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Isbn 978-93-84648-71-8 PDF
Isbn 978-93-84648-71-8 PDF
National Seminar on
“Recent Advances in Plant Sciences”
Organized by
Department of Botany
Singareni Collieries Women’s Degree College,
Kothagudem
Edited by
International E – Publication
www.isca.me , www.isca.co.in
Proceedings of the Two-Day UGC
National Seminar on
“Recent Advances in Plant Sciences”
Organized by
Department of Botany
Singareni Collieries Women’s Degree College,
Kothagudem
Edited by
2015
International E - Publication
www.isca.me , www.isca.co.in
International E - Publication
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ISBN: 978-93-84648-71-8
International Science Congress Association
www.isca.in
Foreword
A Two- Day National Seminar on “Recent Advances in Plant Sciences” sponsored by
UGC was organized by the department of Botany of this college on 29th and 30th October 2014.
The seminar was organized with a view to inculcate scientific temper, promote botanical
research and the need for conservation of diversified plants across the globe in the minds of
budding botanists. It provided the faculty and the students of the college an opportunity to
interact with eminent Botanists and Researchers from different parts of the country.
The subject chosen for the seminar is most apt for present conditions. In view of
increasing population and escalating energy demand, there is a need to integrate scientific
research to the land conditions and increase productivity. I am sure that the deliberation of the
seminar on various aspects of botanical research is a success in this direction. Interaction among
the scientists, researchers, academicians and students has highlighted the need to grapple with
present problems and bring out a concrete message for sustainable development in future.
The proceedings of the seminar in the form of this volume is the result of the diligence
and perseverance of Dr. V.V. Ramana, HOD Botany, the Organizing Secretary and members of
the Botany Department. I acknowledge and appreciate the work done by them.
I am sure that this book will serve as good material for researchers in the field of plant
sciences.
Principal,
S.C.W.D. College
March 2015
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PREFACE
Human life is intrinsically related to plants. The economy of a Nation, the health and wellbeing of its
people are all dependent on the plants. Plants are one of the most fascinating and important group of
organisms living on Earth. They serve as the reservoir of energy into the biosphere, provide food, and
shape our environment. Green plants have the unique capacity to trap the solar energy which is
essentially the only mechanism of energy input into the living world. Plant science deals with the study
of plants from many points of view. This science investigates the basic and applied aspects of plants their
adaptation to varying conditions of environment there distribution in space and time. The laws involved
in their evolution, the laws of hereditary, the diverse uses of plants and lastly the different methods that
can be adopted to improve plants for better use by mankind.
Plants sustain human life by providing basic raw materials needed for food, clothing, shelter, medicines,
energy, raw material for several industries etc. in addition to rendering various ecosystem services.
Green Plants are not just there to feed our needs or to decorate the landscape, they are the organisms that
make life in our biosphere possible: they make the otherwise lifeless environment habitable, arable and
with ability to photosynthesize, provide clean air and regulate water cycles of the planet. As a matter of
fact the existence of the man would not be impossible and unthinkable without plants. With advance in
knowledge man has tried to tap all sources for his comforts and varied uses. Thus a host of other useful
products have been obtained from the plant world, through his knowledge and the proper application of
it.
Food production is not the only way whereby plants contribute to human welfare. Coal, oil, and
Gasoline all, either directly or indirectly, trace their beginnings to plants of long ago. Thus, much of our
machinery actually runs on plant products. Paper and books are products of plants, also spices, tea,
stimulants, sedatives, pain killers, oils, waxes, gums, alcohol, linen, brooms etc. Plants have been used at
varying times and in varying cultures to create visions, dispose demons, incur blessings, and improve
fertility. Trees have played an important role in the economy of the state and are an asset to the nation.
Today, by inserting one or more genes into a plant, scientists are able to produce a plant with new,
advantageous characteristics. The new gene splicing techniques are being used to achieve many of the
same goals and improvements that plant breeders historically have sought through conventional methods.
They give scientists the ability to isolate genes and introduce new traits into foods without
simultaneously introducing Undesirable traits. This is an important improvement over traditional
breeding. Because of the increased precision offered by the bioengineered methods, the risk of
introducing detrimental traits is actually likely to be reduced.
If we want to make headway in understanding how these essential organisms function and build the
foundation for a more sustainable future, then we need to apply the most advanced technologies available
to the study of plant life. Recent advances in Plant sciences have provided strong basis for initiating
comprehensive research on various branches of Botany for human welfare. Plant biotechnology has
emerged as an area having tremendous impact in the fields of health, agriculture, industry and
environmental protection.
In the field of plant sciences very rapid progress has been made on a number of fronts in recent years
through developments in basic biology, instrumentation, microscopy, computational analysis,
cytochemistryand biochemistry. Besides fundamental uses in unraveling the mysteries of nature & global
climate change, Genome biodiversity assessment also has far reaching implications in the well being of
mankind. The advent of genomics-based technologies has provided the ability to address biological
questions or altered phenotypes in ways not previously imagined. In the past decade, we have obtained
reference genomes for a number of plant species which can now serve as the basis for comparative
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studies within or among species and as a framework for a wide variety of functional genomics
approaches.
Over the past few decades rapid developments in genomic and other molecular research technologies
and developments in bioinformation technologies have combined to produce a tremendous amount of
information related to molecular biology. From fish to fungus, trees to turnip, potato to paper,
nanobiotechnology is about more than pesticides and genetic engineering. In view of these, a national
seminar on “Recent Advances in Plant Sciences” was organized to acquire stock of the current
knowledge which will help us to understand the depth of nature easily. The seminar comprised of Key
note, lead lectures, oral and poster presentations on the following sub themes
1. Taxonomy, Ethnobotany and Pharmaceuticals.
2. Ecology, Climate change and Plant Adaptation.
3. Bio-informatics, Nanotechnology and its application in Modern plant biology.
4. Agro- biodiversity, Traditional agriculture and Modern agriculture.
5. Plant Biotechnology, Plant Biochemistry and Physiology.
6. Molecular Biology and Cytogenetics.
Challenges world wide i.e. ever increasing population, food & oil crisis and escalating energy demand
show a clear need to develop a new breed of professionals and officials who can effectively combine
their individual expertise to tackle these challenges by evolving innovative strategies and implementing
holistic solutions. The fruits of the scientific research should reach the common man.
Many advances made in the past and also in recent times in plant sciences have shown promising
solutions to global problems and in future also it is likely to make many more contributions to the
welfare of human beings. Hence an attempt was made through the present seminar on “Recent Advances
in Plant sciences- to provide a platform for sharing the knowledge and to help in arriving fruitful
solutions for better environment to live in and to sensitize the researchers and the students the young
budding botanists to promote lab to land technology.
The National seminar focused on 6 subthemes and is divided into 6 sessions. We are fortunate that
resource persons of very high caliber from reputed institutions like NIT Warangal, Central university of
Hyd., R&D centre Tea Stanes & CO. Ltd, Coimbatore, SKU, Ananthpuram, JNTU(H), RARS,
wgl.,ITDA, Garemellapadu, O.U and from the parent University of K.U.have responded enthusiastically
to our invitation in this academic activity. In addition to the 12 lead lectures we received 77 contributory
papers (Abstracts) from SKU, Yogivemmana Univ., Telangana univ, Sathavahana Univ, O.U, K.U.and
from different colleges.41 student abstracts for poster presentations.
In the inaugural address delivered by sri. Jalagam Venkat Rao, honorable MLA, Kothagudem
constituency stressed that India is an agricultural country and the need of the hour is to increase the
productivity by promoting lab to land technology.
Key note was delivered by Prof. B. Ravi Prasada Rao, Professor of Botany, Member, Indian sub
continent plant specialist group- IUCN, on modern approaches for Biodiversity conservation. In his lucid
lecture with beautiful illustrations spoke about conservation and management strategies that maintain and
restore biodiversity which include the use of Biotechnology, Species modeling and Satellite technology.
Session I- Taxonomy, Ethnobotany & Pharmacueticals was chaired by Prof. MA. Singaracharya,
Kakatiya Univeristy, Dean CDC and Co- Chaired by Md. Mustafa, KU.
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One lead lecture was presented by Dr. J.Usha Kumari, Reader in Botany (Retd), SCWDC on
Ethnobotany in general and review of family Moraceae.
Session II- Ecology, Climate change and Plant adaptations was chaired by Prof. Ch. Sasikala, Head
department of Env, JNTUH, Hyderabad.
Prof. MA. Singarachray, Department of Microbiology, KU has deliverd a lucid lead lecture on Green
plants in carbon capture and storage (CCS)- he emphasized on the fact i.e. “Green Cleans” and also
spoke about carbon foot prints and carbon credits.
Session III- Bio- informatics and Nanotechnology and its applications in modern plant biology was
chaired by Prof. D. Ravinder Gupta, Department of Physics, OU, he spoke about applications of nano
particles in medical world like gene therapy, cancer therapy, drug delivery etc. in plant world in
taxonomic view, this modern tool is useful for the synthesis of eco friendly, non toxic, non expensive
nano particles which help us to open a new vista for the classification of Angiosperms and detection of
their phylogenetic relationship.
Lead lecture was delivered by Dr. R. Sateesh Babu, Associate Professor, NIT, Warangal on the “Role of
bioinformatics in plant sciences and how it plays a key role in today’s Botanical research as tool in
database management, visualization, integration, analysis, modeling and prediction”.
Day two i.e. 30.10.2014 began with
Session IV- Agro biodiversity, Traditional and Modern Agriculture chaired by Dr.C.Cheralu, Asst
Director RARS, Warangal.stressed the need to conserve germplasm of the wild varieties and also the
need for construction of some natural biodiversity farms and spoken on “Sustainable, low input
ecofarming”.
TWO LEAD LECTURES were presented one by R. Ramakrishna, Horticulturist on “New Technologies
in Horticulture to increase productivity to get higher yield per unit area”.
Second lecture was by Prof. Shahera Nasreen from Aurangabadh. I am very happy to state that she is a
proud product of our college. Spoke about “Modern agriculture- a challenge to researchers”.
Session V- Plant Biotechnology, Physiology and Biochemistry was chaired by Prof. B. Digamber rao,
Chairman BOS in Botany, KU and has delivered a very interesting lecture on Algal Biotechnology with
special reference to “Spirulina serves as nutrient for mall nutrition cases in under developed countries
and in rich countries for beautification as cosmetics”
Second lead lecture was delivered by Prof .N. Ramaswamy, Principal University College, KU on “Role
of Plant Biotechnology in Human Welfare and some of the Highlights of their research”.
The last Session VI- Molecular Biology and Cytogenetics was chaired by Dr. V. Krishna Reddy, HOD
Botany, KU.
Prof. S. Ram Reddy, Dept of Microbiology, KU has given lecture on “Cell cycle regulation with special
reference to cancer”
The session concluded with a lecture by Dr.S. Karunakar Reddy, OU, Hyd on “DNA and its
replication”.
This book is a collection of the lectures and papers presented by academicians in the two
day National Seminar on “Recent Advances in Plant Sciences” organized by department of Botany
Singareni Collieries Women’s Degree College, Kothagudem during 29th& 30th October 2014.The
Editors would like to add that the rights of the paper contributors have been respected and no
changes are made in the text submitted by them except for the purpose of formatting to publish.
Acknowledgements
As the Organizing secretary of the National Seminar and editor of this volume, I would like to record my
gratitude and appreciation to the following persons and organizations.
• University Grants Commission (SERO, HYD) for the financial assistance provided to organize
the two day National Seminar on “ Recent Advances In Plant Sciences “and also for the
publication of the proceedings , which gave shape to this book.
• Our Collaborating partner, Environment cell, SCCL, Kothagudem represented by Sri. M.Vasanth
Kumar, G.M. Environment, Singareni Collieries Company Ltd. For continuous cooperation.
• The management of Singareni Collieries Womens Degree College, in particular to Dr.M.Kamala
Rani, Principal and Sri C.V.Reddy G.M. Education, SCCL for their logistic support and
encouragement.
• Prof. B. Ravi Prasad Rao, Prof. of Botany, SKU, Ananthpur for his lucid Key note address.
• Prof. M.A.Singaracharya, Prof. of Microbiologyand Dean CDC, K.U., Prof. N.Ramaswamy, prof
of Biotechnology and Principal, K.U., Science College, Prof. B.Digamber Rao, Chairman BOS in
Botany, K.U, Dr.V. Krishna Reddy, Head department of Botany, K.U for being the guests of
honour for the Inaugural and Valedictory sessions and for their inspiring messages.
