35 0 3503
25 6 1876 35 6 3603
DJ-18-1-3 18 6 3/4 2 3/4 3 26 0 1949 36 0 3704
26 6 2023 36 6 3806
DJ-18-2-3 18 9 5 3 27 0 2099 37 0 3909
3"
3"
3"
3"
13 1/2 "
" /16 13 1/2 "
5 11 9" /16
" " " 9" /16
5 11 /16 5 11
5 11
Diameter Inside Number Required Per Ring Diameter Inside Number Required Per Ring
Brickwork Brickwork
(Ft In) X-2 X-1 Total (Ft In) X-2 X-1 Total
13 3 98 — 98 27 0 49 135 t84
13 6 96 3 99 27 6 47 140 187
13 9 95 6 101 28 0 45 145 190
14 0 95 8 103 28 6 44 150 194
14 6 93 13 106
29 0 42 155 197
15 0 91 18 109 29 6 40 160 200
15 6 89 23 112 30 0 38 165 203
16 0 87 28 115 30 6 37 169 206
16 6 85 33 118
31 0 35 174 209
17 0 84 37 121 31 6 33 179 212
17 6 82 42 124 32 0 32 184 216
18 0 80 48 128 32 6 30 189 219
18 6 79 52 131
33 0 28 194 222
19 0 77 57 134 33 6 26 199 225
19 6 75 62 137 34 0 24 204 228
20 0 73 67 140 34 6 23 208 231
20 6 71 72 143
35 0 21 213 234
21 0 70 76 146 35 6 19 219 238
21 6 68 82 150 36 0 18 223 241
22 0 66 87 153 36 6 16 228 244
22 6 65 91 156
37 0 14 233 247
23 0 63 96 159 37 6 12 238 250
23 6 61 101 162 38 0 10 243 253
24 0 59 106 165 38 6 9 247 256
24 6 57 111 168
39 0 7 253 260
25 0 56 116 172 39 6 5 258 263
25 6 54 121 175 40 0 4 262 266
26 0 52 126 178 40 6 2 267 269
26 6 51 130 181 41 0 — 272 272
OVERVIEW
Electric furnace roofs may be constructed using many different shapes
and combinations. The combination of standard size key-arch and
key-wedge shapes with standard shapes design, and the two-shape
(arch-key-wedge) brick design are the most common in electric fur-
nace roof construction.
Annular rings are laid from the The chart below displays two-shape available in 13½-inch sizes for larger
combinations for your specific roof electric furnace roof brick combina- electric furnace roofs.
design. Consideration must be tions for 9-inch roof thicknesses. By Providing your Harbison-Walker
given to the best design to provide combining both shapes, all annular representatives with the dimensions of
cost-effective service life. The two- rings for a given diameter can be cal- your electric furnace roof or a current
shape, triple taper brick uses two culated. The center of the range indi- drawing of your roof enables them to
bricks that conform to the roof contour. cates the ideal spherical radius for the produce an accurate ring count and
Bricklaying is simplified using only given system. Shape identification is assembly detail.
two shapes, in that inventory levels done by a notching system at the cold
may be reduced and faster installation is end of the brick shape, as illustrated on
possible. p. 29. The two-shape system is also
HW-2721-B
6’6” to 7’9” HW-2721-S
HW-2746-B
7’9” to 9’6” HW-2746-A
HW-2745-B
9’6” to 12’6” HW-2745-A
HW-2592-B
12’6” to 16’0” HW-2592-A
HW-2704-B
16’0” to 22’4” HW-2704-A
A A A B
B A A A
A B B
A A
A B
Two-Shape Electric Furnace
Roof Construction
Two-Shape (arch-key-wedge)
roof brick designs are available in
a variety of 9-inch sizes to fit EAF
roof contours and spherical radii.
OVERVIEW
Harbison-Walker manufactures Semi-Universal Ladle Brick (SULB) in For a ladle with an average
fireclay, high-alumina and basic refractories in four series of brick to diameter of 120 inches (outside
line sidewalls of iron and steel teeming ladles of various diameters diameter of SULB lining) and a height of
96 inches, the calculations follow:
and configurations. All series can be produced in widths to construct
linings 3 to 9 inches thick. A SULB lining usually includes a tilt back
course to lay the rings square against the sloping sides of a ladle and 3.1416 x 120
= 46 pieces per
one or more starter sets to start the upward spiral. For guidance in 8.25
selecting the proper series for any ladle, the following chart identifies
96
= 32 rings
Series Ladle Diameter (Inch) 3
SU - - 45 100 to 140
SU - - 60 140 and Up
In all four series, the width of the brick, regular 18-piece starter set for 9-inch
equivalent to the thickness of the lin- thick walls is also available.
ing, is positioned in the rectangular The number of SULB shapes
frame . For example, a 5-inch required for a lining can be calculated by
thick lining in a ladle about 120 inches multiplying the average diameter of the
in diameter would require an SU 5-45 ladle by 3.1416, then dividing by 8.25
series brick. SULB’s are also available (length of brick) to find the number per
in two additional thicknesses — 4-inch ring. The height in inches of the ladle
and 100 mm. A universal starter set that wall divided by 3 equals the number of
suits all series and wall thicknesses up rings. The number of pieces per ring
to 7 inches is available. The 12-piece times the number of rings equals the
UL-7-SS12 set is illustrated below. A total number of SULB shapes required. (All series for a 4-inch thick wall)
8.250"
11 12
10 4"
Half brick to bond course 8
9
7
6
5
4
3" A
3
2 A
1
Regular Semi-Universal Name Size
(to close the first course-cut the
ends square of two bricks) SU 4-20 6.983
SU 4-30 7.414
One tilt back course
(to close ring-cut the ends square
SU 4-45 7.690
of two bricks)
SU 4-60 7.831
4 1/2 "
4 3/4 "
9"
11/16"
9 1/2" 19/32" 9"
4 1/2"
9" 4 1/2 "
For Arch 4 1/2 Inches Thick
Rise 1 1/2 Inches Per Foot of Span Shape No. 60-40 1/2
Central Angle 56° 8.7’ Shape 56-9 for Arch 4 1/2 Inches Thick
For Arch 9 Inches Thick
Skewback Consists of Rise 1 1/2 Inches Per Foot of Span
1–9 Inch – 2 Inch Split 4 1/2"
17/32"
4 1/2" 4 1/2 "
9" 4 1/2"
9"
4 1/2"
Shape No. 60-9
for Arch 9 Inches
For Arch 4 1/2 Inches ThickRise Shape 74-4 1/2 Thick
2.302 (2 5/16) Inches Per Foot For Arch 4 1/2 Inches Thick
of Span, Central Angle 83° 58.5’ Rise 2 Inches Per Foot of 6"
Span
Skewback Consists of
2–9 Inch – 48° End Skew
1–9 Inch – 48° Side Skew 12"
12"
4 1/2"
2 1/4"
9"
9" 6 3/4"
9"
Shape 74-9
For Arch 9 Inches Thick
Rise 2 Inches Per Foot of Span
For Arch 9 Inches Thick Central Angle 73° 44.4’ 13 1/2"
1 1/4" 2 1/2"
3 3/4 "
9"
9"
17/32 "
17/32"
4 1/2"
8 1/4 " 8 1/4"
4 1/2 "
5"
2 1/4" 2 1/2"
9" 12"
17/32 "
1 19/32"
13 1/2" 13 1/2"
1 13/16"
1 13/16"
Note:
12 3/8"
12 11/16"
4 1/2"
Brick Combinations required for arch
4 1/2"
construction are detailed in the tables
starting on pages 71. These tables
Shape No. 60-13 1/2-A Shape No. 60-13 1/2-C are useful for estimating the quanti-
For Arch 13 1/2 Inches Thick For Arch 13 1/2 Inches Thick ties of brick required for the construc-
tion of arches.
To facilitate the keying of arch-type rotary kiln blocks, keying bricks of two-thirds
thickness, RKA-2/3, and of three-quarters thickness, RKA-3/4, are made. Two of
each keying brick should be ordered for each ring.
* All brick quantities per ring have been calculated from theoretical diameter turned
by the brick to which a steel plate (1.5 mm thickness) has been attached.
21
10’-0” 102-120 7 /32 42
23
10’-6” 108-126 7 /32 44
25
11’-0” 114-132 7 /32 46
13
11’-3” 117-135 7 /16 48
13
11’-6” 120-138 7 /16 49
7
12’-0” 126-144 7 /8 51
29
12’-6” 132-150 7 /32 53
31
13’-0” 138-156 7 /32 55
13’-6” 144-162 8 57
1
14’-0” 150-168 8 /32 59
1
14’-6” 156-174 8 /16 61
3
15’-0” 162-180 8 /32 63
1
15’-6” 168-186 8 /8 65
5
16’-0” 174-192 8 /32 67
3
16’-6” 180-198 8 /16 70
7
17’-0” 186-204 8 /32 72
7
17’-6” 192-210 8 /32 74
1
18’-0” 198-216 8 /4 76
9
18’-6” 204-222 8 /32 78
9
19’-0” 210-228 8 /32 80
5
19’-6” 216-234 8 /16 82
5
20’-0” 222-240 8 /16 84
11
20’-6” 228-246 8 /32 86
11
21’-0” 234-252 8 /32 88
3
21’-6” 240-258 8 /8 90
HIGH-ALUMINA BRICK
Ins. Dia. RKB Inside Number
Kiln Shell Number Chord (In.) Per Ring
ROTARY KILN BLOCKS
Six-Inch Size (9 x 6 x 4) 3’-6” 30-42 6 7
/16 15
3
4’-0” 36-48 6 /4 17
The numbers under the RKB column indi- 4’-6” 42-54 7 19
3
cate the inside and outside diameters, 5’-0” 48-60 7 /16 21
3
5’-6” 54-66 7 /8 23
respectively, of the ring produced by
each shape. For example, 144-156 RKB 1
6’-0” 60-72 7 /2 26
will produce a ring with a 144-inch 6’-6” 66-78 7 5
/8 28
inside diameter and 156-inch outside 7’-0” 72-84 7 23
/32 30
diameter for a 6-inch lining. 7’-6” 78-90 7 13
/16 32
7
8’-0” 84-96 7 /8 34
15
8’-6” 90-102 7 /16 36
9’-0” 96-108 8 38
1
9’-6” 102-114 8 /16 40
3
10’-0” 108-120 8 /32 42
5
10’-6” 114-126 8 /32 44
3
11’-0” 120-132 8 /16 46
3
11’-3” 123-135 8 /16 48
7
11’-6” 126-138 8 /32 49
1
12’-0” 132-144 8 /4 51
9
12’-6” 138-150 8 /32 53
5
13’-0” 144-156 8 /16 55
11
13’-6” 150-162 8 /32 57
11
14’-0” 156-168 8 /32 59
3
14’-6” 162-174 8 /8 61
13
15’-0” 168-180 8 /32 63
13
15’-6” 174-186 8 /32 65
7
16’-0” 180-192 8 /16 67
15
16’-6” 186-198 8 /32 70
15
17’-0” 192-204 8 /32 72
1
17’-6” 198-210 8 /2 74
1
18’-0” 204-216 8 /2 76
1
18’-6” 210-222 8 /2 78
17
19’-0” 216-228 8 /32 80
17
19’-6” 222-234 8 /32 82
9
20’-0” 228-240 8 /16 84
9
20’-6” 234-246 8 /16 86
9
21’-0” 240-252 8 /16 88
5 0 6 0 50 7 — — 57 67 10 — — 77
5 3 6 3 44 15 — — 59 59 20 — — 79
5 6 6 6 38 24 — — 62 51 32 — — 83
5 9 6 9 32 32 — — 64 43 43 — — 86
6 0 7 0 25 41 — — 66 34 55 — — 89
6 3 7 3 19 50 — — 69 26 67 — — 93
6 6 7 6 13 58 — — 71 18 78 — — 96
6 9 7 9 6 67 — — 73 8 90 — — 98
7 0 8 0 — 76 — — 76 — 102 — — 102
7 3 8 3 — 72 6 — 78 — 96 8 — 104
7 6 8 6 — 68 13 — 81 — 91 18 — 109
7 9 8 9 — 64 19 — 83 — 86 26 — 112
8 0 9 0 — 60 25 — 85 — 80 34 — 114
8 3 9 3 — 56 32 — 88 — 75 43 — 118
8 6 9 6 — 52 38 — 90 — 70 51 — 121
8 9 9 9 — 48 44 — 92 — 64 59 — 123
9 0 10 0 — 44 51 — 95 — 59 68 — 127
9 3 10 3 — 40 57 — 97 — 54 76 — 130
9 6 10 6 — 36 63 — 99 — 48 84 — 132
9 9 10 9 — 33 69 — 102 — 44 92 — 136
NOTE: When using KA - 1x shape, order two pieces each ring KW - 2/3 x and KW - 3/4 x to facilitate keying.
4 6 6 0 50 7 — — 57 100 14 — — 114
4 9 6 3 44 15 — — 59 88 30 — — 118
5 0 6 6 38 24 — — 62 76 48 — — 124
5 3 6 9 32 32 — — 64 64 64 — — 128
5 6 7 0 25 41 — — 66 50 82 — — 132
5 9 7 3 19 50 — — 69 38 100 — — 138
6 0 7 6 13 58 — — 71 26 116 — — 142
6 3 7 9 6 67 — — 73 12 134 — — 146
6 6 8 0 — 76 — — 76 — 152 — — 152
6 9 8 3 — 72 6 — 78 — 144 12 — 156
7 0 8 6 — 68 13 — 81 — 136 26 — 162
7 3 8 9 — 64 19 — 83 — 128 38 — 166
7 6 9 0 — 60 25 — 85 — 120 50 — 170
7 9 9 3 — 56 32 — 88 — 112 64 — 176
8 0 9 6 — 52 38 — 90 — 104 76 — 180
8 3 9 9 — 48 44 — 92 — 96 88 — 184
8 6 10 0 — 44 51 — 95 — 88 102 — 190
8 9 10 3 — 40 57 — 97 — 80 114 — 194
9 0 10 6 — 36 63 — 99 — 72 126 — 198
9 3 10 9 — 33 69 — 102 — 66 138 — 204
9 6 11 0 — 28 76 — 104 — 56 152 — 208
9 9 11 3 — 24 82 — 106 — 48 164 — 212
10 0 11 6 — 21 88 — 109 — 42 176 — 218
10 3 11 9 — 17 94 — 111 — 34 188 — 222
10 6 12 0 — 13 100 — 113 — 26 200 — 226
10 9 12 3 — 9 107 — 116 — 18 214 — 232
11 0 12 6 — 5 113 — 118 — 10 226 — 236
11 3 12 9 — 1 119 — 120 — 2 238 — 240
11 6 13 0 — — 117 6 123 — — 234 12 246
11 9 13 3 — — 112 13 125 — — 224 26 250
NOTE: For each ring, order two (2) pieces each KW-2/ and KW-3/ or KW-2/ x and KW-3/ x to facilitate keying.
NOTE: When using KA - 1x shape, order two pieces each ring KW - 2/3 x and KW - 3/4 x to facilitate keying.
11’- 0” 3.36 67 50
11’- 2” 3.40 66 53
11’- 6” 3.50 64 58
11’-10” 3.60 63 63
12’- 0” 3.66 61 66
12’- 2” 3.70 61 66
12’- 6” 3.80 59 74
12’-10” 3.90 57 79
13’- 0” 3.96 57 81
13’- 1” 4.00 56 83
13’- 5” 4.10 54 89
13’- 6” 4.12 54 90
13’- 9” 4.20 53 94
14’- 0” 4.26 51 99
14’- 1” 4.30 51 99
14’- 3” 4.34 50 102
14’- 5” 4.40 50 103
14’- 6” 4.42 49 105
14’- 9” 4.50 48 109
To facilitate the keying of wedge-type rotary kiln blocks, keying bricks of two-thirds
thickness, RKW-2/3, and of three-quarters thickness, RKW-3/4, are made. Two of
each keying brick should be ordered for each ring.
ISO and VDZ As good engineering practice, • Liner to liner contact is maintained,
Combination Linings Harbison-Walker suggests brick while following minor deformations
Standard practice in many North blending ratios between 3:1 and 1:3 in kiln shells. This results in a tight
American minerals processing plants for the two-shapes. This helps to lining and minimizes the need for
is to use one brick of a size manu- minimize the small amount of step- correcting shims.
factured to fit a specific rotary kiln ping which can occur, allowing for a
diameter. On the other hand, inter- better fit.
national practice is to use combina- The principal advantages of
tion linings. Within practical limits, any combination linings are:
rotary kiln can be lined with an ap- • In plants which have several kiln
propriate combination of two kiln lin- sizes, the number of kiln liner
ers, one of which fits a kiln of larger shapes can be reduced, since two
diameter and the other a kiln of shapes in appropriate combintions
smaller diameter. will fit many kilns.
