Professional Documents
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English b2
English b2
INDICE
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MÓDULO 1: LET’S GO ON A TRIP
WARMING UP
At the airport
About travelling
• Indefinite pronouns
• Travelling troubles
• Flying
About travelling
Introduction
In this lesson we are reviewing some of the different verb tenses that we
have in English, such as simple present, present progressive, simple past, past
progressive and simple present perfect.
Regarding verb tenses, we have to take into account that, in many cases, they
will not have a direct translation into Spanish, so we better learn to think like a
native speaker, rather than translate from one language into the other.
Finally, there are some words which require a certain verb tense, we call them
signal words and they will indicate us the right verb tense to use.
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Explanation
Simple present:
Signal words
Use:
Form:
Examples:
Examples affirmatives
• I work/ he works
• I go/ he goes
Examples negatives:
Example interrogative:
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Present progressive:
Signal words:
Use:
Future meaning: when you have already decided and arranged to do it ( a fixed
plan, a date)
Form:
Examples:
Examples affirmative:
Examples negative:
Examples interrogative:
• Am I working?/Is he working?
• Am I going?/Is he going?
Simple past:
Signal words:
Use:
The action took place in the past. It is normally followed by an expression of time
(no connection to the present).
Form:
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Irregular: (second column of the list of irregular verbs)
Examples:
Examples affirmative:
• I worked/He worked
• I went/ he went
Examples negative:
Examples interrogative:
Past progressive:
Signal words:
While
Use:
Someone was doing something at a certain time (in the past) you don’t know
whether it was finished or not.
Form:
Examples:
Examples affirmative:
Examples negative:
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Examples interrogative:
Signal words:
Just, already, for, yet, so far, recently, never, up to now, ever, since.
Use:
Something has happened in the past and it has a connection to the present
Form:
Examples:
Examples affirmative:
Examples negative:
Examples interrogative:
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EXERCISE 1
Drag and drop every word and join it to its corresponding sentence. Click the arrow
after filling in every gap.
Disappears / was / have risen / leaves / are consuming / arrives / has fallen
For the first time, the number of UK homes with a television ____1____ , with
ownership dropping from 26.33 million households to 26.02 million between 2012 and
2013, according to media regulator Ofcom.
It would be jolly to think that this __2___ a kind of revolutionary reaction to the
traditional autumn onslaught of Strictly, The X Factor, I’m a Celebrity … and the bladdy
Apprentice – an advent reality-TV endurance test that __3___ viewers not so much
counting down the days until Father Christmas ___4___, as until Simon Cowell
___5___– but the reality is more complicated. While the television might be making an
exit from our homes, the content is not necessarily leaving with it.
2. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Introduction
Indefinite pronouns are those pronouns which do not refer to a specific –definite-
thing, person or amount.
In this lesson, we are going to study those indefinite pronouns which are
compound words of some, any and no, which follow the same grammatical rules as
these ones, plus others.
Examples:
Finally, we have to take into account that some of these indefinite pronouns
are singular, others are plural, and some of them can be singular or plural
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depending on the context.
Explanation
One type of indefinite pronouns is formed by two elements, one of which is some,
any or no, so in general they behave the same way as they do. Pay attention to the
meaning of these compound words, which varies depending on the use of them
in affirmative, negative or interrogative sentences.
Something (algo)
Anywhere (En ningún lugar en frases negativas) (en algún lugar en frases
interrogativas)
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Nobody/No one (nadie):
• Nobody came
• No one is here
Nothing (nada):
• There’s nothing to do
• Nothing happened
Notice that in English there cannot be two negations in the same sentence. In this
way, in Spanish you can say: “No tengo nada que decir”, but in English it would
be: “I don’t have anything to say or I have nothing to say”
Examples:
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Finally, other indefinite pronouns are:
- Both “ambos” I love the sea and the mountain. Both are fantastic.
- Few “pocos” Few have agreed with the manager on that issue.
- Many “muchos” Many voted for the conservative candidate.
- Others “otros” I’m sure that others have arrived in the island before.
- Several “varios” Politicians started to shout and several left the room.
- They* “ellos” They say that too much sugar is harmful.
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be treated as such.
