Design of Steel Structures BS 5950: Eng. Chamara Yapa Arachchi Civil Engineer
Design of Steel Structures BS 5950: Eng. Chamara Yapa Arachchi Civil Engineer
Design of Steel Structures BS 5950: Eng. Chamara Yapa Arachchi Civil Engineer
BS 5950
1.3.1 beam
a member predominantly subject to bending
1.3.3 buckling resistance
limit of force or moment that a member can withstand without
buckling
1.3.4 built-up
constructed by interconnecting more than one rolled section to
form a single member
1.3.5 cantilever
a beam that is fixed at one end and free to deflect at the other
1.3.6 capacity
limit of force or moment that can be resisted without failure
due to yielding or rupture
1.3.7 column
a vertical member carrying axial force and possibly moments
1.3.10 connection
location where a member is fixed to a supporting member or
other support, including the bolts, welds and other material
used to transfer loads
1.3.11 dead load
a load of constant magnitude and position that acts
permanently, including self-weight
1.3.12 design strength
the notional yield strength of the material used in design,
obtained by applying partial factors to the specified minimum
yield strength and tensile strength of the material
1.3.13 dynamic load
part of an imposed load resulting from motion
1.3.14 edge distance
distance from the centre of a bolt hole to the nearest edge of
an element, measured perpendicular to the direction in which
the bolt bears
1.3.15 effective length
for a beam. Length between adjacent restraints against lateral-
torsional buckling, multiplied by a factor that allows for the
effect of the actual restraint conditions compared to a simple
beam with torsional end restraint
for a compression member. Length between adjacent lateral
restraints against buckling about a given axis, multiplied by a
factor that allows for the effect of the actual restraint conditions
compared to pinned ends
1.3.16 elastic analysis
structural analysis that assumes no redistribution of moments in a
continuous member or frame due to plastic hinge rotation
1.3.17 empirical method
simplified method of design justified by experience or by tests
1.3.18 end distance
distance from the centre of a bolt hole to the edge of an element,
measured parallel to the direction in which the bolt bears
1.3.19 factored load
specified load multiplied by the relevant partial factor
1.3.20 fatigue
damage to a structural member caused by repeated
application of stresses that are insufficient to cause failure by a
single application
1.3.21 foundation
part of a structure that distributes load directly to the ground
1.3.22 friction grip connection
a bolted connection that relies on friction to transmit shear
between components
1.3.23 H-section
section with a central web and two flanges, that has an overall
depth not greater than 1.2 times its overall width
1.3.24 hybrid section
I-section with a web of a lower strength grade than the flanges
1.3.25 I-section
section with a central web and two flanges, that has an overall
depth greater than 1.2 times its overall width
1.3.26 imposed load
load on a structure or member, other than wind load,
produced by the external environment or the intended
occupancy or use
1.3.27 instability
inability to carry further load due to vanishing stiffness
1.3.28 joint
element of a structure that connects members together and
enables forces and moments to be transmitted between them
1.3.29 lateral restraint
for a beam. Restraint that prevents lateral movement of the
compression flange
for a compression member. Restraint that prevents lateral
movement of the member in a given plane
Design Process
1. Define the problem while appreciating the client’s
requirements and constraints
6. Construction Phase
Structural Forms
Compression members
These are subject to a pushing action.
Compression members must have bending stiffness.
On the application of a slight transverse displacement,
the applied force will increase deformation
Flexural Members (Beams)
A Beam supports the load by utilizing its resistance
to bending and shear. Bending causes a tension and
compression forces in a beam.
Shear or the resistance to sliding or slipping is also
induced in a beam.
A Slab is a wide beam. It can be bend in tow
directions depending on the method of support.
Torsion Members
Torsion occurs in a member when the load tends
to twist it. Torsion induces shear stresses in a member.
Shear Members
A plane type structural members subjected
to an applied force in its own plane.
Trusses
trusses are triangulated framework consisting of
tension and compression members.
The members are considered to be hinged or
pinned to each other. The members are free to rotate at
the ends.
Rotation at the joints is necessary to
accommodate the small changes in length that occur
due to the tensile and compressive forces in the
members.