A A
H
H
C
L L
B B
ISO brick outside chord (A) VDZ brick mean chord (C)
dimension is constant at dimension is constant at
103mm (4.05”) 71.5mm (2.81”)
ISO SHAPES
A SHAPE No. DIMENSIONS VOL. TAPER
3
A B H L dm
216 103 86 2.99 17
160
716 103 98.3 3.19 4.7
218 103 84 3.33 19
180
718 103 97.7 3.58 5.3
H
320 103 89 3.80 21
200 198
820 103 97.8 3.98 5.2
222 103 80 3.99 23
L
B 322 103 88 4.16 15
220
622 103 95.5 4.33 11.5
822 103 97.3 4.36 5.7
VDZ SHAPES
A
SHAPE No. DIMENSIONS VOL. TAPER
3
A B H L dm
B-216 78 65 2.27 13
160
B-416 75 68 2.27 7
B-218 78 65 2.55 13
180
H B-418 75 68 2.55 7
198
B-220 78 65 2.83 13
200
B-620 74 69 2.83 5
L B-222 78 65 3.11 13
B B-322 76.5 66.5 220 3.11 10
B-622 74 69 3.11 5
41/2 Inch Lining - 21/2 Inch Arch Brick 41/2 Inch Lining - 21/2 Inch Arch Brick
9 x 41/2 x 21/2 or 131/2 x 41/2 x 21/2 Inch 9 x 41/2 x 21/2 or 131/2 x 41/2 x 21/2 Inch
Diam. Inside Number Required per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required per Ring
Brickwork No.3 No.2 No.1 Brickwork No.3 No.2 No.1
Ft. In. Arch Arch Arch Straight Total Ft. In. Arch Arch Arch Straight Total
0 6 19 — — — 19 6 0 — — 76 26 102
0 7 18 3 — — 21 6 2 — — 76 29 105
0 8 17 5 — — 22 6 4 — — 76 31 107
0 9 15 8 — — 23 6 6 — — 76 34 110
0 10 14 10 — — 24 6 8 — — 76 36 112
0 11 13 13 — — 26 6 10 — — 76 39 115
1 0 12 15 — — 27 7 0 — — 76 41 117
1 1 10 18 — — 28 7 2 — — 76 44 120
1 2 9 20 — — 29 7 4 — — 76 46 122
1 3 8 23 — — 31 7 6 — — 76 49 125
1 4 7 25 — — 32 7 8 — — 76 51 127
1 5 5 28 — — 33 7 10 — — 76 54 130
1 6 4 30 — — 34 8 0 — — 76 56 132
1 7 3 33 — — 36 8 2 — — 76 59 135
1 8 2 35 — — 37 8 4 — — 76 61 137
1 9 — 38 — — 38 8 6 — — 76 64 140
1 10 — 36 3 — 39 8 8 — — 76 66 142
1 11 — 36 5 — 41 8 10 — — 76 69 145
2 0 — 34 8 — 42 9 0 — — 76 71 147
2 1 — 33 10 — 43 9 2 — — 76 74 150
2 2 — 31 13 — 44 9 4 — — 76 76 152
2 3 — 31 15 — 46 9 6 — — 76 79 155
2 4 — 29 18 — 47 9 8 — — 76 81 157
2 5 — 28 20 — 48 9 10 — — 76 84 160
2 6 — 26 23 — 49 10 0 — — 76 87 163
2 7 — 26 25 — 51 10 2 — — 76 89 165
2 8 — 24 28 — 52 10 4 — — 76 92 168
2 9 — 23 30 — 53 10 6 — — 76 94 170
2 10 — 21 33 — 54 10 8 — — 76 97 173
2 11 — 20 36 — 56 10 10 — — 76 99 175
3 0 — 19 38 — 57 11 0 — — 76 102 178
3 1 — 18 40 — 58 11 2 — — 76 104 180
3 2 — 16 43 — 59 11 4 — — 76 107 183
3 3 — 15 46 — 61 11 6 — — 76 109 185
3 4 — 14 48 — 62 11 8 — — 76 112 188
3 5 — 13 50 — 63 11 10 — — 76 114 190
3 6 — 11 53 — 64 12 0 — — 76 117 193
3 7 — 10 56 — 66 12 2 — — 76 119 195
3 8 — 9 58 — 67 12 4 — — 76 122 198
3 9 — 8 60 — 68 12 6 — — 76 124 200
3 10 — 7 63 — 70 12 8 — — 76 127 203
3 11 — 5 66 — 71 12 10 — — 76 129 205
4 0 — 4 68 — 72 13 0 — — 76 132 208
4 1 — 3 70 — 73 13 2 — — 76 134 210
4 2 — 2 73 — 75 13 4 — — 76 137 213
4 3 — — 76 — 76 13 6 — — 76 139 215
4 4 — — 76 1 77 13 8 — — 76 142 218
4 6 — — 76 4 80 13 10 — — 76 144 220
4 8 — — 76 6 82 14 0 — — 76 147 223
4 10 — — 76 9 85 14 2 — — 76 149 225
5 0 — — 76 11 87 14 4 — — 76 152 228
5 2 — — 76 14 90 14 6 — — 76 154 230
5 4 — — 76 16 92 14 8 — — 76 157 233
5 6 — — 76 19 95 14 10 — — 76 159 235
5 8 — — 76 21 97 15 0 — — 76 162 238
5 10 — — 76 24 100
9 Inch Lining - 21/2 Inch Wedge Brick 9 Inch Lining - 21/2 Inch Wedge Brick
9 x 41/2 x 21/2, 9 x 63/4 x 21/2 or 9 x 9 x 21/2 Inch 9 x 41/2 x 21/2, 9 x 63/4 x 21/2 or 9 x 9 x 21/2 Inch
Diam. Inside Number Required per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required per Ring
Brickwork No.2 No.1 No.1-X Brickwork No.2 No.1 No.1-X
Ft. In. Wedge Wedge Wedge Straight Total Ft. In. Wedge Wedge Wedge Straight Total
2 3 57 — — — 57 7 0 — 66 63 — 129
2 4 55 3 — — 58 7 1 — 65 65 — 130
2 5 52 7 — — 59 7 2 — 64 67 — 131
2 6 51 10 — — 61 7 3 — 63 69 — 132
2 7 48 14 — — 62 7 4 — 62 72 — 134
2 8 46 17 — — 63 7 5 — 61 74 — 135
2 9 44 20 — — 64 7 6 — 60 76 — 136
2 10 42 24 — — 66 7 7 — 59 78 — 137
2 11 40 27 — — 67 7 8 — 59 80 — 139
3 0 38 30 — — 68 7 9 — 58 82 — 140
3 1 36 34 — — 70 7 10 — 57 84 — 141
3 2 34 37 — — 71 7 11 — 56 86 — 142
3 3 32 40 — — 72 8 0 — 56 88 — 144
3 4 29 44 — — 73 8 1 — 55 90 — 145
3 5 28 47 — — 75 8 2 — 54 92 — 146
3 6 25 51 — — 76 8 3 — 53 94 — 147
3 7 23 54 — — 77 8 4 — 52 97 — 149
3 8 21 57 — — 78 8 5 — 51 99 — 150
3 9 19 61 — — 80 8 6 — 50 101 — 151
3 10 17 64 — — 81 8 7 — 49 103 — 152
3 11 15 67 — — 82 8 8 — 49 105 — 154
4 0 13 70 — — 83 8 9 — 48 107 — 155
4 1 11 74 — — 85 8 10 — 47 109 — 156
4 2 9 77 — — 86 8 11 — 46 111 — 157
4 3 6 81 — — 87 9 0 — 46 113 — 159
4 4 4 84 — — 88 9 1 — 45 115 — 160
4 5 2 88 — — 90 9 2 — 44 117 — 161
4 6 — 91 — — 91 9 3 — 43 120 — 163
4 7 — 90 2 — 92 9 4 — 42 122 — 164
4 8 — 89 4 — 93 9 5 — 41 124 — 165
4 9 — 88 7 — 95 9 6 — 40 126 — 166
4 10 — 87 9 — 96 9 7 — 40 128 — 168
4 11 — 86 11 — 97 9 8 — 39 130 — 169
5 0 — 85 13 — 98 9 9 — 38 132 — 170
5 1 — 85 15 — 100 9 10 — 37 134 — 171
5 2 — 84 17 — 101 9 11 — 36 137 — 173
5 3 — 83 19 — 102 10 0 — 35 139 — 174
5 4 — 82 21 — 103 10 1 — 35 140 — 175
5 5 — 82 23 — 105 10 2 — 34 142 — 176
5 6 — 81 25 — 106 10 3 — 33 145 — 178
5 7 — 80 27 — 107 10 4 — 32 147 — 179
5 8 — 79 29 — 108 10 5 — 31 149 — 180
5 9 — 78 32 — 110 10 6 — 30 151 — 181
5 10 — 77 34 — 111 10 7 — 30 153 — 183
5 11 — 76 36 — 112 10 8 — 29 155 — 184
6 0 — 75 38 — 113 10 9 — 28 157 — 185
6 1 — 75 40 — 115 10 10 — 27 159 — 186
6 2 — 74 42 — 116 10 11 — 26 162 — 188
6 3 — 73 44 — 117 11 0 — 25 164 — 189
6 4 — 72 47 — 119 11 1 — 24 166 — 190
6 5 — 72 48 — 120 11 2 — 23 168 — 191
6 6 — 71 50 — 121 11 3 — 23 170 — 193
6 7 — 70 52 — 122 11 4 — 22 172 — 194
6 8 — 69 55 — 124 11 5 — 21 174 — 195
6 9 — 68 57 — 125
6 10 — 67 59 — 126
6 11 — 66 61 — 127
9 Inch Lining - 21/2 Inch Wedge Brick 9 Inch Lining - 21/2 Inch Wedge Brick
9 x 41/2 x 21/2, 9 x 63/4 x 21/2 or 9 x 9 x 21/2 Inch 9 x 41/2 x 23/4, 9 x 63/4 x 21/2 or 9 x 9 x 21/2 Inch
Diam. Inside Number Required per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required per Ring
Brickwork No.2 No.1 No.1-X Brickwork No.2 No.1 No.1-X
Ft. In. Wedge Wedge Wedge Straight Total Ft. In. Wedge Wedge Wedge Straight Total
11 6 — 20 176 — 196 20 0 — — 227 98 325
11 7 — 20 178 — 198 20 6 — — 227 105 332
11 8 — 19 180 — 199 21 0 — — 227 113 340
11 9 — 18 182 — 200 21 6 — — 227 120 347
11 10 — 17 184 — 201 22 0 — — 227 128 355
11 11 — 16 187 — 203 22 6 — — 227 135 362
12 0 — 15 189 — 204 23 0 — — 227 143 370
12 1 — 14 191 — 205 23 6 — — 227 150 377
12 2 — 13 193 — 206 24 0 — — 227 158 385
12 3 — 13 195 — 208 24 6 — — 227 165 392
12 4 — 12 197 — 209 25 0 — — 227 173 400
12 5 — 11 199 — 210 25 6 — — 227 181 408
12 6 — 10 202 — 212 26 0 — — 227 188 415
12 7 — 10 203 — 213 26 6 — — 227 196 423
12 8 — 9 205 — 214 27 0 — — 227 203 430
12 9 — 8 207 — 215 27 6 — — 227 211 438
12 10 — 7 210 — 217 28 0 — — 227 218 445
12 11 — 6 212 — 218 28 6 — — 227 226 453
13 0 — 5 214 — 219 29 0 — — 227 233 460
13 1 — 4 216 — 220 29 6 — — 227 241 468
13 2 — 4 218 — 222 30 0 — — 227 248 475
13 3 — 3 220 — 223 30 6 — — 227 256 483
13 4 — 2 222 — 224 31 0 — — 227 263 490
13 5 — 1 224 — 225 31 6 — — 227 271 498
13 6 — — 227 — 227 32 0 — — 227 279 506
13 7 — — 227 1 228 32 6 — — 227 286 513
13 8 — — 227 2 229 33 0 — — 227 294 521
13 9 — — 227 3 230 33 6 — — 227 301 528
13 10 — — 227 5 232 34 0 — — 227 309 536
13 11 — — 227 6 233 34 6 — — 227 316 543
14 0 — — 227 7 234 35 0 — — 227 324 551
14 6 — — 227 15 242 35 6 — — 227 331 558
15 0 — — 227 22 249 36 0 — — 227 339 566
15 6 — — 227 30 257 36 6 — — 227 346 573
16 0 — — 227 37 264 37 0 — — 227 354 581
16 6 — — 227 45 272 37 6 — — 227 362 589
17 0 — — 227 52 279 38 0 — — 227 369 596
17 6 — — 227 60 287 38 6 — — 227 377 604
18 0 — — 227 67 294 39 0 — — 227 384 611
18 6 — — 227 75 302 39 6 — — 227 392 619
19 0 — — 227 83 310 40 0 — — 227 399 626
19 6 — — 227 90 317 40 6 — — 227 407 634
41 0 — — 227 414 641
41 6 — — 227 422 649
42 0 — — 227 429 656
42 6 — — 227 437 664
43 0 — — 227 444 671
43 6 — — 227 452 679
44 0 — — 227 460 687
44 6 — — 227 467 694
45 0 — — 227 475 702
41/2 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Arch Brick 41/2 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Arch Brick
9 x 41/2 x 3 or 131/2 x 41/2 x 3 Inch 9 x 41/2 x 3 or 131/2 x 41/2 x 3 Inch — Continued
Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Brickwork No. 4 No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 Brickwork No. 4 No. 3 No. 2 No. 1
Straight Total Ft In Straight Total
Ft In Arch Arch Arch Arch Arch Arch Arch Arch
0 4 1/2 15 — — — — 15 4 6 — — 47 19 — 66
0 5 14 1 — — — 15 4 7 — — 46 21 — 67
0 6 13 3 — — — 16 4 8 — — 45 23 — 68
0 7 12 5 — — — 17 4 9 — — 44 26 — 70
0 8 11 7 — — — 18 4 10 — — 43 28 — 71
0 9 10 9 — — — 19 4 11 — — 42 30 — 72
0 10 8 12 — — — 20
0 11 7 14 — — — 21 5 0 — — 41 32 — 73
5 1 — — 40 34 — 74
1 0 6 16 — — — 22 5 2 — — 39 36 — 75
1 1 5 18 — — — 23 5 3 — — 38 38 — 76
1 2 4 20 — — — 24 5 4 — — 37 40 — 77
1 3 4 22 — — — 26 5 5 — — 36 42 — 78
1 4 3 24 — — — 27 5 6 — — 35 44 — 79
1 5 1 27 — — — 28 5 7 — — 34 46 — 80
1 6 — 29 — — — 29 5 8 — — 33 48 — 81
1 7 — 28 2 — — 30 5 9 — — 32 50 — 82
1 8 — 26 5 — — 31 5 10 — — 31 52 — 83
1 9 — 25 7 — — 32 5 11 — — 29 55 — 84
1 10 — 24 9 — — 33
1 11 — 23 11 — — 34 6 0 — — 28 57 — 85
6 1 — — 27 59 — 86
2 0 — 22 13 — — 35 6 2 — — 26 61 — 87
2 1 — 21 15 — — 36 6 3 — — 25 63 — 88
2 2 — 20 17 — — 37 6 4 — — 24 65 — 89
2 3 — 19 19 — — 38 6 5 — — 23 67 — 90
2 4 — 18 21 — — 39 6 6 — — 22 70 — 92
2 5 — 17 23 — — 40 6 7 — — 21 72 — 93
2 6 — 16 25 — — 41 6 8 — — 20 74 — 94
2 7 — 15 27 — — 42 6 9 — — 19 76 — 95
2 8 — 14 29 — — 43 6 10 — — 18 78 — 96
2 9 — 13 31 — — 44 6 11 — — 17 80 — 97
2 10 — 12 33 — — 45
2 11 — 10 36 — — 46 7 0 — — 16 82 — 98
7 1 — — 15 84 — 99
3 0 — 10 38 — — 48 7 2 — — 14 86 — 100
3 1 — 9 40 — — 49 7 3 — — 13 88 — 101
3 2 — 8 42 — — 50 7 4 — — 12 90 — 102
3 3 — 7 44 — — 51 7 5 — — 11 92 — 103
3 4 — 6 46 — — 52 7 6 — — 10 94 — 104
3 5 — 5 48 — — 53 7 7 — — 9 96 — 105
3 6 — 3 51 — — 54 7 8 — — 7 99 — 106
3 7 — 2 53 — — 55 7 9 — — 6 101 — 107
3 8 — 1 55 — — 56 7 10 — — 5 103 — 108
3 9 — — 57 — — 57 7 11 — — 4 105 — 109
3 10 — — 56 2 — 58
3 11 — — 55 4 — 59 8 0 — — 3 107 — 110
8 1 — — 2 109 — 111
4 0 — — 54 6 — 60 8 2 — — 1 111 — 112
4 1 — — 52 9 — 61 8 3 — — — 113 — 113
4 2 — — 51 11 — 62 8 6 — — — 113 4 117
4 3 — — 50 13 — 63
4 4 — — 49 15 — 64 9 0 — — — 113 10 123
4 5 — — 48 17 — 65 10 0 — — — 113 22 135
11 0 — — — 113 35 148
12 0 — — — 113 48 161
13 0 — — — 113 60 173
14 0 — — — 113 73 186
15 0 — — — 113 85 198
41/2 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Circle Brick 41/2 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Circle Brick
9 x 41/2 x 3 Inch 9 x 41/2 x 3 Inch — Continued
Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Brickwork 24-33-3 36-45-3 48-57-3 60-69-3 72-81-3 Brickwork 72-81-3 84-93-3 96-105-3 108-117-3 120-129-3
Ft In Total Ft In Total
Circle Circle Circle Circle Circle Circle Circle Circle Circle Circle
2 0 12 — — — — 12 6 0 29 — — — — 29
2 1 11 1 — — — 12 6 1 26 3 — — — 29
2 2 10 3 — — — 13 6 2 24 5 — — — 29
2 3 9 4 — — — 13 6 3 22 8 — — — 30
2 4 8 5 — — — 13 6 4 19 11 — — — 30
2 5 7 7 — — — 14 6 5 16 14 — — — 30
2 6 6 8 — — — 14 6 6 14 17 — — — 31
2 7 5 9 — — — 14 6 7 12 19 — — — 31
2 8 4 11 — — — 15 6 8 9 22 — — — 31
2 9 3 12 — — — 15 6 9 7 25 — — — 32
2 10 2 13 — — — 15 6 10 5 27 — — — 32
2 11 1 15 6 11 3 30 — — — 33
— — — 16
7 0 — 33 — — — 33
3 0 — 16 — — — 16
7 1 — 30 3 — — 33
3 1 — 14 2 — — 16
7 2 — 27 7 — — 34
3 2 — 13 4 — — 17
7 3 — 25 9 — — 34
3 3 — 12 5 — — 17
7 4 — 22 12 — — 34
3 4 — 11 7 — — 18
7 5 — 19 16 — — 35
3 5 — 9 9 — — 18
7 6 — 16 19 — — 35
3 6 — 8 10 — — 18
7 7 — 14 21 — — 35
3 7 — 7 12 — — 19
7 8 — 11 25 — — 36
3 8 — 5 14 — — 19
7 9 — 8 28 — — 36
3 9 — 4 15 — — 19
7 10 — 5 31 — — 36
3 10 — 3 17 — — 20
7 11 — 3 34 — — 37
3 11 — 2 18 — — 20
8 0 — — 37 — — 37
4 0 — — 20 — — 20 8 1 — — 34 3 — 37
4 1 — — 19 2 — 21 8 2 — — 31 7 — 38
4 2 — — 17 4 — 21 8 3 — — 28 10 — 38
4 3 — — 15 6 — 21 8 4 — — 24 14 — 38
4 4 — — 14 8 — 22 8 5 — — 22 17 — 39
4 5 — — 12 10 — 22 8 6 — — 18 21 — 39
4 6 — — 10 12 — 22 8 7 — — 15 24 — 39
4 7 — — 9 14 — 23 8 8 — — 12 28 — 40
4 8 — — 7 16 — 23 8 9 — — 9 31 — 40
4 9 — — 5 18 — 23 8 10 — — 7 34 — 41
4 10 — — 4 20 — 24 8 11 — — 3 38 — 41
4 11 — — 2 22 — 24
9 0 — — — 41 — 41
5 0 — — — 24 — 24 9 1 — — — 38 4 42
5 1 — — — 22 3 25 9 2 — — — 34 8 42
5 2 — — — 20 5 25 9 3 — — — 31 11 42
5 3 — — — 18 8 26 9 4 — — — 28 15 43
5 4 — — — 16 10 26 9 5 — — — 24 19 43
5 5 — — — 14 12 26 9 6 — — — 20 23 43
5 6 — — — 12 15 27 9 7 — — — 17 27 44
5 7 — — — 10 17 27 9 8 — — — 14 30 44
5 8 — — — 8 19 27 9 9 — — — 10 34 44
5 9 — — — 6 22 28 9 10 — — — 7 38 45
5 10 — — — 4 24 28 9 11 — — — 4 41 45
5 11 — — — 2 26 28
10 0 — — — — 45 45
6 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Arch Brick 6 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Arch Brick
12 x 6 x 3 or 131/2 x 6 x 3 Inch 12 x 6 x 3 or 131/2 x 6 x 3 Inch — Continued
Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Brickwork Brickwork
No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 No. 3 No. 2 No. 1
Ft In Straight Total Ft In Straight Total
Arch Arch Arch Arch Arch Arch
2 0 38 — — — 38 6 8 — 55 42 — 97
2 1 37 2 — — 39 6 9 — 54 44 — 98
2 2 36 4 — — 40 6 10 — 53 46 — 99
2 3 35 6 — — 41 6 11 — 52 48 — 100
2 4 34 8 — — 42
2 5 32 11 — — 43 7 0 — 51 50 — 101
2 6 31 13 — — 44 7 1 — 49 53 — 102
2 7 30 15 — — 45 7 2 — 48 55 — 103
2 8 29 17 — — 46 7 3 — 47 57 — 104
2 9 29 19 — — 48 7 4 — 46 59 — 105
2 10 28 21 — — 49 7 5 — 45 61 — 106
2 11 27 23 — — 50 7 6 — 44 63 — 107
7 7 — 43 65 — 108
3 0 26 25 — — 51 7 8 — 42 67 — 109
3 1 24 28 — — 52 7 9 — 41 69 — 110
3 2 23 30 — — 53 7 10 — 40 71 — 111
3 3 22 32 — — 54 7 11 — 39 73 — 112
3 4 21 34 — — 55
3 5 20 36 — — 56 8 0 — 38 75 — 113
3 6 19 38 — — 57 8 1 — 37 78 — 115
3 7 18 40 — — 58 8 2 — 36 80 — 116
3 8 17 42 — — 59 8 3 — 35 82 — 117
3 9 16 44 — — 60 8 4 — 34 84 — 118
3 10 15 46 — — 61 8 5 — 33 86 — 119
3 11 14 48 — — 62 8 6 — 32 88 — 120
8 7 — 31 90 — 121
4 0 13 50 — — 63 8 8 — 30 92 — 122
4 1 12 52 — — 64 8 9 — 29 94 — 123
4 2 11 54 — — 65 8 10 — 27 97 — 124
4 3 9 57 — — 66 8 11 — 26 99 — 125
4 4 8 59 — — 67
4 5 7 61 — — 68 9 0 — 25 101 — 126
4 6 7 63 — — 70 9 1 — 24 103 — 127
4 7 6 65 — — 71 9 2 — 23 105 — 128
4 8 5 67 — — 72 9 3 — 22 107 — 129
4 9 4 69 — — 73 9 4 — 21 109 — 130
4 10 2 72 — — 74 9 5 — 20 111 — 131
4 11 1 74 — — 75 9 6 — 19 113 — 132
9 7 — 18 115 — 133
5 0 — 76 — — 76 9 8 — 17 117 — 134
5 1 — 75 2 — 77 9 9 — 16 119 — 135
5 2 — 74 4 — 78 9 10 — 15 122 — 137
5 3 — 72 7 — 79 9 11 — 14 124 — 138
5 4 — 71 9 — 80
5 5 — 70 11 — 81 10 0 — 13 126 — 139
5 6 — 69 13 — 82 10 1 — 12 128 — 140
5 7 — 68 15 — 83 10 2 — 11 130 — 141
5 8 — 67 17 — 84 10 3 — 10 132 — 142
5 9 — 66 19 — 85 10 4 — 9 134 — 143
5 10 — 65 21 — 86 10 5 — 8 136 — 144
5 11 — 64 23 — 87 10 6 — 7 138 — 145
10 7 — 5 141 — 146
6 0 — 63 25 — 88 10 8 — 4 143 — 147
6 1 — 62 27 — 89 10 9 — 3 145 — 148
6 2 — 61 29 — 90 10 10 — 2 147 — 149
6 3 — 60 32 — 92 10 11 — 1 149 — 150
6 4 — 59 34 — 93
6 5 — 58 36 — 94 11 0 — — 151 — 151
6 6 — 57 38 — 95 12 0 — — 151 13 164
6 7 — 56 40 — 96 13 0 — — 151 25 176
14 0 — — 151 38 189
6 Inch Lining — Rotary Kiln or Cupola Blocks 6 Inch Lining — Rotary Kiln or Cupola Blocks
9 x 6 x 4 Inch 9 x 6 x 4 Inch — Continued
Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Brickwork Brickwork
Ft In Total Ft In Total
NOTE: In orders, the complete names of the blocks desired should be given, as
for example “54-66 RKB” or “60-72 Cupola.”
6 Inch Lining — Rotary Kiln or Cupola Blocks 6 Inch Lining — Rotary Kiln or Cupola Blocks
9 x 6 x 4 Inch — Continued 9 x 6 x 4 Inch — Continued
Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Brickwork Brickwork
Ft In Total Ft In Total
NOTE: In orders, the complete names of the blocks desired should be given, as
for example “138-150 RKB” or “138-150 Cupola.”