EXERCISE 1
5.___________ told me Margaret got married last month, but I don’t remember who.
6._____________ would be able to paint this picture in only two hours, it’s impossible.
EXERCISE 2
Fill in the gaps with somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, nothing,
somewhere, anywhere or nowhere.
1. I know __________ about this issue that you may find interesting, but if I tell
you, you must promise to keep it (a) secret.
2. __________ lives here. There is no water.
3. I spent the night __________ near the beach.
4. __________ could have jumped over this wall, and stole your rake. It's very
low.
5. __________ scares him. He's very brave.
6. There is __________ to park here. Let's go __________ else to park.
7. Would you like __________ to wash your hands?.
8. May I have __________ for dessert, please?
9. They took him __________ in London, and he never returned.
10. Please don't leave __________ behind at home. We'll be away for a fortnight.
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EXERCISE 3
EXERCISE 4
Fill in the gaps with the appropriate indefinite pronoun. Pay attention to the
instructions given in some sentences in brackets; when everybody or everyone are
possible, use everybody.
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6. ______ has been said about the terrible murder (they have told something but
not much)
7. ______ has been convinced by that political party. (positive sense, it refers to
more than two people)
8. Please, can I borrow one of your suits? I need _____ for my graduation.
9. I don’t like ______ for the managerial post.(the employer has to choose
between two candidates)
10. That man is a criminal, so he must be tried as _____.
11. You don’t need to know _______ I go.
12. Do you have a piece of paper? I have _____ on my desk. (negative sense)
13. _______ were given the chance to study in The United States. (positive sense,
more than two people)
14. As the proverb says “_____ is _____”.
15. Many of them complained about the service and ______ complained about the
food. (you cannot use ‘many’ again)
EXERCISE 5
6. Peter is unemployed and he has been trying to get a job for six months
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A. this year we have nothing to give them for Halloween.
B. there’s really little to do here.
C. but neither has been informed of the deadline.
D. as far as the people responsible of carrying it out are concerned, several have
resigned.
E. someone wants to talk to you on the telephone
F. and another at night
G. but he has found none yet
H. however, they lack self-confidence.
I. In fact, I didn’t see anybody, the place was empty
Introduction
In English, there are four types of conditionals, called zero conditional, first
conditional, second conditional, and third conditional.
In this lesson we are going to study the First and Second conditional, which
structure you can see in the following examples:
If I save enough money, I will travel to London for New Year’s Eve. (first
conditional)
If you studied harder, you would pass the exams (second conditional)
Explanation
1st Conditional
It is used to express a situation which is very probable that happens as the result of
another action.
• If you study English you will have more job offers Si estudias ingles
tendrás más ofertas de trabajo
• If she comes, we will enjoy ourselves Si ella viene nos lo pasaremos muy
bien.
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2ndConditional
• If the students had a dictionary, they would look up all these words Si los
alumnos tuvieran diccionario buscarían todas estas palabras.
• If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world Si me tocara la lotería
viajaría alrededor del mundo
Were can be used with the first and third person singular of the verb to be,
although was is more frequent.
But in the expression If I were you, you can only use were.
• If I were you I would buy this car and not that. si yo fuera tu
compraría este coche y no aquel.
EXERCISE 1
EXERCISE 2
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would start a business of my own.
EXERCISE 3
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9. If they catch the bus now, they will arrive at half past nine.
Let’s practice!
The airport is located towards the southern end of the London Borough of
Hillingdon, 24 km (15 miles) west of Central London, England. It is one of two
international London airports to be located within the boundary of the Greater
London Area, the other being London City Airport. To the north, Heathrow is
surrounded by the built-up areas of Harlington, Harmondsworth, Longford and
Cranford, to the east are Hounslow and Hatton, and to the south are East Bedfont
and Stanwell. To the west, the M25 motorway separates the airport from
Colnbrook in Berkshire.
Heathrow has two parallel main runways running east-west and four terminals.
A new terminal, Terminal 5, is under construction and will open in March 2008.
There are plans to redevelop or rebuild other terminals and add extra runways.
Beginning in 2008 and finishing by 2012, the construction of Heathrow East will
replace Terminal 2 and The Queens Building.
