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The Nature of Substance - Rudolf Hauschka PDF
The Nature of Substance - Rudolf Hauschka PDF
The
Nature of Substance
V1
Foreword to the First English
Edition ( 1966)
X
CHAPTER ONE
TO
CHAPTER THREE
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I MAXIMA-MINIMA CURVES
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Weighing experiments from
-4 I 1934 - !940
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Fig. 3
Weight changes of sprouting seeds in a closed system.
18
NEW IDEAS ON THE PRIMALITY OF SPIRIT
as a counter-weight, no allowance had to be made for changes
in barometric pressure, temperature or humidity. The weighing
vessels had closely fitting lids, firmly cemented on with Ramsay
fat. Later on, ampoules of 20 c.c. capacity were substituted for the
jars and sealed up after filling.
The margin of error was determined by compensation weigh-
ing, comparing an empty tared jar of identical volume with the
counter-weight ordinarily employed. It never exceeded ± ·ooi mg.
Experiments were limited to a duration of fourteen days, as this
sufficed for undisturbed growth under reasonably normal
conditions.
Measurements now clearly established both increases and de-
creases in weight, to a degree far exceeding the determined
margin of error.
Increases and decreases in weight - or, to put it another way,
the emergence and disappearance of matter - occurred in rhyth-
mic sequences which proved the time factor to be the determining
one. Figure I shows graphs of two successive experiments, with
time (i.e. individual days, from January 26, I934 to February 22,
I934) shown on the horizontal, weight changes in milligrams on
the vertical arm. The starting weight is plotted as o.
The flfSt experiment established a gain of 3·2 mg. between
January 26 and February 11, a period during which the moon
was waxing. The second experiment, which began on Feb-
ruary I I and continued while the moon was waning, showed
a loss of 3"4 mg. Identical or similar results were obtained in
subsequent experiments during the years from I934 to I940.
During this time, experiments consistently gave evidence of
weight gains or losses in every waxing and waning moon period
respectively, with the findings confirmed by setting up at least
two, and sometimes as many as four, simultaneous tests.
Figure 2 gives a survey of experiments performed in I934· It
shows clearly that the moon rhythm is subservient to a stronger
atmual, or sun, rhythm. Strangely enough, at the year's halfway
point in summer, the powerful dynamics of the curves come to
a standstill.
Figure 3 shows annual curves for the seven years from 1934 to
1940, in the form of maximum and minimum curves which
19
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
result from plotting points of maximum and minimum weight
changes registered during the full-moon and new-moon periods
covered by the experiments. The striking decline in the curves
after the great surges of 1934 cannot be discussed here. But it is
obvious that a still greater rhythm overrides the annual or sun
rhythm just as the latter dominates the rhythm of the moon.
The study of plants involves processes emancipated from the
sphere in which mechanical and chemical laws obtain - processes
subject rather to cosmic laws and influences.
A further series of experiments performed by the author
indicates that even mineral matter reflects planetary influences in
physical and chemical reactions. The broad field pioneered by
the capillary-dynamic method of research shows definite con-
nections between earthly substances and planetary happenings.
The experimental procedure used consists in letting uncoated
filter paper absorb solutions by means of capillary attraction.
Forces active in a given substance are revealed by this method to
a degree unmatched by physical and chemical analysis.
Admittedly, the results of such researches are not readily ex-
pressed in terms of measure, weight and number, and a feeling
for quality is essential to a grasp of the phenomena observed.
Our time is unfortunately still inclined to consider real only
what can be weighed, measured and counted. This means still
giving Newton precedence over Goethe.
However, Herzeele's and my own subsequent researches sub-
stantiate the statement that the law of the conservation of matter
applies only to the mineral kingdom and within certain limits,
and may not simply be extended to the organic kingdom. We
have no right, therefore, to project present conditions of matter
into past and future infinities of time or space. Rather is there
every reason to assume that matter is the precipitate of life.
Is it not reasonable to suppose that life existed long before
matter and was the product of a pre-existent spiritual cosmos?
Does it not seem high time to counter the dogma of matter's
pre-existence with the idea of the pre-existence of spirit?
1.0
CHAPTER FOUR
The Plants
n the rainbow, Goethe recognized the activity of two polar
I opposites, light and darkness, which bring their yellow and
blue to harmonious resolution in the colour green. There is a re-
conciling element in this many-hued bond between heaven's light
and earthly darkness.
The same polar principle is found in plants. Their roots are
trapped in the earth's dark depths, while their blossoms reach
toward the sunlight. In the plant's green foliage the two pro-
cesses are harmonized. Indeed, it is here in the leaf that we find
the primal form and essence of the vegetable kingdom.
We know that starch is a product of the plant's process of
assimilation. This process takes place in the plant's middle zone,
the leaf, when sunlight acts upon it in the presence of water and
carbon dioxide. Plant physiologists express this in the following
formula:
6C02 + 5H2 0 = C 6 H 10 0 5 (starch)+ 602
This rigid atomistic formula and its corollaries fall far short
of giving an adequate picture of the miraculous creation of
this virgin substance, and they certainly do not explain it.
What account do they take of light and of its interplay with
darkness?
Nature often gives sensitive observers certain insights. An
cean traveller who has experienced a monsoon (actually a storm
in sunlit weather), and has seen the ship enveloped in foam and
spray and the sunlight striking through it, making the sky a
lorious rainbow dome, can derive some impression from such
a phenomenon of the way living substance comes into being.
The elements that compose this natural drama are light, air and
water. Air-permeated water or water-permeated air, with the
un's rays striking through them, make the rainbow. Light, air
::md water are the elements that make colours play around
fountains and waterfalls. But one can stare and stare at open
secrets without fathoming their meaning. For again it is the same
21
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
elements - light, air and water - which bring about assimilation
and go to form starch in plants.
Of course, the airy element in assimilation is 'heavy air', or
carbon dioxide, rather than the ordinary atmospheric air. Carbon
dioxide is the heaviest gas known to nature; it can be poured,
exactly like a liquid, from one container into another. The so-
called 'Dog Grotto' in Naples is simply a subterranean lake of
carbon dioxide which suffocates dogs that enter it. A man can
wade safely through this invisible shallow sea because his head
is on a higher level than its surface.
This 'heavy air' seems to be one reason why assimilation does
not stop at the colour-drama stage but reaches down into the
material process of creating starch. We might express it thus:
starch is a bewitched rainbow drawn down into matter by the
plant's vital activity.
Starch is subject to many metamorphoses in the plant organ-
ism. The most important one is the etherealizing of it into sugar
as the sun's warmth draws it upward. Sugar is found in the
nectars but is also present higher up, in the still more refined
form of glucosides, in the blossom colours. When our 'en-
chanted rainbow' gleams in a field alight with flowers, it is as
though heaven itself were greeting us.
Picturing a plant against the background of the rainbow is not
just poetic licence: it is simple realism. And it touches on the
deepest questions of the origin of matter.
We often spend years mulling over some idea too vague as yet
to find expression. Gradually it takes on contours, becomes clear
and transparent, reaches a stage where it can be spoken or written
down. Now it is ready for others to examine it. Every artist is
familiar with this progression from idea to finished creation.
And those who come to know the artist's work resurrect his
crystallized thought in their appreciation of it. A culture is
nothing more nor less than the realm of human thought made
visible.
Must we not think of the creations of the great artist, nature,
as works of entirely similar origin? Must not the wealth of forms
about us, built by nature according to laws which we are only
just beginning to investigate, have issued from a cosmic activity
22
THE PLANTS
akin to thinking? What happens when a higher than human
being thinks, and what effect do such thoughts have?
For those who acknowledge a higher order, questions like
these spring from the heart, and one comes to see nature and the
universe as the gradual thought-creation of the gods, similar in
kind to one's own slowly shaping realizations.
Against the background of such thoughts and feelings the
rainbow stands out as the first phase of divine revelation, as the
sublime, overarching pattern of fundamental laws that govern
all creation - the same laws which, in the realm of life, bring
forth the plant. In ancient times the rainbow was felt to be a
bridge down which the gods descended. The picture may still
serve as a reminder to the inquirer to keep on concerning himself
closely with this phenomenon. If one looks into the deeper
content of the myth, one comes to understand its message: the
creative process travels over the rainbow on its descent into the
material world of nature.
Human thoughts crystallized in works of art are resurrected
in the soul of the appreciative beholder. Cosmic thoughts em-
bodied in the natural universe come alive again in us when we
approach them with such attitudes of soul.
23
CHAPTER FIVE
The Carbohydrates
STARCH
SUGAR
I
H - c -- H HI c Ol1
I I I I
C=O C=O C=O C=O
I I I
-C- tiC OH ti C Oti
I I I
l1 C Oti l1 C OH
I I
tiC OH H C OH
I I
tiC OH H:C OH
I
11: C OH
Aldehyde Ketone Grape sugar Fructose
group group (Aldose} (Ketose)
27
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
is a mixture of grape sugar and fructose. From the standpoint of
chemical structure they differ, for grape sugar is an aldose and
fructose a ketose.
Grape sugar and fructose are distinct also from the standpoint
of physics in that solutions made of them behave differently in
the presence of polarized light. Grape sugar turns the plane of
polarization to the right, fructose to the left, thereby earning the
names dextrose and levulose. Fruit sugar is like honey in being
a mixture of the two. Beet and cane sugar cannot be distinguished
by either chemical or physical methods. Only the above-men-
tioned capillary dynamic method and biological tests succeed in
doing so to some extent, though not conclusively.
Sugar was known long before man sharpened his consciousness
of taste with salt. Honey is mentioned in very ancient documents.
It was antiquity's only form of sugar. Oriental peoples as well as
early Teutonic tribesmen found honey indispensable to their way
of living as both a nutrient and an appetizer, as the writings of
Plutarch and Aristotle attest.
Alexander's conquests introduced a new factor. He led his
armies through Persia to India and there discovered 'a reed that
produces honey without the aid of bees'. This was sugar-cane,
already under cultivation at that time in India. It was not long
before sugar-cane had spread to Persia and Egypt, and it soon
became known in all parts of the civilized world. The Arabs
discovered the art of crystallizing cane juice. By the eighth century
they had a fairly highly developed sugar industry. The sap was
boiled down and collected, still hot, in palm leaf cylinders. The
finished crystallized cake was history's first sugar loa£
Charlemagne did much to further spice-trading with the East,
which was also the origin of sugar. The Crusades, too, contri-
buted to popularizing sugar in European countries. Columbus
introduced sugar-cane to America. That is how Cuba, which
devotes a high percentage of its arable land to growing sugar,
and San Domingo, came to have such extensive plantations.
Nevertheless, sugar remained more of a luxury than a food
throughout the Middle Ages. It was only at the dawn of modern
times that the 'enlightened despots', Frederick the Great, Maria
Theresa, and Joseph II, decreed that sugar should be made a food
28
THE CARBOHYDRATES
and eased its importation by lowering the tariffs and taxes on it.
The sugar industry took a tremendous upswing when European
refmeries began making crystallized white sugar out of the
imported brown raw product.
'It was then,' says a contemporary account, 'that further
progress was blocked by an artificial product.' In 1800 the
German scientist, F. A. Achard, discovered the possibility of
extracting sugar from beets. But twenty years passed before a
commercially profitable type of beet was bred. Even so, despite
all the ingenuity of German technicians and chemists, the industry
would not have developed as it did if politics had not played a
decisive role.
Napoleon had decreed a continental blockade and thereby
stopped all sugar imports. Efforts to produce a beet sugar every
bit as good as cane were naturally redoubled. Napoleon himself
took a personal interest in speeding the development of the beet
sugar industry, with the result that quite a number of factories
producing beet sugar were in existence by I8II. After Napoleon's
fall, the young industry kept going by virtue of the fact that it
had made far greater technical progress than the cane sugar
industry. Even today it would be hard to find any other branch
of industry where more thought has been spent on working out
every detail of manufacture. It began to appear that beet sugar
had finally driven cane sugar out of the running, both in the old
world and the new.
But again a great war introduced a new factor: the countries
involved in W odd War I used their sugar to make nitroglycerin
and other explosives. Their populations, hungry for sweets, had
to make do with saccharin, a synthesized by-product of the coal-
tar industry. There will be more to say about saccharin in a later
chapter. Fortunately, people did not continue using this un-
natural sweetener very widely once the war was over.
On the other hand, the war and the disturbed social and
economic conditions that preceded and followed it restored cane
sugar to a more favourable position. Several factors made for a
reduced planting of sugar beets. One was the need for intensive
cultivation, combined with increasingly unfavourable working
conditions on the farms. Another was the growing exhaustion of
29
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
the soil due to prolonged monoculture. This favoured insect
depredation and disease. The result was a limiting of sugar beet
production. Beet sugar could not keep on competing with the
cheaper cane product. Indeed, during the decades after World
War I, it continued in production only by grace of government
support.
The following table gives a graphic picture of these tendencies
in world sugar production:
Flower, stem and root are the three parts of the plant, clearly
differentiated as to form, substance and function. They belong
together as three parts of an organism, but each is the carrier of
a distinct, essential tendency. For the blossom links the plant
with the surrounding macrocosm, the root with the earth, while
the stalk (or leaf) is the place where earth and heaven meet in
harmonious interaction.
Honey is the immediate product of the cosmic whole. Similarly,
life in the time of the patriarchs was permeated and guided from
30
THE CARBOHYDRATES
on high by impulses which laid direct hold on the will-life of
humanity.
The period of cane sugar's dominance was that of the con-
solidation of Middle Europe, with its founding of cities and of
social orders. It was a time when the heart was especially engaged.
Like the beet, rooted and thoroughly at home in earth, thought
is firmly bound to matter in the age of materialism. The world's
affairs are guided today by intellects with the hard, down-to-
earth, tough quality of rootlike thinking, as yet scarcely touched
by the dawn of a new age.
While the extraction of honey requires no technology and the
production of cane sugar at first involved only natural tools and
objects, such as the moulds made of palm-leaf cylinders, the beet
sugar manufacturing process comes from a very highly developed
mechanical inventiveness.
A survey of the changing levels of consciousness in human
evolution shows how they are reflected in changes in man's
nutritional habits. These are again mirrored in the changing use
he makes of environmental resources. Sugar is only one of many
possible examples.
The history of sugar comes into fresh illumination against this
background. Honey, cane sugar, beet sugar, the three repre-
sentatives of the threefold organism of the plant, take turns as
man's companions on his journey through time.
But the pattern of the threefold plant belongs as much to man's
organism as it does to his history. Morphological and physio-
logical consideration of the human body show that the same
formative forces are at work in the nerve-sense organization of
the head as in the plant's root-system. Forces similar to those
active in the blossom principle are found in man's will and his
metabolism. And the forces that build stalk and foliage work in
human feeling, and in the rhythmic system centrally located
between head and limbs.
If such connections really exist, then it can be assumed that
root substances taken as foods act upon the brain and nervous
system; that products of the flowering and fruiting parts of
plants affect the metabolism; and that leafy matter stimulates
breathing and circulation.
31
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
This gives points of view for considering the metamorphoses
of sugar as a substance, and hence its effects on the human and
social organism in the course of history.
In this connection it can be interesting to observe the use of
sugar by the various nationalities. It is certainly noteworthy that
the intellectual West has a sugar consumption many times that
of the still patriarchal East.
CELLULOSE
34
CHAPTER SIX
CARBON
H-0-H {H 2 0}
35
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
Now carbon has four valencies. A carbon atom in combination
with four hydrogen atoms forms a molecule of methyl hydride
(methane) , thus:
H
I
H-C-H (CH4 )
I
H
Carbon has, moreover, the unusual property of being able to
combine not only with hydrogen and other atoms but also with
itself:
H H H
I I I
H-C-C-C-H (C 3 H 8 = Propane)
I I I
H H H
This makes possible a tremendous number of permutations
and combinations of molecular structure. Four examples of
well-known substances will suffice to show how this unique
property of carbon makes for the formation of chains, rings, and
all sorts of other ramifications of molecular structure:
Carbon frameworks of
c
I
c
I
c
I
c
I
c
I
c
Grape sugar Camphor Benzene Anthracene
OXYGEN
0 C
+
0
Cosmic life
H
45
CHAPTER SEVEN
_____,H__ ,H•
CtoH .. = H,C CH• - C - Cth CH
Anyone who has stored etheric oils will have found that as
time goes on the bottle-stopper gets stickier and stickier and a
resinous crust finally forms, while the resin odour grows more
pungent. The process can be greatly accelerated by exposing
47
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
these oils to the air. We see here how oxygen makes the rising
stream of scent precipitate as resin.
The milky juice of certain other plants, such as dandelion,
spurge and rubber, belongs to this same group of resins.
Evergreen resins are extracted by cutting the bark and catching
the sap in cups. Resin thus extracted and purified is known
commercially as turpentine. So-called Venetian Turpentine is a
product oflarch resin. ·
More valuable products are obtained through distillation. The
first, volatile components to be separated out when turpentine is
heated are spirits of turpentine, a substance closely related to
etheric oils. The next in line is oil of turpentine. The sediment is
colophonium. Other resins also yield 'spirits', oil and sediment.
Even fossil-resins such as amber yield the medically prized spirits
of amber and oil of amber.
This way of looking at resin-formation can lead one to feel
that the plant sacrifices something when it lets some of its sub-
stance stay behind on earth. The part this sacrifice plays in seed
formation will be discussed later. Perhaps this is one reason why
antiquity, having some inkling of these matters, valued and used
resins in sacriftcial rites. When incense (made from the resin of
Boswellia carteri) burned on the alter, the priests of those days
may well have felt the harmony between heaven and earth in
the ascending smoke of the sacrifice thus:
Biogen has rained fragrance down as resin. Now cosmic f1re
resurrects the resin as a fragrance.
CHAPTER EIGHT
But it is also a fact that oil can be split into two components
when broken down by alkalis, for example. One of the com-
ponents that emerges is a fatty acid; the other, alcohol-like
glycerine. Are these breakdown products possibly also the result
of a cosmic-biological process?