6 Inch Lining — Rotary Kiln Blocks 9 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick
9 x 6 x 4 Inch Arch Type —Two Shape System 9 x 4 1/2 x 3, 9 x 6 3/4 x 3 or 9 x 9 x 3 Inch
Inside Inside Number Required Per Ring Number Required Per Ring
Diam. Inside
Lining Shell Brickwork No. 3 No. 2 No. 1
Ft In Ft In KW-3 KW-2 KW-1 KW-1X Total Straight Total
Ft In Wedge Wedge Wedge
5 0 6 0 50 7 — — 57 3 0 57 — — — 57
5 3 6 3 44 15 — — 59 3 1 56 2 — — 58
5 6 6 6 38 24 — — 62 3 2 55 4 — — 59
5 9 6 9 32 32 — — 64 3 3 54 6 — — 60
6 0 7 0 25 41 — — 66
3 4 52 9 — — 61
6 3 7 3 19 50 — — 69
3 5 51 11 — — 62
6 6 7 6 13 58 — — 71
3 6 50 13 — — 63
6 9 7 9 6 67 — — 73
3 7 49 15 — — 64
7 0 8 0 — 76 — — 76 3 8 48 17 — — 65
7 3 8 3 — 72 6 — 78 3 9 47 19 — — 66
7 6 8 6 — 68 13 — 81 3 10 46 21 — — 67
7 9 8 9 — 64 19 — 83 3 11 45 23 — — 68
8 0 9 0 — 60 25 — 85
8 3 9 3 — 56 32 — 88 4 0 44 26 — — 70
8 6 9 6 — 52 38 — 90 4 1 43 28 — — 71
8 9 9 9 — 48 44 — 92 4 2 42 30 — — 72
9 0 10 0 — 44 51 — 95
4 3 41 32 — — 73
9 3 10 3 — 40 57 — 97
4 4 40 34 — — 74
9 6 10 6 — 36 63 — 99
4 5 39 36 — — 75
9 9 10 9 — 33 69 — 102
4 6 38 38 — — 76
10 0 11 0 — 28 76 — 104 4 7 37 40 — — 77
10 3 11 3 — 24 82 — 106 4 8 36 42 — — 78
10 6 11 6 — 21 88 — 109 4 9 35 44 — — 79
10 9 11 9 — 17 94 — 111 4 10 34 46 — — 80
11 0 12 0 — 13 100 — 113 4 11 33 48 — — 81
11 3 12 3 — 9 107 — 116
11 6 12 6 — 5 113 — 118 5 0 32 50 — — 82
11 9 12 9 — 1 119 — 120
5 1 31 52 — — 83
12 0 13 0 — — 118 5 123
5 2 29 55 — — 84
12 3 13 3 — — 114 11 125
5 3 28 57 — — 85
12 6 13 6 — — 111 17 128
12 9 13 9 — — 107 23 130 5 4 27 59 — — 86
5 5 26 61 — — 87
13 0 14 0 — — 104 28 132 5 6 25 63 — — 88
13 3 14 3 — — 100 35 135 5 7 24 65 — — 89
13 6 14 6 — — 97 40 137 5 8 23 67 — — 90
13 9 14 9 — — 93 46 139 5 9 22 70 — — 92
14 0 15 0 — — 90 52 142 5 10 21 72 — — 93
14 3 15 3 — — 86 58 144 5 11 20 74 — — 94
14 6 15 6 — — 82 64 146
14 9 15 9 — — 79 70 149
6 0 19 76 — — 95
15 0 16 0 — — 76 75 151
6 1 18 78 — — 96
15 3 16 3 — — 72 82 154
6 2 17 80 — — 97
15 6 16 6 — — 69 87 156
15 9 16 9 — — 65 93 158 6 3 16 82 — — 98
6 4 15 84 — — 99
16 0 17 0 — — 62 99 161 6 5 14 86 — — 100
16 3 17 3 — — 58 105 163 6 6 13 88 — — 101
16 6 17 6 — — 54 111 165 6 7 12 90 — — 102
16 9 17 9 — — 51 117 168 6 8 11 92 — — 103
17 0 18 0 — — 47 123 170 6 9 10 94 — — 104
17 3 18 3 — — 44 128 172 6 10 9 96 — — 105
17 6 18 6 — — 40 135 175
6 11 7 99 — — 106
17 9 18 9 — — 37 140 177
18 0 19 0 — — 33 146 179
NOTE: This table can be used also for 131/2 x 9 x 3 inch arch brick by substituting
18 3 19 3 — — 30 152 182
Nos. 1, 2 and 3 arch brick for the corresponding wedge brick.
NOTE: For each ring, order two (2) pieces each KA-2/3 and KA-3/4 to facilitate
keying. For additional information, see discussion of KA and KW Blocks for
Rotary Kilns.
9 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick 9 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick
9 x 4 1/2 x 3, 9 x 6 3/4 x 3 or 9 x 9 x 3 Inch–Cont’d. 9 x 4 1/2 x 3, 9 x 6 3/4 x 3 or 9 x 9 x 3 Inch–Cont’d.
Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Brickwork Brickwork No. 3 No. 2 No. 1
No. 3 No. 2 No. 1
Ft In Straight Total Ft In Straight Total
Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge
12 0 — 57 113 — 170
8 0 — 107 13 — 120
12 1 — 56 115 — 171
8 1 — 106 15 — 121
12 2 — 55 117 — 172
8 2 — 105 17 — 122 12 3 — 54 119 — 173
8 3 — 104 19 — 123 12 4 — 52 122 — 174
8 4 — 103 21 — 124 12 5 — 51 124 — 175
8 5 — 102 23 — 125 12 6 — 50 126 — 176
8 6 — 101 25 — 126 12 7 — 49 128 — 177
8 7 — 100 27 — 127 12 8 — 48 130 — 178
8 8 — 99 29 — 128 12 9 — 47 132 — 179
8 9 — 97 32 — 129 12 10 — 47 134 — 181
8 10 — 96 34 — 130 12 11 — 45 137 — 182
8 11 — 95 36 — 131
13 0 — 44 139 — 183
9 0 — 94 38 — 132 13 1 — 43 141 — 184
9 1 — 93 40 — 133 13 2 — 42 143 — 185
9 2 — 92 42 — 134 13 3 — 41 145 — 186
9 3 — 91 44 — 135 13 4 — 40 147 — 187
9 4 — 90 47 — 137 13 5 — 39 149 — 188
9 5 — 89 49 — 138 13 6 — 38 151 — 189
13 7 — 37 153 — 190
9 6 — 88 51 — 139
13 8 — 36 155 — 191
9 7 — 87 53 — 140
13 9 — 35 157 — 192
9 8 — 86 55 — 141
13 10 — 34 159 — 193
9 9 — 85 57 — 142
13 11 — 33 161 — 194
9 10 — 84 59 — 143
9 11 — 83 61 — 144
14 0 — 32 163 — 195
14 1 — 30 166 — 196
10 0 — 82 63 — 145 14 2 — 29 168 — 197
10 1 — 81 65 — 146 14 3 — 28 170 — 198
10 2 — 80 67 — 147 14 4 — 27 172 — 199
10 3 — 79 69 — 148 14 5 — 26 174 — 200
10 4 — 78 71 — 149 14 6 — 25 176 — 201
10 5 — 77 73 — 150 14 7 — 25 178 — 203
10 6 — 76 75 — 151 14 8 — 23 181 — 204
10 7 — 74 78 — 152 14 9 — 22 183 — 205
10 8 — 73 80 — 153 14 10 — 21 185 — 206
10 9 — 72 82 — 154 14 11 — 20 187 — 207
10 10 — 71 84 — 155
10 11 — 70 86 — 156 15 0 — 19 189 — 208
15 1 — 18 191 — 209
NOTE: This table can be used also for 131/2 x 9 x 3 inch arch brick by substituting 15 2 — 17 193 — 210
Nos. 1, 2 and 3 arch brick for the corresponding wedge brick. 15 3 — 16 195 — 211
15 4 — 15 197 — 212
15 5 — 14 199 — 213
NOTE: This table can be used also for 131/2 x 9 x 3 inch arch brick by substituting
Nos. 1, 2 and 3 arch brick for the corresponding wedge brick.
9 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick 9 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Key Brick
9 x 4 1/2 x 3, 9 x 6 3/4 x 3 or 9 x 9 x 3 Inch–Cont’d. 9 x 4 1/2 x 3 Inch
Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Diam. Inside
Brickwork No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 Brickwork No. 4 No. 3 No. 2 No. 1
Straight Total Ft In Straight Total
Ft In Wedge Wedge Wedge Key Key Key Key
15 6 — 13 201 — 214 1 6 26 — — — — 26
15 7 — 12 203 — 215 1 8 23 4 — — — 27
15 8 — 11 205 — 216 1 10 20 8 — — — 28
15 9 — 10 207 — 217 — — —
15 10 — 8 210 — 218 2 0 17 13 — — — 30
2 2 14 17 — — — 31
15 11 — 7 212 — 219
2 4 12 21 — — — 33
2 6 9 25 — — — 34
16 0 — 6 214 — 220 2 8 6 29 — — — 35
16 1 — 5 216 — 221 2 10 3 34 — — — 37
16 2 — 4 218 — 222
16 3 — 3 220 — 223 3 0 — 38 — — — 38
16 4 — 3 222 — 225 3 2 — 35 4 — — 39
16 5 — 1 225 — 226 3 4 — 32 9 — — 41
16 6 — — 227 — 227 3 6 — 29 13 — — 42
17 0 — — 227 6 233 3 8 — 27 17 — — 44
3 10 — 24 21 — — 45
17 6 — — 227 12 239
18 0 — — 227 18 245
4 0 — 21 25 — — 46
18 6 — — 227 25 252 4 2 — 18 30 — — 48
19 0 — — 227 31 258 4 4 — 15 34 — — 49
19 6 — — 227 37 264 4 6 — 13 38 — — 51
4 8 — 10 42 — — 52
20 0 — — 227 44 271 4 10 — 7 46 — — 53
20 6 — — 227 50 277
21 0 — — 227 56 283 5 0 — 4 51 — — 55
21 6 — — 227 62 289 5 2 — 1 55 — — 56
5 3 — — 57 — — 57
22 0 — — 227 69 296
5 4 — — 56 2 — 58
22 6 — — 227 75 302
5 6 — — 55 4 — 59
23 0 — — 227 81 308 5 8 — — 53 7 — 60
23 6 — — 227 88 315 5 10 — — 52 10 — 62
24 0 — — 227 94 321
24 6 — — 227 100 327 6 0 — — 50 13 — 63
25 0 — — 227 106 333 6 2 — — 49 16 — 65
25 6 — — 227 113 340 6 4 — — 48 18 — 66
26 0 — — 227 119 346 6 6 — — 46 21 — 67
26 6 — — 227 125 352 6 8 — — 45 24 — 69
6 10 — — 43 27 — 70
27 0 — — 227 132 359
27 6 — — 227 138 365
7 0 — — 42 30 — 72
28 0 — — 227 144 371 7 2 — — 41 32 — 73
28 6 — — 227 150 377 7 4 — — 39 35 — 74
29 0 — — 227 157 384 7 6 — — 38 38 — 76
29 6 — — 227 163 390 7 8 — — 36 41 — 77
7 10 — — 35 44 — 79
30 0 — — 227 169 396
30 6 — — 227 176 403 8 0 — — 34 46 — 80
31 0 — — 227 182 409 8 2 — — 32 49 — 81
8 4 — — 31 52 — 83
31 6 — — 227 188 415
8 6 — — 29 55 — 84
32 0 — — 227 194 421
8 8 — — 28 58 — 86
32 6 — — 227 201 428 8 10 — — 27 60 — 87
33 0 — — 227 207 434
33 6 — — 227 213 440 9 0 — — 25 63 — 88
34 0 — — 227 220 447 9 2 — — 24 66 — 90
34 6 — — 227 226 453 9 4 — — 22 69 — 91
35 0 — — 227 232 459 9 6 — — 21 72 — 93
35 6 — — 227 238 465 9 8 — — 20 74 — 94
36 0 — — 227 245 472 9 10 — — 18 77 — 95
36 6 — — 227 251 478
10 0 — — 17 80 — 97
10 2 — — 15 83 — 98
NOTE: This table can be used also for 131/2 x 9 x 3 inch arch brick by substituting 10 4 — — 14 86 — 100
Nos. 1, 2 and 3 arch brick for the corresponding wedge brick.
9 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Key Brick 9 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Key Brick
9 x 4 1/2 x 3 Inch — Continued 9 x 6 x 3 Inch
Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring Number Required Per Ring
Diam. Inside
Brickwork No. 4 No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 Brickwork No. 3 No. 2 No. 1
Ft In Straight Total Straight Total
Key Key Key Key Ft In Key Key Key
10 6 — — 13 88 — 101 1 6 19 — — — 19
10 8 — — 11 91 — 102 1 8 18 2 — — 20
10 10 — — 10 94 — 104 1 10 18 3 — — 21
— — —
11 0 — — 9 96 — 105 2 0 17 5 — — 22
11 2 — — 7 100 — 107 2 2 16 7 — — 23
11 4 — — 6 102 — 108 2 4 15 9 — — 24
11 6 — — 4 105 — 109 2 6 15 11 — — 26
11 8 — — 3 108 — 111 2 8 14 13 — — 27
11 10 — — 2 110 — 112 2 10 14 14 — — 28
12 0 — — — 113 — 113 3 0 13 16 — — 29
12 6 — — — 113 5 118 3 2 12 18 — — 30
13 0 — — — 113 9 122 3 4 12 19 — — 31
13 6 — — — 113 13 126 3 6 11 21 — — 32
14 0 — — — 113 17 130 3 8 10 23 — — 33
14 6 — — — 113 21 134 3 10 9 25 — — 34
15 0 — — — 113 26 139
4 0 9 26 — — 35
15 6 — — — 113 30 143
4 2 8 28 — — 36
16 0 — — — 113 34 147
4 4 7 30 — — 37
16 6 — — — 113 38 151
4 6 7 31 — — 38
17 0 — — — 113 42 155
4 8 6 33 — — 39
17 6 — — — 113 47 160
4 10 5 35 — — 40
18 0 — — — 113 51 164
5 0 5 36 — — 41
18 6 — — — 113 55 168
5 2 4 38 — — 42
19 0 — — — 113 59 172
5 4 3 40 — — 43
19 6 — — — 113 63 176
20 0 — — — 113 68 181 5 6 2 42 — — 44
20 6 — — — 113 72 185 5 8 2 43 — — 45
— — — 5 10 1 45 — — 46
21 0 — — — 113 76 189
21 6 — — — 113 80 193 6 0 — 48 — — 48
22 0 — — — 113 84 197 6 2 — 47 2 — 49
22 6 — — — 113 88 201 6 4 — 46 4 — 50
23 0 — — — 113 93 206 6 6 — 45 6 — 51
23 6 — — — 113 97 210 6 8 — 44 8 — 52
6 10 — 43 10 — 53
24 0 — — — 113 101 214
24 6 — — — 113 105 218 7 0 — 41 13 — 54
25 0 — — — 113 109 222 7 2 — 40 15 — 55
25 6 — — — 113 114 227 7 4 — 39 17 — 56
26 0 — — — 113 118 231 7 6 — 38 19 — 57
26 6 — — — 113 122 235 7 8 — 37 21 — 58
7 10 — 36 23 — 59
27 0 — — — 113 126 239
27 6 — — — 113 130 243 8 0 — 34 26 — 60
28 0 — — — 113 135 248 8 2 — 33 28 — 61
28 6 — — — 113 139 252 8 4 — 32 30 — 62
29 0 — — — 113 143 256 8 6 — 31 32 — 63
29 6 — — — 113 147 260 8 8 — 30 34 — 64
8 10 — 28 37 — 65
30 0 — — — 113 151 264
30 6 — — — 113 155 268 9 0 — 27 39 — 66
31 0 — — — 113 160 273 9 2 — 26 41 — 67
31 6 — — — 113 164 277 9 4 — 25 43 — 68
32 0 — — — 113 168 281 9 6 — 24 46 — 70
32 6 — — — 113 172 285 9 8 — 23 48 — 71
9 10 — 22 50 — 72
33 0 — — — 113 176 289
33 6 — — — 113 181 294 *NOTE: For brickwork of inside diameters less than 6 feet, involving the use of
34 0 — — — 113 185 298 9 x 6 inch No. 3 Keys which have a very sharp taper, a better bricklaying fit
35 0 — — — 113 193 306 can be obtained by the use of the 9 x 41/2 inch Key-brick combinations.
9 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Key Brick 9 Inch Lining — Rotary Kiln Blocks
9 x 6 x 3 Inch — Continued 9 x 9 x 4 Inch
Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Brickwork No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 Brickwork
Ft In Straight Total Ft In Total
Key Key Key
10 0 — 21 52 — 73 60-78 66-84
10 2 — 19 55 — 74 5 0 28 — 28
10 4 — 18 57 — 75 5 1 23 5 28
10 6 — 17 59 — 76 5 2 18 10 28
10 8 — 16 61 — 77 5 3 14 15 29
10 10 — 15 63 — 78 5 4 9 20 29
5 5 5 24 29
11 0 — 13 66 — 79
11 2 — 12 68 — 80
66-84 72-90
11 4 — 11 70 — 81
5 6 30 — 30
11 6 — 10 72 — 82
5 7 25 5 30
11 8 — 9 74 — 83
5 8 20 10 30
11 10 — 8 76 — 84
5 9 15 16 31
12 0 — 6 79 — 85 5 10 10 21 31
12 2 — 5 81 — 86 5 11 5 26 31
12 4 — 4 83 — 87
12 6 — 3 85 — 88 72-90 78-96
12 8 — 2 87 — 89 6 0 32 — 32
12 10 — — 90 — 90 6 1 26 6 32
6 2 21 12 33
13 0 — — 91 — 91 6 3 16 17 33
13 6 — — 91 4 95 6 4 11 22 33
14 0 — — 91 7 98 6 5 6 28 34
14 6 — — 91 10 101
15 0 — — 91 13 104 78-96 84-102
15 6 — — 91 16 107 6 6 34 — 34
6 7 28 6 34
16 0 — — 91 19 110
6 8 23 12 35
16 6 — — 91 22 113
6 9 17 18 35
17 0 — — 91 26 117
6 10 11 24 35
17 6 — — 91 29 120
6 11 6 30 36
18 0 — — 91 32 123
—
18 6 — — 91 35 126
82-102 90-108
19 0 — — 91 38 129 7 0 36 — 36
20 0 — — 91 44 135 7 1 30 6 36
21 0 — — 91 51 142 7 2 24 13 37
22 0 — — 91 57 148 7 3 18 19 37
23 0 — — 91 63 154 7 4 12 25 37
24 0 — — 91 70 161 7 5 6 32 38
—
25 0 — — 91 76 167 90-108 96-114
26 0 — — 91 82 173 7 6 38 — 38
27 0 — — 91 88 179 7 7 31 7 38
28 0 — — 91 95 186 7 8 25 14 39
29 0 — — 91 101 192 7 9 19 20 39
30 0 — — 91 107 198 7 10 13 26 39
7 11 7 33 40
31 0 — — 91 114 205
32 0 — — 91 120 211
NOTE: In orders, the complete names of the blocks should be given, as for example
33 0 — — 91 126 217
“60-78 RKB.”
34 0 — — 91 132 223
35 0 — — 91 139 230
36 0 — — 91 145 236
37 0 — — 91 151 242
38 0 — — 91 158 249
39 0 — — 91 164 255
40 0 — — 91 170 261
41 0 — — 91 176 267
9 Inch Lining — Rotary Kiln Blocks 9 Inch Lining — Rotary Kiln Blocks
9 x 9 x 4 Inch — Continued 9 x 9 x 4 Inch — Continued
Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Brickwork Brickwork
Ft In Total Ft In Total
156-174 162-180
13 0 61 — 61
13 1 51 10 61
13 2 41 21 62
13 3 30 32 62
13 4 21 42 63
13 5 10 53 63
NOTE: In orders, the complete names of the blocks should be given, as for example
“123-141 RKB.”
9 Inch Lining — Rotary Kiln Blocks 9 Inch Lining — Rotary Kiln Blocks
9 x 9 x 4 Inch — Continued 9 x 9 x 4 Inch — Continued
Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Brickwork Brickwork
Ft In Total Ft In Total
NOTE: In orders, the complete names of the blocks should be given, as for example
“162-180 RKB.”