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EXERCISE.
Are the following statements TRUE or FALSE?
1. It is the airport with the highest international passenger traffic in the world.
a) True
b) False
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GLOSSARY
cinta transportadora/
Belt Can you put your luggage on the belt?
cinturón
Boarding pass tarjeta de embarque Here you have your boarding pass
Boarding pass tarjeta de embarque If you want to fly don´t lose your boarding pass!
deadline fecha límite, vencimiento We don't know the deadline for the project.
desestimar, despedir (a
I had to dismiss several of my employees
dismiss alguien de un
because of the crisis
trabajo)
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hub aeropuerto central There are many shops in this hub
redevelop remodelar, reurbanizar The architect try to redevelop these all houses
Shopping list lista de la compra Don't forget to put milk in the shopping list
informal abbreviation of
Telly Nowadays everybody has a telly at home.
TV
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To arrange organizar We have already arranged the meeting
To think over pensar, deliberar You have to think it over before acting
EXPRESSIONS SPANISH
Can we both have window seats? ¿Nos puede asignar asientos de ventanilla a los dos?
Did anyone give you anything to carry for ¿Alguien le ha dado algo para que se lo lleve (en su
them? equipaje)?
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Your flight boards at eight thirty Su vuelo embarca a las ocho y media.
to be cancelled cancelarse
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MÓDULO 2: HUMAN BODY
WARMING UP
• Make vs Do
• emphatic
• Indirect speech
• illness
• At the doctor
1. MAKE VS DO
Introduction
In this lesson, we will talk about MAKE and DO and their differences in use.
Explanation
Both MAKE and DO can mean ¨hacer¨, but they are used in different cases. It is very important to know
when to use them and the translation of a few expressions
DO
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* We use the verb 'do' when someone performs an action, activity or task.
Use the verb 'do' when speaking about things in general. In other words, to describe an action without
saying exactly what the action is. This form is often used with the words 'something, nothing, anything,
everything, etc.'
He does everything for his mother. (Él hace lo que sea por su madre)
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MAKE
Note - these activities usually create something that you can touch.
EXERCISE 1
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Complete the sentences using DO or MAKE in the appropriate tense
EXERCISE 2
2. Emphatic ¨DO¨
Introduction
Now, it is the turn of EMPHATIC ´DO´. We will learn when and how to use it.
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Anne doesn’t believe in spirits but she does believe in angels.
I don’t like people in general but I do like you.
Do sit down, please.
It is true, I did play the guitar when I was younger
Explanation
Emphatic ´DO´ is the use of a form of the verb do (do, does, or did) to add emphasis to an affirmative
sentence in present, past and imperative. We place it between the subject and the verb, except in the
case of the imperative form. In this case, it is placed just before the verb (at the beginning of the
sentence because there isn’t any subject)
The emphatic ‘do’ is far more common in speech than in formal written English.
Unlike ordinary auxiliary verbs, which are typically unstressed in speech, « emphatic do » is almost
always extra stressed in the pronunciation.
EXERCISE 1
1. Paul has a new girl friend. => Paul ______ a new girl friend.
4. You got into serious trouble. => You ________into serious trouble.
6. You knew a lot about pets. => You ________a lot about pets.
8. She thinks you are wrong. => She _______ you are wrong.
9. Your brother needs a new satchel. => Your brother _______ a new satchel.
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3. Indirect Speech
Introduction
Now, we will learn how to report people’s speech. That is, telling someone what other people said.
Explanation
If we use the same words as a speaker to report what he or she says, we are using direct speech. In
written language, direct speech is usually signalled by being enclosed in question marks:
• Paul told me: ¨You’re very pretty¨ = Paul me dijo: ¨Estás muy guapa¨.
If, on the other hand, we report what was said by means of a subordinate clause, we are using indirect
or reported speech.
• Paul told me that I was very pretty = Paul me dijo que (yo) estaba muy guapa.
When going from direct to indirect speech, we have to take into account some changes or shifts.
TENSE SHIFTS
Reported speech is used to express something that other person said before. For that, we use a
subordinated clause:
Direct speech:
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When changing from direct to indirect speech, we need to change the pronouns and adverbs.