• All the resource persons for making the technical sessions not only useful and interesting but also
for motivating students with very relevant and thought provoking lectures.
• The participants from various places for their enthusiastic involvement and knowledge sharing,
which is crucial for the success of the seminar.
• The Faculty members of the Botany department & from all other departments and the non
teaching staff of the college for the assistance extended to make the seminar a grand success.
• Sri S.K.Moulana of Thahergraphics and printers, Kothagudem for his timely help in printing the
proceedings
Dr.V.V.Ramana
SCWDC Kothagudem
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Table of Contents
S. No Title of The Paper Authors Page number
1. Green Plants in Carbon M.A. Singara Charya 1
Capture and Storage (CCS)
2. Role of Plant Srikanth Kagtihoju, Vikram 16
biotechnology in human Godishala, Mahitha Banala,
welfare – a Review
Mohammad Hadi Ebrahimzadeh,
Fatemeh Soghra Younesikelaki,
Madhusudhan Kairamkonda,
Rajinikanth Marka and Nanna Rama
Swamy*
3. Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Gudikandula Krishna1, Metuku Ram 31
Nanoparticles Using
Prasad1, Pabba Shivakrishna1, Svssl
Daedaleopsis flavidaand
evaluation of their antibacterial Hima Bindu N1, Burra Samatha1,
activity
Vadapally Pranitha2 and M.A.
Singara Charya1
4. Synthesis and characterization M.V.Ramana 1 P.S.Lakshmi2, and P. 42
of Gd3+doped Zinc Oxide Suneetha3
nanocrystals
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The latest major group of plants to evolve was the grasses, which became important in the
mid-Paleocene, from around 40 million years ago. The grasses, as well as many other groups,
evolved new mechanisms of metabolism to survive the low CO2 and warm, dry conditions of
the tropics over the last 10 million years.
Billion years
Plants bring manifold benefits to the human beings, and also to the environment we
live in. The effect of plants (vegetation) on pollution is considerable. Carbon-dioxide cycle
in the atmosphere is the most important for the very existence of mankind and living
organisms. Plants are beneficial in conservation of soil and water and a perennial source of a
large variety of raw-materials. Trees and shrubs help clean the air. They absorb carbon
dioxide, release oxygen and provide surfaces for the deposition of airborne particles and
unhealthful gases such as ozone. Also, water evaporating from tree leaves cools the air and
shade from trees cuts energy consumption, reducing the need for air-polluting energy
generation. Trees provide many benefits to a community. They create the oxygen we
breathe; reduce air and water pollution; reduce storm water runoff; provide shade; reduce
energy costs; reduce the urban heat island effect; act as wind breaks, sound barriers, and
visual screens. They improve our quality of life in enormous ways.
1.3 Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis is not quite as simple as adding water to CO2 to produce sugars and
oxygen. A complex chemical pathway is involved, facilitated along the way by a range
of enzymes and co-enzymes. The enzyme RuBisCO is responsible for "fixing" CO2 – that is,
it attaches it to a carbon-based molecule to form a sugar, which can be used by the plant,
releasing an oxygen molecule along the way. However, the enzyme is notoriously inefficient,
and just as effectively will also fix oxygen instead of CO2 in a process
called photorespiration. This is energetically costly as the plant has to use energy to turn the
products of photorespiration back into a form that can react with CO2.
Photosynthesis
40 x 1012 W (0.02%)
In the total solar amount of radiation only very meager portion ( 40 x 1012 )(0.02%) is
utilized by green plants existing in terrestrial and aquatic habitats towards photosynthesis.
The remaining major portion of the radiation is reflected (30%) and stored (20%) from the
clouds and absorbed by land, oceans, and atmosphere and converted to heat (50%).
Radiant energy λ4 R4
from sun
λ0 λ4 (λ’3=λ4 R2)
λ3 R3
λ3 (λ’2=λ3+ R2)
λ2 R2
Absorbedr λ1
adiation λ2 (λ’1=λ2+ R1)
λ1 R1
Radiation to
outer space
Respiratory heat loss to
Heat losses other than outer space
respiratory
The Lindeman concept of community dynamics explains how the major portion of
radiant energy from the sun is absorbed and how it is distributed and captured by the
autotrophs in different ecosystems. After entry in to the ecosystem, the energy is traversed
through producers , herbivores, carnivores and gradually decreased, hence called it as
unidirectional flow of energy. Around 10% of energy is generally transporter to other trophic
level, hence it it is called as 10% law. From each trophic level the energy (R1 to R4)
liberated as respiratory heat loss to outer space.
1.5 Chlorophylls:
Chlorophylls are essential pigments for all phototrophic organisms. Chlorophylls are
themselves the product of a long evolutionary development, and can possibly be used to help
understand the evolution of other aspects of photosynthesis. The early part of the pathway is
identical to heme biosynthesis in almost all steps and has clearly been recruited from that
older pathway. The later steps include the insertion of magnesium and the elaboration of the
ring system and its substituent. The earliest version of the pathway (and that used by most
modern anoxygenic photosynthetic organisms) almost certainly was anaerobic, both not
requiring and not tolerating the presence of O2.
The forests and trees play an important role in amelioration of environment due to
their tremendous potential to act as:
Plants play an important role in reducing the environmental pollution load as well as
serve as pollution indicator. Vegetal cover is, therefore, a pollution scavenger as it absorbs
gases and gathers particulate matter through leaves having large surface areas. The green
portions of the trees and plants have the capacity to filter dust, smoke and other pollutants in
the air. Some species like Ficus, Mango, Neem etc. also act as good dust collectors.
The plants absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants giving us clean
air to breathe. Their shade prevents too much exposure to the sun. They reduce soil erosion,
polluted storm water run-off and thus save contributing to expensive mechanical water
control. The contribution of trees could be substantially increased if we strategically plant a
large number of trees and provide long-term stewardship to maximize their health and
longevity. This will maximize their benefit potential and provide us with future energy
savings and improved air quality.
Plants help in absorbing the gaseous pollutants through leaf stomata during the normal
exchange of gases. Plants are useful in binding or dissolving water soluble pollutants on to
moist leaf surfaces. They used in intercepting and storing larger particulates on outer leaf
surfaces, the epidermis, which may be waxy, resinous, hairy, or scaly. Trees are used in
capturing and storing particulates on the uneven, rough branch and bark surfaces. The role of
plants in sequestering CO2 aboveground in woody tissue and below ground in the roots is
well established. Further, trees are helpful in lowering local air and building temperatures
through transpiration, shading, and reducing winter wind infiltration, thus lessening the
demand for cooling and heating and the formation of ozone.
• Atmospheric concentration of carbon-dioxide crossed 380 ppm and is adding 2 ppm every year.
This level of carbon-dioxide this planet has not witnessed for at least 6,50,000 years - IPCC .The
carbon dioxide levels in India are 365 ppm and expected to rise by 600-700 ppm by 2100, if the
burning of fossil fuel continue in this manner.
Despite these "sinks" for our greatly increased CO2 production, the concentration
of atmospheric CO2 continues to rise. Carbon dioxide is transparent to light but rather opaque
to heat rays. Therefore, CO2 in the atmosphere retards the radiation of heat from the earth
back into space — the "greenhouse effect".
Increasing the storage of carbon in vegetation and soils could offer significant
benefits, such as, Improved soil and water quality, decreased nutrient loss, reduced soil
erosion, better wild life habitats, increased water conservation, more biomass products .
Road map for carbon sequestration: a) Increase below ground carbon (soil carbon), b)
Increase above ground carbon (plant biomass), c) Optimize land area for sequestration of
carbon.
• Higher soil organic matter through reduced tillage and no tillage practices
Adina cordifolia(Haldu)
Bauhinia racemosa (Kachanal)
Diospyros cordifolia Bans)
Juniperus species (Juniperers)
Thuja occidentalis (Morpankhi) SO2 pollution
Populus delteoides (Poplar)
Quercus species (Oak)
Tamarindus indicus (Imli)
Pinus roxburghii (Chir)
Mangifera indica (Mango)
When we plant one tree, look at the return we get on our investment:Over the course
of 50 years, a single tree can generate $31,250 of oxygen, provide $62,000 worth of air
pollution control, recycle $37,500 worth of water, and control $31,500 worth of soil erosion.
The selection of species has to be judicious for which a number of indicators have been short-
listed:
1.11 Phytoremediation:
• Hydraulic Control:
• Root zone biodegradation: The plants release biochemical substances by way of its
roots, supplying nutrients to microorganisms in the soil.
The plant cell is protected by a cell wall that has a structure analogous to reinforced
concrete. The cellulose fibrils play the role of steel reinforcing rods, while concrete is
represented by lignin. Lignin determines the rigidity, strength and resistance of a plant
structure.
Arboform is used for the manufacture of- toys, loudspeaker boxes, car parts, golf tees,
ballpoint pens etc.The bio-plastic dubbed Arboform, derived from wood pulp based lignin,
can be mixed with hemp, flax or wood fibers and other additives such as wax to create a
strong, non-toxic alternative to petroleum-based plastics. The idea for liquid wood grew from
this realization: “Why not compose material out of the waste of this paper-making?” Liquid
wood, combines the high stability and good acoustical properties of wood with the injection-
molded capabilities of plastic.
Animal feed : Serving as emulsifiers in animal feed and as raw material in the production of
Vanillin (widely used as an ingredient in food flavors, in pharmaceutical and fragrance in
perfumes and odor masking products).
Lignin as adhesive: Lignin’s use as a very effective and economical adhesive, acting as a
binding agent or ‘glue’ in pellets or compressed materials. The binding properties of lignin
also make the product a useful component of the making of charcoal briquettes, ceramics,
linoleum paste, plywood and particle boards.
Ligno-sulfonates:
The potential uses of modified commercial lignins are, specialty polymers for the
paper industry, enzyme protection, neutralization of biocides, precious metal recovery aids
and wood preservation.
1.14 Conclusions:
Cutting of rain forests, legally or illegally, must be stopped immediately. Logging rain
forests for producing bio-fuels such as corn, maize and palm must be stopped.
Trees take up carbon dioxide at a much faster rate than oceans, if the scientists are
willing conduct pilot projects for deep sea carbon storage they must also consider studying the
efficiency of ‘localized carbon removal’ by tree cover around polluting industries.
India and 21 other countries under the banner of Carbon Sequestration Leadership
Forum adopted a draft strategic plan, which chalks out a roadmap till 2015 for developing
technologies to capture and store carbon dioxide so as to reduce pollution from thermal power
plants.
In this way, the green plants are acting as effective tools in capturing, storing the CO2
and maintaining the quality of the environment.
Abstract
Plant biotechnology is a key technology for the new millennium. Advances in science
especially in plant biotechnology, offered opportunities for revolutionizing the human welfare
activities chiefly through improving the quality and quantity of agriculture and healthcare
products which in turn helped in the field of health, food/agriculture and environmental
protection. Plant tissue culture offered possibility to multiply rapidly, conserve and to produce
desirable characters containing new varieties, production of valuable plant secondary
metabolites, regeneration of elite genetic transformed clones etc. Similarly, genetic engineering
and metabolic engineering offered possibilities to generate various disease, insect, pest, drought
and stress resistant cultivars and also plants with improved nutritional qualities and converted
plants as living bioreactors. Still lot of research is needed to eradicate hunger, healthcare
problems and also to solve environmental issues especially in 3rd World Countries to satisfy the
increasing population.
Key words: Plant biotechnology, plant tissue culture, genetic engineering, metabolic
engineering, crop improvement, plant secondary metabolites, bioreactors.
Introduction
World population is expected to increase by 25% from 6.05 billion in the coming years of
period by 2020. To feed the increasing population, global food production should increase by
50% as the current food production will not be enough to feed this population. To combat this, a
new approach is now being taken by the global development players to provide “mini” and
localized revolutions by adopting Biotechnology to increase food production and agricultural
productivity (The Rockefeller Foundation, 2006).
Biotechnology is a collective term for a group of technologies that use biological matter
or processes to generate new and useful products and processes. As such, it ranges in complexity
and maturity from ancient brewing and bread-making techniques to genetic modification through
hybridization and interbreeding of plants and animals, as well as the manipulation of individual
genes in humans, animals, plants and micro-organisms. Biotechnology is a key technology for
the new millennium. It has an immense range of applications in agriculture, medicine, food
processing, environmental protection, mining, and even nano-electronics.