9 Inch Lining — Rotary Kiln Blocks 12 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick
9 x 6 x 4 Inch Wedge Type —Two Shape System 12 x 4 1/2 x 3, 12 x 6 x 3 or 12 x 9 x 3 Inch
Inside Inside Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Lining Shell Brickwork No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 No. 1-X
Ft In Ft In KW-3 KW-2 KW-1 KW-1X Total Ft In Straight Total
Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge
4 6 6 0 50 7 — — 57 4 0 76 — — — — 76
4 9 6 3 44 15 — — 59 4 3 72 7 — — — 79
5 0 6 6 38 24 — — 62 4 6 69 13 — — — 82
5 3 6 9 32 32 — — 64 4 9 66 19 — — — 85
5 6 7 0 25 41 — — 66
5 9 7 3 19 50 — — 69 5 0 63 25 — — — 88
5 3 60 32 — — — 92
6 0 7 6 13 58 — — 71
5 6 57 38 — — — 95
6 3 7 9 6 67 — — 73
5 9 54 44 — — — 98
6 6 8 0 — 76 — — 76
6 9 8 3 — 72 6 — 78
7 0 8 6 — 68 13 — 81 6 0 51 50 — — — 101
7 3 8 9 — 64 19 — 83 6 3 47 57 — — — 104
7 6 9 0 — 60 25 — 85 6 6 44 63 — — — 107
7 9 9 3 — 56 32 — 88 6 9 41 69 — — — 110
8 0 9 6 — 52 38 — 90
8 3 9 9 — 48 44 — 92 7 0 38 75 — — — 113
8 6 10 0 — 44 51 — 95 7 3 35 82 — — — 117
8 9 10 3 — 40 57 — 97 7 6 32 88 — — — 120
7 9 29 94 — — — 123
9 0 10 6 — 36 63 — 99
9 3 10 9 — 33 69 — 102
8 0 25 101 — — — 126
9 6 11 0 — 28 76 — 104
8 3 22 107 — — — 129
9 9 11 3 — 24 82 — 106
10 0 11 6 — 21 88 — 109 8 6 19 113 — — — 132
10 3 11 9 — 17 94 — 111 8 9 16 119 — — — 135
10 6 12 0 — 13 100 — 113
10 9 12 3 — 9 107 — 116 9 0 13 126 — — — 139
11 0 12 6 — 5 113 — 118 9 3 10 132 — — — 142
11 3 12 9 — 1 119 — 120 9 6 7 138 — — — 145
11 6 13 0 — — 117 6 123 9 9 3 145 — — — 148
11 9 13 3 — — 112 13 125
10 0 — 151 — — — 151
12 0 13 6 — — 108 20 128 10 3 — 148 6 — — 154
12 3 13 9 — — 103 27 130
10 6 — 144 13 — — 157
12 6 14 0 — — 98 34 132
10 9 — 142 19 — — 161
12 9 14 3 — — 94 41 135
13 0 14 6 — — 89 48 137
13 3 14 9 — — 84 55 139 11 0 — 139 25 — — 164
13 6 15 0 — — 79 63 142 11 3 — 135 32 — — 167
13 9 15 3 — — 75 69 144 11 6 — 132 38 — — 170
14 0 15 6 — — 70 76 146 11 9 — 129 44 — — 173
14 3 15 9 — — 65 84 149
14 6 16 0 — — 60 91 151 12 0 — 126 50 — — 176
14 9 16 3 — — 56 98 154 12 3 — 122 57 — — 179
12 6 — 120 63 — — 183
15 0 16 6 — — 51 105 156 12 9 — 117 69 — — 186
15 3 16 9 — — 46 112 158
15 6 17 0 — — 42 119 161
13 0 — 113 76 — — 189
15 9 17 3 — — 37 126 163
13 3 — 110 82 — — 192
16 0 17 6 — — 32 133 165
13 6 — 107 88 — — 195
16 3 17 9 — — 28 140 168
16 6 18 0 — — 23 147 170 13 9 — 104 94 — — 198
16 9 18 3 — — 18 154 172
17 0 18 6 — — 14 161 175 14 0 — 101 100 — — 201
17 3 18 9 — — 9 168 177 14 3 — 98 107 — — 205
17 6 19 0 — — 4 175 179 14 6 — 95 113 — — 208
17 9 19 3 — — — 182 182 14 9 — 91 120 — — 211
NOTE: For each ring, order two (2) pieces each KW-2/3 and KW-3/4 to facilitate 15 0 — 88 126 — — 214
keying. For additional information, see discussion of KA and KW blocks for 15 3 — 85 132 — — 217
Rotary Kilns. 15 6 — 82 138 — — 220
15 9 — 79 144 — — 223
12 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick 12 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick
12 x 4 1/2 x 3, 12 x 6 x 3 or 12 x 9 x 3 Inch–Cont’d. 12 x 4 1/2 x 3, 12 x 6 x 3 or 12 x 9 x 3 Inch–Cont’d.
Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Brickwork No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 No. 1-X Brickwork No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 No. 1-X
Ft In Straight Total Ft In Straight Total
Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge
12 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick 12 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Key Brick
12 x 4 1/2 x 3, 12 x 6 x 3 or 12 x 9 x 3 Inch–Cont’d. 12 x 6 x 3 Inch
Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Brickwork No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 No. 1-X Brickwork No.2 No. 1
Ft In Straight Total Ft In Straight Total
Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge Key Key
40 0 — — 76 452 — 528 10 0 76 — — 76
40 3 — — 72 459 — 531 10 2 75 2 — 77
40 6 — — 69 465 — 534 10 4 74 4 — 78
40 9 — — 66 472 — 538 10 6 72 7 — 79
10 8 71 9 — 80
41 0 — — 63 478 — 541 10 10 70 11 — 81
41 3 — — 60 484 — 544
11 0 69 13 — 82
41 6 — — 57 490 — 547
11 2 68 15 — 83
41 9 — — 54 496 — 550
11 4 67 17 — 84
11 6 66 19 — 85
42 0 — — 50 503 — 553
11 8 65 21 — 86
42 3 — — 47 509 — 556 11 10 64 23 — 87
42 6 — — 44 516 — 560
42 9 — — 41 522 — 563 12 0 63 25 — 88
12 2 62 27 — 89
43 0 — — 38 528 — 566 12 4 61 29 — 90
43 3 — — 35 534 — 569 12 6 60 32 — 92
43 6 — — 32 540 — 572 12 8 59 34 — 93
43 9 — — 28 547 — 575 12 10 58 36 — 94
44 0 — — 25 553 — 578 13 0 57 38 — 95
44 3 — — 22 560 — 582 13 2 56 40 — 96
44 6 — — 19 566 — 585 13 4 55 42 — 97
13 6 54 44 — 98
44 9 — — 16 572 — 588
13 8 53 46 — 99
13 10 52 48 — 100
45 0 — — 13 578 — 591
45 3 — — 10 584 — 594 14 0 51 50 — 101
45 6 — — 6 591 — 597 14 2 49 53 — 102
45 9 — — 3 597 — 600 14 4 48 55 — 103
14 6 47 57 — 104
46 0 — — — 604 — 604 14 8 46 59 — 105
46 3 — — — 604 3 607 14 10 45 61 — 106
46 6 — — — 604 6 610
46 9 — — — 604 9 613 15 0 44 63 — 107
15 2 43 65 — 108
47 0 — — — 604 12 616 15 4 42 67 — 109
47 3 — — — 604 15 619 15 6 41 69 — 110
47 6 — — — 604 18 622 15 8 40 71 — 111
15 10 39 73 — 112
47 9 — — — 604 22 626
16 0 38 75 — 113
48 0 — — — 604 25 629
16 2 37 78 — 115
48 3 — — — 604 28 632
16 4 36 80 — 116
48 6 — — — 604 31 635 16 6 35 82 — 117
48 9 — — — 604 34 638 16 8 34 84 — 118
16 10 33 86 — 119
49 0 — — — 604 37 641
49 6 — — — 604 44 648 17 0 32 88 — 120
50 0 — — — 604 50 654 17 2 31 90 — 121
50 6 — — — 604 56 660 17 4 30 92 — 122
17 6 29 94 — 123
51 0 — — — 604 62 666 17 8 27 97 — 124
51 6 — — — 604 69 673 17 10 26 99 — 125
52 0 — — — 604 75 679
52 6 — — — 604 81 685 18 0 25 101 — 126
18 2 24 103 — 127
18 4 23 105 — 128
53 0 — — — 604 88 692
18 6 22 107 — 129
53 6 — — — 604 94 698
18 8 21 109 — 130
54 0 — — — 604 100 704 18 10 20 111 — 131
54 6 — — — 604 106 710
12 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Key Brick 13 1/2 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick
12 x 6 x 3 Inch — Continued 13 1/2 x 4 1/2 x 3, 13 1/2 x 6 x 3 or 13 1/2 x 9 x 3 Inch
Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Diam. Inside
Brickwork No. 2 No. 1 Brickwork No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 No. 1-X
Straight Total Straight Total
Ft In Key Key Ft In Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge
19 0 19 113 — 132 4 6 85 — — — — 85
19 2 18 115 — 133 4 9 82 6 — — — 88
19 4 17 117 — 134
19 6 16 119 — 135 5 0 79 13 — — — 92
19 8 15 122 — 137 5 3 76 19 — — — 95
19 10 14 124 — 138 5 6 73 25 — — — 98
5 9 69 32 — — — 101
20 0 13 126 — 139
20 2 12 128 — 140
6 0 66 38 — — — 104
20 4 11 130 — 141
6 3 63 44 — — — 107
20 6 10 132 — 142
6 6 60 50 — — — 110
20 8 9 134 — 143
6 9 57 56 — — — 113
20 10 8 136 — 144
131/2 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick 131/2 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick
13 1/2 x 4 1/2 x 3, 13 1/2 x 6 x 3 or 13 1/2 x 4 1/2 x 3, 13 1/2 x 6 x 3 or
13 1/2 x 9 x 3 Inch – Continued 13 1/2 x 9 x 3 Inch – Continued
Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Brickwork No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 No. 1-X Brickwork No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 No. 1-X
Ft In Straight Total Ft In Straight Total
Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge
131/2 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick 131/2 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Key Brick
13 1/2 x 4 1/2 x 3, 13 1/2 x 6 x 3 or 131/2 x 6 x 3 Inch
13 1/2 x 9 x 3 Inch – Continued
Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Brickwork No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 No. 1-X Brickwork No. 3 No. 2 No. 1
Ft In Straight Total Ft In Straight Total
Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge Key Key Key
6 0 — 52 — — 52
45 0 — — 85 509 — 594
6 2 — 51 2 — 53
45 3 — — 82 515 — 597 6 4 — 49 5 — 54
45 6 — — 79 521 — 600 6 6 — 48 7 — 55
45 9 — — 76 528 — 604 6 8 — 46 10 — 56
6 10 — 44 13 — 57
46 0 — — 73 534 — 607
46 3 — — 69 541 — 610 7 0 — 43 16 — 59
46 6 — — 66 547 — 613 7 2 — 41 19 — 60
46 9 — — 63 553 — 616 7 4 — 40 21 — 61
7 6 — 38 24 — 62
7 8 — 36 27 — 63
47 0 — — 60 559 — 619
7 10 — 35 29 — 64
47 3 — — 57 565 — 622
47 6 — — 54 572 — 626 8 0 — 33 32 — 65
47 9 — — 51 578 — 629 8 2 — 31 35 — 66
8 4 — 30 37 — 67
48 0 — — 47 585 — 632 8 6 — 28 40 — 68
48 3 — — 44 591 — 635 8 8 — 26 43 — 69
48 6 — — 41 597 — 638 8 10 — 24 46 — 70
48 9 — — 38 603 — 641
9 0 — 23 48 — 71
9 2 — 21 51 — 72
49 0 — — 35 609 — 644
9 4 — 19 54 — 73
49 3 — — 32 616 — 648 9 6 — 18 56 — 74
49 6 — — 29 622 — 651 9 8 — 16 59 — 75
49 9 — — 25 629 — 654 9 10 — 14 62 — 76
50 0 — — 22 635 — 657 10 0 — 13 64 — 77
50 3 — — 19 641 — 660 10 2 — 11 67 — 78
50 6 — — 16 647 — 663 10 4 — 9 70 — 79
50 9 — — 13 653 — 666 10 6 — 8 73 — 81
10 8 — 6 76 — 82
10 10 — 5 78 — 83
51 0 — — 10 660 — 670
51 3 — — 7 666 — 673
*NOTE: For brickwork of inside diameters less than 6 feet, involving the use of
51 6 — — 3 673 — 676
131/2 x 6 inch No. 3 Keys which have a very sharp taper, appreciable cut-
51 9 — — — 679 — 679 ting may be necessary in some cases to secure the best bricklaying fit.
131/2 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Key Brick 15 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick
131/2 x 6 x 3 Inch — Continued 15 x 6 x 3 or 15 x 9 x 3 Inch
Number Required Per Ring Number Required Per Ring
Diam. Inside Diam. Inside
Brickwork No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 Brickwork No. 3 No.2 No.1
Straight Total Total
Ft In Key Key Key Ft In Wedge Wedge Wedge
11 0 — 3 81 — 84 5 0 95 — — 95
11 2 — 1 84 — 85 5 1 94 2 — 96
11 3 — — 85 — 85 5 3 91 7 — 98
11 6 — — 85 2 87 5 6 88 13 — 101
5 9 85 19 — 104
12 0 — — 85 5 90
12 6 — — 85 8 93 6 0 82 25 — 107
13 0 — — 85 11 96 6 3 79 31 — 110
13 6 — — 85 14 99 6 6 75 38 — 113
14 0 — — 85 18 103 6 9 73 44 — 117
14 6 — — 85 21 106
7 0 69 51 — 120
15 0 — — 85 24 109 7 3 66 57 — 123
15 6 — — 85 27 112 7 6 63 63 — 126
16 0 — — 85 30 115 7 9 60 69 — 129
16 6 — — 85 33 118
17 0 — — 85 36 121 8 0 57 75 — 132
17 6 — — 85 39 124 8 3 53 82 — 135
8 6 51 88 — 139
18 0 — — 85 43 128 8 9 47 95 — 142
18 6 — — 85 46 131
19 0 — — 85 49 134 9 0 44 101 — 145
19 6 — — 85 52 137 9 3 41 107 — 148
20 0 — — 85 55 140 9 6 38 113 — 151
20 6 — — 85 58 143 9 9 35 119 — 154
14 0 — 170 38 208
30 0 — — 85 118 203
14 3 — 167 44 211
30 6 — — 85 121 206
14 6 — 164 50 214
31 0 — — 85 124 209
14 9 — 160 57 217
31 6 — — 85 127 212
32 0 — — 85 131 216
15 0 — 157 63 220
15 3 — 154 69 223
33 0 — — 85 137 222
15 6 — 151 76 227
34 0 — — 85 143 228
15 9 — 148 82 230
35 0 — — 85 149 234
36 0 — — 85 156 241
16 0 — 145 88 233
16 3 — 142 94 236
37 0 — — 85 162 247
16 6 — 138 101 239
38 0 — — 85 168 253
16 9 — 135 107 242
39 0 — — 85 175 260
40 0 — — 85 181 266
15 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick 15 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick
15 x 6 x 3 or 15 x 9 x 3 Inch — Continued 15 x 6 x 3 or 15 x 9 x 3 Inch — Continued
Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Brickwork No. 2 No. 1 No. 1-X Brickwork No. 1 No. 1-X
Ft In Total Ft In Total
Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge
31 0 333 88 421
19 0 107 164 — 271
31 3 330 95 425
19 3 104 170 — 274 31 6 327 101 428
19 6 101 176 — 277 31 9 324 107 431
19 9 98 182 — 280
32 0 321 113 434
20 0 94 189 — 283 32 3 317 120 437
20 3 91 195 — 286 32 6 314 126 440
20 6 88 201 — 289 32 9 311 132 443
20 9 85 208 — 293
33 0 308 139 447
21 0 82 214 — 296 33 3 305 145 450
21 3 79 220 — 299 33 6 302 151 453
21 6 76 226 — 302 33 9 299 157 456
21 9 72 233 — 305
34 0 295 164 459
34 3 292 170 462
22 0 69 239 — 308
34 6 289 176 465
22 3 66 245 — 311
34 9 286 182 468
22 6 63 252 — 315
22 9 60 258 — 318
35 0 283 189 472
35 3 280 195 475
23 0 57 264 — 321 35 6 277 201 478
23 3 54 270 — 324 35 9 273 208 481
23 6 50 277 — 327
23 9 47 283 — 330 36 0 270 214 484
36 3 267 220 487
24 0 44 289 — 333 36 6 264 226 490
24 3 41 296 — 337 36 9 261 233 494
24 6 38 302 — 340
24 9 35 308 — 343 37 0 258 239 497
37 3 255 245 500
25 0 32 314 — 346 37 6 252 251 503
25 3 28 321 — 349 37 9 248 258 506
25 6 25 327 — 352
25 9 22 333 — 355 38 0 245 264 509
38 3 242 270 512
38 6 239 277 516
26 0 19 340 — 359
38 9 236 283 519
26 3 16 346 — 362
26 6 13 352 — 365
39 0 233 289 522
26 9 10 358 — 368 39 3 230 295 525
39 6 226 302 528
27 0 6 365 — 371 39 9 223 308 531
27 3 3 371 — 374
27 6 — 377 — 377 40 0 220 314 534
27 9 — 374 7 381 40 3 217 321 538
40 6 214 327 541
28 0 — 371 13 384 40 9 211 333 544
28 3 — 368 19 387
28 6 — 365 25 390 41 0 208 339 547
28 9 — 361 32 393 41 3 204 346 550
41 6 201 352 553
41 9 198 358 556
15 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick 18 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick
15 x 6 x 3 or 15 x 9 x 3 Inch — Continued 18 x 6 x 3 or 18 x 9 x 3 Inch
Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Brickwork No. 1 No. 1-X Brickwork No. 3 No. 2 No. 1
Ft In Straight Total Ft In Total
Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge
18 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick 18 Inch Lining — 3 Inch Wedge Brick
18 x 6 x 3 or 18 x 9 x 3 Inch — Continued 18 x 6 x 3 or 18 x 9 x 3 Inch — Continued
Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring Diam. Inside Number Required Per Ring
Brickwork No. 2 No. 1 No. 1-X Brickwork No. 2 No. 1 No. 1-X
Ft In Total Ft In Total
Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge Wedge
32 0 13 427 — 440
20 0 163 126 — 289
32 3 9 434 — 443
20 3 161 132 — 293
32 6 7 440 — 447
20 6 157 139 — 296
32 9 4 446 — 450
20 9 154 145 — 299
33 0 — 453 — 453
21 0 151 151 — 302 33 3 — 449 7 456
21 3 148 157 — 305 33 6 — 446 13 459
21 6 145 163 — 308 33 9 — 443 19 462
21 9 141 170 — 311
34 0 — 440 25 465
22 0 139 176 — 315 34 3 — 437 31 468
22 3 135 183 — 318 34 6 — 434 38 472
22 6 132 189 — 321 34 9 — 431 44 475
22 9 129 195 — 324
35 0 — 427 51 478
23 0 126 201 — 327 35 3 — 424 57 481
23 3 123 207 — 330 35 6 — 421 63 484
23 6 119 214 — 333 35 9 — 418 69 487
23 9 117 220 — 337
36 0 — 415 75 490
24 0 113 227 — 340 36 3 — 412 82 494
24 3 110 233 — 343 36 6 — 409 88 497
36 9 — 406 94 500
24 6 107 239 — 346
24 9 104 245 — 349
37 0 — 402 101 503
37 3 — 399 107 506
25 0 101 251 — 352
37 6 — 396 113 509
25 3 97 258 — 355
37 9 — 393 119 512
25 6 95 264 — 359
25 9 91 271 — 362 38 0 — 390 126 516
38 3 — 387 132 519
26 0 88 277 — 365 38 6 — 384 138 522
26 3 85 283 — 368 38 9 — 380 145 525
26 6 82 289 — 371
26 9 79 295 — 374 39 0 — 377 151 528
39 3 — 374 157 531
27 0 75 302 — 377 39 6 — 371 163 534
27 3 73 308 — 381 39 9 — 368 170 538
27 6 69 315 — 384
27 9 66 321 — 387 40 0 — 365 176 541
40 3 — 362 182 544
28 0 63 327 — 390 40 6 — 358 189 547
28 3 60 333 — 393 40 9 — 355 195 550
28 6 57 339 — 396
28 9 53 346 — 399 41 0 — 352 201 553
41 3 — 349 207 556
41 6 — 346 214 560
29 0 51 352 — 403
41 9 — 343 220 563
29 3 47 359 — 406
29 6 44 365 — 409
42 0 — 340 226 566
29 9 41 371 — 412
42 3 — 336 233 569
42 6 — 333 239 572
42 9 — 330 245 575
64 0 63 779 — 842
65 0 51 804 — 855
66 0 38 829 — 867
67 0 25 855 — 880
68 0 13 880 — 893
69 0 — 905 — 905
70 0 — 905 13 918
71 0 — 905 25 930
41/2 Inch Arch Thickness — 3 Inch Arch Brick 41/2 Inch Arch Thickness — 3 Inch Arch Brick
9 x 41/2 x 3 or 131/2 x 41/2 x 3 Inch 9 x 41/2 x 3 or 131/2 x 41/2 x 3 Inch
2 Inch Rise Per Foot of Span 1.608 Inch (119/32 Inch) Rise Per Foot of Span
(60° Central Angle)
Number Required Per Course Number Required Per Course
Inside Inside
Span Rise Span Rise
Radius No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 Radius No. 3 No. 2 No. 1
Ft In Ft In Straight Total Ft In Ft In Straight Total
Ft In Arch Arch Arch Ft In Arch Arch Arch
1 0 2 10 6 1 — — 7 1 0 119/32 1 0 4 2 — — 6
1 1 2 5/32 1027/32 5 2 — — 7 1 1 1 3/4 1 1 4 3 — — 7
1 2 211/32 1121/32 5 2 — — 7 1 2 1 7/8 1 2 3 4 — — 7
1 3 2 1/ 2 1 0 1/2 5 3 — — 8 1 3 2 1 3 3 4 — — 7
1 4 221/32 1 111/32 4 4 — — 8 1 4 2 5/32 1 4 3 5 — — 8
1 5 227/32 1 2 5/32 4 4 — — 8 1 5 2 9/32 1 5 2 6 — — 8
1 6 3 1 3 4 5 — — 9 1 6 213/32 1 6 2 6 — — 8
1 7 3 5/32 1 327/32 3 6 — — 9 1 7 217/32 1 7 2 7 — — 9
1 8 311/32 1 421/32 2 7 — — 9 1 8 211/16 1 8 1 8 — — 9
1 9 3 1/ 2 1 5 1/2 2 8 — — 10 1 9 213/16 1 9 1 8 — — 9
1 10 321/32 1 611/32 2 8 — — 10 1 10 215/16 1 10 1 9 — — 10
1 11 327/32 1 7 5/32 2 9 — — 11 1 11 3 3/32 1 11 — 9 1 — 10
2 0 4 1 8 1 10 — — 11 2 0 3 7/32 2 0 — 9 1 — 10
2 1 4 5/32 1 827/32 1 10 — — 11 2 1 311/32 2 1 — 9 2 — 11
2 2 411/32 1 921/32 1 11 — — 12 2 2 315/32 2 2 — 8 3 — 11
2 3 4 1/ 2 1 10 1/2 — 12 — — 12 2 3 3 5/8 2 3 — 8 3 — 11
2 4 421/32 1 1111/32 — 11 1 — 12 2 4 3 3/4 2 4 — 8 4 — 12
2 5 427/32 2 0 5/32 — 11 2 — 13 2 5 3 7/8 2 5 — 7 5 — 12
2 6 5 2 1 — 11 2 — 13 2 6 4 1/32 2 6 — 7 5 — 12
2 7 5 5/32 2 127/32 — 10 3 — 13 2 7 4 5/32 2 7 — 7 6 — 13
2 8 511/32 2 221/32 — 10 4 — 14 2 8 4 9/32 2 8 — 6 7 — 13
2 9 5 1/ 2 2 3 1/2 — 10 4 — 14 2 9 4 7/16 2 9 — 6 7 — 13
2 10 521/32 2 411/32 — 9 5 — 14 2 10 4 9/16 2 10 — 6 8 — 14
2 11 527/32 2 5 5/32 — 9 6 — 15 2 11 411/16 2 11 — 5 9 — 14
3 0 6 2 6 — 8 7 — 15 3 0 413/16 3 0 — 5 10 — 15
3 2 611/32 2 721/32 — 8 8 — 16 3 1 431/32 3 1 — 5 10 — 15
3 4 621/32 2 911/32 — 7 10 — 17 3 2 5 3/32 3 2 — 4 11 — 15
3 6 7 2 11 — 6 11 — 17 3 3 5 7/32 3 3 — 4 12 — 16
3 8 711/32 3 021/32 — 6 12 — 18 3 4 511/32 3 4 — 4 12 — 16
3 10 721/32 3 211/32 — 5 14 — 19 3 5 5 1/2 3 5 — 3 13 — 16
3 6 5 5/8 3 6 — 3 14 — 17
4 0 8 3 4 — 4 15 — 19 3 7 5 3/4 3 7 — 2 15 — 17
4 2 811/32 3 521/32 — 3 17 — 20 3 8 529/32 3 8 — 2 15 — 17
4 4 821/32 3 711/32 — 3 18 — 21 3 9 6 1/32 3 9 — 2 16 — 18
4 6 9 3 9 — 2 20 — 22 3 10 6 5/32 3 10 — 1 17 — 18
4 8 911/32 3 1021/32 — 1 21 — 22 3 11 6 9/32 3 11 — 1 17 — 18
4 10 921/32 4 011/32 — 1 22 — 23
4 11 927/32 4 1 5/32 — — 23 — 23 4 0 6 7/16 4 0 — 1 18 — 19
4 1 6 9/16 4 1 — — 19 — 19
5 0 10 4 2 — — 23 1 24 4 2 611/16 4 2 — — 19 — 19
5 6 11 4 7 — — 23 3 26 4 3 627/32 4 3 — — 19 1 20
6 0 1 0 5 0 — — 23 5 28 4 6 7 1/4 4 6 — — 19 2 21
6 6 1 1 5 5 — — 23 7 30
5 0 8 1/32 5 0 — — 19 4 23
5 6 827/32 5 6 — — 19 6 25
6 0 921/32 6 0 — — 19 8 27
6 6 10 7/16 6 6 — — 19 10 29
41/2 Inch Arch Thickness — 3 Inch Arch Brick 41/2 Inch Arch Thickness — 3 Inch Arch Brick
9 x 41/2 x 3 or 131/2 x 41/2 x 3 Inch 9 x 41/2 x 3 or 131/2 x 41/2 x 3 Inch
11/2 Inch Rise Per Foot of Span 2.302 Inch (2 5/16 Inch) Rise Per Foot of Span
Number Required Per Course Number Required Per Course
Inside Inside
Span Rise Span Rise
Radius No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 Radius No. 3 No. 2 No. 1
Ft In Ft In Ft In Ft In
Ft In Arch Arch Arch Straight Total Ft In Arch Arch Arch Straight Total
6 0 9 6 4 1/2 — — 18 9 27
6 6 9 3/4 6 10 7/8 — — 18 11 29
9 Inch Arch Thickness — 3 Inch Wedge Brick 9 Inch Arch Thickness — 3 Inch Wedge Brick
9 x 4 1/2 x 3, 9 x 6 3/4 x 3 or 9 x 9 x 3 Inch 9 x 4 1/2 x 3, 9 x 6 3/4 x 3 or 9 x 9 x 3 Inch–Cont’d.