Direct speech:
She told me “I went to the cinema yesterday” -> Ella me dijo: “Fui¡í al cine ayer”
Indirect speech:
She told me she had gone to the cinema the day before = Me dijo que había ido al cine el día anterior.
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TYPES OF SENTENCES
a) statements
c) commands
d) exclamations
Statements or declarative sentences, whether they are affirmative or negative, change into indirect
speech by means of a that-clause. The omission of the conjuction that is optional. We can use SAY
(SAID) or TELL (TOLD).
• Bill said: ¨I don’t like meat¨ = Bill said (that) he didn’t like meat. Bill dijo: ¨No me gusta la carne¨ = Bill
dijo que no le gustaba la carne.
• John said: I will eat with you tomorrow = John said (that) he would eat with me the next day = John
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dijo: ¨Comeré contigo mañana¨ = John dijo que comería conmigo el próximo día¨.
Questions requiring a yes-no question go into indirect speech in the form of a clause introduced by if
or whether (they mean ¨si¨). The verb ASK (ASKED) is mainly used.
• Peter asked: ¨Did you sleep?¨ = Peter asked if/whether I had slept.
Questions beginning with a question word (wh- questions) which request specific information are
changed into indirect speech using an interrogative clause introduced by the appropriate question
word.
• Mike asked: ¨What are they doing?¨ = Mike asked what they were doing. = Mike preguntó: ¨¿Qué
están haciendo?¨ = Mike preguntó que qué estaban haciendo.
Alternative questions normally go into indirect speech in the form of a clause introduced by
whether.
• He asked her: ¨Are you ready or not? = He asked her whether she was ready or not. Él le preguntó:
¨ ¿Estás lista o no? = Él le pregunto si estaba lista o no.
• He told me: ¨Wait for me here¨ = He told me to wait for him there. Él me dijo: ¨Esperamé aquí¨ =
Él me dijo que esperara allí.
• He told me: ¨Don’t cry¨ = He told me not to cry. Él me dijo: No llores = Él me dijo que no llorara.
Exclamations change to indirect speech in the form of a that-clause with the same meaning as the
corresponding exclamative sentence or by means of a clause introduced by the exclamative particle
itself.
• She said: ¨What a wonderful day = She exclaimed that it was a wonderful day = she said what a
wonderful day it was.
• Ella dijo: ¨ ¡Qué día más maravilloso! = Ella exclamó que era un día maravilloso = Ella dijo que qué
maravilloso día hacía.
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EXERCISE 1
EXERCISE 2
EXERCISE 3
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Let’s practice!
Vocabulary Preparation
Match the vocabulary with the correct definition and write a – h next to the number 1 – 8.
Reading comprehension:
Have you ever wondered why your fingers get wrinkled in water? A new theory could explain all!
Strange fingertips
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We are all familiar with the prune-like fingers we get when we are in the bath. Most people think it’s
caused by water making the skin in our fingers bigger. In fact it could be an evolutionary feature caused
by a reaction in our body’s central nervous system. Rather than the skin getting bigger, fingertips
actually shrink when they wrinkle, because the blood vessels inside them contract. The lines could have
evolved in our ancestors as they collected food from wet vegetation or streams.
Dr Tom Smulders, an evolutionary neuroscientist at Newcastle University, wanted to test the theory
proposed by Mark Changizi in 2011, which said that wrinkled fingers were an evolutionary adaptation.
Like treads on tyres, Changizi said that wrinkles served the function of removing water from between
the fingers and objects, making it easier to pick things up.
Smulders saw that it should be easy to prove that wrinkled fingers were better at gripping in wet
conditions and it was an ideal student project. He explains, ‘we had the idea of timing how long it takes
to move marbles from one container to another, between thumb and index finger. The people in the
experiment did that underwater or not underwater, with wrinkled fingers or not wrinkled fingers – so
one person did all four conditions.’
They found that people are in fact better at moving objects from underwater with wrinkled fingers
than with normal fingers. Smulders said how the original theory was based on the wrinkling as an
active process, controlled by the nervous system. People who have damage to their peripheral nerves
in their fingers don’t get wrinkles any more.