Advances in science especially in plant biotechnology, offered opportunities for
revolutionizing the human welfare activities chiefly through improving the quality and quantity
of agriculture and healthcare products which in turn helped in the field of health, food/agriculture
and environmental protection.
Some of the key contributions of plant biotechnology to the human welfare are rapid
clonal multiplication through meristem culture, molecular marker assisted selections, germplasm
conservation, production of transgenic plants through genetic engineering and rapid production
and isolation of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) which play critical role in a wide variety of
processes and fields like pharmaceuticals (as drugs or their precursors), agrochemicals (as
fungicides, bactericides, insecticides), nutrition (flavoring agents, coloring foods),
cosmetics(fragrances, oils) and industrial products (alkaloids, phenols, paper, resins, gums,
terpenoids, latex, oils, dyes, pigments, plastics) etc. Due to presence of such PSMs plants are
often considered as bioreactors.
Agricultural resources are getting limited because of deforestation, land conversion and
several other biotic and abiotic factors. Similarly, occurrence of valuable metabolites in plants
Advances in plant biotechnology, particularly in methods for plant tissue cultures, genetic
engineering, metabolic engineering, germplasm conservation provides new means for the
commercial processing of even rare and endangered plants and chemicals given by them. These
new technologies will extend and enhance the usefulness of plants as renewable resources of
valuable compounds.
The field of plant biotechnology can be divided into four broad subjects viz., 1. Plant
Tissue culture – which helps in in vitro micropropagation and conservation of valuable and
endangered plants/crops and propagation of genetically modified plants, 2. Genetic engineering –
which deals with plant molecular biology, isolation of genes and their introduction into other
Plant tissue culture refers to growing and multiplication of cells, tissues and organs of
plants in defined liquid or solid media under aseptic and controlled environmental conditions to
produce true-to-type clones of the selected genotype (Thrope, 2007). This tissue culture
technique manipulates cells, anthers, pollen grains, or other tissues in such a way that they live
for extended periods under laboratory/ in vitro conditions or become whole living, growing
organisms; genetically engineered cells may be converted into genetically engineered organisms
(Robert W. Herdt, 2006). In recent years apart from these, tissue culture gained major industrial
importance in the area of disease elimination, plant improvement and production of secondary
metabolites.
Small pieces of tissue (named explants) can be used to produce hundreds and thousands
of plants in a continuous process. A single explant can be multiplied into several
thousand/million/billion plants in relatively short period and limited space under controlled
conditions, irrespective of the season throughout the year (Akin-Idown et al 2009). Hence, Plant
tissue culture offers powerful tool to support and improve conservation and management of
endangered and genetically valuable plants (Withers, 1995).
In most of the forest tree species, the seed germination is affected and delayed by
several biotic and abiotic factors, due to which most of them become endangered, threatened and
even completely disappear (Srikanth, et al., 2013). This can be successfully overcome by in vitro
seed germination, culturing of mature or immature zygotic embryos, clonal propagation, somatic
embryogenesis and callus cultures. Such protocols were, established for several medicinally
important forest tree species like Strychnos potatorum (Srikanth, et al., 2013),(Fig. 1) Wrightia
ticntoria (Madhusudhan, et al., 2013), W. tomentosa (Srinivas, et al., 2012), Givotia
rottlorifomris (Rambabu et al. 2006)and also in several orchids species (Gangaprasad, et al
1999). Tissue culture techniques helped in conservation and propagation of forest plants like
bamboo, teak, sandalwood etc. and economically important plants such as cardamom, banana,
Genetic engineering
Fig. 1. In vitro conservation using zygotic embryo culture and synthetic seed preparation in
medicinally important endangered forest tree species S. potatorum.(a-f). In vitro zygotic embryo
on different strengths of MS medium, (g-i) Acclimatization of plant in vermiculite and
earthenware pot containing garden soil, (j). Preparation of synthetic seed using immobilized
zygotic embryos. (Adopted from Srikanth, et al., 2013).
Molecular breeding
Recombinant DNA technology apart from transferring desirable genes from one
organism to another and is also helpful in gene sequencing and identification of chromosomal
regions carrying those genes or traits which are of economic interest (Karp, et al., 1997) or
associated with them, which in turn acts as marker system to identify desirable marker genes.
Such markers are considered as molecular markers.
Conventional breeding is time consuming and is dependent on environmental conditions.
Breeding a new variety generally takes eight to twelve years and even then the release of an
improved variety cannot be guaranteed. Hence, breeders are interested in new methods that can
make this procedure more easy and economic. Molecular marker assisted selection and breeding
offers such a possibility to improving the plant/ crop veriety.
Recently different kinds of markers have been developed for sequencing, mapping and
breeding purposes. Depending on the technique used for their generation, detection and
amplification of markers can be of different. They are: Restriction fragment length
polymorphism (RFLP). Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Sequence characterized
amplified region (SCAR) Sequence tagged sites (STS) and Amplified fragment length
polymorphism (AFLP). Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) and Amplified
fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) are based on both restriction site changes and mutation at
primer annealing site in the target DNA. Additionally, there are Simple sequence repeats (SSR),
Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers.
Highly specialized techniques are required to detect SNP’s.
By using these markers, genetic mapping was established in different crop plants like
maize (Gardiner et al. 1993), rice (McCouch et al. 1988), Arabidopsis (Nam et al. 1989), potato,
barley, banana. Members of Brassicaceae have been constructed (Winter and Kahl 1995) and
Fig. 3: Marker assisted selection of Angke rice containing bacterial blight resistance developed
at the Research Institute for Rice, Sukamandi, West Java, Indonesia (Adopted from Gray, et al.,
2003).
Plants as bioreactors
Once high yielding and desirable characters containing crop and medicinal plant verities
are identified, they can be further manipulated to produce desirable compounds (PSMs)
continuously in large quantities. In such cases plants can be considered as bioreactors (Fig. 4).
This can be achieved by using combined techniques of tissue culture, genetic engineering,
metabolic engineering, biotransformation, elicitations etc. The main goals of these techniques in
industry or agriculture are the stimulation of the production of secondary metabolite end-
products, biosynthetic precursors, polymers, vaccines, proteins and vitamins that have plant
origin.
With the combinations of such techniques, several vaccines can be produced in plants
(Anderson, 1996). For this, an antigenic gene of human pathogens is cloned and transferred the
plants, and when these are used for feeding or injection into target organism they produces
concern antibodies (Tacker, et al., 1998; Arakawa, et al 1998). Vaccines against infectious
diseases of gastro-intestinal tract have been produced in potatoes and bananas (Moffat, 1995;
Conclusion
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Gudikandula Krishna1, Metuku Ram Prasad1, Pabba Shivakrishna1, Svssl Hima Bindu N1, Burra
Samatha1, Vadapally Pranitha2 and M.A. Singara Charya1
2
University Arts & Science College, Kakatiya University, Warangal- 506 009.
Abstract
nanoparticles using Daedaleopsis flavidawas undertaken and their antimicrobial studies were
reported. The extracellular mechanism of silver nanoparticle formation was investigated by UV-
VIS spectrophotometer. The size and shape formation of silver nanoparticles were investigated
using SEM studies. The silver nanoparticles were tested for the antimicrobial action and showed
good results against the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
activity.
Introduction
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained significant attention in recent years. There are several
physical and chemical methods for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, to reach the target of
achieving simple and eco-friendly technology researchers in this field have turned to biological
systems. The problems with the physical and chemical methods used for the synthesis of
other biologically synthesized methods such as the use of microbes. Many organisms can
silver nanoparticles have immense number of applications such as in spectrally selective coating
for solar energy absorption non-linear optics, biolabelling, intercalation materials for electrical
batteries, as optical receptors, and acts as catalyst in chemical reactions and as antibacterial
capacities [2]. Nanoparticles are used currently over a wide range in different forms of
applications such as the use of metallic nanoparticles mainly, silver nanoparticles as potential
applications such as in water treatment, food processing, and textiles industry and in medicine.
Nanoparticles are biologically synthesised when the microorganisms clutch target ions from their
environment and then turn the metal ions into the element metal through enzymes generated by
the cell activities. It can be distinguished into intracellular and extracellular synthesis according
to the position where nanoparticles are formed [3, 4]. The intracellular procedure consists of
transporting ions into the microbial cell to form nanoparticles in the presence of enzymes. The
extracellular synthesis of nanoparticles includes trapping the metal ions on the surface of the
cells and reducing ions in the existance of enzymes [5]. Synthesis of nanoparticles outside the
components from the cell. Mostly, fungi are considered as the organisms that produce
nanoparticles extracellularly because of their broad secretory components that implicate in the
and fungi play a crucial role in remediation of toxic metal through reduction of metal ions and
are known as potential nanofactories. Fungi are ideal sources in the synthesis of metal
beneficial compared to other microorganisms in many ways. Fungal mycelial mesh can
withstand flow pressure and agitation and other conditions in bioreactors or other chambers
compared to plant materials and bacteria. In both forms silver exhibits, as a metal and in ionic
form, strong cytotoxicity towards a wide range of microorganisms, and its use as an antibacterial
agent is well known[8, 9].The present work has been focused on the extracellular biosynthesis of
Ag-NPs using culture supernatant of Dedelopsis flavida, its characterization and evaluation of
antimicrobial activity.
Material methods
Chemicals
Silver nitrate received from Merck (Mumbai, India), glucose from Himedia (Mumbai, India) and
Source of microorganism
Fungi in the form of fruit body were collected from the Guduru forest of Warangal District,
Telangana, India. The fruit body was sterilized with ethyl alcohol disinfectants and
approximately 3 x 3 mm was placed on Malt Extract Agar medium in slants. When the mycelium
had grown on the slants medium in the region of the tissues, the sample was transfered to fresh
agar media slants (Fig 1). This was repeatedly carried out until pure culture was obtained.
Molecular identification on ribotyping of 18S rRNA was carried at the Scigenome Cochin,
Kerala, India
To prepare the biomass for biosynthesis studies the fungus was grown aerobically in liquid broth
containing (g/L) glucose – 10. Malt – 5.The culture flask was incubated in an orbital shaker at
was separated by filtration and supernatant was challenged with equal amount of 1Mm silver
nitrate solution (prepared in deionized water). Parallely, a positive control of silver nitrate
solution and deionized water and a negative control containing only silver nitrate solution were
The localized surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticleswas characterized by using UV–
Vis spectrophotometer (ELICO SL-159 Spectrophotometer in the range 350 - 470 nm.). Samples
for SEM wasprepared by drop coating silver nanoparticles solution onto thecarbon coated copper
grid and its size and morphology were characterizedby SEM (JOEL- Model 6390).
Antibacterial activity
AgNpssynthesized by Daedaleopsis flavida were tested for anti microbial activity by agar well
diffusion method against the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae (Gram
agar medium was spewed into sterilized petri dishes. The pathogenic bacterial strains were
grown in nutrient broth for 24 h. To prepare the bacterial lawns 100 μl nutrient broth culture of
each bacterial organism (1 × 105 CFU/ml) was used. Sizes of 8 mm diameter agar wells were
prepared with the help of a sterilized stainless steel cork borer. The wells were filled with 60 μl
nitrate, along with 60 μl of 30 μg/ml of streptomycin served as a positive control. The plates
were incubated at a temperature of 37oC for 24 h and then were examined for the existence of
culture filtrate and investigation of antibacterial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles was
carried out in this work.Thegene sequencing of 18S rRNAanalysis of the isolate yielded 1,112
base pairs, and NCBI BLAST search results based on the topology of phylogenetic analysis
showed that the sequence was 99% same with Daedaleopsis flavida.The cell culture filtrate was
challenged with 1mM of AgNO3 and incubated in shaker (160 rpm) at 300C under dark. The
colour of the solution was turned yellow in 24 h and attained maximum intensity after 48 h with
dark brown colour(Fig-2). The reduction of silver was monitored by using the UV–vis spectral
analysis. The UV–vis spectrum of this solution was recorded in a (ELICO SL-159
Spectrophotometer in the range 350 - 470 nm.). The brown color appearance of the medium was
caused due to the excitation of surface Plasmon vibrations which is the specific characteristic of
silver nanoparticle [10]. In our experiment the maximum peak was noticed at 420 nm
designating that the bioreduction of silver nitrate has taken place following incubation of silver
nitrate solution in the presence of the culture filtrate extract(Fig 3). Scanning electron
microscopy has confirmed further insight in to morphology and size details of the synthesized
nano particle [11].Based on Particle size examination it revealed that the silver nanoparticles are
in the size range of 10-40 nm with a mean diameter of 14.5 nm suggesting the formation of
different-sized nanoparticles(Fig 4). It is familiar that Ag ions and Ag-based products have
strong antimicrobial effects [12].The antimicrobial effects of silver nano particles against four
pathogenic microorganisms were evaluated by agar well diffusion method(Fig 5). The
positive) were effectively controlled by silver nano particles (Fig 6). The inhibitory effect of Ag
nanoparticles was more in S. aureus and E.coli as compared with other bacteria(Table 1) and
these results suggest that the antimicrobial effects of Ag nanoparticles are bacterial specific. In
conclusion, Ag nanoparticles prepared by the cell culture filtrate of Daedaleopsis flavida have
may lead to valuable discoveries in various fields such as antimicrobial systems and
pharmaceutical applications.