We have previously described how fermented sugar produces
alcohol and carbonic acid, thus dividing and tending in two
directions: toward a concentration of pyrogen on one hand, of
biogen on the other. If something similar occurs in the blossom
with the formation of etheric oils, which are breathed out and
disappear, then we should expect to find somewhere else in the
plant a complementary acid rich in oxygen. And we do fmd it
in the swelling seed-bud. We might perhaps put it this way: the
plant acids in the developing seeds are like a vessel in which the
scent flowing back from the periphery of the cosmos is gathered
up. The fire-force in this essence warms and permeates the
developing seed-organisms. Oil is the product of this interaction.
In this sense we might call oil 'the perfect plant substance'. We
began with starch, 'the virgin substance', and progressed by way
of sugar and fragrance to the final cosmic-biological synthesis in
the perfected substance, oil.
The ancients must have known instinctively about this process,
for they used oil to anoint the kings and priests who in their
dignity were to represent perfection, the highest unity.
Cold-pressed oils from seeds and fruits yield a wonderfully
clear, almost transparent oily fluid. This makes ideal edible oil,
known to technology as 'virgin oil'. Second and third pressings,
aimed at extracting every drop, are made at constantly increasing
temperatures. Their yields range in colour from yellow to
brown. They too are used as food-oils, after being refined and
bleached. The cakes left after the last drop is extracted are treated
with fat-solvents such as benzine or carbon tetrachloride and
made to yield still another oil, used in manufacturing.
In addition to edible oils, made chiefly from olives, rape-seed
or peanuts, there are oils that have a tendency to form resin on
50
THE FATTY OILS
exposure to the atmosphere. As we saw above, etheric oils, too,
have this tendency owing to the effect of atmospheric oxygen.
We showed how plants prepare to form fatty oils by first pouring
out etheric oils in their wafting fragrances. Resin formation
might be looked upon as a remnant of oil's childhood. Resinous
oils are called drying oils because of their tendency to form dry,
resinous surfaces on contact with the air. This makes them
suitable for use in paint. Flax, poppy and sunflower are the main
sources.
The fire-relatedness of oil was put to practical use in the oil-
fuels of former times. Rape-seed oil was the principal source.
More will be said later on the subject of animal oils and fats
such as butter, tallow, lard and whale-oil. These are similar to
plant oils, but harder. Man's ever growing need for these denser
oils and fats has developed processes whereby the normal con-
sistency of oils is artiftcially changed to that of lard or butter.
The raw materials used in this fat-hardening process are the
plant oils or whale-oil, and its product is margarine.
When animal fats are broken down or split, they yield, in
addition to glycerine, a fatty acid quite similar to that derived
from vegetable oils, except that it is harder and will even crystal-
lize. Stearine, obtained from beef tallow, is an example.
The alkaline salts of these fatty acids are soaps. Potash soaps
have a salve-like consistency and are known as soft soaps, while
sodium soaps are harder and can therefore be made into cakes.
Oils and fats boiled up with an alkali form a soapy mass con-
taining glycerine as well as pure soap. This crude soap is called
glycerine soap for that reason. Curd soap can be separated out
of this solution by adding salt. Common salt is used here for its
coagulating effect. It separates solids from liquids in colloidal
solutions, of which soap is one. When the solid soap has been
removed, the glycerine is extracted by distillation from the lye.
All soaps can be decomposed by any acid stronger than fatty
acids, such as hydrochloric, sulphuric, or even acetic acid, for
example. When a soap solution is decomposed with acid, the oily
or fatty acid separated off rises to the surface of the fluid. Depend-
ing on whether the raw material used in the soap was a vegetable
oil or an animal fat, the separated product is either an oily liquid
51
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
known as olein or a solid crystalline block such as stearine, for
example.
Oil (fat)
Oily acid
A~ Glycerine
(fatty. acid)
+ \ Alkali
J..
Soap
+I -!-
HCl
Oily acid
(fatty acid, for example, Stearine)
Protein
he body-building material, as typical in animals as carbo-
T hydrates are in plants, is protein. But the plant, too, manu-
factures protein, particularly at one stage of development, that
of seed formation. This is where the animal and plant worlds
meet.
At the stage where the plant is exhaling scent, the life active
in its blossoms is a strong attraction. Butterflies come winging
to the out-poured fragrance. Bees arrive to drink the nectar.
Beetles are drawn to the scent and linger happily around it.
Bees, butterflies and beetles come and go, visit other flowers,
thus carrying on the fertilizing process. A constant rhythm of
approach and withdrawal, enticement and fructifying takes place
here as part of the larger rhythm of seed formation and ethereal-
ization.
The movement and rhythm of the insect world find ex-
pression in the seed substance known as protein. This is not to say
that animal substance is transferred directly to the seed by insects;
it is rather the active exchange between plant and universe taking
place in all this movement which finds physical expression in
seed-protein. It is of no consequence whether this fertilizing ex-
change is effected with the help of insects or of the whole atmo-
sphere, as in the case of wind-pollenization.
When wheat flour is made into dough and kneaded in a stream
of running water until the starch is gradually washed away, a
sticky, stringy mass is left. This no longer contains starch or any
other carbohydrate, but only a protein called gluten. Protein in
this form is found in seeds of every kind.
We described above how a 'carbon skeleton' is left when
carbohydrates are destroyed by heat. Protein also leaves a carbon
remnant when it is burnt, but the process is livelier, with foaming,
bubbling and an exuding of unpleasant odours. Who does
not remember the smell of burning hair or milk - both of
them proteins? Animal protein (in hair, milk, meat, wool,
silk, glue, etc.) behaves like vegetable protein. Since the typical
53
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
plant substance is carbohydrate and the typical animal substance
is protein, the protein found in seeds attests to plant and animal
worlds having met there.
We can discover something of the nature of proteins by break-
ing them down. Caustic soda can be used, as in processing oil.
After prolonged boiling the mixture gives off a penetrating odour
recognizable as ammonia (NH 3 ), a nitrogen compound. Here
we discover traces of a basic substance not yet encountered in the
vegetable kingdom.
When protein is broken down with potassium and the break-
down product is dissolved in water and treated with iron salts,
a beautiful intense blue called Prussian blue appears in the solu-
tion. It is interesting to follow what has happened here. Potassium,
a substance with a strong affinity to life, has withdrawn hydrogen
and oxygen, the elements present in water, from the protein.
Carbon and nitrogen, the components of cyanide, are left. This
substance is one of the deadliest poisons known to man. But
potassium cyanide in combination with iron salts produces
Prussian blue, which is not poisonous.
c,zol11134N218()248
54
PROTEIN
But the structure of this protein molecule is anything but clear.
We know that it can be split into smaller complexes known as
peptones by careful disintegration, such as it is subjected to by
enzymes present in -saliva and the stomach (pepsin). These in
turn can be split into still smaller complexes known as peptides
under careful disintegrative action, for example by trypsin, the
intestinal fermenting agent. These can with care be broken
down still further by pancreatic enzymes, for example, or by
being carefully boiled with acids and alkalis. This separates them
into the so-called building blocks of protein, the amino acids.
Now all this is very interesting, but protein becomes un-
imaginably complicated. Does it not make us suspect that protein
is only so complicated when analysed, or - in other words -
broken down? For all analysing is actually destruction. Is it not
conceivable that living protein, as it comes from nature, may not
really be at all complicated?
For the time being let us keep in mind just the fact that
protein is the produc~ of four interacting elements: the formative,
life and fire forces we already know, plus a fourth entity which
finds expression in nitrogen.
55
CHAPTER TEN
Nitrogen
""'\Y Jhere is nitrogen to be found in nature? Practically speak-
VV ing, it is present in a free state only in the atmosphere. In
fact, from a quantitative standpoint it is the carrier of air, for air
is So% nitrogen to 20% oxygen. Let us now consider whether
nitrogen is suited to be air's carrier in other, more essential
respects.
A study of the breathing process shows that the nitrogen in-
haled is exhaled again, laden with moisture and carbonic acid.
There is no change either in its composition or in its volume.
What purpose does nitrogen serve, then, if it comes out exactly
as it went in?
When one tries to live into the movement of nitrogen stream-
ing in and out in breathing, it can be experienced as an oscillating
exchange between man and world; nitrogen moves in pendulum-
like rhythm back and forth between the two. So we come to
regard it as the carrier of motion and rhythm, enabling oxygen
to be inhaled, and the used air to be expelled again.
What would happen if there were no nitrogen in the atmo-
sphere? We should be burnt up by the concentrated oxygen.
The dilution of oxygen by nitrogen makes breathing and its
rhythm possible. Even the slightest variation in the nitrogen
content of the air around us quickens or slo~ breathing to a
surprising degree. Medical science has come to realize how great
a role rhythmic breathing plays in health and illness.
A person in normal health breathes eighteen times per minute.
This adds up to 1,080 breaths per hour and 25,920 breaths per
day. The latter number has, as we shall see, a cosmic reference.
In the course of a year, the sun makes one complete round of
the zodiac. It rises on March 21 at the vernal point, which today
is in the sign of Pisces. Day by day its rising-point progresses,
from Pisces to Aries, to Taurus, to Gemini, and so on, returning
after a year to the sign of Pisces. This vernal point, however, is
not identical with that of the previous year, but slightly behind
it. As millennia go by, the sun's vernal point thus travels around
56
NITROGEN
the Zodiac in a direction counter to its annual course. At the
time of Christ's birth, the sun rose on March 21 in the sign of
Aries. Thus, in the approximately 2,000 years that have elapsed
since then, the vernal point has travelled through almost one
entire constellation. It takes 25,920 years for the vernal point to
go all round the zodiac. This period of time is known as a Platonic
year.
We see, then, how our breathing keeps pace with the great
rhythm of the sun. One human breath mirrors a solar year; one
day's breaths reflect the number of solar years in a cosmic year.
This throws light on nitrogen's role as carrier of rhythm and
movement, as well as of the airy element; nitrogen repeats
universal rhythms in the microcosm, man.
June July
May August
April September
Sunrise ZI.JH
Vernal point !94 l
Vernal point 1942
October
February November
January December
Fig. 4
Mobility
.}
Life W"mili
-.Q~wmmh
0 +
Form
Life
+
Form
S9
CHAPTER ELEVEN
Series I. Li Be B c N 0 F
7 9 II 12 14 16 19
Series 2. Na Mg AI Si p s Cl
23 24 27 28 31 32 35"5
Series 3. K Ca Sc etc.
39 40 44
6o
THE COSMIC NATURE OF EARTH'S SUBSTANCE
If we proceed through the whole list, we find twelve such
octaves. Details and exceptions will be discussed later. The
significant fact discovered in the series is that matter is subject to
a rhythmic ordering. Even atomic weight is the expression of
rhythm, as we showed above. It is really not surprising that the
law of single and multiple proportion (Avogadro), which defines
the rhythmic character of matter, reappears in essence in a new
metamorphosis as Newlands' law of octaves. This law was later
developed by Meyer and Mendelieff into the Periodic Table of
the Elements.
Just as the laws discovered by Avogadro were narrowed down
into a spatial picture of the atom, so the rhythmical principles
expressed in the Periodic Table were developed into a spatial
concept which accounted for the rhythmical qualities of sub-
stances by relating them to the number of electrons attached to
an atomic nucleus. The search for a qualitative explanation of the
varieties of matter seemed to call for the existence of a kind of
primal nucleus, surrounded by electrons in various numbers and
orbits, from which the qualitative periodicity of substances
emerged (Moseley).
We are not required to oppose these hypotheses, so long as we
remain aware of the reality that lies behind them. Goethe did not
battle against Newton's wave theory of light in itself, but against
the belief that it explained the reality of colour. The balancing
of polarities always issues in rhythms. We can therefore expect
to find a rhythmical quality - expressed in the wave-character
of colours - as the balance between light and darkness. But
colour-vibrations are to be understood as merely the physical
manifestation of the nature of colour. They are no more the
reality of colour than an anatomical description of a human
body is the man himself. Similarly, hypothetical pictures of the
nature of substance, developed in theorizing about atoms and
electrons, are to be considered simply as mathematical expressions
of physical aspects of matter; the reality underlying the physical
has to be grasped intuitively and gradually brought to light.
Can anything be said clearly about this reality? Certainly the
rhythmical characteristics of substances and processes, as found
in chemistry, are very like the rhythmical periodicities found in
6r
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
music. The repetition of note-qualities at certain intervals, parti-
cularly octaves, forms part of the subject-matter of harmony.
The periodic system of chemical elements is an expression of the
same essential laws.
The correspondence between chemical and musical laws can
be traced step by step. Avogadro showed that chemical elements
combine in single and multiple proportions. Taking hydrogen
as our basis for comparison, we find it has the ratio I: I to chlorine
in hydrochloric acid. In water, H 2 0, there are two parts of
hydrogen to one of oxygen. Oxygen is therefore called bivalent.
As we have already seen, there are substances capable of forming
compounds in various ratios. Manganese is one of these; it forms
oxides up to manganese heptoxide. Since oxygen is bivalent, the
proportion of manganese in the various oxides, calculated in
terms of hydrogen, can be shown as follows:
Manganese
oxide MnO Proportion of Mn in terms of H I :2
Manganese
sesquioxide Mn2 0 3 Proportion of Mn in terms of H I:3
Manganese
dioxide Mn0 2 Proportion of Mn in terms of H 1:4
Manganese
trioxide Mn0 3 Proportion of Mn in terms of H I :6
Manganese
heptoxide Mn 2 0 7 Proportion of Mn in terms of H I :7
Other substances, such as iron, favour the ratios I: 2 and I: 3.
Phosphorus favours I : 3 and I : 5, sulphur I : 2, I :4 and I: 6. All
these ratios, however, are within one octave, ranging from I: I
to I: 7· They are found also in the musical intervals of the first,
second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh. Perhaps it is not
inappropriate to express chemical facts in musical terms and to
say, for example, that ferrous chloride (FeC1 2 ) sings in seconds,
while ferric chloride (FeCl3 ) is the voice of the third in chlorine
iron compounds.
Chemistry may thus properly be called music in matter. Music
is an ordering; it brings order everywhere and can order the
feeling-life of its hearers, as everyone knows who has felt himself
62
THE COSMIC NATURE OF EARTH'S SUBSTANCE
inwardly brought into order by a symphony or some other piece
of good music. Music can be shown to have a formative and
ordering effect even on physiological processes. More than this:
the phenomenon of the Chladnian sound-figures demonstrates
the ordering effect of musical sound on matter. This familiar
phenomenon is produced by strewing elder-pollen on a metal
plate and then playing a note by stroking the edge of the plate
with a violin bow. This causes ordered patterns to appear in the
pollen dust. These patterns change if the sound is varied. As one
thinks of the ordering power of music working right down into
matter, one may ask what is responsible for the rhythmic order-
ing that binds or frees material substances? It is chemical activity.
The word chemistry comes from the Egyptian and means 'the
hidden'. And chemistry is indeed the music hidden in matter.
Now, looking at a realm even higher than that of music, let
us think of going out on a clear, summer night and of the awe
we feel as we behold the sublime order of the stars, with the
planets making their wonderful curves and loops against the
majestic patterns of the constellations. Reverent wonder is the
natural response in every human soul. People of earlier times felt
this even more strongly, but with a different background.
It is possible today to calculate the paths of the planets for
decades and even centuries ahead, to say which planets will be
in conjunction or opposition, when and where. The ancients
could not do this. But they had an immediate experience of the
starry order, which Plato expressed when he spoke of the 'music
- or harmony - of the spheres'. In our abstract modern way of
thinking we connect quite different concepts with words and
phrases, and we imagine the 'music of the spheres' to have been
Plato's subjective way of expressing an artistic experience. A
more searching inquiry shows that in earlier times people lived
in a different state of consciousness, for which the ordered move-
ment of the planets was clairaudiently perceptible as a musical
experience. Apart from the fact that the stars imprinted their
order on everything earthly and human - the priest-sages of
Chaldea, Babylonia and Egypt looked to the stars for the guidance
of society and much else - we can easily see that earth-time
reflects star rhythms. Minutes, hours, days, months, years, epochs
63
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
and ages are all measurements taken from cosmic patterns and
happenings.
Time plays an essential role in music; thus astronomical laws
are again related to the laws of music. Musical intervals and
harmonies are an expression of universal rhythms. The relation
of the seven planets to the fixed stars, especially the twelve
zodiacal constellations, is built on a rhythmical law that finds
reflection in the seven intervals and the twelve semi-tones of the
scale.
Nowadays it is not customary to speak of seven planetary
spheres surrounding the earth. For one thing, the moon is not
reckoned one of the planets, but as a satellite of the earth, and the
sun is considered a fixed star, not a planet. If, on the other hand,
we adopt the geocent·ic Ptolemaic system and call Moon, Venus,
Mercury, Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn planets, then Uranus,
Neptune, Pluto and some planetoids are missing from the
picture.
If, however, we avoid abstractions and simply go by what we
see from the earth, it cannot be denied that from the spatial
standpoint Sun and Moon contain the earth within their spheres
just as the planets do. And there is an astronomical reason for
believing that Uranus, Neptune and Pluto became attached to
our planetary system only within relatively recent times.
Looking at the planetary spheres which, from the earth view-
point, do actually enclose it, we find that an up-to-date under-
standing of Ptolemy's geocentric system is indeed possible. The
otherwise irreconcilable difference between the geocentric and
heliocentric systems is overcome from the standpoint of the
spheres.
The geocentric and heliocentric systems are probably each
correct from a certain angle. Recent ideas about the lemniscate
movement of the sun may perhaps justify both concepts. So we
feel entitled to speak of the earth and seven encircling planetary
spheres.
Stellar movements, music and chemistry thus seem to be
varied expressions of one and the same cosmic ordering force.
For astronomy to reduce the stellar universe to a mathematically
calculable mechanism, as it has done in recent centuries, was just
64
THE COSMIC NATURE OF EARTH'S SUBSTANCE
as mistaken as to ascribe colour phenomena to wavelengths or to
call the physical body described by anatomy a human being. A
higher cosmic order permeates the universe and manifests itself
at different levels, down to ultimate physical expression in earth
substances. These clearly show the imprint of their starry origin.