Adaptation to environment
Whether that means that wrinkled fingers are an adaptation is open to question; it could be a side
effect of something that evolved for a different reason. As Smulders explains, ‘it all points towards that
it may well be an adaptation for wet conditions, but you can’t prove that from a single experiment; you
have to think about many pieces of evidence.’ The research suggests that there may be a loss of
sensitivity in our hands, which explains why our fingers return to their normal state when not under
water.
Smulders hopes these results will encourage colleagues to continue this research and understand what
the evolutionary advantages were for having wrinkled fingers.
EXERCISE 1
1. When we have a bath, the tips of our fingers sometimes become covered with lines and folds.
2. Wrinkled fingertips are caused by water making our skin bigger.
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3. The lines on wet fingers are caused by changes in blood vessels in the fingers.
4. Mark Changizi thinks that the lines that appear on wet fingers are connected with evolution.
5. In experiments, it was discovered that people could move objects from underwater better with
normal fingers.
6. It is certain that wrinkled fingers are an evolutionary adaptation for wet conditions.
EXERCISE 2
Check your understanding: gap fill. Complete the sentences with a suitable word.
1. When fingertips wrinkle, it's actually because the blood vessels in the fingers _______________.
2. According to Mark Changizi, wrinkled fingers are an evolutionary adaptation that makes things easier
to _______________ in water.
3. Smulders said it should be easy to _______________ that wrinkled fingers grip better than normal
fingers.
4. Scientists are not completely sure if wrinkled fingers are an adaptation, or a side effect of something
that evolved for a different _______________.
5. The research suggests that wrinkled fingers may lose some _______________, which is why they
soon return to normal.
6. Smulders hopes that his colleagues will continue to _______________ this topic.
GLOSSARY
crossword crucigrama Many people enjoy the New York Times crossword puzzle
to perform llevar a cabo, If you can't perform the activities required, find someone who
desempeñar can
task tarea, deber, trabajo His task was to restock the shelves at the shop.
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emphatic enfático/categórico Martha was very emphatic about what she saw.
emphasis énfasis/hincapié His emphasis on good communication made the boss happy.
imperative imperativo The imperative in English looks just like the infinitive.
speech discurso, habla The vice president's speech was politely applauded.
satchel cartera, bolso Doesn't that satchel weigh you down when you're walking?
to report informar, reportar The journalist reported each new development in the talks.
gap hueco, espacio Mind the gap between the train and the platform as you board.
complaint queja If you have any complaint about the food don´t hesitate to
contact me
weird raro, extraño He is a very weird person, he doesn´t have any friends
journalistic periodístico The articles in the newspaper are written in a journalistic style
thief ladrón The thief left the house and nobody heard him
issue asunto, problema The party was cancelled because of a very serious issue
to sign firmar You have to sign the contract before you start to work
joy alegría, júbilo She couldn´t hide her joy when she won the lottery
morbidly obeso mórbido A morbidly obese is a person who has overweight with a lot of
obese body fat.
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weight gain aumento de peso I am afraid of my weight gain at Christmas.
trimmer más esbelto He became trimmer after one year going to the gym
EXPRESIONES SIGNIFICADO
to miss the flight perder el vuelo
now, let´s learn how to ... ahora, aprendamos a cómo ...
question marks signos de interrogación
to take into account tener en cuenta
on the one hand ... por un lado ...
and on the other hand ... y por otro lado ...
pick somebody up recoger a alguien
cheat on somebody ser infiel a alguien
lack of something falta de algo
At risk for En riesgo de
I am out of borrowed time Estoy fuera del tiempo prestado
If you don’t need it for fuel Si no las necesitas para quemar calorías
Gastric bypass surgery Cirugía de bypass gástrico
Complication rates Porcentaje de complicación
I underwent gastric bypass Me sometí a la cirugía de bypass gástrico
surgery
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MÓDULO 3: TELL ME ABOUT IT
WARMING UP
Descriptions
About describing
• Used to
• Anaphoric To
• Appearance
• Personality
About describing
Introduction
The word "the" is one of the most common words in English. It is our only
definite article. Nouns in English are preceded by the definite article when the
speaker believes that the listener already knows what he is referring to. The
speaker may believe this for many different reasons, some of which are listed
below.