Fig.2 Solutions of silver nitrate (1 mM) before (left) and after (right) exposure to the culture
supernatant of Daedaleopsis flavida
Figure 4. Shows SEM Micrographs of silver nanoparticles synthesized from fungal extracts.
Bacillus subtilus 28 18 24
Klebsilla pneumonia 25 15 21
Staphylococcus aureus 26 15 26
E. coli 25 16 26
Zone of
inhibition (
Zone of inhibition in (mm)
30
mm)
25 Streptomycin
20 Zone of
15 inhibition (
mm) AgNo3
10 solution
5
Zone of
0 inhibition (
mm) Silver
B.subtilus K. Pneumonia S. aureus E.coli nano particle
solution
References
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Abstract
One-step aqueous solution method was used to synthesise the ZnO and Gd-doped ZnO
nanocrystals. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), Transmission
Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis have been used to
characterize these nanocrystals. The XRD studies revealed that the ZnO and Gd-doped ZnO had
wurtzite structure. The analysis of composition by EDX confirmed the presence of Gd in these
nanocrystals. The quality of the syntheised ZnO and Gd-doped ZnO nanocrystals was good. At
room temperature, these ZnO and Gd-doped ZnO nanocrystals show diamagnetism. Pure and
Gd-doped ZnO nanocrystals were prepared from the mixture of zinc acetate, Gadolonium
carbonate and potassium hydroxide aqueous solutions. The dopant is substituted onto zinc sites
in the wurtzite lattice uniformly, with no detectable phase impurities or clustering. Gd- doped
Zinc Oxide nanocrystals display diamagnetism at room temperature, which is in contrast with the
earlier reported data on Rare-earth doped nanocrystals.
Keywords: Nanocrystals, Zinc oxide, SEM, TEM, EDX, Rare-earths
1. Introduction
The study of nanostructures is an important aspect for developing materials with novel properties
[1, 2]. Zinc oxide (ZnO), is a versatile semiconductor with direct band gap of gap of 3.37 eV [3]
and a large exciton binding energy of 60 meV [4] at room temperature (RT) is a
promisingcandidate for functional components of devices and materials in photonic crystals [5],
light emitting diodes [7], solar cells [8, 9and others [10,11]. In the present work, we report the
structural, optical and magnetic properties of ZnO and Gd-doped ZnO nanocrystals prepared by
aqueous solution method.
2. Experimental
Zinc oxide nanocrystals under study have been synthesized in aqueous solutions by using zinc
acetate (Zn (CH3COO)2 · 2H2O), gadolinium acetate Gd(CH3COO)3.4H2O and potassium
hydroxide (KOH) as the starting materials, with slight modification to the method described for
Mn-doped ZnO nanocrystals by R.K.Sharma et.al [6]. 1.98g of Zn(CH3COO)2 · 2H2O and
0.16g of Gd(CH3COO)3.4H2O · 2H2O were dissolved in100ml of double distilled water. 0.28g
of KOH was dissolved in10ml of pure water. Aqueous solution of zinc acetate and gadolinium
acetate at room temperature was stirred for about 60 min using a magnetic stirrer. Then the KOH
solution was added slowly drop wise up to aqueous solution of zinc acetate and gadolinium
Zhuge et al [14]have found that the magnetization in their Cr-doped ZnO films is correlated to
the V Zn. Hong et al [15] ascribed the FM in Cr-doped ZnO films to the V O. Both pure and Gd-
doped ZnO nanocrystals exhibit diamagnetism as shown in figures 5(a) and (b). Gd-doped ZnO
nanocrystalline powder exhibited ferromagnetic behaviour a studied by Dakhel and Hilo [8]. In
contrast, diamagnetic behaviour was exhibited by the Gd containing ZnO nanocrystals in the
present work. More detailed work is essential in order to establish the magnetic behavior of these
materials.
4. Conclusion
Pure and Gd-doped ZnO nanocrystals were prepared from the mixture of zinc acetate,
gadolinium acetate and potassium hydroxide aqueous solutions method. The dopant is
substituted onto zinc sites in the wurtzite lattice uniformly, with no detectable phase impurities
or clustering. Gd-doped nanocrystals display diamagnetism at room temperature. This is in
contrast to the earlier reported work. More systematic study has to be made to sort out this and
confirm the origin of magnetism in these samples.
5.Acknowledgments
One of the authors (MVR) would like to thank University Grants Commission, New Delhi for
the financial assistance provided through the Major Research Project. F.39-464/2010(SR).
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Chromium toxicity
The ameliorating effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 200 μM) on hexavalent chromium
[Cr(VI)] toxicity was evaluated in canola (Brassicanapus L.), the focus was on plant growth,
chlorophyll content, thiol contents, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, and the expression
of metallothionein protein (BnMP1) mRNA. Cr(VI) at 50 μM significantly decreased the plant
growth (fresh and dry weights). The decrease in growth was accompanied by increased lipid
peroxidation and decreased chlorophyll content in leaves. Hydrogen peroxide pretreatment,
enhanced plant growth parameters found to lead the reduced levels of lipid peroxidation and
higher levels of pigment. In addition, H2O2 pretreatment increased Cr accumulation in aerial
parts of seedlings. The tendency of increase in thiol content under Cr(VI) stress was further
increased with H2O2 pretreatment. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide
dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT)
were differentially altered. SOD and POD activities increased under Cr(VI) stress, whereas APX
and CAT activities decreased. The SOD and CAT activities remained unaffected in both
durations due to H2O2 pretreatment, but activities of APX and POD were promoted in the
Cr(VI)-stressed seedlings. Metallothioneins are a family of low-molecular-weight Cys-rich
proteins and are thought to play a possible role in metal metabolism or detoxification. In real-
time quantitative PCR analysis, the expression level of BnMP1mRNA was increased at 1 day
after treatment (DAT), whereas it was decreased at 7 DAT in Cr(VI)-stressed seedlings. At
1 DAT, pretreatment of H2O2 before Cr(VI) stress reduced the expression of BnMP1mRNA as
compared to Cr(VI) stress alone, but this effect was not significant. At 7 DAT, H2O2
pretreatment alleviated the Cr(VI) stress-mediated decrease in the expression of BnMP1mRNA.
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catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), guaiacol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.1)
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Abstract
Physalis minima L. is medicinal plant belongs to family solanaceae, commonly called
Indian gooseberry appears along road sides, open forest margins. It is a annual herb found
throughout India, Afghanista, Baluchisthan, tropical Africa and Australia. Mainly used as
diuretic, laxative, anti-inflammtory.Its contain phenolics flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids.
Physalis minima L plant samples wascollected from Karimnagar local area were used for the
present investigation.In this plant secondary metabolites and antioxidant properties in leaves and
fruits were estimated. Concentration of flavonoids (1.699), flavonol (2.48), proanthocyanins
(0.18), anthocyanins (0.163), total carotenoids (2.299), β-carotene (2.421), μ/g fr.wt was
recorded maximum in leaves as compared to fruits. However phenols content was recorded
maximum of (1.562) μ/g Fr wt in fruits as compared to leaves (0.462).Enzymes catalase,
peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase, showed maximum activity in fruits with (6.3), (1.02), (0.527)
units/g Fr wt as compared to (3.166), (O.552), (0.35) units in leaves respectively. Glutathione
reductase activity was recorded maximum in leaves with (1.459) units as compared to fruits.
FRAP, ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity assays has showed maximum (6.12),(8.55),
(3.54) inhibition % activity in the leaves as compared to (14.26), (20.1), (5.74) inhibition %
activity in fruits respectively.
Key words: Antioxidant, secondary metabolites, enzyme assays, Physali minima L.,
medicinal plant.
INTRODUCTION
Physalis minima is a very useful plant in Indian system of medicine,belongs to solanaceae
family ,generally grows well in open forest margins ,along road side and shaded feilds.Stem
hollow quadrangular, lower branches sometimes prostate and rooting at the node, green, and
glabrous. Leaves simple, alternate, ovate acute, margins irregularly toothed, petiole 0.5- 4.0 cm
long slightly hairy. Flowers pendunculate, peduncles 1.3 cm long greenish-
chocolate,glabrous,complete ,biseual,regular,actinomorphic, hypogynous.Sepals 5,
gamosepalous,flower: calyx 0.4 cm long,greenish-violet,margin slightly hairy, fruiting calyx 3
cm long, green with purple ribs, glabrous ,fruit a globosely berry, enveloped in the bladder-like
Enzymes catalase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase, showed maximum activity in fruits with
(6.3), (1.02), (0.527) units/g Fr wt as compared to (3.166), (O.552), (0.35) units in leaves
respectively. Glutathione reductase was recorded maximum in leaves (1.459) units as compared
to fruits. (Table 2, figure 2).
Table 2: Showing antioxidant enzyme activities (Units/g Fr wt) inin leaves and fruit varieties of
Physalis minima.
Parameters Leaf Fruit
mean ±sd mean ±sd
Catalase 3.166±0.028 6.3±0.03
Peroxidase 0.001±0.0006 0.013±0.004
Polyphenoloxidase 0.008±0.0003 0.527±0.001
Glutathione reductase 1.459±0.011 0.837±0.055
FRAP, ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity assays has showed maximum (6.12),(8.55),
(3.54) inhibition % activity in the leaves as compared to (14.26), (20.1), (5.74) inhibition %
activity in fruits respectively. (Table 3, figure 3)
Table 3: Showing the antioxidant assays activity (inhibition %) in Leaf and Fruit Physalis
minima.
Figure 2:Showing antioxidant enzyme activities (Units /Fr wt) inin leaves and fruit varieties of
Physalis minima.
Figure 3: Showing antioxidant assays (inhibition %)) inin leaves and fruit varieties of Physalis
minima.
CONCLUSION
Comparison of the result gave, indication that Flavonoids, Flavonols, Proanthocyanins,
Anthocyanins, Total caratenoids, β carotene were recorded maximum in leaf when compared to
fruist and Phenols concentration was maximum in fruit compared to leaf. ).Enzymes catalase,
peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase, showed maximum activity in fruits with (6.3), (1.02), (0.527)
units/g Fr wt as compared to (3.166), (O.552), (0.35) units in leaves respectively. Glutathione
reductase activity was recorded maximum in leaves with (1.459) units as compared to fruits.
FRAP, ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity assays has showed maximum (6.12),(8.55),
(3.54) inhibition % activity in the leaves as compared to (14.26), (20.1), (5.74) inhibition %
activity in fruits respectively
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank UGC for providing RFSMS fellowship through the Department of
Botany, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana state, India.
REFERENCES
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L. (Solanaceae)-A new Angiospermic Record for Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Bot.
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2. T.patak, K.shah, K.jiwan and neeta. Study on the Antibacterial Potential of Physalis
Minima Linn. Indian J PharmSci. 2011 Jan-Feb; 73(1): 111–115.
3. Wolfe, K. Antioxidant activity of apple. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003; 51:609-614.
4. Chang, Yang, M.,Wen.Chern. Estimation of total flavonoids content in propolis by two
Complementary colorimetric methods. J.food Drug Analysis.2002; 10:178-182.
5. Kumran. Karunakaran.R.J. In vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of
Phyllanthus species from India. Volume 40.Lebens-Wiss technologie2007; 344-352.