In this c01mection we are led to ask - how does cosmic being
manifest? We showed above how oxygen, for example, carries
the idea of the plant into earthly appearance, and how carbon
forms it. In just the same sense that plants are ideas made manifest
in earthly matter, every substance is the materialized expression
of a process, of a cosmic essence. This essential being dwells in
the world of stars, but the world of dense dead matter bears its
imprint everywhere.
If we ask why matter has become so dense and fixated, we
must cast a look on electricity. V/e will study a candle flame and
note what happens to the burning wax. The hard wax turns
into an oily fluid, which is absorbed by the wick and changed
into a gas. As the gas burns, heat and light are given off. Here
we see a dematerializing process going on, a disappearance of
substance. But if the two ends of a wire fastened to an induction
coil are placed in the flame, so that an electric current sparks
across from one electrode to the other, the process is suddenly
reversed. The flame caves in, the production of heat and light
stops almost completely, and a black carbon skeleton builds up
between the two ends of the wire. This can be taken as a picture
of materialization.
Electricity invariably plays the role of a condensing and
materializing agent. Anyone who has handled a battery or an
induction coil will recall the peculiar odour given off by electric
sparks. Some say they smell like phosphorus, or even sulphur.
But sulphur has nothing to do with it; the assumption that it has
comes from mistaking sulphur-tipped matches for phosphorus
matches. But phosphorus also is not responsible for the odour.
Phosphorus simply docs what electric sparks do: it condenses
oxygen to ozone - the real source of the smell.
66
CHAPTER TWELVE
14
June July Aug . Sept . Oct. Nov . Dec.
1939
0 Fu ll -- moon
~ New-moon
Control- analys is (s eeds)
P2 0 5
content of se e dlings p e r I gr. of seeds
K zO
Fig. 5
c
t
Cosmic form
.._
com''' w"m"'
Cosmic form
70
STAR PATTERNS AND EARTHLY SUBSTANCES
Now where are these cosmic signposts pointing? What is the
origin of these substances which seem to be the basis of all
organic nature?
If we follow the activity of hydrogen in the living kingdoms
through a whole year's cycle, it obviously reaches a maximum
in high summer. The most intensive etherealization of plant
substances takes place at this warmest time of the year. Seeds
start to ripen, and oil, materialized cosmic fire, begins to form
in them.
High summer comes in August, the month when the sun
passes through the constellation of the Lion, which has always
symbolized flaming courage and all such fiery attitudes of soul.
Old Oriental picturings of lions express this characteristic in
a flaring mane which surrounds the head like a golden sun-aura.
It may be assumed that the representations of zodiacal figures
found in old calendars retain something of the ancient wisdom
hidden in pictures. These were the work of priests of olden times,
and were never arbitrary, but rather pictorial records of what they
knew about the Zodiac. Naturally, these pictures are not to be
grasped by a trifling approach, nor are they meant to portray
physical animals. They are to be thought of as depicting processes
and activities in artistic and pictorial, but at the same time real,
images. They were a very real experience to men of old.
The cosmos was recognized by the ancients to have twelve
distinctly different phases of activity, and they therefore ascribed
twelve characteristics to these heavenly forces. And though we
have lost the capacities that conceived these images, we can still
feel the truth they symbolize if we approach them with artistic
and unprejudiced sympathy.
Leo, the lion, is in this sense the representation of fire-related
forces raying from his segment of the universe into all levels of
activity and manifestation: the soul-spiritual, the biological, the
mineral. Their final manifestation is in hydrogen and its activity;
here the sublime process comes to rest. One cannot help thinking
of the adage, 'Matter is the last step on the path of God.'
Oxygen, on the other hand, reaches the climax of its activity
in nature when the earth is saturated with the fertile moisture of
melting snow or mild spring showers, the season when sap
71
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
begins to stream through roots and stems and there is stirring and
germinating everywhere.
This is the moment just before the coming of spring, toward
the last part of February, when the sun is passing through Aqu-
arius, 'the water-carrier'. Here is a picture of fertility, the ancient
symbol of an activity that blessed and fertilized the earth. Streams
of quickening water drench the land and summon into earthly
appearance all manner of living forms. This is the opposite pole
to Leo's fire-process, and is therefore more to the fore at the
opposite season. Oxygen is active at the time when all through
nature life is being carried over into physical form with the
inflow of fertilizing, saturating water. High summer is the season
of oxygen's polar opposite, hydrogen: a subtle fire-process,
which everywhere dissolves form and etherealizes matter. These
two processes are as opposite in character as the two zodiacal
figures Leo and Aquarius are in space.
An objection everyone is sure to raise is that in the tropics, the
southern hemisphere and at the poles, plants go through their
various life stages at a quite different season. In this connection,
let us consider the following.
What might be called the classical cycle of the seasons is a
phenomenon of the temperate zones, and so of the more highly
civilized parts of the earth. And this normal cycle depends on a
balance being kept between terrestrial and cosmic forces. This
leads to a harmonizing rhythm between the changing relationships
of earth and sun (as cosmic representative). Where earth forces
gain the upper hand, as at the poles, or where life is dominated
by cosmic radiating forces, as at the equator, abnormal, one-
sided conditions result.
Goethe gave the key to a quite new way of looking at all the
phenomena of nature with his theory of colour, which cannot
be too highly valued. Between the poles of light and darkness
live the rhythms inherent in colour; between cosmos and earth
arises the wealth of rhythmic life-phenomena of the earth's
surface; between poles and equator the rhythmic alternation of
the seasons comes into being. The Goethean concept of the two
poles and a third new element, rhythm, which reconciles these
two extremes, throws fresh light on everything in the organic
72
STAR PATTERNS AND EARTHLY SUBSTANCES
kingdom. Light and darkness create the rainbow; earth and
cosmos create the living kingdom of the earth.
The earth itself is a living organism - a fact still familiar to
Kepler. The zone between the poles and the equator is the scene
of manifold rhythmic phenomena that mirror cosmic rhythms.
For the earth, the regular succession of the seasons is like
human breathing. We have shown how cosmically regulated
this breathing rhythm is - a reflection of the sun-rhythm of the
Platonic vear. But the head and the metabolism of man, which
correspo~d to the earthly polarities of pole and equator, have
their own independent rhythms. Therefore cosmic rhythms are
mirrored only in the middle region of both man and earth.
Details of such interrelationships are very complex. But if one
approaches them with a feeling for the whole picture, many
phenomena of earth and cosmos will disclose their secrets.
Now let us return to the question: Where is aerogen (nitrogen)
most strongly active? We recall the description given earlier of
the forming of protein. It begins with visits of butterflies, bees
and beetles to the flowers, where nitrogen's mobility enables
seeds to fonn. This process coincides with the blossoming of
plants, the swarming of insects, with the wind carrying pollens
of grass and blossoming grain over the countryside.
Such are the main events of the end of May, when the sun is
passing through the constellation Taurus. Again, all this is in
keeping with the ancient view, which used the Bull as symbol of
the forces of motion. Nowhere do we find an old portrayal of a
bull lying still and peaceful in a meadow; he is always depicted
charging, or otherwise most active. In none of the twelve
zodiacal images is movement as much emphasized as it is in
Taurus. This sign is clearly the image of universal, all-inclusive
forces of movement, which are active at all possible levels, down
to the tina! one: the forming of nitrogen. Thus the zodiacal
region from which forces of movement issue is called Taurus,
the Bull.
Now the opposite pole of motion is fixity. Just as we showed
nitrogen to be the carrier of mbtion, so carbon was described as
the carrier of form. Carbon is nature's great stabilizer. It forms
the scaffolding in plants, animals and man, and is the skeleton
73
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
left after their dissolution. When, in November, the first frosts
set the mark of death on the life of nature, when withered
remnants of vegetation litter the fields and bare trees look like
skeletons in the forest, then comes the time of predominating
carbon forces.
This is the time when the sun is travelling through the con-
stellation Scorpio. Forces issuing from this region of the heavens
Aerogen
(Nitrogren)
Pyrogen
( Hydrog"n)
fb
H/
c
Biogen
(Oxygen) \ 111_,
Geogen
( C arbon)
Fig. 6
The atmospheric cross.
{G~rgen
organic nature
Earth c
Formative matter
~~o+Q
1'
11l
Protein
77
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
The Animals
8o
CHAPTER FOUR TEEN
L7'\
!O HI ~Illc
N
(Cyanide)
~ I
This can be done in the laboratory, using sodium as the protein-
destroying element. It is well known that sodium greedily seizes
upon the elements of which water is composed; this is why it
has to be kept under petroleum. Now a slow stepwise break-
down and suppression of life-elements takes place in poisonous
plants, and this process generates the whole list of plant poisons
in substances ranging from protein to cyanide. A comparison of
the formulae of the various plant poisons with the formula of
protein presents a revealing picture of the gradual degeneration
protein undergoes. To simplify, we will shorten the protein
formula from C 720 H 1134 0 248 N 218 to C 7 H 11 0 2 •5 N 2 , and stnu-
larly reduce the formulae for the plant poisons, thus:
Protein C7 H 11 0 2 •5 N2
Coffein c, Hg 02 NJ•S
Atropin C7 H 9 0 N 0 •5
Morphium C7 H 8 0 N
Strychnine C7 H 7 0 N
Nicotine C, Hto- Nt·s
Cyanide C7 - N7
These few examples serve to show the degeneration that takes
place between the normal protein stage and cyanide, the deadliest
of poisons. This poison-forming process is a gradual dying,
especially when animal protein is used as a basis of comparison.
What happens to animal protein when life leaves it? It becomes
carrion. The substances this process forms are called ptomaine
poisons. They are very closely related to plant poisons.
82
PLANT POISONS (ALKALOIDS)
Greek mythology tells of a magic garden where poisonous
plants grow. The autumn crocus still bears a name reminiscent
of the site of this garden: 'colchicum'. It was in Colchis, a city
on the Black Sea coast below the Caucasus, long associated with
the voyage of the Argonauts, that the enchanted garden of
Hecate was situated.
The Black Sea is particularly striking for the great contrasts
that exist there side by side. Shores that one moment lie sunning
under skies of endless blue are suddenly overshadowed by black
clouds and whipped by stormy seas. The water contains unusual
amounts of both iodine and gold. Harsh cliffs adjoin paradisal
gardens. The ancients called this body of water 'The Inhospitable
Sea'.
Close by Hecate's sinister enchanted garden, where grew the
herbs that brought both death and wisdom, stood a temple of
Diana where people went to pray for life, earthly well-being and
fertility. They still knew in those days of the deep connection
between the development of consciousness and the process of
death and breakdown.
Poisonous plants and food plants may grow side by side and
even be closely related to each other. Death and life too are
polarities, which conceal between them, as a third element, the
whole span of human evolution.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
The Vitamins
co
Hot'\_ HO·~~
HOC 11/0
I
HO"""#
/CH
CH
I
HCOH
co-o I
I CHa.O CH
H•COH
Ascorbic acid CH2
< O · w ·N.CH•
o. ~
CH•
CH•
Methyl nor-narcotine
(infra-red : Warmth
rf
} V i sible spectrum: L i ght
v} U It ra-v i ol e t : Chemical
act ion
Fig. 7
The three parts of the spectrum: Warmth, Light, Chemical action. According
to the content of the absorption, Vessel A, one of the three parts is extinguished:
Through alum solution- Warmth (infra-red)
Through iodine solution- Light (the visible spectrum)
Through aesculin solution- Chemical action (ultra-violet)
/ Incarnate \
I \
I \
I I
I I
I l
I I
I I
\ I
\ I
\ I
\ I
Red ------
Green
Fig. 8
The Cosmic Colour-circle
The visible spectrum- laid out on the flat - would if extended to left and right
beyond the infra-red and the ultra-violet, stretch away to infinity. But the
infmity to the left is the same as the infinity to the right; in the closed circle of
the diagram it lies opposite earthly green as the place of the 'incarnate'.
Here, as we see, purple lies across the circle from the green.
Now the question is how to bring this celestial purple within
earthly testing range. In this cosmic sphere everything that holds
true under earth conditions loses validity; things are reversed.
On earth, space is filled with something; its reverse is the vacuum.
Perhaps a vacuum between the walls of our double sphere, where
we had put solutions of alum, iodine and aesculin, would create
the right kind of experimental field for the exclusion of formative
radiation.
We should emphasize that the experiments described here
were concerned with living forces that are not active only in
organisms. We wanted to determine their independent existence
as cosmic forces.
The following consideration throws more light on the relation
of the vacuum to the formative forces. A vacuum is an empty
94
Fig. 9
Nor mal crystallization.
(:
~I
l
l
1
'
Fig. IO
Crystallization in a Vacuum.
Square and crescent as 'ri ckets images', the crystalline rays are formed directly
the vacuum is released.
}
Fig. II
20
10
2 3
Control
Alum sphere -------- Iodine sphere - · - · -
Aesculin sphere - - - - Vacuum sphere
Fig. 13
Yeast fermentation (producing carbonic acid) in spheres of alum, iodine,
aesculin and vacuum- i.e. with Warmth, Light, Chemical action and formative
forces excluded in turn.
97
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
0 Cffo
C)
0
0
Fig. 14
Normal yeast (control)
Fig. 15
Dwarf yeast in the alum
sphere, with exclusion of
cosmic warmth-radiation.
Fig. r6
Scorbutic yeast in the iodine-
sphere, with light-radiation
excluded.
n I
Fig. 17
Beri-beri-yeast in the aesculin
sphere, with chemical radia-
tion excluded.
0
oOOoOo
oo Fig. !8
Rickets yeast in the vacuum-
sphere, with cosmic forma-
tive forces excluded.
~
mately the relationships to the great Four will be found.
The experiments that gave these unmistakably clear results
were carried out by the author in the summer of 1929, in colla-
I
boration with G. Suchantke, of Berlin. Later experiments, carried
out elsewhere, in 193 I and 1932, gave less striking results, but the
first results were statistically confirmed. Experiments of this kind
are influenced by even slightly changed circumstances which do
not ordinarily have to be considered, such as whether they are
done in a basement or on a higher floor. A further extensive series
of experiments is needed, to throw fresh light on all the problems
that arise in this work.
101
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
I
-C-
1
-C-
\ 1
l -C-
l 1
'I,
)
Benzine
6o" Benzol Instead of the complete formula
CH3 CH3 ti
to
sso I I ti I ti
0 " c /
(CHz)4 (CHz)s
I
CH3
I
CH3
I ~~~~c
c~.J>'c
H/ cI "H
H
the abbreviated formula for benzol
Petroleum Toluol
will be used
Xylol
0 Phenol
CH3
I
CH3
I
(CH.J 7 to (CH.J 15
o0 OJ~:rH, o· OH
CH3
I
CHj
CH3
CH3
j
1---1
1 I
CH3 CH3 Naphthalene
CD
Paraffin oil Anthracene Phcnathrene
Lubricating oil
Vaseline
1,
a
N 02
I
II
10.)
.)
I
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
N 0• Nfu
0
Nitro benzol
0Aniline
l
this impressive technical progress. Great self-sacrifice and strokes
of destiny marked the paths of the scientists responsible for it. It
is very moving to follow the life-story of Runge, for example.
Despite great personal difficulties he kept wotking on the coal tar I
l
problem, until- in 1834- he succeeded in getting a blue reaction-
product by treating certain coal tar distillates with calcium
chlorite. But it took two more decades for the ingenuity of
Hofmann and others to discover how to make technical use of I
Runge's findings.
i
j
I
0 .0 H ____.
0
~0 H -~ Q o.c 0 CH•
j Phenol
COOH
Salicylic acid
COOH
Aceto-salicylic acid
} (aspirin)
This was the start of chemical therapy, which sought to
exploit the discoveries of the dye chemists. Just as dye colours
l
j
'
can be changed and even determined in advance by adding side
chains to the benzine nucleus, chemical therapy starts with a
nucleus able to react on the living plasma and varies the effect
by adding side chains. This was how Salvarsan originated. Its
' scientific name and formula are as follows:
As= As
;
j H Cl • H• N • 0 0•
OH Oll
N H• • HCI
N Ha - C 0 - N li • 0 1(\).NH
• 0 C2 H•
~"-v/
s 0•
Dulcin Saccharin e
Hooz\ /;olouc J
- Sugar
t
I
Starch
Cellulose
I
Coal (Tar)
,--------
Sacc harin e
~
Mine r;ll oil
\ Coal -t ar colours
Synthetic medicaments
Fig. 19
The sub-earthly specrrum of substances as a mirror-image of natural substances.
behind it, and how arc these substances related to the cosmic
whole?
Let us recall how the natural substances born of starch come
into being. We saw how starchy matter is etherealized in the ex-
haling of the cosmic breath and changes into sugars, blossom
colours, scents, honey, etheric oils and therapeutic substances of
plant origin. Downwards from the middle zone of starch there
is a gradual densifying and mineralizing, via cellulose, until a
biological zero is reached in carbon, or coal tar. Here human
108
COAL TAR CHEMISTRY- REALM OF MIRROR-IMAGES
ingenuity takes hold and conjures forth a synthetic mirror-image
of the natural world: synthetic colours, scents, saccharine and
other sweeteners, mineral oils and therapeutic substances.
Contrasting the two realms, we get the impression that the
upper one is the realm of dynamic biological reality, the scene of
a ceaseless harmonization of the living polarities of earth and
heaven, giving rise to an endless range of metamorphoses. The
underworld of coal tar chemistry, on the other hand, seems -
figuratively speaking - like a ghostly reflection of the dynamic
creativity of the cosmos. Here, however, the static world of
atoms and calculable happenings takes the place of dynamics.
Despite the calculable certainties found in this sub-earthly realm,
it cannot seem more real to us than that of the greening, flower-
ing and fruiting plants.
109
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
l
well as the most effective shaking rhythm.
Now I cern. of the solution thus obtained is again diluted with
water to make 10 cCln. and again rhythmically shaken. The
I resulting fluid is the second potency. Again, I cern. of this is
1 mixed with nine parts of water and shaken. So we arrive at the
third potency.