Trusses may be two dimensional or three
dimensional.
Frames
Triangulation can be avoided by using rigid joints
instead of pinned joints.
Structural systems in which the members are
connected to each other with rigid joints are called
Frames.
Surface Members.
plates are planar, surface forming structural
elements capable of carrying bending forces such as in
slabs or in plane forces (axial and or shear) as in walls.
Shells are curved surface forming structural
elements capable of carrying forces through in plane
action.
Shells may be singly curved or doubly curved.
Design of Structural Elements in Steel
Advantage of Steel.
Steel structures are fast and easy to erect.
No formwork no false work is required.
Much of the structures can be fabricated away from the
site. Since the structure is self supporting no delays are
experienced due to slow strength gain.
Good dimensional Control.
Prefabrication in the factory ensures accurate work.
Low self weight
Large clear spans are possible. Minimum Carnage.
Adaptability
Later modification is relatively easy and inexpensive
with minimum disruption.
Properties of the steel
Structural steel is composed of about 98% iron
with small percentages of Carbon, Silicon, Manganese,
Phosphorus, Sulper, Niobium & Vanadium.
The Carbon content is restricted to about 0.25%
Although an increased Carbon content increases
strength & Hardness, it reduces Ductility & Toughness.
Hence the Carbon content is limited to produced
to steel that is weldable and not brittle.
Niobium & Vanadium are introduced to raise the
yield strength of the steel.
Manganese is introduce to improve the corrosion
resistance. Phosphorus and Sulpher are impurities.
Stress Strain curve for steel
The Yield stress depends on the chemical
composition of the steel.
It also varies with the heat treatment used and
the amount of working load that occurs during the
rolling process.
Hence thinner plates have a higher yield stress
than thicker plates of the same composition.
P t = p yA e
Ae is the sum of the effective net areas ae of all the
elements of the cross-section, determined from 3.4.3,
but not more than 1.2 times the total net area An.
Py Design strenth from Table 9
3.4.3 Effective net area
The effective net area Ae of each element of a cross-
section with bolt holes should be determined from:
Ae = KeΣan but ae≤ ag
in which the effective net area coefficient Ke is given by:
— for grade S 275: Ke = 1.2
— for grade S 355: Ke = 1.1
— for grade S 460: Ke = 1.0
— for other steel grades: Ke = (Us/1.2)/py
where
Pc depends on:-
– Slenderness λ (cl 4.7.2)
– Design strength Py (table 9 & cl 3.6)
Where;-
Py - is the design strength from Table 9
Av - is the shear area of section as defined in cl 4.2.3
Determination of moment capacity of a flexural
member (cl 4.2.5)
Design of connections
Design considerations
However much care and attention is given to the
determination of structural layout and member sizes,
the resulting structure will not behave as the designer
intends unless due consideration is given to the
connections between such members.
The connections must be
– Capable of transmitting the forces and moments that the
members have to resist.
– Easy to install, inspect and maintain
– Economical
Design of connections
Design considerations
However much care and attention is given to the
determination of structural layout and member sizes,
the resulting structure will not behave as the designer
intends unless due consideration is given to the
connections between such members.
The connections must be
– Capable of transmitting the forces and moments that the
members have to resist.
– Easy to install, inspect and maintain
– Economical
Bolt Connections
Bolts subject to shear forces can fail in deferent ways.
– Shear on Bolt Shank
– Bearing on plate and Bolt
– Tension Failure of plates
– Insufficient end distance.
Determination of shear capacity of a bolt. (cl 6.3.2)
Where,
Tg is the total thickness of connection.
d is the Bolt diameter.
Where,
Lj is the Joint length in mm
Determination of Bearing capacity of a bolt.
(cl 6.3.3)
Determination of Tensile capacity of a bolt.
(cl 6.3.4)
Example :04
Determined the maximum axial force that can be resisted
by the plate joint shown in the figure. Assume slandered
clearance at hole and steel grade S275.
Welding Connections (Cl 6.7)
Design strength Pw (Cl 6.8.5)
Design strength pw of a fillet weld is obtained from table 37