11/2 Inch Rise Per Foot of Span 11/2 Inch Rise Per Foot of Span
Number Required Per Course Number Required Per Course
Inside Inside
Span Rise Span Rise
Radius No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 Radius No. 2 No. 1
Ft In Ft In Total Ft In Ft In Straight Total
Ft In Wedge Wedge Wedge Ft In Wedge Wedge
2 0 3 2 1 1/2 7 5 — 12 6 0 9 6 4 1/ 2 7 21 — 28
2 1 3 1/8 2 2 9/16 6 6 — 12 6 1 9 1/8 6 5 9/16 7 22 — 29
2 2 3 1/4 2 3 5/8 6 6 — 12 6 2 9 1/4 6 6 5/ 8 7 22 — 29
2 3 3 3/8 2 411/16 6 7 — 13 6 3 9 3/8 6 711/16 6 23 — 29
2 4 3 1/2 2 5 3/4 5 8 — 13 6 4 9 1/2 6 8 3/ 4 6 24 — 30
2 5 3 5/8 2 613/16 5 8 — 13 6 5 9 5/8 6 913/16 6 24 — 30
2 6 3 3/4 2 7 7/8 5 9 — 14 6 6 9 3/4 6 10 7/8 5 25 — 30
2 7 3 7/8 2 815/16 4 10 — 14 6 7 9 7/8 6 1115/16 5 26 — 31
2 8 4 2 10 4 10 — 14 6 8 10 7 1 5 26 — 31
2 9 4 1/8 2 11 1/16 4 11 — 15 6 9 10 1/8 7 2 1/16 4 27 — 31
2 10 4 1/4 3 0 1/8 3 12 — 15 6 10 10 1/4 7 3 1/ 8 4 28 — 32
2 11 4 3/8 3 1 3/16 3 12 — 15 6 11 10 3/8 7 4 3/16 4 28 — 32
4 0 6 4 3 — 16 4 20 8 0 1 0 8 6 — 36 1 37
4 1 6 1/8 4 4 1/16 — 15 5 20 8 6 1 0 3/4 9 0 3/ 8 — 36 3 39
4 2 6 1/4 4 5 1/8 — 15 6 21 9 0 1 1 1/2 9 6 3/ 4 — 36 5 41
4 3 6 3/8 4 6 3/16 — 15 6 21 9 6 1 2 1/4 10 1 1/ 8 — 36 7 43
4 4 6 1/2 4 7 1/4 — 14 7 21 10 0 1 3 10 7 1/ 2 — 36 9 45
4 5 6 5/8 4 8 5/16 — 14 8 22 10 6 1 3 3/4 11 1 7/ 8 — 36 11 47
4 6 6 3/4 4 9 3/8 — 14 8 22
4 7 6 7/8 4 10 7/16 — 13 9 22 11 0 1 4 1/2 11 8 1/ 4 — 36 13 49
4 8 7 4 11 1/2 — 13 10 23 11 6 1 5 1/4 12 2 5/ 8 — 36 15 51
4 9 7 1/8 5 0 9/16 — 13 10 23 12 0 1 6 12 9 — 36 17 53
4 10 7 1/4 5 1 5/8 — 12 11 23 12 6 1 6 3/4 13 3 3/ 8 — 36 19 55
4 11 7 3/8 5 211/16 — 12 12 24 13 0 1 7 1/2 13 9 3/ 4 — 36 21 57
13 6 1 8 1/4 14 4 1/ 8 — 36 24 60
5 0 7 1/2 5 3 3/4 — 12 12 24
5 1 7 5/8 5 413/16 — 12 13 25 14 0 1 9 14 10 1/2 — 36 26 62
5 2 7 3/4 5 5 7/8 — 11 14 25 14 6 1 9 3/4 15 4 7/ 8 — 36 28 64
5 3 7 7/8 5 615/16 — 11 14 25 15 0 1 10 1/2 15 11 1/4 — 36 30 66
5 4 8 5 8 — 11 15 26
5 5 8 1/8 5 9 1/16 — 10 16 26 NOTE: This table can be used also for 131/2 x 9 x 3 inch arch brick by substituting
No. 1 and 2 arch brick for the corresponding wedge brick.
NOTE: This table can be used also for 131/2 x 9 x 3 inch arch brick by substituting
No. 1, 2, and 3 arch brick for the corresponding wedge brick.
9 Inch Arch Thickness — 3 Inch Wedge Brick 9 Inch Arch Thickness — 3 Inch Wedge Brick
9 x 4 1/2 x 3, 9 x 6 3/4 x 3 or 9 x 9 x 3 Inch 9 x 4 1/2 x 3, 9 x 6 3/4 x 3 or 9 x 9 x 3 Inch–Cont’d.
2 Inch Rise Per Foot of Span 2 Inch Rise Per Foot of Span
Number Required Per Course Number Required Per Course
Inside Inside
Span Rise Span Rise
Radius No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 Radius No. 2 No. 1
Ft In Ft In Total Ft In Ft In Straight Total
Ft In Wedge Wedge Wedge Ft In Wedge Wedge
1 10 321/32 1 611/32 12 — — 12 6 0 1 0 5 0 17 13 — 30
1 11 327/32 1 7 5/32 11 1 — 12 6 1 1 0 5/32 5 027/32 16 14 — 30
6 2 1 011/32 5 121/32 16 15 — 31
2 0 4 1 8 11 2 — 13 6 3 1 0 1/2 5 2 1/2 16 15 — 31
2 1 4 5/32 1 827/32 10 3 — 13 6 4 1 021/32 5 311/32 15 16 — 31
2 2 411/32 1 921/32 10 4 — 14 6 5 1 027/32 5 4 5/32 15 17 — 32
2 3 4 1/2 1 10 1/2 10 4 — 14 6 6 1 1 5 5 15 17 — 32
2 4 421/32 1 1111/32 9 5 — 14 6 7 1 1 5/32 5 527/32 15 18 — 33
2 5 427/32 2 0 5/32 9 6 — 15 6 8 1 111/32 5 621/32 14 19 — 33
2 6 5 2 1 9 6 — 15 6 9 1 1 1/2 5 7 1/2 14 19 — 33
2 7 5 5/32 2 127/32 8 7 — 15 6 10 1 121/32 5 811/32 14 20 — 34
2 8 511/32 2 221/32 8 8 — 16 6 11 1 127/32 5 9 5/32 13 21 — 34
2 9 5 1/2 2 3 1/2 8 8 — 16
2 10 521/32 2 411/32 7 9 — 16 7 0 1 2 5 10 13 21 — 34
2 11 527/32 2 5 5/32 7 10 — 17 7 1 1 2 5/32 5 1027/32 12 23 — 35
7 2 1 211/32 5 1121/32 12 23 — 35
3 0 6 2 6 7 10 — 17 7 3 1 2 1/2 6 0 1/2 11 24 — 35
3 1 6 5/32 2 627/32 6 11 — 17 7 4 1 221/32 6 111/32 11 25 — 36
3 2 611/32 2 721/32 6 12 — 18 7 5 1 227/32 6 2 5/32 11 25 — 36
3 3 6 1/2 2 8 1/2 5 13 — 18 7 6 1 3 6 3 10 26 — 36
3 4 621/32 2 911/32 5 14 — 19 7 7 1 3 5/32 6 327/32 10 27 — 37
3 5 627/32 2 10 5/32 5 14 — 19 7 8 1 311/32 6 421/32 10 27 — 37
3 6 7 2 11 4 15 — 19 7 9 1 3 1/2 6 5 1/2 10 28 — 38
3 7 7 5/32 2 1127/32 4 16 — 20 7 10 1 321/32 6 611/32 9 29 — 38
3 8 711/32 3 021/32 4 16 — 20 7 11 1 327/32 6 7 5/32 9 29 — 38
3 9 7 1/2 3 1 1/2 3 17 — 20
3 10 721/32 3 211/32 3 18 — 21 8 0 1 4 6 8 9 30 — 39
3 11 727/32 3 3 5/32 3 18 — 21 8 1 1 4 5/32 6 827/32 8 31 — 39
8 2 1 411/32 6 921/32 8 31 — 39
4 0 8 3 4 2 19 — 21 8 3 1 4 1/2 6 10 1/2 7 33 — 40
4 1 8 5/32 3 427/32 2 20 — 22 8 4 1 421/32 6 1111/32 7 33 — 40
4 2 811/32 3 521/32 2 20 — 22 8 5 1 427/32 7 0 5/32 6 34 — 40
4 3 8 1/2 3 6 1/2 1 21 — 22 8 6 1 5 7 1 6 35 — 41
4 4 821/32 3 711/32 1 22 — 23 8 7 1 5 5/32 7 127/32 6 35 — 41
4 5 827/32 3 8 5/32 1 22 — 23 8 8 1 511/32 7 221/32 5 36 — 41
4 6 9 3 9 — 24 — 24 8 9 1 5 1/2 7 3 1/2 5 37 — 42
4 7 9 5/32 3 927/32 — 23 1 24 8 10 1 521/32 7 411/32 5 37 — 42
4 8 911/32 3 1021/32 — 23 1 24 8 11 1 527/32 7 5 5/32 5 38 — 43
4 9 9 1/2 3 11 1/2 — 22 3 25
4 10 921/32 4 011/32 — 22 3 25 9 0 1 6 7 6 4 39 — 43
4 11 927/32 4 1 5/32 — 21 4 25 9 2 1 611/32 7 721/32 4 40 — 44
9 4 1 621/32 7 911/32 3 41 — 44
5 0 10 4 2 — 21 5 26 9 6 1 7 7 11 2 43 — 45
5 1 10 5/32 4 227/32 — 21 5 26 9 8 1 711/32 8 021/32 1 45 — 46
5 2 1011/32 4 321/32 — 20 6 26 9 10 1 721/32 8 211/32 — 46 — 46
5 3 10 1/2 4 4 1/2 — 20 7 27
5 4 1021/32 4 511/32 — 20 7 27 10 0 1 8 8 4 — 47 — 47
5 5 1027/32 4 6 5/32 — 19 8 27 10 6 1 9 8 9 — 47 2 49
5 6 11 4 7 — 19 9 28 11 0 1 10 9 2 — 47 4 51
5 7 11 5/32 4 727/32 — 19 9 28 12 0 2 0 10 0 — 47 9 56
5 8 1111/32 4 821/32 — 19 10 29 13 0 2 2 10 10 — 47 13 60
5 9 11 1/2 4 9 1/2 — 18 11 29 14 0 2 4 11 8 — 47 17 64
5 10 1121/32 4 1011/32 — 18 11 29 15 0 2 6 12 6 — 47 22 69
5 11 1127/32 4 11 5/32 — 17 13 30
NOTE: This table can be used also for 131/2 x 9 x 3 inch arch brick by substituting
NOTE: This table can be used also for 131/2
x 9 x 3 inch arch brick by substituting No. 1 and 2 arch brick for the corresponding wedge brick.
No. 1, 2, and 3 arch brick for the corresponding wedge brick.
9 Inch Arch Thickness — 3 Inch Wedge Brick 9 Inch Arch Thickness — 3 Inch Wedge Brick
9 x 4 1/2 x 3, 9 x 6 3/4 x 3 or 9 x 9 x 3 Inch 9 x 4 1/2 x 3, 9 x 6 3/4 x 3 or 9 x 9 x 3 Inch–Cont’d.
2.302 Inch (2 5/16 Inch) Rise Per Foot of Span 2.302 Inch (2 5/16 Inch) Rise Per Foot of Span
Number Required Per Course Number Required Per Course
Inside Inside
Span Rise Span Rise
Radius No. 3 No. 2 No. 1 Radius No. 2 No. 1
Ft In Ft In Total Ft In Ft In Straight Total
Ft In Wedge Wedge Wedge Ft In Wedge Wedge
3 0 629/32 2 229/32 9 9 — 18
7 0 1 4 1/8 5 225/32 18 17 — 35
3 1 7 3/32 2 321/32 9 9 — 18
7 1 1 4 5/16 5 317/32 18 18 — 36
3 2 7 9/32 2 413/32 8 11 — 19
7 2 1 4 1/2 5 4 9/32 17 19 — 36
3 3 715/32 2 5 5/32 8 11 — 19
7 3 1 411/16 5 5 1/32 17 20 — 37
3 4 711/16 2 529/32 7 12 — 19
7 4 1 4 7/8 5 525/32 16 21 — 37
3 5 7 7/8 2 621/32 7 13 — 20
7 5 1 5 1/16 5 617/32 16 21 — 37
3 6 8 1/16 2 713/32 7 13 — 20
7 6 1 5 9/32 5 7 9/32 16 22 — 38
3 7 8 1/4 2 8 1/8 6 14 — 20
7 7 1 515/32 5 8 1/32 15 23 — 38
3 8 8 7/16 2 8 7/8 6 15 — 21
7 8 1 521/32 5 8 3/4 15 23 — 38
3 9 8 5/8 2 9 5/8 6 15 — 21
7 9 1 527/32 5 9 1/2 15 24 — 39
3 10 813/16 2 10 3/8 6 16 — 22
7 10 1 6 1/32 5 10 1/4 14 25 — 39
3 11 9 1/32 2 11 1/8 5 17 — 22
7 11 1 6 7/32 5 11 14 25 — 39
4 0 9 7/32 2 11 7/8 4 18 — 22
8 0 1 613/32 5 11 3/4 14 26 — 40
4 1 913/32 3 0 5/8 4 19 — 23
8 2 1 613/16 6 1 1/4 13 28 — 41
4 2 919/32 3 1 3/8 4 19 — 23
4 3 925/32 3 2 1/8 3 20 — 23 8 4 1 7 3/16 6 2 3/4 12 29 — 41
4 4 931/32 3 2 7/8 3 21 — 24 8 6 1 7 9/16 6 4 1/4 11 31 — 42
4 5 10 5/32 3 3 5/8 3 21 — 24 8 8 1 731/32 6 523/32 11 32 — 43
4 6 10 3/8 3 4 3/8 3 22 — 25 8 10 1 811/32 6 7 7/32 10 34 — 44
4 7 10 9/16 3 5 3/32 2 23 — 25
4 8 10 3/4 3 527/32 2 23 — 25 9 0 1 823/32 6 823/32 9 35 — 44
4 9 1015/16 3 619/32 2 24 — 26 9 2 1 9 3/32 6 10 7/32 8 37 — 45
4 10 11 1/8 3 711/32 1 25 — 26 9 4 1 9 1/2 6 1123/32 8 38 — 46
4 11 11 5/16 3 8 3/32 — 26 — 26 9 6 1 9 7/8 7 1 7/32 7 39 — 46
9 8 1 10 1/4 7 211/16 6 41 — 47
5 0 11 1/2 3 827/32 — 27 — 27 9 10 1 10 5/8 7 4 3/16 6 42 — 48
5 1 1123/32 3 919/32 — 26 1 27
5 2 1129/32 3 1011/32 — 26 1 27 10 0 1 11 1/32 7 511/16 5 44 — 49
5 3 1 0 3/32 3 11 3/32 — 26 2 28 10 2 1 1113/32 7 7 3/16 4 45 — 49
5 4 1 0 9/32 3 1127/32 — 25 3 28 10 4 1 1125/32 7 811/16 3 47 — 50
5 5 1 015/32 4 019/32 — 25 4 29 10 6 2 0 3/16 7 10 3/16 3 48 — 51
5 6 1 021/32 4 111/32 — 25 4 29 10 8 2 0 9/16 7 1121/32 2 50 — 52
5 7 1 027/32 4 2 1/16 — 24 5 29 10 10 2 015/16 8 1 5/32 1 51 — 52
5 8 1 1 1/16 4 213/16 — 24 6 30
5 9 1 1 1/4 4 3 9/16 — 23 7 30 11 0 2 1 5/16 8 221/32 — 53 — 53
5 10 1 1 7/16 4 4 5/16 — 23 7 30 11 6 2 215/32 8 7 5/32 — 53 2 55
5 11 1 1 5/8 4 5 1/16 — 23 8 31 12 0 2 3 5/8 8 11 5/8 — 53 4 57
13 0 2 515/16 9 819/32 — 53 9 62
NOTE: This table can be used also for 131/2 x 9 x 3 inch arch brick by substituting 14 0 2 8 1/4 10 5 9/16 — 53 13 66
No. 1, 2 and 3 arch brick for the corresponding wedge brick. 15 0 2 1017/32 11 217/32 — 53 18 71
NOTE: This table can be used also for 131/2 x 9 x 3 inch arch brick by substituting
No. 1 and 2 arch brick for the corresponding wedge brick.
12 Inch Arch Thickness — 3 Inch Wedge Brick 12 Inch Arch Thickness — 3 Inch Wedge Brick
12 x 41/2 x 3, 12 x 6 x 3 or 12 x 9 x 3 Inch 12 x 41/2 x 3, 12 x 6 x 3 or 12 x 9 x 3 Inch–Cont’d.