Since we are dealing here with dilutions of one in ten, pharma-
cology calls them decimal potencies, abbreviating the term to 'D'
with the number of the potency attached. Thus D3 indicates (in
German usage) the third potency. At this point the original
substance has reached a dilution of w- 3 •
From the modern chemist's standpoint the so-called third
potency is, of course, just a watery o·I % copper sulphate solu-
tion. In his view it would be simpler to make it by dissolving one
gramme of copper sulphate in a litre of water.
III
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
But the fact is that a D3 copper sulphate potency is not the same
thing as a simple o·r% solution. This can be proved experiment-
l
ally. Biological tests were carried out on seedlings growing side
by side in potentized and non-potentized equal dilutions
(Kolisko) . The spread ofleaves and roots in the two categories is
quite different, and repeated testing always confirmed the differ-
ence. A new force is at work in potentized substances, a force
aroused by rhythm . With increasing dilution the substance dis-
appears, first physically, then chemically and spectroscopically,
while biological activity is increasingly enhanced.
If we leave aside the contemporary concept of substance, bound
up with the idea that matter is everlasting, and take instead the
new dynamic concept set forth here, the problem of high dilu-
tions is immediately clarified. As we have shown above, matter
is a crystallization of macrocosmic processes. What we call
substance on earth is cosmic process in a fixed, rigid form.
Earthly materiality and cosmic being are the two poles between
which nature unfolds her myriad manifestations. The plant is
placed in the midst of this polarity, a living member of the
world organism, subject to countless metamorphoses of form
and substance, involved in rhythms of contraction and expansion,
involution and evolution, being and appearance.
Our experiments have shown how matter appears and dis-
appears in cosmic rhythms. Graphs traced the constant oscillation
between material condensation and etherealization into an im-
ponderable state of being (cf. figs. r, 2, 3 and 5). Goethe described
this rhythmic process in relation to the plant. We can extend his
concept to include all substances. In every case, a being, a macro-
cosmic idea, is rhythmically metamorphosed into what we call
matter. And these fixed stages of substantiality can again be
rhythmically brought back to the original form of essential
process, like plants withering at the approach of autumn and
withdrawing almost wholly from the physical scene as their
essential being returns to the wide reaches of the universe.
The potentizing method is an inspired emulation of this
natural process. It is simply a conversion of matter from appear-
ance to being; the substantial is etherealized by rhythmical
dilution. Physical shape disappears as the substance changes from
II2
HIGH DILUTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS
a solid to a liquid, then to a gas, and finally passes over into a
still more refined, non-material condition.
Homoeopathy aims at healing effects achieved not by resort to
matter in a crude, fixed state, but by the release of what we might
call the free, active spirit of each given substance.
It seems that Hahnemann indicated the ten-rhythm used in
potentizing. This has continued to govern practice ever since,
as no new creative ideas have appeared to change the satisfactory
old-established ways and because the ten-rhythm is not at odds
with the decimal system everywhere in use. But we may reason-
ably assume that every substance has its own individual rhythm.
A clue to such rhythms may be found in the relation of a sub-
stance to the formative forces, expressed in crystallization and
other patternings, or to hydrogen, as shown in the figures for
relative atomic weight (compare these with the musical qualities
of the various substances). Or we can note that a plant- mistletoe,
for example - is strikingly dichotomous. This might point to
using a two-rhythm in its therapeutic potentizing. Such a
rhythm has been in clinical use for years in the case of mistletoe,
and has proved very effective.
It remains for research in the coming decades to make some
discoveries at present undreamt of in this field. The first step is
to undertake a study of what are called potency curves.
The experimental method consists in planting wheat grain in
thirty flower pots, watering each pot with one of a continuous
series of potencies of a given substance, and letting the grains
germinate and grow. After a few weeks the seedlings are mea-
sured, and the average height reached with each potency is
calculated and entered on the vertical arm of the graph (Kolisko
method).
These potency curves show a constant characteristic for each
substance tested. In the author's laboratory the potency curves
for a large number of mineral and vegetable substances have
been estabiished.
One change was made in the experimental method, however,
in that yeast was substituted for the wheat seedlings. Yeast is
known to break sugar down into alcohol and carbonic acid. The
latter can be collected in a graduated tube for measuring. The
ll3
!SF!.
:; j
t4 ---
"•
Distilled water
<onnol >-l
::r:
tt1
I0 I I I I I I z
Do 5 10 IS 20
2s 30 >
>-l
c::
::0
..... tt1
....
""" 0
IS -!.mi . "''1
Fresh juice of
V>
14 Prunus spinosa c::
c;
I3 V>
[2 >-l
>
!0
z
()
I I I i tt1
DO I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 25 30
Fig. 20
-------_..._ _....---.----·------_....,..........._. ______...... _ •. . . .... - ..._ .......... _ -.-~---~.._""--._"-"""-·--_.,..........,.__ ____ .......... ___ "'-_....._._..,.____________...__...__._._ ---~
13 ~ mi. DIHI.IIed w•W
12 as a control
11 ~ I ; I I ; I -::c::c
C'}
0 0 5 10 IS 20 25 30
~-
"t1
II "t1
----1 I I I I trl
!0 --1-t
-z
('}
~i
2 4 S 10 IS 20 25 30 >-l
<
trl
trl
Vl
Vl
Fig. 21
and minima.
A sample of benzoic acid was bought at the same time from
the pharmacy and a potency curve test was run. This sample was
a pure but synthetic coal tar product. Though it was chemically
indistinguishable from natural benzoic acid, it belonged to the
mirror-realm of coal tar chemistry.
The potency curve of this synthetic substance did indeed turn
II6
HIGH DILUTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS
out to be a straight line (cf. fig. 21). This means that its higher
potentizations had no influence on the yeast culture. Only where
there was still some material trace of the substance (up to about
the fourth potency), was any effect observable. We may conclude
that synthetics of coal tar origin are effective only in allopathic
dosage; in homoeopathic dilutions they are useless.
Coal tar derivatives cannot, in our terms, be etherealized to the
'being' stage by a rhythmical potentizing process. They have
1 forfeited all relationship to cosmic and terrestrial rhythms and
do not respond to a rhythmic challenge. Thus it is fair to say that
a basic biological difference exists between natural and synthetic
products, despite their chemical identity; the benzoic acid experi-
ments cited show this.
The two benzoic acids are offspring of two realms, shown in
the substance spectrum of the preceding chapter. These realms
are governed by different types of laws. The living plant belongs
with its whole spectrum of substances to the realm governed by
the laws of life: the overarching principles of polarity, intensi-
fication and metamorphosis discovered by Goethe are operative
there. In the second realm the laws of physical atomic and
molecular chemistry prevail. In one case we are dealing with
organisms, in the other with mechanisms. Hence the law of the
conservation of matter is entirely valid in the mechanical realm,
l
but not in the organic.
In daily life we are surrounded by the products of tar chemistry
and must form some conception of what we are dealing with.
l Nothing that has been said here is meant as a disparagement. But
we need to recognize what forces are involved in this current
phase of evolution as we work towards a future understanding of
living substances.
Il7
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
Minerals
must take into account what happens to the quality and health
of plants so forced, and weigh their vulnerability to the ever-
increasing numbers and species of pests and parasites. Indeed, the
pesticide industry has grown in exact proportion to the increasing
use of commercial fertilizers. This kind of agriculture grows out
of quite other roots than that older form of husbandry which
provided wholesome food in the past and can continue to do so
in the future.
The mechanical balancing of plant nutrients must be recog-
nized as wholly foreign to the organic nature of the plant. The
fact that tilandsia grows on telegraph wires without any contact
II8
MINERALS
with the soil, or that tobacco plants contain lithium even when
grown on land completely lacking in it, would seem to indicate
that a plant's mineral content is not the result simply of absorbing
soil minerals but of other processes that have either gone un-
recognized or have been ignored.
Von Herzeele's experiments and those of the author, mentioned
in preceding chapters, show the invalidity of the mineral-balance
theory applied to the organic kingdoms. Life overrides the law
of the conservation of matter. We showed how matter is macro-
cosmic process in fixed earthly form. Is it so surprising that
'heavenly forces pass their golden vessels back and forth', as
Goethe put it, changing the nature of their materiality in ac-
cordance with the stage passed through in rising to the condition
of immaterial force, or again descending from macrocosmic being
into solid matter that can be weighed and analysed? Is it not
perfectly comprehensible that mineral substances should emerge
in plants, generated out of the cosmic whole that formed them
.
' and of which they are a part, and that we should find these
( minerals afterwards in analysed remains of plants or as part of the
J earth where the plants once lived? The earth does not manu-
facture plants by some physico-chemical process: it is the plant
j that creates the soil by coming into material manifestation out
of the universe (Herzeele). For the plant, earth forces are only one
l.
l
pole, the pole that enables it to make a mate,rial appearance.
Plant physiologists and farmers alike should devote themselves
to a study of the organic connection of these earth-forces with
the forces of the cosmos and put what is learned into enlightened
modern practice.
We may say, then, that the plant produces soil. Not only does
it build up a fertile layer of humus over the underlying rocky
earth in the course of its long creative life-activity; it makes
'earth' in a much broader sense than would at first appear. We
are accustomed to recognize seams and deposits of coal as remains
of a long-dead vegetation. But living plants can be recognized
as playing an even greater role in the formation of the earth. Of
course, neither the earth nor plants were always as densified as
they are today. Peat moors can serve as reminders of a process
that must have gone on under quite different climatic conditions
II9
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
and on a very different scale in earlier times. Primeval plants can
be conceived as first expressing their essential nature in the most
delicate and fleeting use of highly rarefied elements, like colours
in a painting. The material precipitates of these manifestations
grew more and more densified and became the substances that
formed the earth's surface. This applies equally to the silica,
alumina and other substances of which mountains are composed.
Something quite similar happened in the animal kingdom.
There are great mountain areas made of animal remains (mussels,
snails - ammo~ite chalk). This is easy to understand, just as coal
is. But animals must be pictured as involved in the same develop-
ment as plants, the substance of present mountains being a
densified precipitate of their primeval life in a still quite ethereal
element. In this connection we recall what was described above
when we advanced the concept of the pre-existence of spirit:
that life was present in essence before becoming fixed in earthly
forms and solid substances. The beings of nature's various living
kingdoms only gradually create themselves bodies in the course
of a long densifying process through which they descend into
substance-forming manifestation.
120
CHAPTER NINETEEN
-
I:"'
a:
trl
Vl
.... >-l
N 0
'-l
z
trl
z0>
-
Vl
I:"'
()
from the centre - >
STATIC (LIME) from the circumference
DYNAMIC (SILICA)
Fig. 22
Earthly circle and- cosmic circle.
l
4
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
and lord it over the heights in majestic flight: it is the profound
relation of his being to the silica process active in the airy realm.
Gliding is a first step in the same direction, a sport in which man
!
~
has to develop a special qualitative sense for and sensitivity to
the cosmic laws of atmospheric space. It is a sense that borders
on perception of imponderable reality. An understanding of the
silica process could contribute toward a future mastery of the air,
which is structured throughout of plane-surfaces.
l
I
How different a picture limestone gives! Here we find no such
affinity to water as silica possesses, but rather an inclination to
aridity. There is no such thing as colloidal lime. Our path to an
understanding of its nature cannot therefore trace a relationship
to water, as with silica, but rather a connection with dryness.
I
~
)
Now the greatest intensification of which dryness is capable is ~
combustion. Firing produces what we call burnt lime, but leaves
I
silica completely unchanged. Lime in its natural state has a
greediness, evident in its tendency to absorb liquids, gases and
odours. Burnt lime carries this characteristic to an extreme. In
the process called slaking, for example, it sucks up water with
such ferocity as to caus~ hissings, clouds of steam and even ex-
plosions, so that it has to be very cautiously handled in the lime-
pits. Slaked lime is made by pouring water on to quicklime.
And though one might think this would satisfy its thirst, it goes
on and greedily sucks up more carbonic acid from the air, until
it becomes hardened stone again. That is why lime is an in-
gredient of the mortar (a mixture of sand and slaked lime) used in
construction work. ~
I
Burning: CaC03 (litne) __,. CaO (burnt lime)+ C02
Slaking: CaO (burnt lime)+ H 2 0 -+ Ca(OHh (slaked lime)
Building: Ca(OHh (slaked lime)+ C02 - > CaC03 (limestone)
,l 1
i
I
1
Lime is thus related by its character to the statics of building, i
the firmness of our physical frames, the equilibrium and stability 1
.i
of earthly phenomena.
Fig. 22 pictures the contrast between the dynamics of the
cosmic sphere and the statics of the earthly globe. _The latter is
built up from a central point and obeys the laws of terrestrial
128
~
l infinity.
LIMESTONE AND SILICA
space, while the former is shaped by the peripheral forces of
I
)
I
l
)
I)
Fig. 23
Skin and skeleton as expression of the silica-lime processes.
depths if the earth's solidity and the statics of buildings were not
there to counteract it and to hold things in balance. And we can
thank the lime in our bones for the firm support they give to our
bodies, for our balance and our upright posture.
Our skin, then, is that part of us built by the cosmic silica
process, while our skeleton is the expression of the stable earthly
minerality given us by the lime-process. With our 'skin and
bones' we are stretched between the two polar cosmic forces,
silica and lime. Silica shapes from the circumference, lime from
129
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
the centre. The dynamic relationship of the two forces is essen-
tially that of circle and radius.
The silica-lime polarity fmds reflection in another fact. From
the chemist's standpoint, silica is an acid, lime a base. Bases cause
precipitation, while acids are dissolving agents (metals and
minerals cannot be dissolved directly by silicic acid, but they can
be by almost every other acid). Precipitation occurs in almost
every case where a base is added, thus actually creating a 'basis'.
Such is the origin of the solid ground that provides the basis for
our feet, our lives, our work. The acids and bases recognized by
chemistry to be polar opposites are characteristic expressions of
silica and lime, which are themselves expressions of polar forces
of the universe.
Where in the universe is the origin of these macrocosmic silica
and lime processes? We must seek it, as we have done in other
similar cases, in the realm of fixed stars, the Zodiac.
As we have shown, the silica process shapes life out of the
cosmos as a sculptor's hands shape clay. But hands are simply
tools for working out ideas that live in the mind of the artist.
Macrocosmic ideas underlying outer forms of life: this is the
heart of the silica process. They are what we might call arche-
typal images or pictures. Goethe referred to them in Faust as
'The Mothers'. The sun, which is the mediator of these forces,
transits the constellation of the Ram in April, just that time of
year when nature rises to bring forth a wealth of new forms - in
other words, the season when out of their abundance the arche-
types are manifest in physical appearance. Substances more
resistant than clay cannot be smoothed and kneaded into form;
they must be hammered into shape. The ancients expressed this
great process, whereby the world of appearances selflessly receives
the imprint of archetypal patterns from creative heights, in the
symbol of the backward-glancing Ram.
Aries, the Ram (also the Lamb) is a wonderfully profound
image of the cosmic process which gives rise to silica as its last
mineralized stage. As with our earlier picture of the Lion, so
l
now the activity that proceeds from the Aries region of the ~
heavens is pictured at every level in the Ram. For one thing, the j
~
ram's twisted hollow horn-formation is a pure example of the
I
130
LIMESTONE AND SILICA
characteristic sheath-building, sphere-forming activity of silica.
This spherical tendency can be seen also in the ram's whole
body-surface, in the wool that covers even its head. This soft,
bright, silky fleece was from time immemorial a symbol of
high cosmic powers, of wisdom that prevails in the realm of
archetypes. All genuine early representations of the Ram show
him looking backwards, emphasizing the way in which the
silica process rays in from universal space.
The autumnal equinox, when the sun is travelling through the
constellation of the Scales, ushers in a season which is just the
opposite of spring. Whereas in spring the atmosphere is vibrant
with the urgency of growth taking shape, by autumn this wave
of materialization has spent itself. An ebbing tide sets in; the
world of archetypal images withdraws. Earth's static tendency
regains the upper hand. The Scales thus accurately picture the
lime-forces and their point of origin.
As earthly substances, s-ilica and lime are polar opposites. Their
macrocosmic archetypes are similarly polar, for the Ram and the
Scales confront each other from opposite sides of the Zodiac.
IJ T
CHAPTER TWENTY
~ ~
Felspar: CaO Alz0 3 Si02
(type) Calcium Aluminium Silica
~oxide~
q8
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
Phosphorus
€9
Si I ica
Si
p
1/[b
H
0
0 Ca
Clay
(Aluminium)
AI c
\ "'·'Yll Geogen
Fig. 24
The mineral-<:ross (alongside the atmospheric cross).
l
active here is like a sculptor's hand, with its sensitive touch for
shaping plastic clay.
Aluminium and phosphorus, then, are a polarity midway
between the polar opposites lime and silica. The macrocosmic
processes that create these four substances spring from four
cosmic points of origin which form a cross: Aries- Libra/Capri-
corn - Cancer. Just as we found the four substances: hydrogen -
oxygen/nitrogen -- carbon falling into the pattern of an 'atmo-
spheric cross' which pointed to the cosmic sources of protein and
of all organic nature, there is a similar comprehensive significance
I
~
j
in the cross formed by silica- lime/aluminium- phosphorus.
It can easily be shown that the whole mineral earth is really j
built in the main of these four substances. Organic creation with
its flowers, trees and grasses, its butterflies, beetles and other
creatures is as it were a panorama of fleeting images that seem
to emerge out of the atmosphere, take on material form, and
just as quickly melt away again. Mineral nature, with its mountain
ridges, its plains and valleys, is by contrast the stable, solid core
of this passing show. Or perhaps we should say, relatively stable;
for it too came into being out of the great reaches of the universe,
and will one day dissolve back into it.
In a preceding chapter we related the atmospheric cross formed
by hydrogen, nitrogen, O>..')'gen and carbon to the four Aristot-
elian elements: fire, air, water, earth. This fourfold principle, in
which earth's evolutionary phases can be recognized, is so funda-
mental that we may expect to find it again in the mineral cross.