6. Sun,J.S.,Tsuang,Y.W.,Chen,I.J.Huang,W.,Hang,Y.S.,Lu. An Ulltra a weak
chemiluminiscence study on oxidative stress in rabbits following acute thermal injury,
Burns1,24.1998; 225-231.
7 .Giusti, M.M, & Wrolstad, R.E. Unit F1.2.1-13.Anthocyanins.Characterization and
measurement with uv-visiblespectroscopy. In R.E.Wrolstad (Ed.), Current protocols
In Food Analytical Chemistry .2001; New York, Wiley.
8. Jensen, A. Chlorophyll and carotenoids. In: Hellebust, A. and Crargei, J.S. (eds)
Handbook of phytological methods. Cambridge, Cambridge university press, London.
1978; 5-7.
9. Nagata, M.and Yamashita, Simple method for simultaneous determination of
chlorophyll and carotenoids in tomato fruit: Nippon shokuhin kogya
gakkaish;39(10),1992; 925-928.
10. Kar, and Mishra. Inorganic pyrophosphatase activity during rice leaf senescence.
Can.j.bot.53, 1975; 503-510.
11. Barber,J.M. Catalase and peroxidases in primary leaves during development and
senescence. Z.pflanzen physio. 97:5, 1980;135-144.
12. Beutler; Red Cell Metabolism: A Manual of Biochemical Methods (3rd ed.)Grune &
Stratton, New York (1984); pp. 74–76. 22.
13. Sharique Ahmed .Ascorbic acid, carotenoids, total phenolic content and antioxidant
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Abstract
Now a day’s pollen study is important for human welfare. Pollen grains are used in various
branches like forensic, melissopalynology, cosmetic, food, medicine, geopalenology etc.A total
of 10 airborne pollen grains were recorded in anairborne pollen survey at Satavahana University
campus, during October to December 2014. Maximumcontribution was made by Poaceae type,
followed by Asteraceae ,Ceasalpinaceae and Mimosoaceae.
Introduction
The study of morphology of pollen grains called palenology.Pollen and spores are the common
airborne biological materials and can be detectedthroughout the year. The present investigation is
expected to add more data about the qualitative andquantitative occurrence of pollen grains in the
atmosphere of Satavahana University Campus interms of their role as organic environmental
pollutants. The university college of science Satavahana University nearby Lower Manair Dam,
Karimnagr (fig.1).
Fig:1
Fig:2
• (2)
(3) (4)
Plate 1. Some of the commonly trapped airborne pollen morphoforms at Satavahan University
Campus.
Figs. 1-4: 1.Acacia, 2. Grass, 3. Parthenium, 4. Cassia
References
Alson, J. and I. Hurtado, 1990. Air pollen dispersal in a tropical area. Aerobiol. 6:122-127.
Badya, K.K. 1989. Palynomorph and Airborne Pollen Spore Survey of Chittagong. M.Sc. Thesis,
Department
of Botany, Chittagong University, Chittagong.
Badya, K.K. and M.K.Pasha. 1991. A pollen calendar for Chittagong University Campus,
Chittagong
(Bangladesh). Aerobiol. 7(1): 62-68.
Bhat, M.M. and A.H. Rajasab, 1985. Incidence of airborne pollen at two different locations. Ind.
J. Med. Res.
82: 346-352.
Boral, D., S. Chatterjee and K. Bhattacharya. 2004. The occurrence and allergic potential of
airborne pollen
in West Bengal, India. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 11: 45-52.
El-Ghazaly, G., P.K. El-Ghazaly, K.A. Larson and S. Nilsson, 1993. Comparison of airborne
pollen grains
in Huddinge and Stockholm. Aerobiol. 9: 53-68.
Gregory, P.H. 1961. The Microbiology of the Atmosphere. Leonard Hill and Co., London, pp.
251.
Hyde, H.A. 1959. Volumetric counts of pollen grains at Cardiff, 1954-1957. J. Allergy 30: 219-
234.
Katelaris, C.H. and T.V. Burke. 2003. A 7- year pollen profile of major Olympic Games venues
in Sydney,
Australia. Aerobiol. 19: 121-124.
Leticia, T. and B. Angeles. 2005. First volumetric airborne pollen sampling in Montevideo city,
Uruguay.
Aerobiol. 21: 33-41.
Abstract
Anti bacterial activity of methanolic extracts of Madhuca indica was screened by agar Disc
diffusion method. The results revealed that the methanolic extract exhibited significant
antimicrobial activity of concentration of 100, 250, 500, 1000 µg/ml respectively against tested
organisms, particularly more effective against gram – ve bacteria staphylococcus aureus and
gram –ve bacteria Escherichia coli than the aqueous extract when compared to the standard drug
(streptomycin).
Introduction-
Madhuca indica belonging to family Sapotaceae is an important economic tree growing
throughout INDIA. Traditionally Madhuca indica. Leaves have been used as an Anti-diabetic,
Rheumatism, Ulcers, Bleedings and Tonsillits. The flowers, seeds and seed oil of Madhuca have
great medicinal value. Externally, the seed oil massage is very effective to alleviate pain. In skin
diseases, the juice of flowers is rubbed for oleation. It is also beneficial as a nasya (nasal drops)
in diseases of the head due to pitta, like sinusitis. The purpose of the present study was to
evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of the methanol leaves extract of Madhuca indica.The
external applications are skin effections, analgesic anti pyretic,anti-oxidant
and anti diabetic.
Plant material-
Disease free leaves were collected from the campus of Government Institute of Science,
Aurangabad. The collected leaves were surface sterilized with 0.1% mercuric chloride & then
washed with D/W 2-3 times separately & shade dried. Fine powder were made after complete
drying and used for the experimental work.
Solvent Extraction of Leaves –
Extracts were made in 80% methanol at room temperature by simple extraction method
(Deshpande et al). 10 gm dried powder of leavesmixed with 100ml solvent in 250 ml flask and
were kept on shaker for 24 hrs. Then it was allowed to stand for the 30 min to stand the plant
material. Thereafter it was filtered & centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 15 min .The supernatant was
collected &solvent was evaporated at 45 0C in vacuum evaporator to make the final volume 1/5
of the original volume
Antibacterial assay-
The Antibacterial activity of methanolic extract analysed by using disc diffusion assay (Dugler
and Gomez, 2004) sterile disc was used for the present investigation. The extracts were
incorporated to the sterile disc individually with 100, 250, 500, and 1000 µl using micropipette
.Precautions were taken to prevent the flow of solvent extract from the disc outer surface
.commercial antibiotic streptomycin (20 ml) was used foe the positive control .The Disc was
placed on the nutrient agar plates in which the bacteria were inoculated and spread uniformly and
incubated at 37oC+ 1oC for 24 hrs. The diameter of zone of inhibition was measured in mm.
CONCLUSION-
The present study indicates that Madhuca indica, extracts have broad inhibitory activities
to pathogenic microorganism and to act as potential antibacterial agent from natural sources. In
general, commercial antibiotic and antifungal drugs causes side effects such as liver, kidney and
gastrointestinal tract toxicity. Severe hepatotoxicity had also been reported in patients
undergoing antifungal drug therapy. However, herbal remedies often do not produce any side
effects. Therefore, alternative medicine become popular remedy to various types of ailments In
conclusion, Madhuca indica extracts have revealed significant antibacterial activities against test
organisms used for the study.
References:-
• A. B. Aliyu1, M. A. Ibrahim, A. M. Musa, H. Ibrahim, I. E. Abdulkadir1 and A. O.
Oyewale (2009) Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Evaluation of antioxidant activity
of leave extract of Bauhinia rufescens Lam. (Caesalpiniaceae) Vol. 3(8), pp. 563-567.
• Adhikarimayum haripyaree, Kshetrimayum guneshwor, Maibam damayanti (2010)
Evaluation of Antioxidant Properties of Phenolics Extracted from Ananas comosus L.
Notulae Scientia Biologica: 2 (2), 68-71
• Akash P. Dahake1 et al (2010) Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Madhuca
indica bark, Journal of Pharmacy Research 3(8), 1709-1711.
• Aruoma I.O. and Cuppette S.L. (1997) Antioxidant Methodology : In vivo and Vitro
concepts IL; AOAS Press
• Aruoma .I.O. Antioxidant action of action of plant foods .Use of oxidative DNA damage
, as a tool of Studying Antioxidant efficacy (1999).Free Radical Res., ,30.419-427
• AO Morakinyo, GO Oludare, OT Aderinto, A Tasdup (2012) Biology and Medicine
Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of
Zingiber officinale 3 (5): 25-30, 2011.
Dr.J.UshaKumari,Reader in
Botany(retd),S.C.W.Degree&P.G.College,Kothagudem,Telangana,India.
Email:[email protected]
Ethnobotany is a multidisciplinary science defined as the interaction between plants and people.
("ethno" - study of people and "botany" - study of plants). Ethnobotany is considered a branch of
ethnobiology. Ethnobotany studies the complex relationships between (uses of) plants and
cultures. The focus of ethnobotany is on how plants have been or are used, managed and
perceived in human societies and includes plants used for food, medicine, divination, cosmetics,
dyeing, textiles, for building, tools, currency, clothing, rituals, social life and music. The
relationship between plants and human cultures is not limited to the use of plants for food,
clothing and shelter but also includes their use for religious ceremonies, ornamentation and
health care.
In the past, ethnobotanical research was predominately a survey of the plants used by
villagers. A trained botanist identified the plants and recorded their uses. Sometimes an
anthropologist was present to translate the disease descriptions, but rarely was a physician
available to identify the disease. The results generated a list of plants and their uses which was
published in a professional journal, usually in the country of the scientist. Nothing was
communicated or returned to the cultural group in exchange for their participation in the survey,
nor was any environmental or cultural status or concerns included in the survey.Basic
quantitative and experimental ethnobotany includes basic documentation, quantitative evaluation
of use and management and experimental assessment.
Today the field of ethnobotany requires a variety of skills: botanical training for the
identification and preservation of plant specimens; anthropological to training to understand the
cultural concepts around the perception of plants; linguistic training, at least enough to transcribe
local terms and understand native morphology, syntax and semantics.
Today, ethnobotanical surveys include applied projects that have the potential to
ameliorate poverty levels of these(cultural groups) people, allowing them to make more educated
decisions about their future directions. These new approaches enhance the quality of the science,
provide compensation for the cultural groups and take into account environmental concerns. This
modern approach is based on an interdisciplinary team usually composed of an ethnobotanist, an
anthropologist, an ecologist and a physician. Some of these team members are remote area
The term "ethnobotany" was first used by a botanist named John W. Harshberger in 1895
while he was teaching at the University of Pennsylvania. Although the term was not used until
1895, practical interests in ethnobotany go back to the beginning of civilization when people
relied more on plants as a way of survival. Harshberger, defined Ethnobotany as “the study of
the utilitarian relationship between human beings and vegetation in their environment, including
medicinal uses”. Plants have been used for treating ailments for thousands of years through the
empirical knowledge gathered about the useful and harmful properties of different plants and
also by intuition. In India CharakSamhitaand SushrutSamhitadescribed the medicinal properties
of 500 and 700 plants respectively under 37 classes or “Ganas” (Saxena, 2003). The oldest
record of medicinal use of plants is found in the Atharva Veda remarkable description of Indian
medicinal plants were provided by ancient Indian scholars. Ayurveda, an Upaveda, composed
around 2500 BC deals with medicine, healthcare and treatment .Rig Veda, which is
approximately 8000 years old in treatment of disease from indigenous drugs.
Very little organised work had been done in the country till about twenty years ago.
Organised field work and other studies in the subject were started in the Botanical Survey of
India. Also there has been a resurgence of interest developed in ethnobotanical research in
various institutions. Dr. E.K. JanakiAromal initiated researches on ethnobotany in BSI. She
studied food plants of certain tribals of South India. From 1960, Dr. S.K. Jain from BSI started
intensive field work among the tribals of Central India. He devised methodology for ethnobotany
particularly in the Indian context. The publications from this group in the early sixties triggered
the ethnobotanical activity in many other centres, particularlyamong botanists, anthropologists.
Branches of ethnobotany:
. In interaction with the traditional areas of science, ethnobotany gives out several interrelated
and interdisciplinary subjects like:
In india ,our constitution recognizes around 645 types of indigenous people collectively
called upajathis or tribes while in United Andhra Pradesh 33 types are recognized.InThe
Khammam district has a tribal population of 5,58,958, which is about 13.29% of the total tribal
population of the Telanganastate.Major types of tribes here are koyas, kondareddis and banjaras.