Explanation
General rules
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Examples
• An unarmed man stole 1000$ from the bank on Monday. The thief hasn't been
caught yet.
• I was walking past Benny's Bakery when I decided to go into the bakery to get
some bread.
• There's a position available in my team. The job will involve some international
travel.
Use the when you assume there is just one of something in that place, even if it has
not been mentioned before.
Examples
Use the in sentences or clauses where you define or identify a particular person or
object.
Examples
Examples
Examples
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Use the with adjectives, to refer to a whole group of people.
Examples
Examples
Examples
Proper nouns
Use the with names of geographical areas, rivers, mountain ranges, groups of islands,
canals, and oceans.
Examples
Examples
Use the with countries that include the words "republic", "kingdom", or "states" in
their names.
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Examples
Examples
Use the with the names of famous buildings, works of art, museums, or monuments.
Examples
Use the with the names of hotels & restaurants, unless these are named after a
person.
Examples
Use the with the names of families, but not with the names of individuals.
Examples
Do not use the with names of countries (except for the special cases above).
Examples
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Do not use the with the names of languages.
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
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Examples
Examples
Examples
Do not use the with the names of individual mountains, lakes and islands
Examples
Do not use the with most names of towns, streets, stations and airports
Examples
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EXERCISE 1
Decide whether to use the definite article ‘the’ or not. If you do not need the article
‘the’, use x.
EXERCISE 2
Decide whether to use the definite article ‘the’ or not. If you do not need the article
‘the’, use x.
1. Last year we visited the/x St. Paul's Cathedral and the Tower.
6. x/The Plaza Hotel is on the corner of the/x 59th Street and the/x 5th Avenue.
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EXERCISE 3
Decide whether to use the definite article ‘the’ or not. If you do not need the article
‘the’, type an x.
Hi John,
I arrived in x/the USA last Monday. We left the/x Rome, flew over the Alps and
made a quick stop in the/x London. There we went shopping in the/x Harrods,
visited x/the Tower and enjoyed a sunny afternoon in the/x Hyde Park. On the
following day we left for the/x New York. x/The time on board wasn't boring as
there were two films to watch on the monitor. x/The people on x/the plane were
all the/x Italian. Before we landed at the/x JFK airport, we saw x/the Statue of
Liberty, the/x Ellis Island and x/the Empire State Building. x/The hotel I stayed in
was on x/the corner of the/x 42nd Street and the/x 5th Avenue. I don't like the/x
hotels very much, but I didn't have the/x time to rent an apartment.
Yours,
Peter
EXERCISE 4
Decide whether to use the definite article ‘the’ or not. If you do not need the article
‘the’, type an x.
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8. ______girls in my class are going to ______cinema this Saturday.
10. You can fool some of ______people all _______time, and all _______people some
of _____time; but you cannot fool all _____people all _______time.
2. USED TO
Introduction
Used to is used for past habits. Used to is generally treated as an ordinary verb
to form the negative and the interrogative. In a more formal context, used to
can act as a modal verb.
Get used to, get accustomed to. This structure implies a process, whereas the
process is over in the structure of be used to.
Explanation
1. USED TO + INFINITIVE
We use this structure to express habits in the past , It is not a tense but it is like a
tense. It is a special expression. It is a defective verb, that means it only has the past
tense. if we want to express a habit in the present we use the simple present and a
frequency adverb (usually).
We can never say I use to go there ... The usual question form with “used to” is:
Answers:
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Remember that “use” and not “used” is used after “did” and “didn’t”.
2. TO BE USED TO + ING
• I'm used to living on my own. I've done it for quite a long time.
• Hans has lived in England for over a year so he is used to driving on the left now.
• They've always lived in hot countries so they aren't used to the cold weather here.
We use this structure to talk about the process of something becoming normal for us.
• I didn't understand the accent when I first moved here but I quickly got used to it.
• She has started working nights and is still getting used to sleeping during the day.
• I have always lived in the country but now I'm beginning to get used to living in the city.
We can also say to become used / accustomed to with the same structure.
EXERCISE 1
Complete these sentences with used to, get used to or be used to and
their correct tense.
children.