Disregarding for the moment the natural, earthly state of these
minerals and considering them purely as principles, or processes,
we do indeed fmd the four Aristotelian elements reflected in
them. The relationship of the highly inflammable phosphorus
to fire is immediately obvious. Then there is the silica process
with its affmity to lightness and buoyancy, exemplified in the
flight ofbirds and the spherical tendency inherent in the formative
forces of the macrocosm; here we discern a relationship to light
and air. Aluminium, which has so strong a proclivity to the
J40
THE MINERAL CROSS
plastic, to the levelling, flowing liquid element, leaves no doubt
where it belongs. And the statics oflime clearly shows its relation
to the earthy element.
To sum up these conclusions so far:
Aristotle Atmosphere Macrocosm Geosphere Macrocosm
fire hydrogen n Leo phosphorus a:c Cancer
(H) (P)
a1r nitrogen ~ Taurus silica 'Y' Aries
(N) (Si)
water oxygen :::: Aquarius aluminium V) Capricorn
(0) (AI)
earth carbon 11\_ Scorpio calcium ""'Libra
(C) (Ca)
Organic tzature Mineral nature
141
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO
?'
< The capacity to form enclosing sheaths is the most significant
aspect of alkalis, as may be noted in the case of those used in
l
ordinary daily life. We sec this capacity very clearly in the clean-
ing and laundering properties of alkali compounds. They are
especially effective in combination with fats and oils. Soap is just
i such a combination. It is colloid, and produces an emulsion,
i
foam. What is foam other than a great increase in surfaces?
Bubbles of foam envelope objects and particles of dirt, and soften
I
i
~
them. A woollen cloth dipped in clear water does not always even
get wet. But in soapy water every fibre and each least speck of
dirt on it is at once fondly embraced, surrounded, softened and
< dissolved.
i
) We described oil as condensed cosmic warmth. Soap, which
J is a boiled mixture of oil and alkali, is thus a carrier of enclosing
)
) warmth.
,I The sheath-forming potentiality of alkalis is not to be equated
~ with silica's form-creating surface action. Silica is itself a cosmic
) sheath, whereas alkalis arc simply earthly sheaths that enclose
whatever comes into their domain.
If one searches for an appropriate picture to. express artistically
the nature of alkali's enclosing gesture, we come upon the
pictures of a maternal organism giving shelter to the child-to-be.
What is meant here can be experienced by contemplating the
Sistine..Madonna. Here we see the mother surrounded by a host
of angels, bearing in her arms a child that seems to be one of
them. She has wrapped her mantle protectively around it. We
feel in the gesture her deep connection with the heavenly powers
for which she has provided earthly shelter.
In ancient times, when no one doubted that the terrestrial is
always a housing for the spirit, this truth was felt to be pictured
in the constellation of Virgo, the virgin. Here could be experi-
enced the sheath-forming power, whence forces of fertility and
ripening rayed down to earth.
The sun, which mediates these forces to the earth, passes
through the constellation of Virgo in September, the season
when all vegetative burgeoning is concentrated in the swelling
fruit. These fruits harbour the future in the form of seed ripening.
We might say that an apple can be seen as a picture ofbrimming
145
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
sap confined within a form by the Virgo forces active in the
alkali.
Now, let us go on from these explorations of salt's base-form-
ing aspect to consider its acid-forming aspect.
Our senses provide immediate clues. Most alkalis are thick,
even oily-appearing fluids, especially in concentrated form. But
acids, especially the halogens, are usually thin and runny, and in
their pure form can even be gaseous. Alkalis taken into the
mouth seem to be expanding and filling it, while acids are sour
and contractive. Alkalis are slimy and slippery to the touch;
diluted acids feel astringent.
One can conclude from these experiences that alkalis, like
everything hospitable to life, are of a waxing, flowing, expansive
nature, while acids are dry, contractive and hostile to growth. In
concentrated form, or on longer exposure, they attack other
substances aggressively, searing the skin, for example, and making
wounds like burns. They break down, burn, or dissolve what
comes in contact with them. They are the solvents used on ores
and metals. They have a close bond with hydrogen, enhancing
its destructive or dissolving fire-force. Alkalis, in contrast, have
an affinity with water, or else with oxygen.
Alkalis, then, are passive, receptive, support-giving; acids,
positive and active.
These characteristics show up very clearly in connection with
colour. All natural plant-dyes -litmus, or the juice of some berry
or fruit such as cranberry, elderberry or cherry, or a blossom
colour- move in the presence of an alkali to the passive, dark side
of the spectrum: blue, or violet. The addition of one small drop
of an even slightly acid substance makes the colour move toward
the active, light side and turn yellow, orange, and red.
Alkalis conduce to the colloidal state. They increase surface
area, and enfold things, thus helping life to flourish. Acids are
hostile to the colloidal condition and the developments it en-
courages. They press towards decisive action; they either curdle
colloids or reduce them to a true solution. Fresh milk is an
example of a colloid. Souring curdles it; it separates into curds
and the transparent whey.
The acid-forming agents known as halogens - fluorine,
146
ALKALIS AND HALOGENS
chlorine, bromine, iodine, and their acids, hydrofluoric, hydro-
chloric, hydrobromic and hydriodic acids - are as like each
other in character as are the alkalis among themselves.
Chemists are familiar with the similar behaviour of these
substances, as is the physicist with their peculiar light reactions.
In an earlier chapter we spoke of iodine as a light-thie£ This last
and densest member of the halogen group manifests its relation
to light only in this overwhelming, total - one might almost say
brutal - manner. Fluorine, the first and lightest of the halogens,
exhibits the phenomenon of fluorescence. Its acid, hydrofluoric
acid, is the strongest, chemically speaking. It is such a powerful
solvent that it can dissolve glass. We can melt the broken end of
a glass rod and round it off by using hydrofluoric acid just as
easily as with a bunsen burner.
This capacity for rounding off can be seen at work in the
human organism too, and most clearly in the shaping of the
teeth. When a child's second teeth come through, they some-
times looked jagged and even broken. This is because their sur-
faces are still unfinished, a condition due to a disturbance of the
fluorine or hydrofluoric acid process. Just as the broken end of a
glass rod can be melted into a rounded edge, the jagged teeth
are rounded off by enamel as they emerge.
Other bodily processes, too, are related to the fluorine process.
There is an illness in which the development of certain extremi-
ties such as the nose, chin, fingers and toes is not rounded off
and brought to a close, but continues indefinitely. Here, again,
the defming process which should give every last part and form
the full working through and rounding off proper to it has not
taken hold as it should have done. And the same condition can
develop in the digestive tract when food is not properly meta-
bolized and the contents of the intestines are insufficiently worked
over and formed. We call it diarrhoea, and its cause may also be
sought in a disturbance of the fluorine process. All these cases
can be treated with potentized preparations of fluorspar (calcium
fluoride), to stimulate the fluorine process.
All organic disturbances affect our thought-life in due course,
and the above is no exception. How often we witness an in-
capacity to 'think things through', to draw the necessary con-
147
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
elusions from a train of thought! Loss of memory may be its
final consequence.
I
We see the characteristic activity of the halogens in these pro-
cesses. It is cosmic activity, pressing urgently toward the con-
clusion of some train of action, rounding our destiny, as often
with destructive violence as with constructive, creative impulses.
The ancients saw these processes proceeding from the con-
l
,
stellation ofPisces, the fish. This symbol is not readily understood
without reference to its ancient meaning. The four last signs of
the Zodiac were pictures of human occupations: Sagittarius is
the hunter, Capricorn the animal breeder (with the fish-tail
l,
,I
~
picturing the taming of the wild beasts), Aquarius the tiller of the j
i
soil, and Pisces the trader on his ocean voyages. The paired fish ·,
(
l
~ M
Magnesia and Sulphur
ost people know that the sea contains magnesium in the
form of salts, particularly magnesium sulphate. Sea salt
consists on average of sixteen per cent of magnesium salts. We
mentioned the fact that there is enough common salt dis-
solved in the earth's oceans to build all the continents and moun-
tain ranges. The proportion of magnesium in the salt would
suffice for tl::.e building of one entire continent. By contrast with
such a huge mass of magnesium, the amount of magnesium-
bearing rock found in the earth's mountains, in the form of
magnesite, dolomite, and the magnesium silicates like mica,
hornblende and asbestos, is negligible.
Magnesium salts, however, are found in tremendous layers in
the Stassfurt salt deposits. These are the chief workable source of
magnesium and its salts on the European continent, but their
sheer volume and very limited use make them a troublesome
dead load for the potassium industry.
To form a conception of the nature of magnesium we shall
have to concern ourselves with magnesia-bearing rock. Magnesite
-magnesium carbonate- stands out, for it is used industrially in
burnt form. During the firing process it changes into magnesium.
oxide. It is this oxide's resistance to heat that makes it so valuable
in manufacturing. High temperatures fuse an initially light, fluffy
powder into rock almost impossible to melt. This capacity to
resist heat, which holds up under temperatures as high as 2,000°C.
and more, makes magnesia valuable as a lining material in steel-
smelting furnaces. So we may say that it preserves its static
character even when attacked by fire, but with a behaviour
different from that of lime. While lime becomes violent on
firing, magnesia remains calm and gentle; it is not given to
hissings, greedy devourings, and corrosive action. Quicklime is
a corrosive base, which earns it the name corrosive lime. Mag-
nesia is a mild base.
Magnesia's resistance to heat is coupled with another quality:
it radiates light with an intensity hard to equal. When magnesium
149
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
bums and turns into magnesia it makes a blinding white light
that casts shadows even in full sunlight. So we see that the sun's
l
rays themselves, as they reach the earth, cannot match the in-
tensity of light magnesium gives off. This property causes mag-
nesium to be widely used in the making of all sorts of lighting
I
1
equipment. '·
This power to ray out, so characteristic of magnesia, also
appears morphologically in the ray-formation of magnesium-
bearing rock. Magnesium silicates, such as actinolite, serpentine,
talc, asbestos, and the like, tend especially to a radiating or
fibrous structure, reminiscent - as asbestos is - of textile fibre.
Asbestos is actually used to make fireproof thread, cloth, rope
and wall-boards.
A further phenomenon is produced by magnesium's affmity
to light. Those who have visited the southern Tyrol and wit-
nessed there the glorious spectacle of the 'Alpine glow', will
remember its beauty for the rest of their lives. These mountains,
the Dolomites, are built of so-called dolomitic limestone, an iso-
morphic mixture of calcium carbonate and magnesite. It is harder
than ordinary limestone and does not as a rule have the radiating
structure usually found in magnesia rock. But when the sun has
sunk behind the horizon, the light these peaks have absorbed
shines out at the onset of darkness with a gentle rose-red glow.
This unparalleled affinity to light possessed by magnesium ex-
plains its presence in the substance chlorophyll and the role it
plays in assimilation. Plants, as we know, are made of light, and
in the sheaved rays of cellulose fibres we really have, so to speak,
materialized sun rays. Here magnesium shows itself in the role
of a light-propellant in assimilation. It is magnesium that thrusts
light into the dense materiality of starch and cellulose. The same
propulsive forces are at work in spring when seeds, which contain
considerable amounts of magnesium, begin to germinate, often
thrusting up heavy layers of earth or snow in the process.
The same dynamic function serves the human organism
wherever solid matter is excreted or separated off from fluids.
We see this happening most obviously in the digestive process,
at the point where waste matter is separated out of the chyme
and takes on a firmer consistency. The drastic effect of ingesting
150
MAGNESIA AND SULPHUR
Epsom salt (magnesium sulphate) indicates the close connection
of magnesium with intestinal functioning.
Deep inside the organism there are other eliminative processes
which must be recognized as such. One of these is the depositing
of bone-building matter in the skeleton, likewise a moulding of
solids out of fluids. This process is most obvious in young chil-
dren, whose organisms are still very plastic and as yet scarcely
mineralized. Their bones are subject to a hardening process that
re<~ches its culmination and completion in the emergence of the
second teeth, the last and hardest product of the body. At this
point the solid organism has been separated from the fluid. And
forces that previously served organic functions are now set free,
in the form of a capacity to think and remember, making the
child ready to begin his schooling.
It is the magnesium process which we see at work in all such
developments. On the one hand it plays the role of a hardening
agent, compressing life into solid earthly form. On the other it
activates light-forces. Thus it combines startlingly contrasting
functions.
These contrasts are represented in zodiacal imagery as the
centaur. His horse's body symbolizes ties with earthly animality,
yet with the rest of his being he raises himself to a luminous
human height. In mythology the picture of the centaur with his
bow and arrow has always been the symbol of these contrasting
forces. The ancients experienced them as proceeding from that
part of the heavens known as the constellation of the hunter,
Sagittarius.
In sea water along with magnesium, we find sulphur in the
form of magnesium sulphate. This gives some idea of the enor-
mous amount of sulphur dissolved in the various seas and oceans.
Free sulphur, which occurs at Girgenti in Sicily and at Murcia
and Albacete in Spain, has in the past been attributed to volcanic
action. Lately it has been viewed as a product also of the ocean.
According to this school of thought, sulphuric acid salts such as
anhydrite (CaS0 4 ) + Kieserite (MgS04 .H2 0) are subject to a
kind of putrefaction which produces hydrogen sulphide. Pre-
cipitated in the form of sulphur partly by the air, partly by
bacterial action (Beggiatoa alba), it works its way into sedimentary
151
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
layers of clay and limestone and is then extracted by a smelting
process.
Volcanic sulphur, which is still being deposited around Mt.
Etna, comes from deeper strata in the earth. It would seem that
sulphur originates in processes taking place deep within the
earth, a finding that need not contradict the theory of putrefying
sulphuric acid salts. Sulphur deposits invariably occur in regions
heated by volcanic action.
To trace the origin of sulphur is to have described its being:
it is a substance with a great affinity to warmth. It is inflammable,
burning with a very hot, dark flame. It combines readily with the
warmth-bearer, hydrogen, making hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S).
This is a gas released by putrefactive processes, with the charac-
teristic odour of rotten eggs.
This means, in turn, that there must be some sulphur in
protein and in all organic substances that give off hydrogen
sulphide in decay. And we do find it in all living organisms, even
if sometimes only as a trace. This fact indicates how vital sulphur
is to all organic life.
In this connection, one characteristic of sulphur that no other
substance exhibits to a like degree is of special interest. It pos-
sesses such a capacity for change that we find it in six to seven
modifications. We distinguish rhombic, monoclinic and amor-
phous sulphur, as well as two liquid forms, one a thin fluid and the
other a thick fluid known as lambda and mu respectively, and a
plastic sulphur like elastic. All these forms can exist within a
comparatively narrow range of temperatures. One form can be
changed into another simply by heating.
It is very easy to make a colloid of sulphur. According to the
size of the particles in sulphur brines, the colour ranges from
light yellow to red, purple and blue; in reflected light the solu-
tions are blue or green. According to J. Hoffmann, the ultra-
marine colour obtained from clay and sodium sulphide also
results from the formation of a blue colloidal sulphur. The many
industrially important 'sulphur dyes' produced by the Cassella
firm are probably also colloidal forms of sulphur. They are made
by heating various organic substances with sulphur and alkali
sulphides.
152
MAGNESIA AND SULPHUR
Chemically speaking, sulphur is the most active of all sub-
stances. It does not act in any one clear direction as do the halogens
and oxygen; rather does it form combinations in a sociable way,
creates new possibilities and supplies warmth, acting towards
other substances as a kind of cook.
Sulphur's function in protein is of just such a nature. Its liking
for the colloidal state and thus for everything alive, its capacity
for change, its brood-warmth make it a natural mixer of sub-
stances, particularly the organic. It is the carrier of upbuilding
vital forces, looked at materially, though not in the same sense as
oxygen, which presses into living manifestation out of macro-
cosmic realms of spirit. Sulphur is rather a uniting force that
prompts cosmic essences to work together in building up matter.
It gives itself over wholly to organic life, promotes its physical
functioning, and in this way keeps it clear of infringements from
the side of consciousness.
Sulphur thus plays a very important role in metabolic pro-
cesses. Everyone knows how harmful emotions such as anger,
fear and worry can be at mealtime. Digestive upsets are sure to
result. Sulphur in the appropriate dosage is a common remedy
for such afflictions, for it supports digestion by guiding nutri-
tional elements, especially protein, over into the life of the
organism in the proper way. It is active wherever a too close
connection of the emotions and consciousness with the vegetative-
physical indicates a need for a releasing agent; in cases, that is,
where we need to have more life in our physical processes, with
no interference from the activities of the soul.
The fact that sulphur has this effect is shown when an excess
of it causes dizziness or a dimming of consciousness. This same
effect makes sulphur useful in treating insomnia. For sleep is an
extreme bodily condition in which the whole organism behaves
as the metabolic system normally does. Soul and consciousness
are driven out and separated completely from the purely vege-
tative-physical life-processes, so that these are left free to do their
up-building work undisturbed.
This gives sulphur a dual nature such as the centaur has, except
that it is the reverse of his. The centaur's higher self saves him
from becoming wholly hardened in animality and lifts him to-
153
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
wards the light. He longs to cast off, to reject, his lower nature.
The dual-natured sulphur, however, inclines to the purely vege-
tative, rejecting the higher qualities which lead towards the
development of consciousness.
When we walk through a blossoming meadow in June, the
month when the sun is in the constellation Gemini, we can feel
the sulphuric element rampant in all the sprouting and flowering
of nature. The soul of nature slumbers like the Sleeping Beauty,
in the midst of all this vegetative burgeoning. In their blossoms,
plants come into touch with the soul-sphere which is the source
of consciousness in animals, but with the aid of the sulphur
activity within them they keep the soul-sphere from penetrating
more deeply into their organisms. Otherwise, as we know, they.
would become poisonous.
When, in December, the sun passes through Sagittarius, almost
every physical trace of plant life has disappeared; tiny, mineral-
ized seeds are all that remain. But the being of the plant has
withdrawn to live in the luminous heights of the realm of
archetypes, where it reaches a culmination at the time of the
winter solstice.
Thus we see how the processes active in sulphur and magnesia
lay hold of and penetrate man and nature, having originated
respectively in the constellations of Gemini and Sagittarius.