1.608 Inch (119/32 Inch) Rise Per Foot of Span 1.608 Inch (119/32 Inch) Rise Per Foot of Span
(60° Central Angle) (60° Central Angle)
Number Required Per Course Number Required Per Course
Inside Inside
Span Rise Span Rise
Radius No. 2 No. 1 No. 1-X Radius No. 1 No. 1-X
Ft In Ft In Total Ft In Ft In Straight Total
Ft In Wedge Wedge Wedge Ft In Wedge Wedge
6 0 921/32 6 0 21 9 — 30 16 0 2 123/32 16 0 30 42 — 72
6 3 10 1/16 6 3 20 11 — 31 16 3 2 2 1/8 16 3 29 44 — 73
6 6 10 7/16 6 6 19 13 — 32 16 6 2 217/32 16 6 28 46 — 74
6 9 1027/32 6 9 18 15 — 33 16 9 2 215/16 16 9 27 48 — 75
7 0 11 1/4 7 0 17 17 — 34 17 0 2 311/32 17 0 25 51 — 76
7 3 1121/32 7 3 16 19 — 35 17 3 2 323/32 17 3 24 53 — 77
7 6 1 0 1/16 7 6 15 21 — 36 17 6 2 4 1/8 17 6 23 55 — 78
7 9 1 015/32 7 9 14 23 — 37 17 9 2 417/32 17 9 22 57 — 79
8 0 1 0 7/8 8 0 13 25 — 38 18 0 2 415/16 18 0 21 59 — 80
18 3 2 511/32 18 3 20 61 — 81
8 3 1 1 1/4 8 3 12 27 — 39
18 6 2 5 3/4 18 6 19 63 — 82
8 6 1 121/32 8 6 11 29 — 40
18 9 2 6 5/32 18 9 18 65 — 83
8 9 1 2 1/16 8 9 10 31 — 41
19 0 2 617/32 19 0 17 67 — 84
9 0 1 215/32 9 0 8 34 — 42
19 3 2 615/16 19 3 16 69 — 85
9 3 1 2 7/8 9 3 7 36 — 43
19 6 2 711/32 19 6 15 71 — 86
9 6 1 3 9/32 9 6 6 38 — 44
19 9 2 7 3/4 19 9 14 73 — 87
9 9 1 311/16 9 9 5 40 — 45
20 0 2 8 5/32 20 0 13 75 — 88
10 0 1 4 1/16 10 0 4 42 — 46
20 3 2 8 9/16 20 3 12 77 — 89
10 3 1 415/32 10 3 4 44 — 48
20 6 2 831/32 20 6 10 80 — 90
10 6 1 4 7/8 10 6 3 46 — 49
20 9 2 911/32 20 9 10 82 — 92
10 9 1 5 9/32 10 9 1 49 — 50
21 0 2 9 3/4 21 0 9 84 — 93
11 0 1 511/16 11 0 — 51 — 51 21 3 2 10 5/32 21 3 8 86 — 94
11 3 1 6 3/32 11 3 — 50 2 52 21 6 2 10 9/16 21 6 7 88 — 95
11 6 1 6 1/2 11 6 — 48 5 53 21 9 2 1031/32 21 9 6 90 — 96
11 9 1 6 7/8 11 9 — 47 7 54
22 0 2 11 3/8 22 0 5 92 — 97
12 0 1 7 9/32 12 0 — 46 9 55 22 3 2 1125/32 22 3 3 95 — 98
12 3 1 711/16 12 3 — 45 11 56 22 6 3 0 3/16 22 6 2 97 — 99
12 6 1 8 3/32 12 6 — 44 13 57 22 9 3 0 9/16 22 9 1 99 — 100
12 9 1 8 1/2 12 9 — 43 15 58
23 0 3 031/32 23 0 — 101 — 101
13 0 1 829/32 13 0 — 42 17 59 23 3 3 1 3/8 23 3 — 101 1 102
13 3 1 9 5/16 13 3 — 41 19 60 23 6 3 125/32 23 6 — 101 2 103
13 6 1 911/16 13 6 — 40 21 61 23 9 3 2 3/16 23 9 — 101 3 104
13 9 1 10 3/32 13 9 — 39 23 62
24 0 3 219/32 24 0 — 101 4 105
14 0 1 10 1/2 14 0 — 38 25 63 24 3 3 3 24 3 — 101 5 106
14 3 1 1029/32 14 3 — 37 27 64 24 6 3 3 3/8 24 6 — 101 6 107
14 6 1 11 5/16 14 6 — 36 29 65 24 9 3 325/32 24 9 — 101 7 108
14 9 1 1123/32 14 9 — 35 31 66
25 0 3 4 3/16 25 0 — 101 8 109
15 0 2 0 1/8 15 0 — 34 33 67 25 3 3 419/32 25 3 — 101 9 110
15 3 2 017/32 15 3 — 32 36 68 25 6 3 5 25 6 — 101 10 111
15 6 2 029/32 15 6 — 32 38 70 25 9 3 513/32 25 9 — 101 11 112
15 9 2 1 5/16 15 9 — 31 40 71
13 1/2 Inch Arch Thickness — 3 Inch Wedge Brick 13 1/2 Inch Arch Thickness — 3 Inch Wedge Brick
13 1/2 x 4 1/2 x 3, 13 1/2 x 6 x 3 or 13 1/2 x 4 1/2 x 3, 13 1/2 x 6 x 3 or
13 1/2 x 9 x 3 Inch 13 1/2 x 9 x 3 Inch – Continued
1.608 Inch (119/32 Inch) Rise Per Foot of Span 1.608 Inch (119/32 Inch) Rise Per Foot of Span
(60° Central Angle) (60° Central Angle)
Number Required Per Course Number Required Per Course
Inside Inside
Span Rise Span Rise
Radius No. 2 No. 1 No. 1-X Radius No. 1 No. 1-X
Ft In Ft In Total Ft In Ft In Straight Total
Ft In Wedge Wedge Wedge Ft In Wedge Wedge
6 0 921/32 6 0 27 3 — 30 17 0 2 311/32 17 0 37 39 — 76
6 3 10 1/16 6 3 26 5 — 31 17 3 2 323/32 17 3 36 41 — 77
6 6 10 7/16 6 6 25 7 — 32 17 6 2 4 1/8 17 6 35 43 — 78
6 9 1027/32 6 9 24 9 — 33 17 9 2 417/32 17 9 34 45 — 79
7 0 11 1/4 7 0 22 12 — 34 18 0 2 415/16 18 0 33 48 — 81
7 3 1121/32 7 3 21 14 — 35 18 3 2 511/32 18 3 32 50 — 82
7 6 1 0 1/16 7 6 21 16 — 37 18 6 2 5 3/4 18 6 31 52 — 83
7 9 1 015/32 7 9 20 18 — 38 18 9 2 6 5/32 18 9 30 54 — 84
8 0 1 0 7/8 8 0 19 20 — 39 19 0 2 617/32 19 0 29 56 — 85
8 3 1 1 1/4 8 3 18 22 — 40 19 3 2 615/16 19 3 28 58 — 86
8 6 1 121/32 8 6 17 24 — 41 19 6 2 711/32 19 6 27 60 — 87
8 9 1 2 1/16 8 9 16 26 — 42 19 9 2 7 3/4 19 9 26 62 — 88
9 0 1 215/32 9 0 14 29 — 43 20 0 2 8 5/32 20 0 25 64 — 89
9 3 1 2 7/8 9 3 13 31 — 44 20 3 2 8 9/16 20 3 24 66 — 90
9 6 1 3 9/32 9 6 12 33 — 45 20 6 2 831/32 20 6 23 68 — 91
9 9 1 311/16 9 9 11 35 — 46 20 9 2 911/32 20 9 22 70 — 92
10 0 1 4 1/16 10 0 10 37 — 47 21 0 2 9 3/4 21 0 21 72 — 93
10 3 1 415/32 10 3 9 39 — 48 21 3 2 10 5/32 21 3 19 75 — 94
10 6 1 4 7/8 10 6 8 41 — 49 21 6 2 10 9/16 21 6 18 77 — 95
10 9 1 5 9/32 10 9 7 43 — 50 21 9 2 1031/32 21 9 17 79 — 96
11 0 1 511/16 11 0 6 45 — 51 22 0 2 11 3/8 22 0 16 81 — 97
11 3 1 6 3/32 11 3 5 47 — 52 22 3 2 1125/32 22 3 15 83 — 98
11 6 1 6 1/2 11 6 4 49 — 53 22 6 3 0 3/16 22 6 14 85 — 99
11 9 1 6 7/8 11 9 3 51 — 54 22 9 3 0 9/16 22 9 13 87 — 100
15 Inch Arch Thickness — 3 Inch Wedge Brick 15 Inch Arch Thickness — 3 Inch Wedge Brick
15 x 6 x 3 or 15 x 9 x 3 Inch 15 x 6 x 3 or 15 x 9 x 3 Inch — Continued
1.608 Inch (119/32 Inch) Rise Per Foot of Span 1.608 Inch (119/32 Inch) Rise Per Foot of Span
(60° Central Angle) (60° Central Angle)
Number Required Per Course Number Required Per Course
Inside Inside
Span Rise Span Rise
Radius No. 2 No. 1 No. 1-X Radius No. 1 No. 1-X
Ft In Ft In Total Ft In Ft In Straight Total
Ft In Wedge Wedge Wedge Ft In Wedge Wedge
6 3 10 1/16 6 3 32 — — 32 18 0 2 415/16 18 0 45 36 — 81
6 6 10 7/16 6 6 31 2 — 33 18 3 2 511/32 18 3 44 38 — 82
6 9 1027/32 6 9 30 4 — 34 18 6 2 5 3/4 18 6 43 40 — 83
18 9 2 6 5/32 18 9 42 42 — 84
7 0 11 1/4 7 0 28 7 — 35
7 3 1121/32 7 3 27 9 — 36 19 0 2 617/32 19 0 41 44 — 85
7 6 1 0 1/16 7 6 26 11 — 37 19 3 2 615/16 19 3 40 46 — 86
7 9 1 015/32 7 9 25 13 — 38 19 6 2 711/32 19 6 39 48 — 87
19 9 2 7 3/4 19 9 38 50 — 88
8 0 1 0 7/8 8 0 24 15 — 39
8 3 1 1 1/4 8 3 23 17 — 40 20 0 2 8 5/32 20 0 37 52 — 89
8 6 1 121/32 8 6 22 19 — 41 20 3 2 8 9/16 20 3 36 54 — 90
8 9 1 2 1/16 8 9 21 21 — 42 20 6 2 831/32 20 6 35 57 — 92
20 9 2 911/32 20 9 34 59 — 93
9 0 1 215/32 9 0 20 23 — 43
9 3 1 2 7/8 9 3 19 25 — 44 21 0 2 9 3/4 21 0 33 61 — 94
9 6 1 3 9/32 9 6 18 27 — 45 21 3 2 10 5/32 21 3 32 63 — 95
9 9 1 311/16 9 9 17 29 — 46 21 6 2 10 9/16 21 6 31 65 — 96
21 9 2 1031/32 21 9 30 67 — 97
10 0 1 4 1/16 10 0 16 32 — 48
10 3 1 415/32 10 3 15 34 — 49 22 0 2 11 3/8 22 0 29 69 — 98
10 6 1 4 7/8 10 6 14 36 — 50 22 3 2 1125/32 22 3 28 71 — 99
10 9 1 5 9/32 10 9 13 38 — 51 22 6 3 0 3/16 22 6 26 74 — 100
22 9 3 0 9/16 22 9 25 76 — 101
11 0 1 511/16 11 0 12 40 — 52
11 3 1 6 3/32 11 3 11 42 — 53 23 0 3 031/32 23 0 24 78 — 102
11 6 1 6 1/2 11 6 10 44 — 54 23 3 3 1 3/8 23 3 23 80 — 103
11 9 1 6 7/8 11 9 9 46 — 55 23 6 3 125/32 23 6 22 82 — 104
23 9 3 2 3/16 23 9 21 84 — 105
12 0 1 7 9/32 12 0 8 48 — 56
12 3 1 711/16 12 3 7 50 — 57 24 0 3 219/32 24 0 20 86 — 106
12 6 1 8 3/32 12 6 5 53 — 58 24 3 3 3 24 3 19 88 — 107
12 9 1 8 1/2 12 9 4 55 — 59 24 6 3 3 3/8 24 6 18 90 — 108
24 9 3 325/32 24 9 17 92 — 109
13 0 1 829/32 13 0 3 57 — 60
13 3 1 9 5/16 13 3 2 59 — 61 25 0 3 4 3/16 25 0 16 94 — 110
13 6 1 911/16 13 6 1 61 — 62 25 3 3 419/32 25 3 15 96 — 111
13 9 1 10 3/32 13 9 — 63 — 63 25 6 3 5 25 6 14 98 — 112
25 9 3 513/32 25 9 13 100 — 113
14 0 1 10 1/2 14 0 — 62 2 64
14 3 1 1029/32 14 3 — 61 4 65 26 0 3 513/16 26 0 12 103 — 115
14 6 1 11 5/16 14 6 — 60 6 66 26 3 3 6 3/16 26 3 11 105 — 116
14 9 1 1123/32 14 9 — 59 8 67 26 6 3 619/32 26 6 10 107 — 117
26 9 3 7 26 9 9 109 — 118
15 0 2 0 1/8 15 0 — 58 10 68
15 3 2 017/32 15 3 — 57 13 70 27 0 3 713/32 27 0 8 111 — 119
15 6 2 029/32 15 6 — 56 15 71 27 3 3 713/16 27 3 7 113 — 120
15 9 2 1 5/16 15 9 — 55 17 72 27 6 3 8 7/32 27 6 6 115 — 121
27 9 3 8 5/8 27 9 4 118 — 122
16 0 2 123/32 16 0 — 54 19 73
16 3 2 2 1/8 16 3 — 53 21 74 28 0 3 9 28 0 3 120 — 123
16 6 2 217/32 16 6 — 52 23 75 28 3 3 913/32 28 3 2 122 — 124
16 9 2 215/16 16 9 — 51 25 76 28 6 3 913/16 28 6 1 124 — 125
28 9 3 10 7/32 28 9 — 126 — 126
17 0 2 311/32 17 0 — 49 28 77
17 3 2 323/32 17 3 — 48 30 78 29 0 3 10 5/8 29 0 — 126 1 127
17 6 2 4 1/8 17 6 — 47 32 79 29 6 3 11 7/16 29 6 — 126 3 129
17 9 2 417/32 17 9 — 46 34 80 30 0 4 0 7/32 30 0 — 126 5 131
31 0 4 127/32 31 0 — 126 9 135
18 Inch Arch Thickness — 3 Inch Wedge Brick 18 Inch Arch Thickness — 3 Inch Wedge Brick
18 x 6 x 3 or 18 x 9 x 3 Inch 18 x 6 x 3 or 18 x 9 x 3 Inch — Continued
1.608 Inch (119/32 Inch) Rise Per Foot of Span 1.608 Inch (119/32 Inch) Rise Per Foot of Span
(60° Central Angle) (60° Central Angle)
Number Required Per Course Number Required Per Course
Inside Inside
Span Rise Span Rise
Radius No. 2 No. 1 No. 1-X Radius No. 2 No. 1 No. 1-X
Ft In Ft In Total Ft In Ft In Total
Ft In Wedge Wedge Wedge Ft In Wedge Wedge Wedge
8 0 1 0 7/ 8 8 0 36 4 — 40 20 0 2 8 5/32 20 0 — 61 29 90
8 3 1 1 1/ 4 8 3 35 6 — 41 20 3 2 8 9/16 20 3 — 60 32 92
8 6 1 121/32 8 6 34 8 — 42 20 6 2 831/32 20 6 — 59 34 93
8 9 1 2 1/16 8 9 32 11 — 43 20 9 2 911/32 20 9 — 58 36 94
9 0 1 215/32 9 0 31 13 — 44 21 0 2 9 3/ 4 21 0 — 57 38 95
9 3 1 2 7/ 8 9 3 30 15 — 45 21 3 2 10 5/32 21 3 — 56 40 96
9 6 1 3 9/32 9 6 29 17 — 46 21 6 2 10 9/16 21 6 — 55 42 97
9 9 1 311/16 9 9 29 19 — 48 21 9 2 1031/32 21 9 — 54 44 98
10 0 1 4 1/16 10 0 28 21 — 49 22 0 2 11 3/8 22 0 — 53 46 99
10 3 1 415/32 10 3 27 23 — 50 22 3 2 1125/32 22 3 — 52 48 100
10 6 1 4 7/ 8 10 6 25 26 — 51 22 6 3 0 3/16 22 6 — 50 51 101
10 9 1 5 9/32 10 9 24 28 — 52 22 9 3 0 9/16 22 9 — 49 53 102
15 0 2 0 1/ 8 15 0 7 63 — 70 27 0 3 713/32 27 0 — 32 88 120
15 3 2 017/32 15 3 6 65 — 71 27 3 3 713/16 27 3 — 31 90 121
15 6 2 029/32 15 6 5 67 — 72 27 6 3 8 7/32 27 6 — 30 92 122
15 9 2 1 5/16 15 9 4 69 — 73 27 9 3 8 5/ 8 27 9 — 29 94 123
16 0 2 123/32 16 0 2 72 — 74 28 0 3 9 28 0 — 27 97 124
16 3 2 2 1/ 8 16 3 1 74 — 75 28 3 3 913/32 28 3 — 26 99 125
16 6 2 217/32 16 6 — 76 — 76 28 6 3 913/16 28 6 — 25 101 126
16 9 2 215/16 16 9 — 75 2 77 28 9 3 10 7/32 28 9 — 24 103 127
RECTANGLE PARALLELOGRAM
a b a
b
a
Area = ab Area = ab
TRIANGLE b
b a d a d
c c
Area = 1/2cd
r
e
d
b a c
Number
of Sides Area
6 2.5981s2 = 3.4641r2
6 4.8284s2 = 3.3137r2
6 6.1818s2 = 3.2757r2
10 7.6942s2 = 3.2492r2
12 11.1962s2 = 3.2154r2
CIRCLE
h
θ
C
R D
Radius, R = (C ÷ 2)2+h2
Sine 1/2 θ = C÷2R
2h
1˚ = 0.017453 Radians, 1 radian = 57.296˚
L L
h
θ
θC
R R
2h Area = 1/2 LR
Tangent 1/4 θ =
C
θ
Area = 1/2 [LR–C(R–h)] Area = πR2 x
360
y0 y1 y2
y3
y4 Area = h(1/2 y0+ y1+y2 + y3+1/2y4) approximately
c c
h
h
r r
CYLINDER
Volume = πh2(3r –h) = 1.0472h2(3r– h)
Cylindrical Surface =
πdh = 2πrh = 6.2832rh
h
Total Surface =
2πr(r+ h) = 6.2832r(r+ h)
Volume =
r πr2h = 1/4 πd2h = 0.7854d2h
d
D
C
d
Area = 0.2146R2 Area = 0.7854(D2— d2)
Area = 0.1073C2 Area = 0.7854(D+d) (D—d)
h
s
a
SPHERE
d
r
R
d
r
PYRAMID
A = area of base
P = perimeter of base
h
s
Lateral Area = 1/2 Ps
Volume = 1/3 Ah
FRUSTUM OF A PYRAMID
A = Area of base
a = Area of top
m = Area of midsection
h
s
P = Perimeter of base
p = Perimeter of top
Lateral Area = 1/2 s(P+p)
CONE
Conical Area =
πrs = πr r2 +h2
s
h
FRUSTUM OF A CONE
h
Volume = 1/3 πh(r2 +rR +R2)
Common Common
Decimal Decimal
Fraction Fraction
1/2 .5
Conversion Table
Convert Convert
to to to to
F or C F or C
0
C 0
F 0
C 0
F
-17.78 0 32 315.6 600 1112
-12.22 10 50 326.7 620 1148
-6.67 20 68 337.8 640 1184
-1.11 30 86 348.9 660 1220
0.00 32 90 360.0 680 1256
4.44 40 104 371.1 700 1292
10.00 50 122 398.9 750 1382
15.56 60 140 426.7 800 1472
21.11 70 158 454.4 850 1562
26.67 80 176 482.2 900 1652
32.22 90 194 510.0 950 1742
37.78 100 212 537.9 1000 1832
43.33 110 230 565.6 1050 1922
48.89 120 248 593.3 1100 2012
54.44 130 266 621.1 1150 2102
60.00 140 284 648.9 1200 2192
65.56 150 302 676.7 1250 2282
71.11 160 320 704.4 1300 2372
76.67 170 338 732.2 1350 2462
82.22 180 356 760.0 1400 2552
87.78 190 374 787.8 1450 2642
93.33 200 392 815.6 1500 2732
98.89 210 410 843.3 1550 2922
100.0 212 414 871.1 1600 2912
104.4 220 428 898.9 1650 3002
110.0 230 446 926.7 1700 3092
115.6 240 464 954.4 1750 3182
121.1 250 482 982.2 1800 3272
126.7 260 500 1010 1850 3362
132.2 270 518 1038 1900 3452
137.8 280 536 1066 1950 3542
143.3 290 554 1093 2000 3632
148.9 300 572 1121 2050 3722
154.4 310 590 1149 2100 3812
160.0 320 608 1177 2150 3902
165.6 330 626 1204 2200 3992
171.1 340 644 1232 2250 4082
176.7 350 662 1260 2300 4172
182.2 360 680 1288 2350 4262
187.8 370 698 1316 2400 4352
193.3 380 716 1343 2450 4442
198.9 390 734 1371 2500 4532
204.4 400 752 1427 2600 4712
215.6 420 788 1482 2700 4892
226.7 440 824 1538 2800 5072
237.8 460 860 1593 2900 5252
248.9 480 896 1649 3000 5432
260.0 500 932 1704 3100 5612
271.1 520 968 1760 3200 5792
282.2 540 1004 1816 3300 5972
293.3 560 1040 1871 3400 6152
304.4 580 1076 1927 3500 6332
1982 3600 6512
Abrasion of Refractories: Wearing away of beginning at about 2,460°F (1,350°C) to form or mixtures of two or more of these and,
the surfaces of refractory bodies in service by mullite (Al6Si2O13) and free silica. when heated, can react chemically with acid
the scouring action of moving solids. refractories, slags and fluxes.