Much work has been done in different parts of the world. . The (cultural groups)tribes
which were studied in India includes Asurs, Bhils, Bhunji, Chenchus, Garos, Gonds, Hoes,
Jaintias, Karbis, Khasis, Konds, Khols, Lodhas, Mahlis, Mundas, Marias, Mishmees, Mompas,
Miris, Nagas, Nicobaries, Onges, Oraons, phanias, Rotha, Saoras, Santals and Shompens .
Tribal people have their own traditional knowledge and wisdom, and their ethomedicinal
systems. The tribal people are custodian of unique traditional knowledge systems and their
ambient flora and fauna.Scuttles (1962) explained about the Indian ethnobotinocal emporia
in his words: India with her many living groups of people, having diversifiedethnic culture,
history of rituals and performances, who are more or less isolatedfrom modern world, and are
closely associated with their ambient vegetation isthe emporia of enthnobotinical research".
The information about the prescriptions, pharmacology, attitudetowards disease
diagnoses etc., of the age-old tribal medicine are lying unknownas they are not rendered in
writing. The people who belong to the modernsocieties are not aware of the rich native
knowledge systems. So far, studies intribal medicine have enabled to identify some 1,600 drug-
They have a wide range of animistic beliefs associated with groves, plant species and
forest worship. Certain plants having medico- religious values are not damaged or destroyed by
the tribes under any circumstances. Worshipping of certain plants is common during festivals.
Useful plants near or inside the tribal villages are protected for In many cases they never take off
the whole plants or all fruits for use, but leave some reproductive parts for the growth of the
plant. Some vegetables like chikkudu(beans) is not consumed at the ripening stage of the fruits.
Observance of these types of restrictions plays an important role in the conservation of genetic
resources. Generally they avoid peeling the bark from any single plant more than once in an year.
The medicine man plucks the medicinal herbs at daytime before noon and collects the bark only
from one side of the trees. Their herbalist never cuts the whole tree for collecting the medicinal
parts. Collection of gums, resins latex, sap, etc. is not done from younger plants. Certain fruits or
vegetables are not consumed by them before the performance of specific rituals.
Ficus L., commonly known as ‘Fig’, is considered as a keystone species in tropical rain forests as
it plays very fundamental role in ecosystem, due to its fruits which are eaten by insects, birds and
animals throughout the year.It is one of the largest genera in the angiosperms with.750 species.
The genus is distributed throughout the world primarily in subtropical and tropical regions
(Corner, 1965; Berg, 1989; Berg and Corner, 2005). The main concentration of the species lies in
Asian-Australian region with about 500 species which is about 66% of the world species. The
maximum diversity of the genus exhibits in Asiatic mainland (170 spp.),New Guinea (132 spp.)
and Borneo (129 spp.). Many species of Ficus L. are very common in different biogeographic
regions. Although, the great majority of the species grow in lowlands but some of them reach up
to about 2,000 m altitudes. Ficus is also considered one of the most diversified genera with
regard to its habits (deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers and creepers) and life
forms (free standing tree, epiphytes, semi-epiphytes in the crevices, rheophytesand lithophytes).
The first systematic account of the Indian Ficus L. is available in King (1887-88, 1888);
therein he recorded 113 species and 47 infraspecific taxa from whole British India.The genus
FicusL. (Moraceae) was first published in SystemaNaturae by Carolus Linnaeus in 1735.
Ficusis one of the largest genus among angiosperms. Among the genera of seed plants it ranked
as the twenty-first (Frodin 2004). It comprises of about 800 species distributed in tropical and
subtropical regions of the world (Adebayo et al. 2009). in India, 115 species are distributed
throughout the country with the maximum diversity of the species lies in the North-East region
having about 43 species in Meghalaya alone and may be considered as the hotspot region in
India(Chaudharyet al ,2012).A checklist of all species of Ficus L. available in the present
Most of plants having ethno botanic use have been categorized into rare and endangered.
This lack of effort to sustain resources may result in their depletion from natural habitats. There
is a great need to create awareness among the indigenous communities about endangering
medicinal plants, if over exploited to meet market demand.
:
The present status of the economically and medicinally important plants of the study area
needs to be determined in order to develop plans for their protection. Improved awareness of
conservation issues is needed. Proper documentation of indigenous knowledge about the plants
could be supportive in achievement of objectives. Local cultivation of medicinal plants and other
economic species can play an important role in economic development of the area. For
sustainable and long term conservation of natural resources of the area; there is a need to actively
involve the quiescence of local people in evaluation, planning, implementation and monitoring
processes as they are the best judges of the area.
-----------------------------------#########----------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT
The basic flower colours in Mirabilis jalapa is red, white, and yellow. The white and
yellow colour is dominant over red colour. The red colour is expressed on yellow colour flower
plant may be complete red flower or half sector red or streacks of red due to breakage of yellow
gene by double DS elements and also spotted red, due to insertion of Ac elements into yellow
gene.
In the similar way white gene is dominant over red; but red colour is expressed either
quarter sector, half sector or totally red due to breakage of white gene. But in some plants totally
spotted white flower with red, it indicates that particular plant may contain only Ac elements and
inserted into white gene.
Introduction :-In 1948 Barbara McClintock discovered Ac and DS elements in maize. Through
genetic analysis, she explained that the activities of these elements are responsible for the
striping and spotting of maize kernels. She got the Nobel Prize in 1983 after the discovering IS
elements in E.coli on molecular basis. In a similar way we can observe flower colour in Mirabilis
jalapa (4’o clock, plant) with Red colour stripping and spotting on yellow and white colour
flower. This is due to breakage of chromosome with respective white and yellow colour genes.
McClintock found that the breakage resonsible for these mosaic kernels occurred at
particular site on chromosome 9. She named the factor that produced these breaks DS, for
dislocations. However, by itself, this factor was unable to induce chromosome breakage .
McClintock found that DS had to be stimulated by another factor called AC, for activation. The
AC factor was present in some maize stocks but absent in others AC like elements are there in
spotted Mirabilis Jalapa white and yellow flower plants.
Results: The colour of the flower basically White, Red, Yellow and Pink. The pink colour is due
to expression of two gene products red and white. In the present study observations showed
white flower plants contain white flowers, stripped red, half or quarter red flowers and purely
white flowers with red spots. The yellow flowered plants have pure yellow flowers, stripped red,
quarter, half and full red flowers in colour on the same plant. Some of the yellow flower plants
contain mostly sported red flowers (table-1).
Discussion:
In these plants three basic coloured flowers viz., white, red and yellow, and also pink flowers are
found due to expression of two factors of red and white gene incomplete dominance.
The yellow flower plant contain pure yellow and stripped, quarter yellow, half red and
full red flowers, this might be due to yellow is dominant over red. But the red colour is appearing
due to breakage of yellow factor is due to double DS elements. McClintock observed similar
chromosome breaks in maize on 9th chromosome (1). Spotted yellow flower with red colour due
to Ac elements.
Fig: 1
Fig: A
AC R
Fig: B
DS Y
AC R
Fig : D
In a similar way white flower plant produce pure white; red and chimera of red flowers
due to brakeage of whit gene might be due to DS elements. Spotted Red colour on white flower
due to unstable mutations are caused by Ac elements. They can insert in to white gene and red
colour is expressing as spots. Sequencing these elements and constructing as vectors of Ac and
Ds elements and three different genes of white, red and yellow can be introduce into different
plants by Homologous recombination. This technique is used in floriculture for the production
of transgenic plants, to express different colours on the same plants.
Fig:2
Fig: A
AC R
AC R
DS W
Fig : D
1
2 3 4
6 7 8
5
11
9 10 12
13 15 16
14
References:
1. McClintock, B.1956. Controlling elements and the gene Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant Biol 21: 199-
216.
ABSTRACT
Lignin, the most abundant aromatic biopolymer on Earth, is extremely recalcitrant to
degradation. Some basidiomycetous white-rot fungi are the only potent agents of
biodelignification and able to degrade lignin efficiently using a combination of extracellular
ligninolytic enzymes, organic acids, mediators and accessory enzymes. The demand for
application of ligninolytic enzyme complexes of white-rot fungi in industry and biotechnological
approaches is ever increasing due to their use in a variety of processes. Ligninolytic enzymes
have potential applications in a large number of fields including the chemical, fuel, food,
agricultural, paper, textile, cosmetic industrial sectors etc. The degradation of various
xenobiotic compounds and dyes that make them a useful tool for bioremediation purposes. This
review describes ligninolytic enzyme families produced by these fungi that are involved in wood
decay processes, biochemical properties and the mechanisms of action and their application
within different industrial and biotechnological area and also highlight some of the modern
approaches which could potentially be used to tackle one of the major impediments namely high
enzyme cost, to speed-up the extensive commercialisation of the lignocellulose bioprocessing.
The biotechnological significance of these enzymes has led to a drastic increase in the demand
for these enzymes in the recent time.
Table.2 : Types of Lignocellulosic materials and their current uses (Smith et al.,1987).
Fruit and vegetable processing Seeds, peels, waste water, Animal and fish feed,
husks, shells, stones, some seeds for oil
rejected whole fruit and extraction
juice
Sugar cane other sugar products Bagasse Burnt as fuel
Oils and oilseed plants, Shells, husks, lint, fibre, Animal feed, fertiliser,
nuts, cotton seeds, olives, soybean sludge, presscake, burnt fuel
etc. wastewater
Animal waste Manure, other waste Soil conditioners
Forestry-paper and pulp Wood residuals, barks, Soil conditioners, burnt
Harvesting of logs leaves etc.
Saw-and plywood waste Woodchips, wood shavings, Pulp and paper
saw dust industries, chip and fibre
board
Pulp and paper mills Fibre waste, sulphite liquor Reused in pulp and board
industry as fuel
Lignocellulose waste from Old newspapers, paper, Small percentage
communities cardboard, old boards, recycled, others burnt
disused furniture
Grass Unutilised grass Burnt
Among the lignocellulose constituent macromolecules, lignin is the most recalcitrant due
to its amorphous hydrophobic heteropolymeric nature (Martinez et al., 2009). Pretreatment
technologies for lignocellulosic biomass include biological, mechanical, chemical methods and
various combinations thereof. Mechanical methods such as chipping, grinding and milling (often
referred to as physical methods) reduce crystallinity but significantly reduces the particle size
which makes material handling easier and increase surface/volume ratio. These processes often
have high energy and capital costs. Chemical pretreatments using alkalis, ozone, peroxide or
organic solvents are largely focussed on lignin removal, which in turn leads to an enhanced
enzymatic degradability of cellulose. Only a small number of pretreatment methods has been
reported as being potentially cost-effective. These include steam explosion, liquid hot water,
concentrated acid hydrolysis and dilute acid pretreatments (Mosier et al., 2005). However,
chemical processes may not be as selective as biological processes but may represent advantages
related to required time, scalability and process control. Often, the pretreatment is a combination
of mechanical and chemical action in which moderate amounts of chemicals are used.
Biological pretreatments employ microorganisms which degrade lignin and
hemicellulose. Biological delignification can be carried out using either microorganisms, which
produce a set of enzymes that work synergically or purified enzymes. The most widely used
microorganisms are Basidiomysetes fungi. Nevertheless, bacterial genera like Pseudomonas,
Table 4. List of fungi with the highest specific activity (µmol.min-1.mg-1) for lignases (Howard
et al., 2003 )
Opt.
Specific Opt.
Enzyme Organism Substrate Temp
activity pH
(oC)
Manganese Stropharia Mn2+ + H+ + H2O2 692 25 NA
peroxidase coronilla
Laccase Botrytis cinerea 1,2,4-benzenetriol + O2/1-naphthol + 5778 55 4
O2/2-naphthol + O2/3,5-dimethoxy-
hydroxy-benzaldazine + O2/4,5-
dimethyl-o-phenylenediamine + O2/4-
amino-N,N'- dimethylaniline + O2/4-
methylcatechol + O2/ascorbate +
O2/caffeic acid + O2/catechol +
O2/ferrocyanide + O2/gallic acid +
O2/guaiacol + O2
Diarylpropane Phanerochaete 1,2-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propane- 28 23/37 3/4.
peroxidase chrysosporium 1,3-diol + H2O2/1-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)- 5
(ligninase) 1,3-dihydroxy-2-(4- methoxy-
phenyl)propane + O2 + H2O2/1-(4-
ethoxy- 3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-propene +
O2 + H2O2/H4- ethoxy-3-
Table5: The features of the main two groups of fungal ligninolytic enzymes (Mehdi et al., 2010).