154
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR
' '
''
/ '
I ''
I
I
Sulphur '
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
AI ka I is
0 Ca
/
I AIM C .............
~
~
g \
II)> nt
Fig. 25
The Hydro-sphere-cross
(Alongside the Mineral cross and the Atmospheric cross).
157
CHAPTER TWENTY -FIVE
The Metals
I
tools; they can be forged and cast, hammered and drawn. This,
together with their resonance and their conductivity, has been
of immense significance in the cultural development ofhumanity.
The earthly minerals seem stolid beside them. They have neither
resonance nor conductivity, nor are they malleable.
The properties of the metals are more closely connected with
our own nature than at first appears. They are deeply related to
us and to our progress through time. Indeed, one could say that
the non-metals stand to the metals as inarticulate objects do to
the feeling and music inherent in the human soul.
This same contrast appears again in the basic elements of
human speech. Creative forces are reflected in the fundamental
structure of language. In earlier times people felt this and knew
how to value the deeper significance of the spoken word. Nowa-
days language is simply a means of communication, but this was
not so in the past. A dying man's curse or blessing held real power,
for in the spoken word lived the same creative forces that built
and maintain the cosmos and gave rise to our earthly substances as
their final precipitation. Today, we have scarcely an inkling of
the real power of the word. But those who have some feeling
for what language does can still recognize the power of spoken
words in contrast to a written communication.
Language has an element that we can feel to be structural or
formative: the consonants. Vowels confer a different element:
movement. They give 'voice' to language, the varying flow of
sound that maintains its tonal continuity. Through vowels we
express our innermost feelings. We use pure vowel-sounds
when we exclaim 'Ah!' or 'Oh!' or 'Oo!' But when we want to
describe what goes on outside us in nature: reverberating thunder,
the crackle of a wood fire, the crunching of ice, the sound of a
stone plopping into the water, we use consonants, for these are
related to nature's elements, to voiceless objects. Consonants are
crystallized, rigidified expressions of an impersonal world of form
beyond the human; vowels are carriers of mobile personal feeling.
One might say that while consonants form the body or the
bony framework of a word, vowels are its soul and heart's blood.
I 59
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
Minerals and metals bring these same characteristics to ex-
pression in another way. The relationship of metals to minerals
is like that of vowels to consonants.
In terms of their characteristic properties the most familiar
metals can be ranged, surprisingly enough, in a regular sequence.
So we find that silver has the best conductivity, the purest tone
and the finest lustre; copper and mercury follow in that order.
Silver's place at the head of the list is due to qualities that account
for its wide use as a coating on mirrors and in strings for musical
instruments; it is known to produce the purest, clearest tones.
The metal least endowed with these properties is lead, closely
followed by tin and iron. One would scarcely think of associating
tone or lustre with lead, and it is such a poor conductor that it
melts before any appreciable amount of warmth or electricity
can pass through it. This makes it the best material for fuses in
electrical circuits and heating installations.
Gold holds the balance between these two groups of metals.
The following table shows the comparative degree to which each
metal possesses resonance, lustre and conductivity for heat and
electricity:
Conductivity
Iron I
Gold ~ can be cast and forged
Mercury j
~ol
S1 ver
pper} can be forged but not cast
Fig. 26
Spheres of the planets against the background of the fixed stars.
Copper
I66
CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN
Tin
Lead
T ead, which comes first in our list of metals, has the least
L lustre, a dull resonance and almost no conductivity. Out-
wardly it is even plainer than tin. It is heavy and dark grey;
one might almost call it gloomy, with a moribund gleam. It is
completely moistureless, with an even more negative relation-
ship to water than tin has. Though soft, it is brittle and therefore
not malleable. Lead ore lacks the slightest moisture content, and
the soluble salts oflead crystallize with no water of crystallization.
As we have seen that water is the basis of all life, we can see that
lead's heavy, gloomy aspect has a relationship to death.
But if we pick up a piece of lead, we are surprised to find it
feeling softer and warmer than one would have expected of a
metal. It even feels strangely oily. For all its plainness, lead
apparently possesses unsuspected qualities. And if one goes on to
make a closer study of it, one comes to know another, most
important side of lead which has nothing to do with heaviness:
the fire that lives hidden in its depths. Some lead ores show it
quite externally.
Though the chieflead ore, galenite, has lead's typically gloomy
look, there is a whole series of lead ores whose bright colouring
betrays the fire within. Yellow, orange and red occur most fre-
quently. Croconite and wulfenite, the red and yellow ores, and
several others, sparkle as though fire itself had £1shioned them.
W hite lead ore, cerussite, though a colourless white, brings
hidden fire to expression in the way it is shaped. It is built of
sheaves of needles, or is a network of glittering laminae. It looks
amazingly like bone structure. Thus lead unites two very strongly
contrasting forces: rigid heaviness and revivifying inner fire.
T he fire-nature of lead is beautifully illustrated in an experi-
ment which we will describe in some detail because it is generally
so little known. If we want to pulverize lead to a very fine
powder, we have to work in a vacuum, for the powder would
otherwise ignite and gradually burn down to bright yellow ash.
Although this pulverizing is impossible on account of the
170
r
j LEAD
I.
( sticky consistency of lead, there is another way of achieving the
same end and producing pyrophorus lead. The technique is as
follows. Lead citrate is put in a glass tube sealed at one end and
gently shaken till it settles at the bottom. The open end of the
tube is attached to a vacuum pump. The citrate is slowly broken
down with the heat of a small flame, while the vapour and carbon
monoxide thus generated are drawn offby the vacuum. The end
product is metallic lead in the form of a fine powder.
When the tube is sealed with a glass cock, taken off the flame
and the pump disconnected, the lead can be kept for weeks or
months, provided the seal is tight enough. But the moment air
gets in, the lead bursts into flame and is gradually consumed.
The chemistry of lead, like that of tin, is very simple and
straightforward. Its lack of affmity to the lively chemical activity
of water renders it chemically sluggish. This quality makes it
excellent pipe material.
Bells made of bronze with a lead alloy ring with a warm depth
of tone. But impermeability to rays of energy such as those given
off by X-rays and radium is a special characteristic of lead and
makes it particularly well-suited to serve as a shield against their
destructive action.
Lead's double nature, its dead weight counterposed to living
fire, together with its shielding properties, can easily be under-
stood when we consider its cosmic source of origin: Saturn.
This planet has two characteristics which are at once apparent
to telescopic observation- its dark core and the bright ring that
encircles it. And its distant orbit encloses the whole planetary
system, sheltering it from cosmic radiation. W c forget all too
readily that the life of earth and its creatures is made possible and
maintained in a carefully attuned balance of forces by the sheaths
that surround it. Earth has its hydrosphere, its air and warmth
mantles, and its ionized layers, and beyond these the planetary
spheres. The last and most important enclosure, which separates
the planetary system from the rest of the cosmos and makes it an
independent, entity, is the Saturn sheath; or, we might say, the
lead process. And when forces such as X-rays and radium appear
in the earth sphere, it is lead again that protects us from these
deadly energies and enables us to live independently of them.
171
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
Lead's protective function appears very clearly in the smelting
process. Lead ores are always found in conjunction with silver,
and the smelting process produces a conglomerate with a good
deal of silver in it. This is then heated, and the more volatile lead
goes off in smoke. The percentage of silver in the residue keeps
on rising, until finally there is only a mass of liquid silver mantled
in a £1m of lead, which protects it from contact with the air and
thus prevents spattering. When, finally, the lead skin becomes
too thin and tears (the silver 'peeks out', as the smelter says), the
lead has done its job and the last of it goes up in smoke.
If we look for the Saturn-lead process in the microcosm, man,
we come upon the same comprehensive functions. One of lead's
activities is building bone, which involves the death-process of
mineralization. The densi£cation brought about by tin in the
organism is carried only to the stage of cartilage, which is still
plastic. It is lead that carries mineralization to its real conclusion,
which one might call a kind of death. But this death enables
man to be at home in the realm of gravity, as well as to assert
himself against it.
Bone-building is the final stage of the lead process in the human
organism. Man incorporates death into himself with his bony
structure. But at the heart of this mineralized precipitate of our
physical selves, at the core of what is most dead in us, we £nd
the scene of life's creation: the red marrow, where new blood,
new red blood corpuscles are made.
The lead process is thus linked with processes of death and
resurrection in the organism. On the one hand it lends itself to
the forces of mineralization active in shaping our bony frame-
work, while on the other it supports independent consciousness,
enabling us to co-ordinate our perceptions and relate them to the
ego, the centre of each man's perso~al universe. The lead and
silica processes are similar in their influence on this functioning
of the senses, which is based on a constant breaking down or
dying. Disintegration is continually going on in us, particularly
in our nervous systems, but it is just because we are always ex-
periencing partial death that we can become conscious beings.
At the moment of complete and final death an unimaginable
enhancement of consciousness occurs owing to the sudden
172
LEAD
setting free of so many formative forces from their bodily tasks.
Reports to this effect have been made by individuals who came
close to death but were revived. They speak of seeing a tre-
mendous panorama of their whole life, such as cannot be ex-
perienced normally.
The lead process is thus related to the most spiritual as well as
to the most material aspects of our being: to that maturity of
consciousness which manifests itself in the warmth of an all-
embracing human understanding. When the lead process within
us is thrown out of balance, we lose the firm footing of an ego-
directed soul life, as can be witnessed in the poor memory of
sclerotics or in the brittleness of bone and the failing senses of
old age.
The wide range of properties inherent in lead makes it a
valuable medicament in cases where, on the one hand, the
process of dcnsification proceeds abnormally, or on the other,
consciousness is disturbed in the ways just described. Used in
\ high potencies, it has given good results in the treatment of
~: various sclerotic and related conditions.
In ancient times, this twofold character of the Saturn-influence
was well known. Saturn was regarded as the representative of
j: death, of the forces responsible for aging, but equally of the
( deepest attainable wisdom. The Greeks looked upon Chronos-
i: Saturn as the creator of time. But time harbours new beginnings
)' as well as endings. Time is known as the great healer, the over-
(' comer, who offers resurrection after every death.
l'
.1. It was natural to fear Saturn, for this border-guard who
), constantly patrols the boundaries of our planetary system is also
(
;' the guardian of a treasure of ultimate knowledge, to be attained
f. only at cost of the greatest sacrifice. Suffering and loneliness are
i awakeners of knowledge.
f.
.1. Lead is in a profound sense the fmal stage of a great cosmic
.I evolution .
.I
!. It is clear that this way of looking at the world leads to a new
!. relationship to the substances of the earth that does justice to the
I,
I spirit variously active in them. We are not concerned with
/.
,l,
merely reaffirming insights of an earlier time, but rather with
building new bridges to an understanding of the nature of sub-
173
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
stances. We can take literally Goethe's mature saying: 'All that
is fleeting is merely a symbol.'
Even the physical planet Saturn is a powerful symbol of the
lead-Saturn process, with its characteristic twofold creativity, for
Saturn is made up of a core and an encircling ring. On every
level, Saturn builds both core and enclosure. It provides both
physical and spiritual bases for the ego and its 'self-contained'
world of individual consciousness.
In the bone-building process we come up against the mineral
world inside ourselves. In sense-perception we confront matter
in the outside world. Both are boundary-experiences and are
guarded by Saturn. Here too he maintains his shielding character.
Present-day consciousness is precluded from looking behind
mineral matter: we come up against its resistance.
In our inner life, also, we are shielded by our senses from l
becoming aware of the deeper layers of the soul, which we are
normally no better equipped to deal with than we are with the l:
energies set free by the disintegration of matter.
A striking phenomenon in this connection is that lead is the .•
1
174
CHAPTER TWENTY -NINE
Iron
I\ s we have already shown, metals play virtually no part in
I'l.building up the earth, since they are merely threaded
through the body of the earth in veins and give it a certain life.
This holds true of iron, too, whether it occurs in larger compact
masses (e.g. at Erzberg in Styria, where a whole mountain of
it is gradually being reduced in open-face mining operations)
or in the small quantities found scattered all over the earth. If
minerals such as lime, granite or clay have a brownish tinge, this
comes from an admixture of tiny iron particles. There is scarcely
a spring, a river or a lake without a detectable amount of iron
in it. Its universal presence in the earth reminds us that it also
permeates the human bloodstream. It is the only metal present
there to an appreciable degree, and is one of the most important
in the body, although it cannot be called a true body-building
material.
1,
I
J.
1.
J
J.
J.
Fig. 27
r. The spiral as a resultant of spherical and radial forces.
175
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
The universality of iron makes for great variety in its ores. A
morphological study reveals a notable structural variety, with
I
regard not only to the shapes of single crystals, but to the overall
crystalline arrangement or patterning. Two dynamic tendencies
stand out. On the one hand the::e is a distinctly radial structure,
apparent especially in marcasite. On the other hand there is a
i
tendency to the tangential in certain spherical formations such as
hematite, limonite, and the like. Spirals result from an interplay
l
of these two dynamics.
One would expect to find iron ores in which spherical and
radial tendencies have combined to make a spiral. And we do
find them. Wonderful spiral forms are to be seen in many samples I
of siderite, and the so-called iron rose (Eisenrose) owes its spiral
pattern to the same combination of forces. j
l
Some may wonder whether the radial structure of marcasite
is the product of centripetal or centrifugal forces. But when we
observe its spherical surface and note that it often has a hollow
centre or is filled with some other kind of stone, such as lime, j
we realize that only a radial force working from a periphery in-
ward could have shaped it thus. Considering, moreover, that
meteors (and marcasite must be of similar origin) are to be
thought of as cumulative accretions, it becomes still clearer that
this ore could have come into being only through a centripetal
dynamic.
If we compare marcasite with antimonite, which also has a
radial structure, we can clearly see the contrast between the
centripetal and centrifugal forces working in them. The anti- f
Fig. 28
Radial, spherical and spiral form-tendencies of iron-ores.
('
).
)'
;
),
J.
},
I,
j
I,
} Marcasite Antimonite
Fig. 29
I
f Formative forces radiating inwards and outwards.
/,
f
177
,1 ,
,1,
,1,
'
)
I
)
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE ~
J
flow of force between the poles. This is a phenomenon reminiscent J
of the Chladnian tone figures mentioned above in c01mection
with the ordering force inherent in music. It almost seems as
though a like force resides in both music and magnetism. But
we have to remember that magnetism works out of subterranean
depths of earth, and that iron is almost the only substance - to-
l
I
gether with the condensing force of electricity - that reacts
strongly to these sub-earthly forces.
l
Iron, then, conforms to the force-patterns of the earth's
magnetism. This conformity comes to good use in the compass
needle that helps us to orientate ourselves in space. But we need
inner orientation, too, and inner adjustment to spatial forces. It d
is the iron in our blood that enables us to anchor our personalities
in our bodily processes. Without iron we would quite literally
lack 'presence of mind'. Our human egos give our lives their
orientation; the iron in our blood serves as a mediator, relating
the ego to the spatial dynamics of the earth. It provides a basis
for our earthly activity and creativity. Do we not say of a deter-
l
J
mined person that he 'has steel in his blood'?
These characteristics have corresponding applications in '•I
therapy. Iron in high potencies is a good remedy for persons who 'i
have trouble in mastering their bodily processes. We see this '
i'
difficulty in cases where processes of a certain kind drive the
personality out of the body or cause a diminution of conscious-
ness, as happens most signally when the sulphur forces of diges-
'
i
i
tion gain the upper hand. We have often called attention to the
}
fact that consciousness can develop only by depressing biological I
activity; that it rests upon a death process. The torpid state in- )
duced by the sulphurous nature of the digestive process is con-
tinually being lightened up by iron as it beats down the sulphur
process.
We see a corresponding process in the mineral world in iron's
readiness to combine with forces of the earth's depths and with
the fire-related sulphur to be found there. It is to this we owe the
harmonious pentagon-dodecahedron form of iron pyrites, the
most perfect of all crystal shapes.
Iron is also virtually the only metal with a close relationship
to carbon, 'earth substance'. Carbon is not only the basic building
!78
IRON
stuff of all organic matter but plays a role in the mineral kingdom
too, as for example in lime (calcium carbonate). It is significant
in this connection that it is precisely iron which has such a close
bond with carbon, combining with it, dissolving or otherwise
transforming it.
Everyone knows that our machine-age civilization owes its
very existence to this relationship of iron to carbon. Pure iron is
soft and malleable, and therefore unsuitable for use in machine
parts. But in a molten state it greedily absorbs carbon, which
dissolves in it as readily as salt in water. The product, on solidify-
ing, is no longer soft; it has become hard, brittle cast-iron. The
earth-substance, carbon, that now permeates it lends iron hard-
ness and permanence of form.
Steel is an intermediate stage between malleable iron and cast
iron. It is not as hard and brittle as cast iron is, but tends, on being
poured, to try to resume its original form - which means, in
effect, that it is elastic.
When carbon is dissolved in white-hot molten iron and the
mixture is solidified by sudden cooling, the resultant iron has
tiny diamonds distributed all through it. It is highly stimulating
to live through in imagination the transformation of dark
carbon into these rare and shining jewels. Is it not conceivable
that man's spirit might some day learn to use the forces of iron
to change the earthly nature of his physical body into something
far more related to the realm of light?
The iron processes in the blood are rhythmical, reminding us
that life is so to speak elastic, like steel. But when the forces of
, embodiment work too strongly and life tries to exceed its
J normal span, the vital processes gradually become mummifying
1. forces. Some of the industrial uses to which iron is put will serve
I as illustrations.
;.
Iron is used for tanning leather. But is leather not mummified
1 skin? In earlier times almost all tanning was done with oak bark.
I The entire habitus of oak clearly indicates that an iron process is
j
!.
at work here. This gnarled and stubborn tree, with its hard wood
1 and the thick, tough bark that is a perfect picture of mummifica-
tion, certainly expresses the nature of iron. Trees, too, reflect
I. the great fundamental processes that weave the tapestry of
I
I79
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
nature before they come wholly to rest in substances. And we
l
j
must emphasize again that it is not the substance iron we refer i
to here, but rather the dynamic properties of iron active in the
tree's life-processes.