Anneal: To remove internal stress by first
Absorption: As applied to ceramic products, heating and then cooling slowly. Bauxite: An off-white, grayish, brown, yellow,
the weight of water which can be absorbed by or reddish-brown rock composed of a mixture of
the ware, expressed as a percentage of the Arc: As applied to circles, any portion of a cir- various amorphous or crystalline hydrous alu-
weight of the dry ware. cumference; as applied to electricity, the lumi- minum oxides and aluminum hydroxides
nous bridge formed by the passage of a current (principally gibbsite, some boehmite), and
Abutment: The structural portion of a furnace across a gap between two conductors or termi- containing impurities in the form of free silica,
which withstands the thrust of an arch. nals. silt, iron hydroxides, and especially clay miner-
als; a highly aluminous laterite.
Acid-Proof Brick: Brick having low porosi- Arch, Flat: In furnace construction, a flat
ty and permeability, and high resistance to structure spanning an opening and supported Bauxitic Clay: A natural mixture of bauxite
chemical attack or penetration by most com- by abutments at its extremities. The arch is and clay containing not less than 47% nor
mercial acids and some other corrosive chemi- formed by a number of special tapered brick, more than 65% alumina on a calcined basis.
cals. and the brick assembly is held in place by the
keying action of the brick. Also called a jack Bentonite: A kind of clay derived from vol-
Acid Refractories: Refractories such as silica arch. canic ash and characterized by extreme fine-
brick which contain a substantial proportion of ness of grain. Its main constituent is the clay
free silica and which when heated, can react Arch, Sprung: In furnace construction, a mineral montmorillonite. It is somewhat vari-
chemically with basic refractories, slags and bowed or curved structure which is supported able in composition and usually contains 5 to
fluxes. by abutments at the sides or ends only, and 10% of alkalies or alkaline earth oxides. One
which usually spans an opening or space type has the capacity for absorption of large
Aggregate: As applied to refractories, a between two walls. amounts of water, with enormous increase in
ground mineral material, consisting of parti- volume.
cles of various sizes, used with much finer Arch, Suspended: A furnace roof consisting
sizes for making formed or monolithic bodies. of brick shapes suspended from overhead sup- Bessemer Process: An older process for mak-
porting members. ing steel by blowing air through molten pig
Air-Ramming*: A method of forming refrac- iron, whereby most of the carbon and impuri-
tory shapes, furnace hearths, or other furnace Arch Brick: A brick shape having six plane ties are removed by
parts by means of pneumatic hammers. faces (two sides, two edges and two ends), in oxidation. The process is carried out in a ves-
which two faces (the sides) are inclined toward sel known as a converter.
Air-Setting Refractories: Compositions of each other and one edge face is narrower than the
ground refractory materials which develop a other. Bloating: Swelling of a refractory when in the
strong bond upon drying. These refractories thermo-plastic state, caused by temperatures in
include mortars, plastic refractories, ramming Ash: The noncombustible residue which excess of that for which the material is intend-
mixes and gunning mixes. They are marketed in remains after burning a fuel or other com- ed. Bloating impairs the useful properties of
both wet and dry condition. The dry composi- bustible material. refractories. An exception to this rule occurs in
tions require tempering with water to develop the one type of ladle brick (See Secondary
necessary consistency. Attrition: Wearing away by friction; abrasion. Expansion).
Alumina: Al2O3, the oxide of aluminum; melt- Auger Machine: A machine for extruding
ing point 3,720°F (2,050°C); in combination ground clays in moist and stiffly plastic form, British Thermal Unit (BTU): The amount of
with H2O (water), alumina forms the minerals through a die by means of a revolving screw or heat required to raise the temperature of one
diaspore, bauxite and gibbsite; in combination
auger. pound of water one degree Fahrenheit at stan-
with SiO2 and H2O, alumina forms kaolinite
dard barometric pressure.
and other clay minerals.
Baddeleyite: A mineral composed of zirconia
(ZrO2). Specific gravity 5.8. Melting point Brucite: A mineral having the composition
Alumina-Silica Refractories: Refractories con-
4,890°F (2,700°C). Mg(OH)2. Specific gravity 2.38 - 2.40. A soft,
sisting essentially of alumina and silica, and
Bagasse: The fibrous material remaining after the waxy, translucent mineral which dissociates at
including high-alumina, fireclay and kaolin
extraction of the juice from sugar cane. moderate temperatures with the formation of
refractories.
MgO.
Ball Clay: A highly plastic refractory bond
Amorphous: Lacking crystalline structure or
clay of very fine grain, which has a wide range Bunker Oil: A heavy fuel oil formed by stabi-
definite molecular arrangement; without definite
of vitrification and which burns to a light lization of the residual oil remaining after the
external form.
color. Often high in carbonaceous matter. cracking of crude petroleum.
Andalusite: A brown, yellow, green, red or
Basic Refractories: Refractories which con- Burn: The degree of heat treatment to which
gray orthorhombic mineral; Al2SiO5. Specific
sist essentially of magnesia, lime, chrome ore refractory brick are subjected in the firing
gravity 3.1 - 3.2. Decomposes on heating,
* ASTM Standard Definitions C 71-88; or ASTM “Tentative Definitions” are used where applicable.
process. Also, the degree to which desired Cement: A finely divided substance which is Colloid: (1 ) A particle-size range of less than
physical and chemical changes have been workable when first prepared, but which 0.00024 mm, i.e. smaller than clay size; (2)
developed in the firing of a refractory materi- becomes hard and stonelike as a result of originally, any finely divided substance that
al. chemical reaction or crystallization; also, does not occur in crystalline form; in a more
the compact groundmass which surrounds modern sense, any fine-grained material in
Burning (Firing) of Refractories*: The final and binds together the larger fragments or par- suspension, or any such material that can be
heat treatment in a kiln to which refractory ticles in sedimentary rocks. easily suspended.
brick are subjected in the process of manufac-
ture, for the purpose of developing bond and Ceramic Bond: In a ceramic body, the Conductivity: The property of conducting
other necessary physical and chemical proper- mechanical strength developed by a heat treat- heat, electricity or sound.
ties. ment which causes the cohesion of adjacent
particles. Congruent Melting: The change of a sub-
Calcination: A heat treatment to which many stance, when heated, from the solid form to a
Ceramics: Originally, ware formed from clay liquid of the same composition. The melting
ceramic raw materials are subjected, prepara-
and hardened by the action of heat; the art of of ice is an example of congruent melting.
tory to further processing or use, for the pur- making such ware. Current usage includes all
pose of driving off volatile chemically combined refractory materials, cement, lime, plaster, pot-
components and affecting physical changes. Convection: The transfer of heat by the circu-
tery, glass, enamels, glazes, abrasives, electrical
lation or movement of the heated parts of a liq-
insulating products and thermal insulating prod-
Calcite: A mineral having the composition uid or gas.
ucts made from clay or from other inorganic,
CaCO3. Specific gravity 2.71 for pure calcite nonmetallic mineral substances.
crystals. Calcite is the essential constituent Corbel: A supporting projection of the face of
of limestone, chalk and marble and a minor Checkers: Brick used in furnace a wall; an arrangement of brick in a wall in
constituent of many other rocks. regenerators to recover heat from outgoing which each course projects beyond the one
hot gases and later to transmit the heat to cold immediately below it to form a support, baffle or
Calorie (Large): One thousand small calories. air or gas entering the furnace; so-called shelf.
because the brick are arranged in checkerboard
Calorie (Small): The amount of heat required patterns, with alternating brick units and open Corrosion of Refractories: Deterioration or
to raise the temperature of one gram of water spaces. wearing away of refractory bodies largely at
one degree Centigrade at standard barometric their surface through chemical action of exter-
pressure. Chemically-Bonded Brick: Brick manufac- nal agencies.
tured by processes in which mechanical
Cap or Crown: The arched roof of a furnace, strength is imparted by chemical bonding Corundum: A natural or synthetic mineral
especially a glass tank furnace. agents instead of by firing. theoretically consisting solely of alumina
(Al2O3). Specific gravity 4.00 - 4.02. Melting
Carbon Deposition: The deposition of amor- Chord: As applied to circles, a straight line point 3,720°F (2,050°C). Hardness 9.
phous carbon, resulting from the decomposi- joining any two points on a circumference.
tion of carbon monoxide gas into carbon Course: A horizontal layer or row of brick in a
dioxide and carbon within a critical tempera- Chrome Brick*: A refractory brick manufac- structure.
ture range. When deposited within the pores tured substantially or entirely of chrome ore.
of refractory brick, carbon can build up suffi- Cristobalite: A mineral form of silica (SiO2);
cient pressure to destroy the bond and cause Chrome-Magnesite Brick: A refractory brick stable from 2,678°F (1,470°C) to the melting
the brick to disintegrate. which can be either fired or chemically bond- point, 3,133°F (1,723°C). Specific gravity
ed, manufactured substantially of a mixture of 2.32. Cristobalite is an important constituent
Carbon Refractory*: A manufactured refrac- chrome ore and dead-burned magnesite, in of silica brick.
tory comprised substantially or entirely of car- which the chrome ore predominates by weight.
bon (including graphite). Crown: A furnace roof, especially one which
Chrome Ore: A rock having as its essential is dome-shaped; the highest point of an arch.
Carbon-Ceramic Refractory*: A manufac- constituent the mineral chromite or chrome
tured refractory comprised of carbon (including spinel, which is a combination of FeO and Cryptocrystalline: A crystalline structure in
graphite) and one or more ceramic materials MgO with Cr2O3, Al2O3, and usually a small which the individual crystals are so small that
such as fire clay and silicon carbide. proportion of Fe2O3. The composition, which they cannot be made visible by means of the
is represented by the formula (Fe, Mg) (Cr, Al)2 petrographic microscope, but can be seen with
Castable Refractory: A mixture of a heat- O4, is extremely variable. Refractory grade an electron microscope. Various so-called amor-
resistant aggregate and a heat-resistant chrome ore has only minor amounts of acces- phous minerals are actually cryptocrystalline.
hydraulic cement. For use, it is mixed with sory minerals and has physical properties that
water and rammed, cast or gunned into place. are suitable for the manufacture of refractory Crystal: (1 ) A homogeneous, solid body of a
products. chemical element, compound or isomorphous
Catalyst: A substance which causes or accel- mixture having a regularly repeating atomic
erates a chemical change without being perma- Clay: A natural mineral aggregate, consisting arrangement that can be outwardly expressed
nently affected by the reaction. essentially of hydrous aluminum silicates (See by plane faces; (2) rock crystal.
also Fire Clay).
* ASTM Standard Definitions C 71-88; or ASTM “Tentative Definitions” are used where applicable.
Crystalline: Composed of crystals. examination the chrome ore grains appear to differential stresses.
be bonded “directly” to the magnesite grains.
Dead-Burned Dolomite: A coarsely granular The actual bonding mechanism in this instance Extrusion: A process in which plastic materi-
refractory material prepared by firing raw is usually a combination of types, of which al is forced through a die by the application of
dolomite with or without additives, to a tem- one may be direct (diffusion) bonding. pressure.
perature above 2,800°F (1,538°C), so as to
form primarily lime and magnesia in a Division Wall: Wall dividing any two major Fayalite: A mineral having the composition
matrix that provides resistance to hydration sections of a furnace. Fe2SiO4. Specific gravity 4.0 - 4.1. Melting
and carbonation. point 2,201°F (1,205°C).
Dobie: A molded block of ground clay or
Dead-Burned Magnesite: A coarsely granu- other refractory material, usually crudely Feldspar: A group of aluminum silicate min-
lar dense refractory material composed essen- formed and either raw or fired. erals with a general formula MAl (Al,Si)3 O8
tially of periclase (crystalline magnesium where M=K, Na, Ca, Br, Rb, Sr and Fe. The
oxide); prepared by firing raw magnesite (or Dolomite: The mineral calcium- most important feldspars are: (1) the potash
other substances convertible to magnesia) at magnesium carbonate, CaMg (CO3)2. Specific group, of which orthoclase and microcline (K)
temperatures sufficiently high to drive off prac- gravity 2.85 - 2.95. The rock called dolomite are the most common, and (2) the soda-lime
tically all of the volatile materials, and to affect consists mainly of the mineral of that name group, of which albite (Na) and anorthite (Ca)
complete shrinkage of the resultant magnesia, and can also contain a large amount of the min- form the end members of a continuous series
thereby producing hard dense grains which eral calcite (CaCO3). of solid solutions. Specific gravity 2.55 - 2.76.
are entirely inert to atmospheric hydration Melting points 2,050 to 2,820°F (1,120° to
and carbonation and free from excessive Dry Pan: A pan-type rotating grinding 1,550°C).
shrinkage when again subjected to a high tem- machine, equipped with heavy steel rollers or
perature. mullers which do the grinding and having slot- Fillet: The concave curve junction of two sur-
ted plates in the bottom through which the faces which would otherwise meet at an angle.
De-airing: Removal of air from firebrick mixes ground material passes out. Fillets are used at re-entrant angles in the
in an auger machine before extrusion by design of brick shapes to lessen the danger of
means of a partial vacuum. Dusting: Conversion of a refractory material, cracking.
either wholly or in part, into fine powder or
Density: The mass of a unit volume dust. Dusting usually results from (1 ) chemi- Firebrick: Refractory brick of any type.
of a substance. It is usually expressed either in cal reactions such as hydration; or (2) min-
grams per cubic centimeter or in pounds per eral inversion accompanied by large and Fire Clay: An earthy or stony mineral aggre-
cubic foot. abrupt change in volume, such as the inversion gate which has as the essential constituent
of beta to gamma dicalcium silicate upon cool- hydrous silicates of aluminum with or without
Devitrification: The change from a glassy to a ing. free silica; plastic when sufficiently pulver-
crystalline condition. ized and wetted, rigid when subsequently
Dutch Oven: A combustion chamber built dried, and of sufficient purity and refrac-
Diaspore: A mineral having the theoretical outside and connected with a furnace. toriness for use in commercial refractory prod-
composition Al2O3 • H2O (85% alumina; 15% ucts.
water). Specific gravity 3.45. Electron Beam Furnace: A furnace in which
metals are melted in a vacuum at very high Fireclay Brick: A refractory brick manufac-
Diaspore Clay: A rock consisting essentially temperatures by bombardment with electrons. tured substantially or entirely from fire clay.
of diaspore bonded by flint clay. Commercial
diaspore clay of the purest grade usually con- Emissivity, Thermal: The capacity of a mate- Flat Arch: An arch in which both outer and
tains between 70 and 80% alumina after calci- rial for radiating heat; commonly expressed as inner surfaces are horizontal planes.
nation. a fraction or percentage of the ideal “black
body” radiation of heat which is the maxi- Flint: A hard, fine-grained cryto-crystalline
Diatomaceous Earth: A hydrous form of sili- mum theoretically possible. rock, composed essentially of silica.
ca which is soft, light in weight and consists
mainly of microscopic shells of diatoms or Erosion of Refractories: Mechanical wearing Flint Clay: A hard or flint-like fire clay which
other marine organisms. It is widely used for away of the surfaces of refractory bodies in has very low natural plasticity and which usual-
furnace insulation. service by the washing action of moving liq- ly breaks with a smooth or shell-like fracture. Its
uids, such as molten slags or metals. principal clay mineral is halloysite.
Direct Bonded Basic Brick: A fired refracto-
ry in which the grains are joined predomi- Eutectic Temperature: The lowest melting Flux: A substance or mixture which promotes
nantly by a solid state of diffusion mechanism. temperature in a series of mixtures of two or fusion of a solid material by chemical action.
more components.
Direct Bonded Magnesite-Chrome Brick: A
Fluxing: Fusion or melting of a substance as a
term applied to fired magnesite-chrome composi- Exfoliate: To expand and separate into rudely result of chemical action.
tions when the amount of bonding mineral parallel layers or sheets, under the action of
phase (silicates, forsterite, etc.) present in the physical, thermal or chemical forces producing
matrix is sufficiently low that under microscopic
* ASTM Standard Definitions C 71-88; or ASTM “Tentative Definitions” are used where applicable.
Forsterite: A mineral having the or to mixtures of either crushed firebrick or High-Duty Fireclay Brick: Fireclay brick
composition Mg2SiO4. Specific gravity 3.21. silica rock with clay, for use in tamped linings. which have a PCE not lower than Cone 31½ or
Melting point approximately 3,450°F above 32½ - 33.
(1,900°C). Gibbsite: A white or tinted monoclinic mineral;
Al(OH)3. Specific gravity 2.3 - 2.4. Hydrate (verb): To combine chemically with
Freeze-Plane: An irregular plane lying water.
between the hot face and cold face of a refrac- Glass*: An inorganic product of fusion which
tory lining — any point on which the tempera- has cooled to a rigid condition without crystal- Hydraulic-Setting Refractories:
ture corresponds to the freezing point of a liq- lizing. Compositions of ground refractory materials
uid phase present on the hot face side of the in which some of the components react chemi-
plane. Grain Magnesite: Dead-burned magnesite in cally with water to form a strong hydraulic
the form of granules, generally ranging in size bond. These refractories are commonly
Friable: Easily reduced to a granular or pow- from about 5/8 inch in diameter to very fine known as castables.
dery condition. particles.
Illite: A group of three-layer, mica-like miner-
Furnace Chrome: A mortar material prepared Grain Size: As applied to ground refractory als of small particle size, intermediate in com-
from finely ground chrome ore, suitable for materials, the relative proportions of particles position and structure between muscovite and
laying brick or for patching or daubing in fur- of different sizes; usually determined by sepa- montmorillonite.
naces. ration into a series of fractions by screening.
Impact Pressing: A process for forming refrac-
Furnace Magnesite: A mortar material pre- Grog: A granular product produced by crush- tory shapes in which the ground particles of
pared from finely ground dead-burned magnesite, ing and grinding calcined or burned refracto- refractory material are packed closely together by
suitable for use as a joint material in laying ry material, usually of alumina-silica composi- rapid vibration.
magnesite brick, and for patching or daubing tion.
furnace masonry. Incongruent Melting: Dissociation of a com-
Ground Fire Clay: Fire clay or a mixture of fire pound on heating, with the formation of anoth-
Fused-Cast Refractories: Refractories clays that have been subjected to no mechanical er compound and a liquid of different compo-
formed by electrical fusion followed by cast- treatment other than crushing and grinding. sition from the original compound.
ing and annealing.
Grout: A suspension of mortar material in Ingot Mold: A mold in which ingots are cast.
Fused Quartz: Silica in the glassy state pro- water, of such consistency that it will flow
duced by melting clear quartz crystalline feed. into vertical open joints when it is poured on Insulating Refractories: Lightweight, porous
It is clear without entrapped gas bubbles or horizontal courses of brick masonry. refractories with much lower thermal conduc-
other impurities or diluents. Synonyms tivity and heat-storage capacity than other
include quartz glass and vitreous quartz. Gunning: The application of monolithic refrac- refractories. Used mostly as backing for brick
tories by means of air-placement guns. of higher refractoriness and higher thermal
Fused Silica: Silica in the glassy or vitreous conductivity. These materials provide fuel
state produced by arc-melting sand. It always Halloysite: One of the clay minerals; a hydrat- economy through lower heat losses, increased
contains gas bubbles. Synonyms include vitre- ed silicate of alumina similar in composition to production due to shorter heat-up time, econo-
ous silica and silica glass. kaolinite, but amorphous and containing more my of space (size and weight) because of thin-
water; Al2Si2O5(OH)4 • 2H2O. ner walls and improved working conditions.
Fusion: A state of fluidity or flowing in conse- Insulating refractories are available
quence of heat; the softening of a solid body, Header: A brick laid on flat with its longest as brick or monoliths.
either through heat alone or through heat and dimension perpendicular to the face of a wall.
the action of a flux, to such a degree that it will Inversion: A change in crystal form without
no longer support its own weight, but will Heat-Setting Refractories: Compositions of change in chemical composition; as for example,
slump or flow. Also the union or blending of ground refractory materials which require rela- the change from low-quartz to high-quartz, or,
materials, such as metals, upon melting, with the tively high temperatures for the development of the change from quartz to cristobalite.
formation of alloys. an adequate bond, commonly called the ceramic
bond. Isomorphous Mixture: A type of solid solu-
Fusion Point: The temperature at which tion in which mineral compounds of analo-
melting takes place. Most refractory materi- Hematite: The mineral Fe2O3 (red iron ore). gous chemical composition and closely relat-
als have no definite melting points, but soften Specific gravity 4.9 - 5.3. ed crystal habit crystallize together in various
gradually over a range of temperatures. proportions.
High-Alumina Refractories: Alumina-silica
Ganister: A dense, high-silica rock (quartzite), refractories containing 45 % or more alumina. Jack Arch: See Arch, Flat.
suitable for the manufacture of silica brick. The materials used in their production
Confusion sometimes results from the use of include diaspore, bauxite, gibbsite, kyanite,
this term, because it is also applied in some sillimanite, andalusite and fused alumina (arti-
parts of the United States to crushed firebrick ficial corundum).
* ASTM Standard Definitions C 71-88; or ASTM “Tentative Definitions” are used where applicable.