3. Sarah and George will ___________ living together very soon, I am sure.
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4. ______ Inés ______ do exercise last year? Now she never does any!
EXERCISE 2
Choose the right answer:
uses
is used
uses to
use
used
are used
didn't use to
don't use
used to not
were used
got used
got used to
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Did you use to
Used you to
3. ANAPHORIC TO
Introduction
‘Anaphoric to’ receives this name because its use implies references to elements,
aspects, situations or characters previously mentioned.
Explanation
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The anaphor produced by to happens on three occasions:
- Don’t worry about passing the test; I know you’ll manage to.
(to = to pass the test)
Do not forget the list of verbs followed by a verb with a to infinitive, including:
- Are you sure you would like her to tell you the truth?
Of course I’d like her to!
Imagine that Charles used to smoke a packet of cigarettes a day last year.
This year, he smokes 10 cigarettes per day. We can say:
- Ought to.
Now imagine that Charles’ girlfriend always asks him to give up smoking.
However, he refuses to do so. We can say:
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• Charles doesn’t want to give up smoking, but his girlfriend thinks
that he ought to. (to = to give up smoking)
- Have to.
Eventually, Charles goes to the doctor’s. He tells Charles that he must give
up smoking in order not to have serious health problems. We can say:
EXERCISE 1
Complete the sentences using the anaphoric to and one of these verbs:
1. Nancy says that you don’t need to buy her anything, but I think you__________ to.
3. Mum! Could you tell my sister to call me? Yes, I will ____________to.
6. He was offered a better job in the company. He didn’t want to move to another city
that’s why he__________to.
9. He was a very nice guy but now he is not the same he__________to.
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Let’s practice!
“Jane Goodall had long been an idol of mine before I had the opportunity to meet her
personally. She is very busy and always travelling, so the chance to see her is quite
rare.
It was two years ago, that Jane Goodall came to the German JG-Institute in Munich to
give a lecture, and so I took a flight to Munich to see her. She did not look like what I
had expected a popular world-renowned scientist would look like. In spite of having
been born in Britain in April 1934, she had nothing of a typical British behaviour about
her. She wore blue jeans, trainers and a cotton blouse. She looked like a normal and
modest woman, one that you would meet in a supermarket. And she did not even look
like a woman over 50, though her long hair tied in a ponytail was grey. Her face was
smooth and in a very mysterious way looked carefree like a child ´s face does.
There was a very lively and wise expression in her eyes, but most impressible was the
deep love and peace they transmitted to everybody when she spoke to the audience.
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She had lived over 30 years next to chimpanzees in the rainforest, studying and
learning from them as she said. You could see the marks of that life, as her whole body
seemed to transmit peace and wisdom and was as fit as that of a young woman in her
mid-twenties. And even though she has been back to the civilized world for many
years now, where she has taught at many universities and fought battles against
politicians, businesses and other strong opponents to get protection for chimpanzees
and other apes, she must have done this with those very calm gestures that are more
convincing than any powerful and eloquent talk.
by Judith Burgdorfer
In spite of – a pesar de
behavior - comportamiento
carefree – despreocupado/a
lively - vivaz
wise – sabia/o
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EXERCISE.
3. Jane Goodall looked exactly like the author expected. True / False.
6. There was a lively and wise expression in her eyes. True / False
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GLOSSARY
Marks las marcas The marks were from the car´s tyres
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Outbursts estallido / explosión How I have deserved this extraordinary
outburst?