J
A few decades ago, tanners switched from oak bark to chro-
mium salts, especially in tanning vamp leather. More recently
'I
still, iron salts themselves came into use. We will go later into
the reasons for this use of chromium; it is a 'brother' of iron and
very like it in several respects.
All this indicates that iron becomes a mummifying agent
when it overshoots the mark. We have already pointed out that
the substance iron is almost universally distributed. The same
universality appears in its chemistry.
Apart from those qualities which have been described as
relating iron to forces purely of the earth (magnetism and carbon),
when we examine it from the chemist's standpoint we find it
possessing traces of other properties noted in connection with our
discussions of copper, lead and tin. For water, air and fire forces
are reflected in iron's basically earthy nature.
In our discussion of copper we spoke of the power it has to
organize the watery element into shape and colour; and of the
versatility shown in its lively chemical activity. Ferrous sulphate
(generally known as green vitriol) is quite similar to blue vitriol
in many respects. It has beautiful green crystals that contain J
i
some water. And as in the case of blue vitriol, green vitriol loses I
its water content on being heated or even on exposure to dry ;
air, crumbling to a white powder. The green crystalline form is
re-established in the presence of moisture.
We also find in iron the tendency to form complex salts. Iron
and cyanide in combination form a group of substances, known
as red and yellow potassium prussiate, which are the source of a
highly coloured material called Prussian blue. Iron cannot be
detected in these compounds by ordinary chemical analysis. We
might say it acts anonymously in them. Many scientists have
tried to explain their complex and peculiar structure and to de-
cipher their true nature. Werner, for example, proposed half
and quarter valencies as a possible solution of the problem. But
the fact remains that iron behaves like copper here, effecting all
180
IRON
sorts of unexpected transmutations. But this is just what makes
it a healing element in nature and in the human organism, for it
absorbs cyanide, which is poisonous, and changes it surprisingly
enough into harmless Prussian blue. As the digestive process
constantly produces cyanide-like poisons, we would be subject
to poisoning at every meal were it not for the activity of iron
in our blood, rendering the poisons harmless.
Iron's kinship with tin shows up in the following phenomenon,
where light and air processes play an important role. Tin brings
out latent colour, and is therefore used as a mordant in dyeing
silk and wool. Iron can be used for the same purpose, though it
does not produce the bright, shining colours that tin mordants
(.
do. Iron favours, earthier, darker shades, the so-called 'fashion-
able' colours. This shows, nevertheless, that, like tin, it has the
capacity to organize light and darkness into colour.
We can go a step further and study iron's relationship to light
and air through its behaviour in different valencies. We described
in what sense valencies are an expression of musical qualities of
matter, being subject to the law of simple and multiple propor-
tions. There are bivalent and trivalent forms of iron. In our terms,
J. then, iron sings in seconds and thirds. It is fascinating to observe
!.
J. that iron's singing is influenced by the intensity of light. Direct
!. sunlight changes trivalent into bivalent iron, or, in other words,
},
I, makes it change suddenly from singing thirds to singing seconds.
I. This process is applied in making photographic prints from a
;, negative. A complex cyanide com.pound is used. In the presence
I.
f. of light it changes into a deep blue called Turnbull blue. The
I. · familiar draughtsman's blueprint is made in this way.
This change in valency, which can also be reversed under
!. certain conditions, is a characteristic of iron. Other substances
I,
possess it to a certain but not at all comparable degree, especially
... in relation to oxygen. This fact is of great importance in chemical
!.
f,
analysis. The reaction of permanganate of potash and a ferrous
!. salt, as the salts of bivalent iron are called, consists in the absorp-
,1.
... tion by iron of the oxygen present in permanganate of potash,
... causing the deep violet colour of the permanganate solution to
I,
disappear instantly. If the strength of the permanganate solution
is known, the quantity of iron can be calculated.
181
J,
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
This oxygen absorption, with the simultaneous disappearance
of colour in the solution, is an impressive phenomenon if the
experiment is done as follows. A 10% solution of iron sulphate
is poured into a large glass cylinder so as to cover the bottom.
To this, a deep violet permanganate solution of about 1% is
added slowly, with constant stirring. The deep violet disappears
on contact with the iron solution, and a huge amount of the
violet permanganate solution is needed to satisfy iron's appetite
for oxygen. When it is satisfied, it expels the oxygen again under
certain conditions. The oxygen thus released is able to oxidize
chemical compounds such as hydrogen iodide, causing the iodine
thus produced to restore the colour.
IOFeS04 + 2KMn04 + 8H2S04 = sFe2(S04)J + K2S04 +
Ferrous Perman- Sulphuric Ferric Potassium
sulphate ganate acid sulphate sulphate
(Second) (Third)
2MnS04 + 8H20
Manganese
sulphate
deep-red-violet ---? colourless
Fe2(S0 4}J + 2HI 2FeS04 + 12 + H 2S04 .
~
Ferric Hydrogen Ferr'ous Iodine Sulphuric }
sulphate iodide sulphate acid J
J
(Third) (Second)
colourless ---?red (with starch blue) ~
I
)
This experiment gives a good picture of iron's capacity to I
I
r
)'
= '2,52 '0 <::? =-
;'
;,
.~
)'
J
I
J
~
)
. ,..
I
I Fig. 30
J Expansion and contraction (breathing) of the Mars-sphere.
;.
I . ing cell area. Mars similarly dominates the space which its path
} circumscribes, expanding or contracting its sphere of influence
exactly as though it were an elastic cell membrane. The lungs
I, carry out the same movement as we breathe in and out, and our
power of speech results from it. We showed above that the chief
function of the iron process (or of the Mars sphere) is to bring us
(,
r
~·
pioneer of personality.
Roman law is the first documentary statement of human per-
sonality and of its relation to the physical environment. It
I.
marked the historic moment when ownership was put on a legal
footing. Personal property was legally accorded such significance
that Roman citizens could bequeath it to whomever they chose.
Wills made their first appearance at this time. The birth of the
i' principle of individual rights was now really accomplished.
' Thus the Mars impulse is not to be found only in the warlike
nature of the Romans and in their iron weapons (the Greeks had
still used bronze); it can be seen also in the whole trend of their
social life and culture. Their highly developed power of rhetoric
is another example of the same tendency. The Roman orator no
·.j'
longer sought divine inspiration; he addressed himself to his
listeners' insight and played upon their mood. This was often
.J.
I done so cleverly and persuasively as to override decisions of the
). Senate.
While the Greeks had hearkened to their oracles and heard the
1' gods speak through them, the Romans listened to orators who
~ depended on their own intelligence and expressed their own
feelings. These impulses reached a peak with the climax of
Roman civilization. Later, they collapsed, thus contributing their
I.
f. share of darkness to the Dark Ages. Medieval armour grew in-
creasingly complex and hard to handle. Elaborate devices were
J.
!. required for hoisting knights into their saddles at tournaments,
!. and if they were unseated while jousting, they had to lie there in
J.
/. the sand. This same awkwardness and decadence can be detected
in language. Official style in the Middle Ages produced absolute
I.
monstrosities of phrasing.
The invention of gunpowder brought a sudden end to these
185
J.
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
developments. Mars was dethroned. But the Mars impulse now
took over technology, and Mars became the inspirer of the
Machine Age.
We have seen how the Mars impulses at work in iron are
carriers of the forces of embodiment. We have shown also how
these forces lead to mummification if they become too active
and overwhelm the vital processes. The personality can also be
affected if driven to plunge too deeply into the body by the Mars
forces. Individuality then becomes denatured and crass egoism
results. Egoism makes irresponsible use of machines for its own
ends. Whether machinery proves a curse or a blessing depends
on man himself. It is a destructive force in the hands of materialists.
But if man rises to a recognition of his spiritual origin, the
machine will serve him and the social order as a friend.
I86
CHAPTER THIRTY
Quicksilver
uicksilver, the metal of Mercury, is as like iron in some
Q respects as it is opposite in others.
It is found in nature in the same state we are familiar with
from the use of mercury in thermometers: as a liquid metal. It
occurs in smaller and larger globules in the matrix rock, often in
the company of mercury sulphide, more familiarly known as
cinnabar. The globules tend to unite and form larger ones, which
shatter at a tap. Their liveliness is a wonderful sight. Quick-
silver's ancient name, 'Mercurius vivus', is truly deserved. And
this mobility is demonstrable in many other physical and chemical
phenomena.
One of these is the narrow margin between quicksilver's
freezing and boiling points. It changes quickly from a solid to
the fluid or the gaseous state. It drops only 399°C. from the boil-
ing point to freezing, as against gold's 1,537°. Mercury's quick
passage through the different states makes it akin to water, which
also exhibits a great variety of phenomena in the interplay of the
elements, producing steam and clouds, fog, rain, hoarfrost, snow,
and ice, and leading each over into the next. 'Hydrargyrum', the
Latin name for quicksilver and the origin of the symbol Hg,
acknowledges this kinship.
Lively, liquid quicksilver is 'young', compared with the other
metals. It has retained the fluid form of earlier conditions of the
earth and held out against ageing and solidifying. In the table of
metals it is abnormal for being a very poor conductor (cf. Chap-
ter Twenty-five). It is only externally lively, not having yet
achieved the inner mobility of conductivity. When the tem-
perature is lowered below the freezing point, however, its con-
ductivity increases markedly. In this solid state it thus comes to
possess all the properties which its position in the table of metals
warrants.
Quicksilver's reactivity to warmth is especially notable. It
expands and contracts in exact proportion to the rise and fall of
surrounding temperatures. It is not a carrier of inner fire pro-
I87
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
cesses, as lead and iron are, for it simply reacts to changes in
temperature with speed, precision and agility.
Its most significant quality is its capacity to dissolve other
metals, making alloys known as amalgams. Only one metal has
the power to resist this amalgamation, and that, strangely enough,
is iron. For this reason, rnercury is kept in iron flasks for storage
and transport. We need not be surprised at iron's resistance.
Mercury did not participate in the last stages of earth's densifying
and remained a fluid, while the force that leads most deeply over
into earthiness, transforming the cosmic into the telluric, the
spherical into the radial, is that of iron.
Now, if we compare mercury with iron, searching out their
likenesses and dissimilarities, we come upon a clue to mercury's
globule-forming tendency: it signifies both a retaining of the
cosmic sphere-form and a leaning toward individualization.
Here we see a perfect illustration of the opposite directions taken
by iron and mercury. Mercury's splitting up into numbers of
small globules and its tremendous mobility are in the greatest
possible contrast to the consolidating power of iron. Iron carries .1
forces of em.bodiment which, if they go too far, lead to mummi- ~
fication in the sphere of life and to egoism in the soul sphere.
On the other hand, quicksilver represents the force that combines
~J
small entities into larger wholes, making one large globule of l
many tiny ones. This is the basis of the capacity to amalgamate,
which, over-developed, ends in erasing identity.
~j
Chemistry presents phenomena that well illustrate these mer- I
l
curial characteristics. The reaction of chloride of mercury with
potassium iodide precipitates a glorious red mercuric iodide. An
excess of potassium. iodide, however, has a surprising effect: the
red precipitate disappears, leaving a clear, watery solution.
)
HgC12 + zKI Hgl2 + 2KCl (
Mercuric Potassium Mercuric iodide Potassium )
I
chloride iodide (red precipitate) chloride
Hgl2 + 2Kl Hg14 K 2 ~j
Mercuric Potassium Potassium mercuric ;
iodide iodide iodide )
;
(clear watery )
solution) i
J88 !
j
I
.J
.I
J
QUICKSILVER
Chemists call this strange association of elements 'double-salt-
forming'. But this explains nothing and does not even describe
the nature of the occurrence, especially since the quicksilver here
can scarcely be detected by ordinary analytical methods. More-
over, it takes up other substances, such as ammonia (Hg 2 0NH2 I).
The phenomenon can be explained only by bringing the whole
nature of mercury into account. Its most characteristic chemical
trait is that of association, a feature already noted in our discussion
of its readiness to form alloys, or amalgams.
Quicksilver draws into chemical association substances that
otherwise show little affmity for one another. Sometimes there
is such tension in these large groupings of elements that the least
disturbance sends them flying apart. If mercuric chloride, for
example, is mixed with ammonia under certain conditions, a
highly explosive compound (Hg 2 NOH) is produced by way of
the so-called Millon base. Similar compounds result from the
chemical reaction of mercury with nitric acid and alcohol. The
product is mercuric fulminate (HgC 2 N 2 0 2 ), an association of
dissimilar and conflicting substances which explodes at the
slightest tap. This makes it suitable for use in fuse caps for deton-
ating explosives. An interesting point is that nitrogen, though
certainly essential to the explosion, lacks the power of combining
these heterogeneous elements. For that, mercury's associative
capacity is needed.
The god Mercury was the divine messenger whose mediation
connected earth with heaven. He was also the god of commerce,
thereby bringing men into association with one another. This,
too, can be harmful in excess. Nowadays there is a tendency to
form large cartels and amalgamations on all sides. Companies,
so aptly termed 'societes anonymes' by the French, tend to lose
any personal character when they expand into huge concerns
and giant trusts. Excessive amalgamation dissolves the personal
element.
When 'iron will' and the 'mercurial temperament' work har-
moniously together, they produce capable and well-rounded
personalities with social gifts. But imagine an excessively mer-
curial temperament, with the capacity to organize and manipu-
late large combines, and dominated as well by an egotistic will.
189
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
What a perfect constellation for producing a Kreuger or a
Stavisky!
The god Mercury represented qualities which, in their fmest
flowering, make for the building of true human community, but
they can also lead to an Armageddon if misused. And these
divine mercurial qualities in human nature are perfectly mirrored
in the physical and chemical properties of quicksilver.
The mercury process is a very important one in the human
organism. Any and every 'amalgamation' process that goes on
there can be looked upon as mercurial. The term, of course, is
used here to designate a force - a force which, carried to the
ultimate point in nature, produces the metal quicksilver.
Two important functions of the human organism are easily
recognizable as mercury processes. One is digestion. After
nutrients have been broken down to a considerable degree by
secretions of the mouth, stomach and intestines, the homogenized
mass is absorbed through the intestinal wall into the lymph and
blood stream. In the course of this, an amalgamation of external
nature and the hum.an self takes place. Digestion is thus really a
fusion of two spheres of energy which merge in the human
body-building process.
The second process takes place in the breathing organs, where
human nature and external nature also come together. Through
the air we breathe we share in the atmospheric life of the whole
earth. All humanity breathes the same air, which enwraps all
nature. This fact can be recognized as the true basis of a feeling
for an understanding of nature, as well as of the communal sense
that breeds truly social conditions.
Even the build of the lungs is mercurial. They are like little
trees made of tiny hollow drops. Innumerable spherical spaces
thus form a common breathing surface.
We see the imprint of the mercury process on the organism
wherever glands built of cells function together as described.
Separation into droplets, out of which functional wholes arc
built is the signature of the mercury forces everywhere. On the
human physiological level they control the life of cells. Cellula
liquefaction and proliferation are both due to disturbances of
the mercury process, which normally maintains a state of
190
QUICKSILVER
balance between the total human organism and its single cells.
Some of the therapeutic uses that can be made of high dilutions
of quicksilver will perhaps be obvious in the light of the above
!
L account.
'·
I,
!.
..
.
1
.....
•.•
.',
!,
f.
I
I.
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I,
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r.
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t.
I.
191
CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE
Silver
...
spot. What is characteristic here is the rhythmic repetition that
forms concentric spheres, where one might have expected to see
just a single sphere as the spot spreads out. There is an outflowing
motion with a rhythmical wave impulse, like the spread of a
!, musically vibrating sound. This is another example of the kinship
!' between chemical forces and music; the chemistry of a substance
I,
/,
is like an inner music that organizes matter into ordered patterns.
I. The Liesegang rings recall the concentric ripple patterns that
I,
spread out in rhythmically expanding waves from the place
f. where a stone is thrown into still water. We might call both
reproductive.
I,
When an object is reflected in a mirror, we speak of a pictorial
reproduction. We also speak of photographic reproduction.
I.
I,
When we stand between mirrors we see countless reflections of
f. ourselves, very like the concentric silver chromate rings in the
I,
I ,
chrome gelatine. Ceaseless repetition and wave-like reproduction
of some motion or condition of matter are characteristic of the
!,
silver force.
Reproduction means, in a narrower sense, the renewal of
I.
species in the world of nature. Just as the silver reaction described
above spreads and spreads in concentric circles, nature brings
193
I
I.
,I
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
forth cycle after cycle of budding, germinating life, as species
reproduce their kind. And even in the single organism the same
living rhythm of growth goes on. The annual rings seen on cross-
sections of tree trunks are an expression of the same force that
makes Liesegang rings. Grains of starch seen under a microscope
or the cross-section of an egg reveal the same outflowing rhythm.
The silver process is the force responsible for all these life-
rhythms. We are referring here, of course, to the action of a
universal force that finds material expression here on earth in the
substance silver.
In this connection it is natural to find silver tending more than
any other metal to the colloidal state. A silver salt need only be
treated with a protein solution to produce pure colloidal silver.
We know that a colloidal substance can be described as being
neither completely fluid nor yet solid. It has a potentiality for
either state. This is an essential characteristic of the living. Our
blood, plant sap, and all other fluid carriers of vegetative func-
tions, are colloidal in character.
These silver forces are active in all growth and body-building
processes in the human organism, and most strongly, of course,
where physical life is reproduced: in the sexual organs. The silver !
1
process works on a higher plane in the brain, the organ that en- J
ables us to reproduce thoughts and to mirror the world in our
conceptual life.
The properties of silver as an earthly condensation of moon
forces indicate its therapeutic uses. It proves valuable as a medica-
ment in the treatment of regenerative and reproductive dis-
turbances, providing valuable support for recreative functions
and permeating the fluid organisms with its vital rhythms. Its
many-sidedness leads to its use in a great variety of other special
therapeutic applications.
