Motivational Interviewing (MI) Refers To A
Motivational Interviewing (MI) Refers To A
Motivational Interviewing (MI) Refers To A
org/wiki/Motivational_interviewing
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MI recognizes and accepts the fact that clients who need to make changes in their lives
approach counseling at different levels of readiness to change their behavior.[3] During
counseling, some patients may have thought about it but not taken steps to change it while
some may be actively trying to change their behavior and may have been doing so
unsuccessfully for years. In order for a therapist to be successful at motivational interviewing,
four basic interaction skills should first be established.[4] These skills include: the ability to
ask open ended questions, the ability to provide affirmations, the capacity for reflective
listening, and the ability to periodically provide summary statements to the client.[5] These
skills are used strategically, while focusing on a variety of topics like looking back, a typical
day, the importance of change, looking forward, confidence about change, and so on.
The main goals of motivational interviewing are to engage clients, elicit change talk, and
evoke motivation to make positive changes from the client. For example, change talk can be
elicited by asking the client questions, such as "How might you like things to be different?"
or "How does ______ interfere with things that you would like to do?" Change may occur
quickly or may take considerable time, and the pace of change will vary from client to client.
Knowledge alone is usually not sufficient to motivate change within a client, and challenges
in maintaining change should be thought of as the rule, not the exception. Ultimately,
practitioners must recognize that motivational interviewing involves collaboration not
confrontation, evocation not education, autonomy rather than authority, and exploration
instead of explanation. Effective processes for positive change focus on goals that are small,
important to the client, specific, realistic, and oriented in the present and/or future.[10]
While there are as many variations in technique as there are clinical encounters, the spirit of
the method, however, is more enduring and can be characterized in a few key points:[6]
1. Motivation to change is elicited from the client, and is not imposed from outside
forces
2. It is the client's task, not the counselor's, to articulate and resolve his or her
ambivalence
3. Direct persuasion is not an effective method for resolving ambivalence
4. The counseling style is generally quiet and elicits information from the client
5. The counselor is directive, in that they help the client to examine and resolve
ambivalence
6. Readiness to change is not a trait of the client, but a fluctuating result of interpersonal
interaction
7. The therapeutic relationship resembles a partnership or companionship
Contents
1 Four general processes
2 Adaptations of motivational interviewing
o 2.1 Motivational enhancement therapy [11]
o 2.2 MI Groups [14]
3 Limitations of motivational interviewing
4 Applications of Motivational interviewing
5 References
6 Sources
7 External links
1. Engaging - used to involve the client in talking about issues, concerns and hopes, and
to establish a trusting relationship with a counselor.
2. Focusing - used to narrow the conversation to habits or patterns that clients want to
change.
3. Evoking - used to elicit client motivation for change by increasing clients' sense of the
importance of change, their confidence about change, and their readiness to change.
4. Planning - used to develop the practical steps clients want to use to implement the
changes they desire.
Motivational interviewing is supported by over 200 randomized clinical control trials [13]
across a range of target populations and behaviors including substance abuse, health-
promotion behaviors, medical adherence, and mental health issues.
MI Groups [14]
MI groups are highly interactive, focused on positive change, and harness group processes for
evoking and supporting positive change. They are delivered in four phases:
A critic of these studies argues that to represent real world clinical activities, such studies
must include every client entering the facility under study (within the parameters of informed
consent) (Patterson, 2008 & 2009).
References
1.
14. Wagner, C.C., Ingersoll, K.S., and contributors (2013). Motivational interviewing
in groups. New York: Guilford Press, Inc.
Sources
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social
behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0139364358.
Brennan, T. (1982) Commitment to Counseling: Effects of Motivational Interviewing
and Contractual Agreements on Help-seeking Attitudes and Behavior. Doctoral
Thesis:University.of Nebraska.
Herman, K.C., Reinke, W.M., Frey, A.J., & Shepard, S.A.(2013). Motivational
interviewing in schools: Strategies for engaging parents, teachers, and students. New
York: Springer. ISBN 978-0826130723
Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (1991). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for
change. New York: Guilford Press.
Miller, W.R. and Rollnick, S. Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People to Change,
2nd ed. NY: Guilford Press, 2002. ISBN 978-1572305632.
Miller, W.R., & Rollnick, S. Motivational Interviewing, 3rd ed. Guilford Press, 2012.
ISBN 978-1-60918-227-4.
Rollnick, S., Heather, N., & Bell, A. (1992). Negotiating behaviour change in medical
settings: The development of brief motivational interviewing. Journal of Mental
Health, 1, 25-37.
Patterson, D. A. (2008). Motivational interviewing: Does it increase retention in
outpatient treatment? Substance Abuse, 29(1), 17-23.
Patterson, D. A. (2009). Retaining Addicted & HIV-Infected Clients in Treatment
Services. Saarbrücken, Germany: VDM Publishing House Ltd. ISBN 978-
3639076714.
Prochaska, J. O. (1983). "Self changers vs. therapy changers vs.Schachter." American
Psychologist 38: 853-854.
Reinke, W. M., Herman, K. C., & Sprick, R. (2011). Motivational interviewing for
classroom management: The Classroom Check-Up. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN
978-1609182588.
Rogers, Carl (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist's view of psychotherapy.
London: Constable. ISBN 1-84529-057-7.
Rollnick, S., Miller, W.R., & Butler, C.C. "Motivational Interviewing in Health Care:
Helping Patients Change Behavior". NY: Guilford Press, 2007. ISBN 978-1-59385-
613-7.
Wagner, C.C., Ingersoll, K.S., & contributors (2013). Motivational Interviewing in
Groups. New York: Guilford Press.
External links
Motivational Interviewing Glossary and Fact Sheet Kathleen Sciacca
"Dual Diagnosis Treatment and Motivational Interviewing for Co-occurring
Disorders" in National Council Magazine 2007
NIAAA web site: Project MATCH, MET treatment manual
Steve Rollnick official website
Motivational Interviewing Network of Trainers (MINT) website