1
General reactions.2Differnet enzymes from different species need different metal(s) or
3
ion(s). Fungal laccases are mostly extracellular enzymes but cytoplasmic or intracellular laccases
were also found especially in plants and bacteria.4Glycosylation degree varies between different
fungal ligninolytic enzymes.3-HAA: 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid; NHA: N-hydroxyacetanilide;
ABTS: 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6 sulphonate). N/A: not applicable.
Food Industry
Laccase Phenolic remotion from Ghindilis, 2000;
the food and beverage; Minussi et al., 2002;
Ascorbic acid Rodríguez and Toca, 2006;
determination; Sugar beet
pectin gelatination
Lignin peroxidase Source of natural Lesage-Meessen et al., 1996;
aromatics; Production of Lomascolo et al., 1999;
vanillin Barbosa et al.,2008
Manganese peroxidase Production of natural Lomascolo et al., 1999;
aromatic flavours Zorn et al., 2003;
Barbosa et al., 2008
Pulp and paper industry
Laccase Depolymerization of Bourbonnais et al., 1997;
lignin; Delignify wood Chandra and Ragauskas, 2002;
pulps; Bleaching of kraft Camarero et al., 2004;
pulps Rodríguez and Toca, 2006;
Vijaya et al., 2009
Lignin peroxidase Decolouriment of kraft Ferrer et al.,1991;
pulp Mill effluents Bajpai, 2004;
Manganese peroxidase Kraft pulp bleaching Wasenberg et al., 2003;
Maijala et al., 2007
Textile industry
Cooper, 1993; Wong and Yu,
Laccase 1999;
Abadulla et al., 2000;
Pointing, 2001;
Kasinath et al., 2003;
Lignin peroxidise Textile dye degradation Shin, 2004;
and bleaching Champagne and Ramsay, 2005;
Rodríguez and Toca, 2006;
Kunamneni et al., 2008;
Robles-Hernández et al., 2008;
Manganese peroxidase Gomes et al., 2009
Bioremediation
Laccase Biodegradation of Pointing, 2001;
xenobiotics; Rodríguez and Toca, 2006;
Polycyclic aromatic Anastasi et al., 2009
hydrocarbons(PAHs)
Lignin peroxidase Degradation of azo, Abraham et al., 2002;
heterocyclic, reactive and Ohtsubo et al., 2004;
polymeric dyes Gomes et al., 2009;
Mineralization of Wen et al., 2009
Conclusions:
References:
1. Abadulla, E., Tzanov, T., Costa, S., Robra, K.H., Cavaco-Paulo, A., and Gubitz, G.M.
Decolorization and detoxification of textile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsuta.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2000: 66. 3357-3362.
2. Abbas, A., Koc, H., Liu, F., Tien, M. Fungal degradation of wood: initial proteomic
analysis of extracellular proteins of Phanerochaete chrysosporium grown on oak
substrate. Curr Genet. 2005: 47:49–56.
3. Abraham, W.R., Nogales, B., Golyshin, P.N., Pieper, D.H., and Timmis, K.N.
Polychlorinated-biphenol-degrading microbial communities in soils and sediments.
Current Opinion in Microbiology. 2002: 5. 246-253.
4. Akin, D.E., Rigsby, L.L., Sethuraman, A., Morrison III, W.H., Gamble, G.R. and
Eriksson, K.E. Alteration in structure, chemistry and bioavialability of grass
lignocellulose treated with the white-rot fungi, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Cyathus
stercoreus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61 . 1995: 1591-1598.
5. Akta, N., and Tanyolaç, A. Reaction conditions for laccase catalyzed polymerization of
catechol. Bioresource Technology, 2003: vol. 87, no. 3, p. 209-214.
6. Anastasi, A., Coppola, T., Prigione, V., and Varese, G. Pyrene degradation and
detoxification in soil by a consortium of basidiomycetes isolated from compost: Role of
laccases and peroxidases. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009: vol. 165, no. 1-3, p.
1229-1233.
7. Anderson, W.F., Akin, D.E. Structural and chemical properties of grass lignocelluloses
related to conversion for biofuels. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008:35:355–366.
8. Arora, D.S., Sharma, R.K. Enhancement in in vitro digestibility of wheat straw obtained
from different geographical regions during solid state fermentation by white rot fungi.
BioResour. 2009:4:909–920.
9. Arora, M., Sehgal, V.K., Thaper, V.K. and Wadhwa, M. Nutritional improvement of Rice
straw by higher fungi. In : Fungi in Biotechnology, Eds. Anil Prakash., CBS Publishers,
New Delhi., 1998: p. 163-165.
Abstract
Leaf extract of Cuscuta Pentagona was tested for the synthesis of silver and copper
nanoparticles using rapid green synthesis route. Synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed by
analyzing the excitation of surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) using UV-VIS spectrophotometry.
The preliminary SEM analysis confirmed the range of particle size between 20-90 nm for silver
and 40 - 170 nm for copper. FTIR spectrum confirms the presents of high amounts of phenolic
compounds in the leaf extractwhich possibly influence the reduction process and stabilization of
nanoparticles. Results indicate the potential usage of Cuscuta Pentagona leaf extract for the
green synthesis of metal nano particles.
Keywords: Biosynthesis, plant extracts, nanoparticles, silver and copper nanoparticles, SEM , FTIR.
1. Introduction
Nanotechnology is rapidly expanding and potentially beneficial field with tremendous
applications for society, industry and medicine. Current research in bactericidal nano materials
has opened a new area in pharmaceutical industries. The Silver nano particles act on a broad
range of target sites both extracellular as well intracellular. In fact microbes generally have a
harder time to develop resistance to silver then they do to antibiotics [1, 2].Plants are the richest
bioresource of drugs in traditional and modern medicine [3]. The plant mediated synthesis is
rapid, low cost, eco- friendly and for safer human therapeutic uses [4].Manyreports are available
on biogenesis of Silver
nanoparticlesusingseveralplantextractsParthinium[5],Desmodium[6],Morindacitrifolia[7],
turneraulmifolia[8],Acalyphaindica[9],Ocimumsanctum[10],catharanthusroseus[11],Ocimumcan
um[12],plantlatex[13]andE.coli[14]etc.Here we report an in expensive, versatile and green
method for the synthesis of Silver nanoparticles by reduction process using using Cuscuta
Pentagona leaf extract.
3. Characterization
3.1. UV –Visible spectra analysis
Synthesized silver nano particles were initially characterized by sampling small aliquot of
sample in to UV –Visible spectro photo meter absorption spectra at 300-700 nm using Shimadzu
UV -1800Spectro photo meter.
Fig .2 UV-Visible absorption spectrum of Cuscuta Pentagona leaf extract containg silver
nanoparticles.
3.2. SEM analysis of silver nanoparticles
Fig.4 SEM image of silver nanoparticles formed by Cuscuta Pentagona leaf extract.
Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) is available along with SEM. The peaks
obtained from EDX gives the element composition of the sample and found to have Silver.
Fig .6EDX image of silver nanoparticles produced from Cuscuta Pentagona leaf extract
4. FTIR- Spectroscopy
Fourier-transform spectroscopy Perkin Elmer model was used for the analysis of the
reduced silver. The spectrum was taken in mid-IR region of 400-4000cm-1.The sample was
Fig .7FTIR-spectrum of bio synthesized silver nanoparticles formed by Cuscuta Pentagona leaf
extract.
6. Conclusion
The present study reveals that Cuscuta Pentagona is good source for synthesis of silver
nanoparticles at a faster rate. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by the colour
change within 30 minutes. The bioreduced silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis,
FTIR spectroscopy and SEM techniques.
7. Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Department of Physics, Osmania University, Hyderabad
for SEM, EDX and spectral analysis of the plant sample.
8. References:
[1].C. Baker, A. Pradhan, L. Pakstis et al.,J Nanosci Nanotechnology . , 2005, l5, 244.
[2].A.B. Landsdown, A. Williams, J Wound Care. Jan., 2007, 6, 1, 15.
[3].U.Viplav Prasad, B Syama sunder G.Anuradha, J.Sreekanth kumar,conference Proceedings
of Chemistry of Phytopotentials: Health,Energy & Environmental Perspective (CPHEE
).,2011,73.
[4]. Kumar V,Yadav SK, J.Chem Technol Biotechnol.,2009, 84,151.
[5]. Vyom parashar*, et al,Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures ., 2009, 4(1), 45.
[6]. Naheed Ahmad, Seema Sharma, V, et al, Biotechnology Research International. , 2011, 1, 1.
[7]. Gnanasekar Sathishkumara , Chandrakasan Gobinatha , etal Colloids and Surfaces B:
Biointerfaces.,2012,95, 235.
[8]. M.S. Shekhawat*, N. Kannan and M. Manokari, Journal of Ecobiotechnology., 2012,4,1,54.
[9]. R.Sakthi sundar Saravanan etal, Proceedings of Second National seminar on New Materials
Research and Nanotechnology., 2013,383.
[10]. Yogeswari Rout, Sikha Behera, Akshya Kumar Ojha and P. L. Nayak*, J. Microbiol.
Antimicrob. , 2012, 4, 6, 103.
[11]. Ponarulselvam S, Panneerselvam, Murugan K, Aarthi N, Kalimuthu K, Thangamani , Asian
Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.,2012, 574.
[12]. Chidambaram Jayaseelan, et al,Parasitology research., 2012,111,3, 1369.
[13].Amal Kumar Mondal, Sanjukta Mondal (Parui)*,Sumana Samanta and Sudebi Mallick Adv.
BioRes.,2011, 2,1.
[14]. Abd EI-Raheem R.EI-Shanshourry etal, ISRN Nanotechnology., 2011, 1.
[15]. Gupta R. etal, NewsLetter., 1994, 1, 1.
[16]. M. Tamil Selvi, et al,Journal of Saudi Chemical Society., 2012,1.
Abstract.
INTRODUCTION
Khammam Forest Division lies in the southern part of Khammam district between
latitudes 160 46’ 2’’ S and 17033’35’’ N and longitudes 79048’ 10’’ W and 810 16’ 37’’ E.
Geographical area of the Division is 6027 Km2, which is 37.6% of the area of the district
(Andhra Pradesh state of forest report, 2013, 69-76). The rivers in this division are Munneru,
Paleru, Akheru and Wyra. The average highest temperature in the summer is480C and the
minimum average temperature in December is 140C and the average annual rainfall is 997.96
mm, received mainly from Southwest monsoons. The soil types found mainly in this Division are
sandy, black, red and loamy. The Mineral resources in this Division are coal, iron ore, lime
stone, barytes, graphite, mica, kyanite and building stones. The district is bounded by Chattisgarh
and Orissa on the north, Krishna district on the south, west Godavari and East Godavari districts
on the east and Nalgonda and Warangal districts on the west. As such, the district is adjoined
with neighboring states and remaining Telangana region. Land use pattern of the division is
given in Table I.
Table I. Land use pattern
There are twenty five tribal groups living in the district. According to 2001 census, their
population 6.83 lakhs, of which 3.44 lakhs are men and remaining 3.39 lakhs women (Srihari
Mancha, 2012, 244-253). Out of 25 tribes in the district, the Koyas are numerically predominant
tribal group with 52.68%, followed by Lambadas 39.76%, Gonds/Naikapodu 2.37%, Yerukalas
1.96%, Nayaks 1.74%, Konda reddies 1.06% and remaining nineteen tribal sub groups constitute
0.43%.
The above data was collected from 29 Tribal mandals of Khammam district.Most of the
Koyas resides in forest mountains and understand telugu language but they communicate by
using their mother tongue (i.e. Koya language) and they mainly depend on forest for their shelter,
food and medicine.
Study area
The study area in the part of Khammam district (Bhadrachalam and Cherla) of Telangana
state, India is located 200 km (160 mi) away from Research centre i.e. Department of Botany,
Kakatiya University, Warangal. The Godavari, Sabari, Sileru, Taliperu rivers and Dry deciduous,
tropical moist deciduous, Semi ever green and tropical thorn forest types are present in the study
area.