Just as lead brings the forces of Saturn to tnanifestation, so the
silver process reflects the action of the moon, whose immediate
influence on all the rhythms in man and nature is everywhere
evident.
The rhythm of the tides is currently regarded as a product
mainly of lunar gravitation. This could be correct, although the
assumption leaves some difficult problems unresolved. In any
194
SILVER
case, there can be no doubt that the primary cause of tidal ebb
and flow is the moon's law of rhythm, noted in all manifestations
of the silver process studied in these pages. We know that sea
water contains silver in the ratio of 10 mg. to a cubic metre. It
may be that silver acts as a focus for lunar influences, and as a
medium for transmitting moon forces and their rhythms to the
tides. And just as sea water rises and falls in accordance with the
!. lawsoflunar rhythm, so is there a tide of sap in plants, both during
J germination and in later growth.
1' Plant growth is accompanied by a rhythmic increase and de-
1t crease of substances, a tidal emergence and disappearance of
matter subject to a monthly rhythm. Certain disturbed states of
consciousness, such as epilepsy and somnambulism, worsen or
improve with changes of the moon.
In some regions there are still farmers who cling to old tradi-
tions and regulate the times of planting, harvesting and other
such farming activities by the moon phase. This could well be
called superstition, if the method were not proved right by the
• author's own observations and experiments. Modern man should
not depend on old traditions, but should rather investigate the
'·
f,
laws oflife anew and then act rationally in accordance with them.
Now we might call silver a dense form of moonlight. It is a
J,
substance very like the moon in brilliance and reflecting power.
i' The moon reflects the light of the whole universe. Starlight as
'· well as sunlight comes to us in moon reflection. We need hardly
be surprised that this dark satellite reflects the sun most obviously.
Like a true mirror, it always turns the same side toward us. Its
surface is very like that of a frozen flow of silver which has
'spluttered' while getting rid of the quantities of air it absorbed
while in a white-hot state, and comes fmally to resemble a
moon landscape sown with craters.
f. In ancient times the moon forces manifested in these pheno-
mena were felt to be divine. Greek mythology attributes them
to Diana, or Artemis. One of her chief shrines was at Ephesus.
/.
The statue of the goddess there shows every attribute of fertility.
The pupils of this shrine knew that the goddess ruled the cycle
of the moon and the various vegetative and reproductive pro-
cesses in man and nature. Celebrating their rites by the light of the
( 195
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THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
full moon, they felt forces of emergent life streaming down to
earth. The forces of the new moon, on the other hand, were felt
as a stimulus to creative powers of soul and spirit. In glorious
visions they beheld the evolution of the aeons out of the creative
spirit of the universe.
Somnambulism is a strange, morbid modern echo of these old
experiences. Sleepwalkers go on highly dangerous expeditions
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at full moon, as though their bodies were not subject to gravity.
They even seem to be drawn up out of the darkness of the earth
exactly as the plant world is, during the full moon phase.
At new moon, moonstruck individuals stay in bed, but often
have astonishing cosmic visions in their sleep, albeit mostly in
distorted and fantastic forms. We see in these abnormal cases the
tendency which moon forces have to alternate between physical
and psychic influences.
In Greek mythology this latter aspect is represented in the
virgin Diana or Artemis, the twin sister of Apollo, who - in
opposition to the Diana of Ephesus - is not portrayed as being
physically fertile. Hers is rather psychic and spiritual creativeness,
which is intensifted when the moon is new. Sometimes she is
shown with a new moon crescent on her youthful brow. Unlike
Athenc, who sprang in full armour from the head of Zeus, she
does not picture the austere, illumined life of thought and a
striving for wisdom, but is rather related as goddess of the moon
to night, with its greater depth of feeling, its creative fantasy.
In the chemistry of olden times, Diana was the name for silver.
And just as this goddess has two aspects, silver is found in nature
in two different forms: in knobs reminiscent of grape clusters,
and in fine hair-like threads, sometimes known as 'silver curls'.
CHAPTER THlR TY -TWO
Gold
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THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
in its capacity to harmonize polarities. The quintessence of forces
of harmony exhibited by aluminium in precious stones appears
again in the precious metal gold, but in closer relationship to us.
Special reference was made above to one gemstone, tourmaline,
which is seen in cross-section to have both green and purple
colours. These arc the colours that reveal gold's all-embracing
character in the translucent green of gold-leaf and in gold-
purple. A tourmaline set in gold thus comes to seem especially
symbolic of harmony between earth and universe.
CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE
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G R 0 u
I II PI III Irv v VI VII V1II
/ ~. ~..; /
c
8 Cs 133 Ba I 3 7
La 139
Ce 179 / 181 Ta /'
// /
' l8)W/ ~ 1~6 ~e >Y / ' 192 lr 195 Pt . /< ~
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Lu 175 > // / / / / / //;:;/ / / ( / / ( / / // /
....,
9 VI97:A~ /;" <<(,
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/ / L /J OI/Hg; ~. · /LL
vio?'Pb/
v/ ////. Bi 209 Po 210 At 211
>
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Ac 227 tTl
10 Fr 223 Ra 226 Lw 257
II
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Fig. 31
Periodic table of the elements (omitting the noble gases, Group 0).
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THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
This Mars substance is not to be imagined as being in the present-
day material state, but in the much finer one suggested by our
term 'iron process'. This substance must have been thoroughly
exposed to the various forces of the earth, which would then
have brought about a variety of changes in it. We will try to
read the nature of these changes from a study of their products,
the metals we have called 'brothers of iron'.
COBALT
NICKEL
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THE BROTHERS OF IRON
power shows that it has considerable free chemical activity; but
its other qualities, as a member of the iron group, it has taken a
further step down towards hardening.
CHROMIUM
MANGANESE
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THE BROTHERS OF IRON
The sclerotic tendency of manganese comes out in still another
interesting phenomenon. Linseed oil is used in the manufacture
of oil-based paints because it resinifies in time and forms a hard
surface. It is therefore known as drying oil. Poppy-seed oil, used
in making the more delicate artists' paints, is in the same category.
A surface painted with linseed oil alone takes weeks or even
months to dry. The addition of manganese in the form of fatty
acid salts reduces the drying time to a matter of days or hours.
Manganese compounds are therefore called siccatives, or quick-
driers, and it is interesting that when added to colours they give
them an especially warm lustre.
In the animal kingdom, insects show the same proneness to
desiccation, together with the same relationship to warmth.
Sclerotization can go no farther than it does in insects. Bees,
wasps, hornets, and the various beetle species are completely
dried-out forms; yet they have a special relationship to the
warmth element as it lives in air, in nature and in plants. Bees
are related to the blossom, wasps and hornets more to the fruit
clement. Blossom and fruit are the parts of the plant in which
cosmic warmth processes reach culmination. And there is a
latmt but fiercer fire in the poisonous stings with which these
insects are endowed.
The ancients saw the activity of fire-spirits as the underlying
reality of these fire-processes. In fairy-tales and legends these
spirits are linked with blossoming, ripening and fruiting, as well
as with hospitable hearth-fires. One feels they might have
touched even as hardened a substance as manganese with their
f1re-fingers.
TUNGSTEN
With each further step in our study of the iron family we come
upon metals with increasingly marked hardening properties.
Tungsten, for example, began quite recently to play an important
role in the iron and steel industry. Alloyed with iron, it makes a
steel almost as hard as diamond. Unlike ordinary steel, it stays
hard even when heated to the red-hot point. This has made it
indispensable in steel-working tools. These qualities have earned
tungsten steel the name of 'noble steel' (Edelstahl).
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THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
A related characteristic of tungsten is its invulnerability to
corrosion by acids, even aqua regia- as though it were a precious
metal.
Tungsten glows, on being heated, with a beautiful white light.
Because of its resistance to chemical change it has long been used
in the manufacture of electric light filaments.
VANADIUM
PLATINUM
Platinum gets its name from the Spanish 'plata', meaning silver,
and one can indeed regard it as a dead form of iron imbued with
silver properties. Molten platinum spatters on cooling just as
silver does. When in a m.o!tcn state it absorbs air, which it expels
again on solidifying. But its most outstanding characteristics arc
its non-corrosiveness and its catalysing action.
Anyone who has had to work with platinum containers -
when heating substances in platinum crucibles for instance - will
remember how carefully he had to protect the crucible from
the bright (carbon-containing) part of the gas flaane, for it be-
comes brittle and fragile on exposure to it. This is due to the
heated metal's readiness to combine with carbon. Platinmn is
capable of only one other chemical change : it corrodes when
brought into contact with aqua regia. The carbide-forming
tendency of platinum is slightly reminiscent of its relationship to
Iron.
Platinum is not only a first-rate catalyst - it is the catalyst par
excellence. Its most familiar role in industry is in the contact
2I2
THE BROTHERS OF IRON
process of manufacturing sulphuric acid. Sulphur becomes sulphur
dioxide on burning. To oxidize it further and make sulphur
trioxide used to mean putting it through complex and elaborate
processes such as the lead chamber process. Ever since the catalytic
effect of platinum became known, platinum has been used,
finely ground, as a contact material. Now oxidation of sulphur
in the manufacture of sulphur trioxide proceeds simply and
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smoothly, leaving platinum itself quite unaffected by the reaction.
A further reaction which platinum's catalysing action speeds
up considerably is that of hydrogen and oxygen. So stimulating
is this action that spontaneous combustion follows. Those who
go back to the gas mantle era will remember the lighters that
used to be laid on the glass chimneys. A minute quantity of
finely ground platinum was sprinkled over the lighters, and the
gas ignited by itself on contact.
Many other reactions are set off or speeded up with platinum
as the catalyst. This is especially so with organic compounds.
While on the subject of platinum as the outstanding catalytic
agent, it may be well to pause for a closer look at what catalytic
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action really is. It has been mentioned that nickel, used as a catalyst
f. to harden oils, holds back from active material involvement in
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the chemical process taking place, and simply supplies the
chemical energy that nickel radiates, so to speak. This radiation
is a feature of what we might call the onset of sclerosis in the
substance itself.
We can get a better understanding of this process by studying
comparable situations found in nature's higher kingdoms. The
same polar development takes place, for example, in the nerves.
Nerves have a constant tendency to become sclerotic. They are
always in a dying state, thus freeing the life that is very loosely
attached to them. The life of thought and sense-perception is
built on this radiation of forces freed from the body. Nerves thus
present a polar contrast to blood, which is life-saturated and
wholly involved in the physiological processes and organic
functions of our material bodies. We also find a reflection of this
dying process in the nerves in the animal kingdom; it was dis-
cussed in relation to birds and insects. The more atrophied and
sclerotic the body of an animal, the more freely the species-
213
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THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
intelligence functions. The animal intelligence active here is of
the species as a whole, not of the single creature. Bird migrations
and the organization of beehives and ant heaps are astonishing
examples. Nobody can really think that the individual swallow,
bee or ant possesses such wisdom. These animals are clearly units
directed by a superior intelligence operating not from within
each animal body but from outside it - an intelligence which
supports, directs and organizes the whole community of a flock
of migrating birds, an ant heap or a beehive.
This same phenomenon can be seen in the mineral kingdom
in the metals of the iron family, where the chemical function
withdraws from the metal itself to become active in its immediate
environment. We see this happening when nickel hardens fats,
when manganese is used as a drying agent to speed up the resini-
fication of oil paints, when it carries the oxidation of alcohol and
ether to the point of spontaneous combustion. In tungsten and
vanadium the tendency to atrophy becomes increasingly ap-
parent, so that these two make effective catalysts. This develop- I
I
ment reaches greatest intensification in platinum and the platinum- }
related metals such as osmium, iridium, palladium, and the like. I
As a chemical substance, platinum represents a stage of almost ,~
total atrophy and sclerosis. It is dead to the point ofbeing unable
to participate in any chemical reaction whatsoever. It makes up
for this by being enveloped in what we might call an aura of
chemical energy that sets off and speeds up many chemical re-
actions that would otherwise not take place. All the while, the
platinum itself remains n1.aterially unchanged. We might put it
thus: it pays with death for its noble capacity to bestow energy
on other substances.
We now understand why platinum is immune to chemical
attack and is considered a precious metal. But its aristocracy is of
an entirely different order from that of gold, which consists in
keeping other substances at a distance. Platinum cannot react
with other kinds of matter because it is dead. It belongs in the
ranks of precious or aristocratic metals because it has sacrificed
its chemical life.
So we see that the iron family is a group of metals that follow
the main trend of the Mars metal further into the hardening
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THE BROTHERS OF IRON
forces of the earth. As they do so, each brings to the fore the
properties of some other planetary sphere: Venus' s relationship
to water, Jupiter's to air, and Saturn's to fire.
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One can, moreover, discern in the brothers of iron the working
of a great law, which may be stated thus: Material hardening
frees the forces once spent to maintain life in all its suppleness,
and they reappear in a changed form as new qualities.
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CHAPTER THIRTY-FOUR
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BISMUTH
I
(lead) to the moon (silver), but they are so blurred and criss-
crossed that it would be hard to describe them adequately in the
space at our disposal.
Certainly it is fair to say that antimony, arsenic and bismuth
were once even less solid and less differentiated substances, like
quicksilver, before they were caught by the wave of densification
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responsible for the hardening of the earth's crust.
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CHAPTER THIRTY -FIVE
x~c1
Mg
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) Earth-substances as precipitations of cosmic forces.
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.~ The formative impulses at work in substances of the mineral
earth, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere, spring from the
j Zodiac; whereas the impulses active in metals originate in the
planets.
The question to be considered now is whether the~e formative
223
THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
impulses all work in simultaneously and equally on the earth
from its cosmic surroundings, or whether there is evidence of a
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law which selects and guides these impulses and causes them to
take effect on the earth in a certain sequence.
An ordering, governing role of this kind may readily be
ascribed to the sun as the central organ of the living cosmic
whole. The sun itself, or some such definite point on its path as
the vernal point, which makes its round of the cosmos once in a
Platonic year, could be the mediator, the regulator of the cosmic
impluses that gave the earth its form. The vernal point might
serve as the outlet through which a formative impulse streams
in to shape an earth always in the making.
The vernal point's advance from one constellation to another
has marked a corresponding advance from culture to culture in
the course of history. This point now lies in the constellation
Pisces. When it was progressing through Aries, the Graeco-
Roman epoch ran its course. It moved through Taurus during
the Egypto-Chaldean culture, when the leadership principle was
worshipped under the image of the Bull. Earlier still came the 1
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Gemini culture of the Persians, with its central emphasis on the ;
antithesis of light and darkness, Ormuzd and Ahriman. Still
prior to this there was the ancient Indian civilization, of which
~
the Vedas are only a late echo. The constellation Cancer ruled .
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THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
spheres as time goes on, it transmits the formative impulses
radiating from the zodiacal constellations to the earth. This
zodiacal radiation would be the sole origin of substances were it
not for the fact that the mediating, ordering, creative force is
Fig. 33
The spiral of creation.
'
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cerium and thorium. Thus a group of related earthly substances
comes into being as the original formative impulses undergo
modification by the various planetary spheres.
The silica minerals, then, are products of the Aries impulse.
l
Sulphur and its relatives, selenium and tellurium, derive from
Gemini; sodium and the other alkalis - lithium, potassium,
rubidium and caesium- from Virgo; lime and the mineral alkalis
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harmonizing, balancing force at work in gem-stones, especially
tourmaline, while recalling also that aluminium joins forces
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with the central directive power of the universe found in the
activity of gold.
229
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THE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE
Similarly, oxygen comes into being under the influence of
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Aquarius in the reflected Mercury-sphere; and fluorine and the
I
halogens, fmally, originate in the reflected Venus sphere under I
form a spiral that runs counter to the course of the creative spiral,
just as the path of the vernal point in the ecliptic moves counter
to the direction of the sun.
This pattern takes account of the time element in creative
evolution. It pictures earth's development from the earliest phase
of material evolution, beginning with a light and air phase,
passing through a fluid state, and only at the very end of creation
becoming solid.
The Periodic Table brings out some of the same facts as the
spiral, but by no means all. There is bound to be a difference
between the living picture drawn in these pages and an abstract
system of numerical tabulation. l
The metals, for which there seems to be no suitable place in 1
the Periodic Table, appear in the spiral as materialized planetary ~
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processes. It would seem natural to put the 'brothers of iron' that ;
spring from modifications of the Mars process in the various I
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CHAPTER THIRTY -SIX
l
Conclusion
The sun makes music as of old
Among the rival spheres of heaven.
Goethe (translation by Shelley)
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Recommended Further Reading
Kolisko, E. & L., Agriculture if Tomorrow, Second Edition, 1978,
Kolisko Archive Publications, England
Fyfe, Agnes, Moon and Plant Growth, Capillary Dynamic Studies,
Society for Cancer Research, Arlcsheim, Switzerland
Kolisko, E., Nutrition No. I (3 lectures)
Nutrition No. 2 (2 lectures), Kolisko Archive Publica-
tions , England
Kolisko, E., Nutrition afld Agriculture, Kolisko Archive Publications,
England
Kolisko, E., Twelve Groups if AHinwls, Kolisko Archive Publications,
England
\
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RudolfHauschka
NUTRITION
Translated from the German by
Marjorie Spock and Mary T. Richards
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The philosopher Schelling once said, 'To know Nature is, in effect, to
recrea te the world in man 's own mind. This is true Science. ' It is the
m erit of this book to have applied geometrical imagination and
m athematical reasoning in recognizing the formative forces which
can be seen at work in living nature, thus discovering or re-creating a
further realm in the threshold of a new world, and bringing about a
true synthesis of art and science.
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ISBN 85440 360 4 Second Revised and Enlarged Edition,
1980 208 pages 102 black / white illus. 20 coloured plates
paper
l
Theodor Schwenk
SENSITIVE CHAOS
The Creation of Flowing Form in Water and Air
The two life- giving clonents of Water and Air arc throughout the
world threatened by pollution. Water, the source of all life , is a living
clement whose essential nature has never yet been adequately
recognized. This book which contains over eighty full page
photographs and numerous sketches has been rightly hailed as the first
authentic treatise on the phenomena of Water and Air.