Onset arranque It happened before the outset of the war
EXPRESIONES SIGNIFICADO
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estar informado de lo que
ear to the ground
alrededor
driving passion passion inspiradora
core qualities cualidades base
tempered his character tranquilizó su carácter
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KEY ANSWERS
EXERCISE 1
1. has fallen
2. was
3. leaves
4. arrives
5. disappears
6. are consuming
7. have risen
5. Indefinite Pronouns
EXERCISE 1
1. Everybody
2. Anybody
3. Somebody
4. Anybody
5. Somebody
6. Nobody
EXERCISE 2
1. Something
2. Nobody
3. Somewhere
4. Anybody and somebody
5. Nothing
6. nowhere, somewhere
7. Something
8. Something
9. Somewhere
10. anything
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EXERCISE 3
1. Something
2. anybody
3. somebody
4. anything
5. something
6. anybody
7. anything
8. something
9. somebody
10. something
11. anything
12. anybody
13. something
14. anything
15. somewhere
EXERCISE 4
1. anybody
2. everything
3. more
4. both
5. nothing
6. little
7. everybody
8. one
9. either
10. such
11. everywhere
12. none
13. many
14. less / more
15. others
EXERCISE 5
1. I
2. A
3. E
4. B
5. F
6. G
7. C
8. H
9. D
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3. First and Second Conditionals
EXERCISE 1
1. F
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. E
EXERCISE 2
EXERCISE 3
1. False
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. False
6. True
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7. True
8. False
9. True
10. False
Reading
EXERCISE 1
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. False
5. False
6. False
7. True
1. Make vs Do
EXERCISE 1
1. Making
2. Make
3. Making
4. Do
5. Make
6. Doing
7. Makes
8. Make
9. Do
10. Do
11. Make
12. did
EXERCISE 2
1C; 2E; 3F; 4G; 5I; 6A; 7B; 8D; 9J; 10H
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2. Emphatic ¨DO¨
EXERCISE 1
1. DOES HAVE
2. DID MISS
3. DOES SING
4. DID GET
5. DO HAVE
6. DID KNOW
7. DO COME IN
8. DOES THINK
9. DOES NEED
10. DO SIT DOWN
3. Indirect Speech
EXERCISE 1
EXERCISE 2
1. My sister said that she was going to buy a new pair of boots. 2.
2. The man told the receptionist that his wife was wearing a red dress and a big
hat.
3. The witness told the policeman that the driver had tried to stop the car.
4. I answered that I had enjoyed the opera very much.
5. The assistant said that it was a beautiful model.
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EXERCISE 3
Reading
EXERCISE pre-reading
1. c
2. d
3. f
4. e
5. b
6. a
7. h
8. g
EXERCISE 1. Reading
1. True.
2. False.
3. True.
4. True.
5. False.
6. False.
EXERCISE 2. Reading
1. shrink
2. grip
3. prove
4. reason
5. sensitivity
6. research
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1. The definite article – the
EXERCISE 1
11. x
12. the
13. x
14. the
15. x
16. x
17. the
18. x
19. the
20. x
EXERCISE 2
1. x , the
2. x ,the
3. x , the
4. x ,x
5. The
6. The ,x
7. x
8. the
9. x, x
10. x ,x
EXERCISE 3
Hi John,
I arrived in x/the USA last Monday. We left the/x Rome, flew over the Alps and
made a quick stop in the/x London. There we went shopping in the/x Harrods,
visited x/the Tower and enjoyed a sunny afternoon in the/x Hyde Park. On the
following day we left for the/x New York. x/The time on board wasn't boring as
there were two films to watch on the monitor. x/The people on x/the plane were
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all the/x Italian. Before we landed at the/x JFK airport, we saw x/the Statue of
Liberty, the/x Ellis Island and x/the Empire State Building. x/The hotel I stayed in
was on x/the corner of the/x 42nd Street and the/x 5th Avenue. I don't like the/x
hotels very much, but I didn't have the/x time to rent an apartment.
Yours,
Peter
EXERCISE 4
1. x/x/the
2. the/x/the/x
3. x/x/the
4. x/the
5. x/x
6. x/the/x/the
7. x/x/x/the/the
8. the/the
9. x/the
10. the/the/the/the/the/the
2. Used to
EXERCISE 1
1. Used to
2. Are used to
3. Get used to
4. Did Inés used to
5. Got used to
6. Is used to
EXERCISE 2
1. is used
2. use
3. didn't use to
4. got used to
5. Did you use to
6. was getting used
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7. 'll get used to
3. Anaphoric to
EXERCISE 1
a. Ought
b. Has
c. Tell
d. Love
e. Planning
f. Refused
g. Afford
h. Expect
i. used
Reading
EXERCISE 1
1. True
2. False.
3. False.
4. False.
5. True
6. True
7. False
8. True
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