Jamb: (1 ) A vertical structural member form- Loss on Ignition: As applied to chemical analy- Magnetite: A black, isometric, strongly mag-
ing the side of an opening in a furnace wall; ses, the loss in weight which results from netic, opaque mineral of the spinel group; (Fe,
(2) a type of brick shape intended for use in heating a sample of material to a high tem- Mg) Fe2O4. Specific gravity 5.17 - 5.18.
the sides of wall openings. perature, after preliminary drying at a tempera- Melting point about 2,901°F (1,594°C).
ture just above the boiling point of water. The
Kaldo Process (Stora): An oxygen process loss in weight upon drying is called “free mois- Medium-Duty Fireclay Brick: A fireclay brick
for making steel. ture”; that which occurs above the boiling point, with a PCE value not lower than Cone 29 nor
“loss on ignition.” higher than 31 - 311/2.
Kaliophilite: A hexagonal mineral of volcanic
origin; KAlSiO4. Low-Duty Fireclay Brick: Fireclay brick Melting Point: The temperature at which
which have a PCE not lower than Cone 15 nor crystalline and liquid phases having the same
Kaolin: A white-burning clay having kaolin- higher than 28 - 29. composition coexist in equilibrium. Metals
ite as its chief constituent. Specific gravity and most pure crystalline materials have sharp
2.4 - 2.6. The PCE of most commercial kaolins Magnesioferrite: One of the spinel group of melting points, i.e. they change abruptly from
ranges from Cone 33 to 35. minerals; (Mg,Fe)Fe2O4. Rarely found in nature; solid to liquid at definite temperatures.
usually constitutes the brown coloring material However, most refractory materials have no
Kaolinite: A common white to grayish or yel- in magnesite brick. Specific gravity 4.57 - 4.65. true melting points, but melt progressively
lowish clay mineral; Al2Si2O5 (OH)4. Kaolinite over a relatively wide range of temperatures.
is the principal constituent of most kaolins and Magnesite: A mineral consisting of magne-
fire clays. Specific gravity is 2.59. The PCE of sium carbonate; MgCO3. A rock containing the Metalkase Brick: Basic brick provided with
pure kaolinite is Cone 35. mineral magnesite as its essential constituent thin steel casings.
(See also Magnesite, Caustic and Dead-
Key: In furnace construction, the uppermost or Burned Magnesite). Mica: A group of rock minerals having nearly
the closing brick of a curved arch. perfect cleavage in one direction and consisting
Magnesite Brick: A refractory brick manufac- of thin elastic plates. The most common vari-
Key Brick: A brick shape having six plane tured substantially or entirely of dead-burned eties are muscovite and biotite.
faces (two sides, two edges and two ends), in magnesite which consists essentially of magnesia
which two faces (the edges) are inclined in crystalline form (periclase). Micron: The one-thousandth part of a mil-
toward each other and one of the end faces is limeter (0.001 mm); a unit of measurement
narrower than the other. Magnesite-Carbon Brick: A refractory brick used in microscopy.
manufactured of substantially magnesite
K-factor: The thermal conductivity of a mater- (dead-burned, fused, or a combination there- Mineral: A mineral species is a natural inor-
ial, expressed in standard units. of) and carbon, which may be in the form of ganic substance which is either definite in
various carbon-bearing materials. Conventional chemical composition and physical charac-
Kyanite (Cyanite): A blue or light-green tri- tar-bonded and tar-impregnated brick do not teristics or which varies in these respects
clinic mineral; Al2SiO5. Specific gravity fall into this class. Magnesite-carbon brick are within definite natural limits. Most minerals
3.56 - 3.67. Decomposition begins at about distinct in that carbon is present in the composi- have a definite crystalline structure; a few are
2,415°F (1,325°C) with the formation of mul- tion to provide specific refractory properties amorphous.
lite and free silica. beyond filling pores or acting as a bond.
Modulus of Elasticity (Physics): A measure
Ladle: A refractory-lined vessel used for the Magnesite, Caustic: The product obtained by of the elasticity of a solid body; the ratio of
temporary storage or transfer of molten metals. calcining magnesite, or other substances convert- stress (force) to strain (deformation) within the
ible to magnesia, upon heating at a temperature elastic limit.
L-D Process: A process for making steel by generally not exceeding 2,200°F (1,205°C).
blowing oxygen on or through molten pig iron, The product is readily reactive to water and Modulus of Rupture: A measure of the trans-
whereby most of the carbon and impurities are to atmospheric moisture and carbon dioxide. verse or “crossbreaking” strength of a solid
removed by oxidation. body.
Magnesite-Chrome Brick: A refractory brick
Limestone: A sedimentary rock composed essen- which can be either fired or chemically Monolithic Lining: A furnace lining without
tially of the mineral calcite (CaCO3) or of cal- bonded, manufactured substantially of a mix- joints, formed of material which is rammed,
cite mixed with dolomite, CaMg(CO3)2. ture of dead-burned magnesite (magnesia) and cast, gunned or sintered into place.
Specific gravity 2.6 - 2.8. refractory chrome ore, in which the magnesite
predominates by weight. Monticellite: A colorless or gray mineral related
Limonite: A mineral consisting of hydrous to olivine; CaMgSiO4. Specific gravity 3.1 -
ferric oxides; the essential component of Magnesium Hydroxide: The compound of 3.25. Melts incongruently at 2,730°F
“brown ore.” Specific gravity 3.6 - 4.0. magnesium oxide and chemically combined (1,499°C) to form MgO and a liquid.
water; Mg(OH)2. Naturally occurring magne-
Lintel: A horizontal member spanning a wall sium hydroxide is known as brucite.
opening.
* ASTM Standard Definitions C 71-88; or ASTM “Tentative Definitions” are used where applicable.
Montmorillonite: A group of expanding-lattice Nozzle Brick: A tubular refractory shape used in ramming into place to form monolithic lin-
clay minerals containing variable percentages a ladle; contains a hole through which steel is ings.
of one or more of the cations of magne- teemed at the bottom of the ladle, the upper end
sium, potassium, sodium and calcium. A of the shape serving as a seat for the stopper. Plasticity: That property of a material that
common constituent of bentonites. enables it to be molded into desired forms
Olivine: (l) An olive-green, grayish-green or which are retained after the pressure of mold-
Mortar (Refractory): A finely ground refrac- brown orthorhombic mineral; ing has been released.
tory material which becomes plastic when (Mg,Fe)2SiO 4. It comprises the
mixed with water and is suitable for use in lay- isomorphous solid-solution series forsterite- Pores: As applied to refractories, the small
ing refractory brick. fayalite. (2) A name applied to a group of min- voids between solid particles. Pores are
erals forming the isomorphous system described as “open” if permeable to fluids;
Mullite: A rare orthorhombic mineral; (Mg,Fe,Mn,Ca) 2SiO4, including forsterite, “sealed” if impermeable.
Al6Si2O13. Specific gravity 3.15. An important fayalite, tephroite and a hypothetical calcium
constituent of fireclay and high-alumina orthosilicate. Specific gravity 3.27 - 3.37, Porosity of Refractories: The ratio of the vol-
brick. Melting point under equilibrium condi- increasing with the amount of iron present. ume of the pores or voids in a body to the
tions approximately 3,362°F (1,850°C). total volume, usually expressed as a percent-
Overfiring: A heat treatment which causes age. The “true porosity” is based on the total
Mullite Refractories*: Refractory products deformation or bloating of clay or clay ware. pore-volume; “apparent porosity” on the open
consisting predominantly of mullite (Al6Si2O13) pore-volume only.
crystals formed either by conversion of one or Oxiduction: Alternate oxidation and reduc-
more of the sillimanite group of minerals or by tion. Power Pressing: The forming of refractory
synthesis from appropriate materials employing brick shapes from ground refractory material
either melting or sintering processes. Oxygen Process: A process for making steel in containing an optimum amount of added
which oxygen is blown on or through molten water by means of high pressure applied verti-
Muscovite: A mineral of the mica group; pig iron, whereby most of the carbon and cally in a power-driven press.
KA12(AlSi3)O10(OH)2. It is usually colorless, impurities are removed by oxidation.
whitish or pale brown and is a common miner- Pug Mill: A machine used for blending and
al in metamorphic and igneous rocks and in Periclase: An isometric mineral; MgO. tempering clays in a moist or stiffly plastic con-
some sedimentary rocks. Specific gravity 3.58. Melting point approxi- dition.
mately 5,070°F (2,800°C).
Nepheline (Nephelite): A hexagonal mineral Pyrite: The most common sulfide mineral;
of the feldspathoid group; (Na,K)AlSiO4. A Perlite: A siliceous glassy rock composed of FeS2. Specific gravity 4.9 - 5.2. Color, brass-
common reaction product in furnaces wherein small spheroids varying in size from small yellow. Used mainly for making sulfuric acid
slags or vapors of high soda content come into shot to peas; combined water content 3 to 4 and sulfates.
contact with fireclay or high-alumina brick. %. When heated to a suitable temperature,
Stable at 2,278°F (1,248°C) at which temper- perlite expands to form a lightweight glassy Pyrometric Cone: One of a series of pyrami-
ature it inverts to the artificial mineral material with a cellular structure. dal-shaped pieces consisting of mineral mix-
carnegieite, which has the same composition, tures and used for measuring time-temperature
but a different crystalline form. Natural Permeability: The property of porous materi- effect. A standard pyrometric cone is a three-
nepheline contains a small amount of potash. als which permits the passage of gases and liq- sided truncated pyramid; and is approximately
Specific gravity 2.67. uids under pressure. The permeability of a either 25/8 inches high by 5/8 inch wide at the
body is largely dependent upon the number, base or 11/8 inches high by 3/8 inch wide at the
Neutral Refractory: A refractory material which size and shape of the open connecting pores base. Each cone is of a definite mineral com-
is neither acid nor base, such as carbon, and is measured by the rate of flow of a standard position and has a number stamped on one
chrome or mullite. fluid under definite pressure. face; when heated under standard conditions it
bends at a definite
Nine Inch Equivalent: A brick volume equal Plasma Jet: Ionized gas produced by passing temperature.
to that of a 9 x 4 1/2 x 2 1/2 inch straight brick an inert gas through a high-intensity arc causing
(101.25 cubic inches); the unit of measure- temperatures up to tens of thousands of degrees Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE)*: The
ment of brick quantities in the refractories centigrade. number of that Standard Pyrometric Cone
industry. whose tip would touch the supporting plaque
Plastic Chrome Ore: An air-setting ramming simultaneously with a cone of the refractory
Nodule Clay: A rock containing aluminous or material having a base of refractory chrome material being investigated when tested in
ore and shipped in plastic form ready for use.
ferruginous nodules, or both, bonded by flint accordance with the Method of Test for
clay; called “burley” clay or “burley flint” clay Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) of
Plastic Fire Clay: A fire clay which has suffi-
in some districts. Refractory Materials (ASTM Designation
cient natural plasticity to bond together other
C24).
materials which have little or no plasticity.
Nosean (Noselite): A feldspathoid mineral of
the sodalite group; Na8Al6Si6O24(SO4). It is gray- Pyrophyllite: A mineral consisting of hydrat-
Plastic Refractory: A blend of ground refrac-
ish, bluish or brownish and is related to hauyne. ed silicate of aluminum; AlSi2O5(OH).
tory materials in plastic form, suitable for
* ASTM Standard Definitions C 71-88; or ASTM “Tentative Definitions” are used where applicable.
Pyroplasticity: The physical state induced by Rise of Arches: The vertical distance between Silicon Carbide: A compound of silicon and
soaking heat which permits a refractory body the level of the spring lines and the highest carbon; SiC.
to be readily deformed under pressure or by its point of the under surface of an arch.
own weight. Silicon Carbide Refractories*: Refractory prod-
Rock: A naturally occurring mineral aggregate ucts consisting predominantly of silicon car-
Quartz: A common mineral consisting of silica consisting of one or more minerals. For exam- bide.
(SiO2). Sandstones and quartzites are com- ple, quartzite rock is an aggregate consisting
posed largely of quartz. Specific gravity 2.65. essentially of crystals of the mineral quartz; Sillimanite: A brown, grayish, pale-green or white
granite is an aggregate consisting essentially orthorhombic mineral; Al2SiO5. Specific gravity
Quartzite: A hard compact rock consisting of spar and quartz. 3.24. At about 2,785°F (1,530°C) it begins to
predominantly of quartz. There are two types: dissociate into mullite and free silica.
(1) metaquartzite, a metamorphic rock usually Rotary Kiln: A cylindrical, refractory-lined,
derived from sandstone; and (2) orthoquartzite, a gas-fired kiln that rotates at an angle and in Sintering: A heat treatment which causes
sedimentary rock consisting of grains of sili- which the charge is introduced into the higher adjacent particles of material to cohere at a
ca sand cemented together by at least 10 % of end and travels down the slope of the kiln to temperature below that of complete melting.
precipitated silica. the discharge end.
Skewback: The course of brick, having an
Ramming Mix: A ground refractory material Rowlock Course: A course of brick laid on inclined face, from which an arch is sprung.
which is mixed with water and rammed into edge with their longest dimensions perpendicu-
place for patching shapes or for forming lar to the face of a wall. Slag: A substance formed in any one of sever-
monolithic furnace linings; usually of a less al ways by chemical action and fusion at fur-
plastic nature than plastic refractories. Rutile: A mineral consisting of titanium diox- nace operating temperatures: (1) in smelting
ide (Ti2O). Specific gravity 4.18 - 4.25. operations, through the combination of a
Recuperator: A system of thin-walled refrac- flux, such as limestone, with the gangue or
tory ducts used for the purpose of transferring Screen Analysis: The size distribution of non- waste portion of the ore; (2) in the refining
heat from a heated gas to colder air or gas. cohering particles as determined by screening metals, by substances, such as lime, added
through a series of standard screens. for the purpose of effecting or aiding the
Refractories: Nonmetallic materials suitable refining; (3) by chemical reaction between
for use at high temperatures in furnace con- Secondary Expansion: The property exhibit- refractories and fluxing agents, such as coal,
struction. While their primary function is resis- ed by some fireclay and high-alumina refracto- ash or between two different types of refrac-
tance to high temperature, they are usually ries of developing permanent expansion at tories.
called on to resist other destructive influences temperatures within their useful range; not
such as abrasion, pressure, chemical attack the same as overfiring. A behavior not to be Slagging of Refractories*: Destructive chemi-
and rapid changes in temperature. confused with the bloating caused by exces- cal action between refractories and external agen-
sive temperatures which impair the useful cies at high temperatures resulting in the forma-
Refractory (adj.): Chemically and physically properties of a refractory. tion of a liquid.
stable at high temperatures.
Semi-Silica Fireclay Brick: A fireclay brick Sleeves: Tubular refractory shapes used to
Refractory Clay: An earthy or stony mineral containing not less than 72% silica. protect the metal rod which holds the stopper
aggregate which has as the essential con- head in the valve assembly of a bottom-pour-
stituent hydrous silicates of aluminum with or Serpentine: A group of rock forming miner- ing ladle.
without free silica; plastic when sufficiently als; (Mg,Fe)3Si2O5(OH)4. Specific gravity 2.5 -
pulverized and wetted, rigid when subsequent- 2.7. Also, a common rock consisting essential- Slurry: A suspension of finely pulverized
ly dried and of sufficient purity and refractori- ly of serpentine minerals. solid material in water of creamy consistency.
ness for use in commercial refractory products.
Silica: SiO2, the oxide of silicon. Quartz and Soapstone: A metamorphic rock consisting
Regenerator: A refractory structure in which chalcedony are common silica materials; mainly of talc and derived from the alteration
thermal energy from hot furnace gases is alter- quartzite, sandstone and sand are composed of ferromagnesian silicate minerals.
nately absorbed by checker brick work and largely of free silica in the form of quartz.
released to cold air or gas. Soldier Course: A course of brick set on end;
Silica Brick: A fired refractory consisting little used in the case of refractories except
Regenerator Checkers: Brick used in furnace essentially of silica and usually made from in the bottoms of some types of furnaces.
regenerators to recover heat from hot outgo- quartzite bonded with about 1.8 to 3.5 % of
ing gases and later to release this heat to added lime. Solid Solution: A homogeneous crystalline
cold air or gas entering the furnace; so-called phase with a variable composition. The most
because of the checkerboard pattern in which Silica Fire Clay*: A refractory mortar consist- common solid solutions involve two or more
the brick are arranged. ing of a finely ground mixture of quartzite, sil- substances having the same crystalline struc-
ica brick and fire clay of various proportions; ture. However, the term can also refer to the
often called silica cement. solution of small proportions of a material in a
seemingly unrelated substance.
* ASTM Standard Definitions C 71-88; or ASTM “Tentative Definitions” are used where applicable.
Spalling of Refractories: The loss of frag- Vesicular: Having a cellular structure; applied
ments (spalls) from the face of a refractory Talc: A hydrous magnesium silicate mineral; to fire clays which have become bloated by
structure, through cracking and rupture, with Mg3Si4O10(OH)2. Specific gravity 2.7 - 2.8. overfiring.
exposure of inner portions of the original Hardness 1.
refractory mass. Vibratory Pressing: A process for forming
Thermal Conductivity: The property of mat- refractory shapes in which the ground parti-
Specific Gravity: The ratio between the weight ter by virtue of which heat energy is transmitted cles of refractory material are packed closely
of a unit volume of a substance and that of through particles in contact. together by rapid impact-type vibrations of the
some other standard substance under standard top and bottom dies; also called impact press-
conditions of temperature and pressure. For Thermal Expansion: The increase in linear ing.
solids and liquids the specific gravity is based dimensions and volume which occurs when
on water as the standard. The “true specific materials are heated and which is counterbal- Vitrification: A process of permanent chemi-
gravity” of a body is based on the volume of anced by contraction of equal amount when the cal and physical change at high temperatures
solid material excluding all pores. The bulk or materials are cooled. in a ceramic body, such as fire clay, with the
volume specific gravity is based on the volume development of a substantial proportion of
as a whole, i.e. the solid material with all Thermal Shock: A sudden transient tempera- glass.
included pores. The apparent specific gravity ture change.
is based on the volume of the solid material Warpage: The deviation of the surface of a
plus the volume of the sealed pores. Tolerance: The permissible deviation in a refractory shape from that intended, caused by
dimension or property of a material from an bending or bowing during manufacture.
Specific Heat: The quantity of heat required established standard or from an average value.
to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a Wedge Brick: A brick shape having six plane
substance one degree. Tridymite: A mineral form of silica; SiO2. faces (two sides, two edges and two ends), in
Stable from 1,598 to 2,678°F (870 to which two faces (the sides) are inclined
Spinel: (1) The mineral composed of magne- 1,470°C). Specific gravity 2.26. An important toward each other and one end face is narrow-
sium aluminate; MgAl 2O 4. Specific gravi- constituent of silica brick. er than the other.
ty 3.6. Melting point 3,875°F (2,135°C). (2)
A group of minerals of general formula; AB2O4 Tweel: A refractory shape used to control the Wetting: The adherence of a film of liquid to
where A represents magnesium, ferrous iron, flow of molten glass from the glass tank to the the surface of a solid.
zinc or manganese or any combination of these tin bath in the float glass process.
minerals and B represents aluminum ferric Wollastonite: A triclinic mineral; CaSiO3.
iron or chromium. Trough: An open receptacle through which Specific gravity 2.9. Inverts at 2,192°F
molten metal is conveyed from a holding (1,200°C) to pseudowollastonite. Melts incongru-
Spring Line: The line of contact between the device or furnace to a casting mold or another ently at 2,811°F (1,544°C).
inside surface of an arch and the skewback. receptacle.
Young’s Modulus: In mechanics, the ratio of
Sprung Arch: An arch which is supported by Tuyere Brick: A refractory shape containing tensile stress to elongation within the elastic
abutments at the side or ends only. one or more holes through which air and other limit; the modulus
gases are introduced into a furnace. of elasticity.
Stack Losses: The flue gas loss, the sensible
heat carried away by the dry flue gas plus the TREFOIL® Heat Exchanger: A refractory Zircon: A mineral; ZrSiO4. Specific gravity
sensible heat and latent heat carried away by construction in a rotary kiln with three 4.7. Begins to melt incongruently at 3,045°F
the water vapor in the flue gas. openings which in cross-section are clover- (1,685°C) forming ZrO 2 solid solution plus
shaped. Over its length, the TREFOIL heat liquid; completely melted at about 4,800°F
Stretcher: A brick laid on flat with its length exchanger divides the kiln into three equal parts, (2,650°C).
parallel to the face of the wall. thus improving heat exchange between the
charge and the hot combustion gases. Zirconia: Zirconium oxide; ZrO2. Specific
Superduty Fireclay Brick: Fireclay brick gravity 5.8. Melting point 4,890°F (2,700°C).
which have a PCE not lower than Cone 33 and Vacuum Pressing: A method of forming brick Its chief source is the mineral baddeleyite.
which meet certain other requirements as out- shapes by which they are subjected to a partial
lined in ASTM Designation C 27-84. vacuum during pressing in a power press.
Suspended Arch: An arch in which the brick Vermiculite: A group of micaceous minerals,
shapes are suspended from overhead support- all hydrated silicates, varying widely in com-
ing members. position; (Mg,Fe,Al)3 (AlSi)4O10(OH)2 - 4H2O.
When heated above 302°F (150°C), vermi-
Taconite: A compact ferruginous chert or slate culite exfoliates and increases greatly in vol-
in which the iron oxide is so finely disseminat- ume.
ed that substantially all of the iron-bearing par-
ticles are smaller than 20 mesh. Typical analy-
ses of the ore grade show total iron at 32%.
* ASTM Standard Definitions C 71-88; or ASTM “Tentative Definitions” are used where applicable.