Methodology
Ethnomedicinal plants data were collected from Bhadrachalam and Cherla mandals are
situated in the Khammam district. According to the methodology suggested by Jain and Goel
(Jain S.K. and Goel A.K, 1995, 142-147). A survey has been conducted during the period of
2012 to 2014 for all three seasons (summer, Mansoon and winter) in various habitats with special
emphasis on medicinal values. The data has also been collected through interviewing from the
The collected plant specimens were identified taxonomically with the help of Flora of
presidency of Madras (Gamble JS,1928,).Flora of Andhra Pradesh (Pullaiah T & Chennaiah
E,1997,Vol. I-III,). A.H Flora of Karimnagar (Naqvi, 2001,). And other local floras
(http://forest.ap.nic.in/Forest%20Flora%20of%20Andhra%20pradesh/index.htm.). Recent
monographs using salient features.Plant specimens were prepared as herbaria according to
Handbook of herbarium (Jain SK & Rao RR,1997,). and plant inflorescence, flowers,fruits, seeds
are deposited in Museum at Department of Botany, Kakatiya University, Warangal.
Tribal people mostly depend on forest products for their livelihood. Their traditional
knowledge part was from ancient culture and ethnic practices. They are connected with their
habits such as gathering of tubers, fruits, seeds, inflorescence, gums, medicinal herbs and other
mineral based products.
The present study revealed that totally (42) plants included in (39) genera belonging to
(27) families. The plant species were arranged alphabetically and included vernacular names,
scientific names and family names of the medicinal plants. Different parts of the plants were
crushed and milk, sugar, pepper, salt and water were added as ingredients. Different modes of
treatment for various diseases were followed by tribals of Bhadrachalam and Cherla areas of
Khammam district (Table.III).
The collected specimens of medicinal plants are enumerated with their uses. The
dominant families are Fabaceae (7), Solanaceae (3), Amaranthaceae (2), Acanthaceae (2),
Asclepiadaceae (2), Cucurbitaceae (2), Liliaceae (2), Moraceae (2), Verbenaceae (2),
Annonaceae (1), Anacardiaceae (1), Apocyanaceae (1), Burseraceae (1), Cyperaceae (1),
Combretaceae (1), Hypoxidaceae (1), Loganiaceae (1), Meliaceae (1) Myrtaceae (1),
Nyctaginaceae (1), Phyllanthaceae (1), Rhamnaceae (1), Sapotaceae (1), Sapindaceae (1),
Stemonaceae (1), Euphorbiaceae (1), Vitaceae (1).
The disease wise categorization of ailments for the treatment of which a large number of
medicinal plants are used Urinary infection (3), Piles (3), Nutrition (3), Wound healing (3),
Malarial fever (3), Toothache (3), Snake bite (2), Diabetes (2), Scorpion bite (2), Fracture (2),
cough (2), Ulcers (2), potency (1), Kidney stones (1), Bacterial diseases (1), Hangnails (1),
Different parts of the medicinal plants are using by the tribal peoples, local practitioners,
among them – Leaves (40%),Fruits (10%), Roots (10%), Stem bark (10%),Tubers (7%), Seeds
(5%), Twig ( 5%), Whole plant (5%), Bulbils (2%), Gum (2%), Flower (2%), Latex (2%).
(Figure I).
Table III. Medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases in Humanbeing by
Tribal people of Bhadrachalam and Cherla areas of Khammam District.
10 Boswellia serrata Roxb. Burseraceae Stem Bark None Stem bark is used for Arthritis and
(Andugu) and Gum gum used for Nutrition.
11 Bridelia hamiltoniana Euphorbiaceae Leaves None Leaves and bark are crushed and
(Panchothku) applied externally on Fracture area.
12 Buchanania lanzan Anacardiaceae Gum None Morri gum used for Nutritional
Spreng. purpose and good healthy.
(Morri)
13 Cissus quadrangularis L. Vitaceae Whole None The whole plant is crushed and
(Nalleru) plant applied externally on Fracture area.
14 Clerodendrum phlomides Verbenaceae Leaves None 50ml of Leaf juice is used for
L. f Cough.
(Takkali)
15 Coccinia grandis J. Voigt. Cucurbitaceae Leaves None Leaves are crushed to form paste
(Donda) and it applied on body to expose to
36 Stemona tuberose Lour. Stemonaceae Roots Black Roots of Stemona and black pepper
(Giritonda) pepper seeds are crushed to form powder
then mixed in water and consumed
for Headache.
37 Streblus asper Lour. Moraceae Twigs None Twigs are used as tooth brush for
(Barrenka) healthy Teeth.
38 Strychonos potatorum L. Loganiaceae Seeds None The plant seeds grinded to powder
f. form, which is applied to relieve
(Chilla ginjalu) from Snakebite.
39 Syzigium cumini (L.) Myrtaceae Roots Water Plant root made as bowel, water
Skeels. placed in bowel after 8 hours it is
(Neredu) consumed for Urinary calculi.
40 Terminalia alata Heyne Combretaceae Stem bark None Powder of stem bark is applied on
& Roth Wounds for Healing.
(Nallamaddi)
41 Tylophora indica Wt.and Asclepiadaceae Leaves None Leaf juice given orally for
Arn. Snakebite.
(Meka meyani aku)
42 Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Rhamnaceae Stem bark Oil Dried stem bark powder mixed with
Mill. oil to applied for Wounds and Cuts.
(Pariki)
Figure.I: Percentage of different plant parts used in the preparation of Folk medicine.
Percentage Leaves
Tubers
Roots
2% 2%
Stem bark
10% 5%
2% 40%
Twigs
2%
5% Whole plant
5% Bulbils
10% Gum
7%
10% Flower
Latex
Fruits
Seeds
A B
C D
Fig.2. Images showing study area of Bhadrachalam and Cherla areas of Khammam
District
The present study shows that Bhadrachalam and Cherla tribal area are rich with
medicinal plant diversity and traditional knowledge in all habitats. The culture is useful not only
for conservation of traditional knowledge and also for biodiversity. Due to the modernization and
globalization changes in cultural practices this heritage and traditional knowledge is not properly
documented. Hence it is essential to study and document the folk knowledge which can provide
voluble information to pharmacologists and herbalists in future these endangered medicinal
plants can be conserved through micro propagation by using tissue culture technique for future
use.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to the ethnic resource persons who shared their knowledge of
ethnomedicine in the study area and forest department officers for providing road map, revenue
department for providing the data of tribal people and tribal villages in the study area of
Khammam dist.
1. Achyranthes aspera L.
Family:- Amaranthaceae
Vernacular names: Uttareni
Use: The whole plant decoction is used to treat dermatological disorders in children.
Pneumonia is treated with the root decoction.
Locality: Kinnerasani, palavoncha
2. Alstonia scholaris R.Br.
Family:- Apocynaceae
Vernacular name:- Yedaakula paala
Use:- Leaf juice is prescribed in epilepsy and asthma in children as well as in
adults.
Locality:- Chintoor.
3. Aristolochia indica L.
Family:- Aristolochiaceae
Vernacular name:- Gadida gadapa
Use:- Root paste is prescribed in bowel troubles and skin infections in children.
Locality:- Venkatapuram
4. Atylosia scarabaeoides (L). Benth.
Family name:- Fabaceae
Vernacular names:- Adavi Ulava Teega
Use:- The whole plant or the roots are being crushed and prescribed for vitality to the
mothers after childbirth. Bronchitis in children is treated with the fresh root paste.
Locality:- Aswarapet
5. Buettneria herbacea Roxb.
Family: Malvaceae
Vernacular names:- Dikku sindur
7.Cissampelos pareira L.
Family:- Menispermaceae
Vernacular names:- Chiruboddi
Use:- The crushed roots are used in stomach ache, cough and cold and
breathing troubles of babies. Roots are used as an anthelmintic and also to
cure severe stomach ache in children. Root paste is also prescribed to the
snake bitten children and adults.
Locality:- Padugonigudem, Gundala.
8. Crotalaria prostrata Roxb.
Family:- Fabaceae
Vernacular names:- Serrigallygista
Use:- The crushed plant preparation is prescribed to women just after childbirth to
prevent weakness. Crushed roots are prescribed in skin infection and snakebite.
Locality:- Bayyaram.
9. Cryptolepis buchananii et. Schult.
Family:- Periplocaceae
Vernacular names:- Paala teega
Use:- Malnourished children are prescribed with the plant decoction to
strengthen bones. Stomach pain and other gastric problems of minors are
treated with fresh root decoction.
Locality:- Gandhampalli
10. Dolichos biflorus L.
References:-
1. Abhijit dey Traditional use of medicinal plants by the ethnic group of Purulia
District W.B. Indian J.Med.Arom.plants 2011, 1(3) 189-194.
2. De,J.N.1965. Some min or plant- fibers of aboriginal usage in the District of
Purulia, Bulletin of Botanical society of Bengal 19 (2). 67-72.
3. Dey. A.2011 a.Achyranthes aspera L.Phytochemical and Pharmacological aspects.
A review. International journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Review and Research 9(2) 72-82.
4. Dey.A.De.J.N2010.Rauvolfia serpentine (L) Benth.ex Kurz- A review.Asian journal of
plant sciences. 9(6) 285-298
ABSTRACT
This study concerns about the spore and pollen analysisof 50 spider webs, which were
collected from the various intra and extramural localities of Osmania University campus,
Hyderabad. 29 Pollen taxa belong to 19 families were recorded. The fungal spores and pollen
grains extracted from spider webs reflect the distinct characteristics of the regional vegetation,
which changes from intra to extra mural environments. The entire campus is spread over with the
dominance of fungal spores and allergenic pollen grains. The aerobiological survey through
analysis of trapped pollen and spores in spider webs clearly indicates that extramural
environments are more allergenic due to qualitatively and quantitatively more dispersal of
allergenic bio-pollutants. The palynotaxa viz., Peltophorum, Ailanthus, Prosopis, Holoptelea,
Causarina, Eucalyptus,and the fungal spores viz., Curvularia, Nigrospora, Tetraploa, Torula,
Teichospora, Dreschlera, etc.wererecorded from the study, allergenic of either seasonal or
perennial.
Key words: Spider webs; Pollen allergy; Palynomyxtum.
INTRODUCTION
Pollen grains and spores as a rule are only a few hundred of a millimeter in size called as
bio-pollutants can be studied in an enlarged state and can be used as a solid mean for the
identification, classification, determination of affinity and so on of vegetation of a particular
region.Evaluation of these pollen and spores from the intra and extramural environments of
Osmania University campus has been done through the indoor intramural environment. The
palynological analysis through web samples have provided a comparative account of the
allergenic palynotaxa from the Osmania University. Spider webs are natural traps for
atmospheric pollen rain (Xiao.Yan Song et al. 2007 and Vijaya Bhasker Reddy et al. 2009). The
reconstructed pollen spectra not only portrays overall local vegetation of the region but also
prove the spider-webs to be the better substrates for airborne bio-pollutants as compared to the
soil samples (Bera, S.K. et al., 2002).
Osmania University is located in the centre of the Hyderabad and is named after its founder,
Nawab Osman Ali Khan, the seventh Nizam of Hyderabad who rather through a farman or Royal
Charter, brought the University into existence in 1918. It is the seventh oldest in the Country
and third oldest in South India. Hyderabad is situated 170-22l East and 780-27l North on the
banks of the river Moosi with an elevation of about 536 m above the sea level. The present
locality lies on the latitude 780-24l N and longitude 180-25l E. The climate of the studied locality
is generally hot and dry and annual rainfall ranging between 500-1000 ml and is chiefly due to
the southwest monsoon. The temperature is around 270C to 400 C.
OBSERVATIONS
The palynomyxtum consists of pollen grains, fungal spores, and cuticles, insect remains
like wings, scales and legs. A total of 29 pollen types referable to 19 families were identified.
The pollen grains constitute 80% and remaining 20% are the fungal spores. The pollen of tree
taxa was high (42%) followed by herbs (32%) and fungal spores (26%) (Fig: 1). the incidence of
aerospora was even throughout the extramural environment whereas intramural environment is
dominant with herbaceous taxa and fungal spores. The important pollen were of Acacia nilotica
(0.2%), Acalypha indica (12%), Ageratum conyzoides (8%),Ailanthus excelsa (8%), Albizia
lebbeck (0.4%), Alternanthera sessilis (12%), Amaranthus viridis (4%), Casuarina equisitifolia
(0.5%), Celosia arjentea (5%), Chenopodium album (2%),Cocos nucifera (1.2%), Croton
bonplandianum (0.4%), Cucumis sativus (0.2%), Cynodon dactylon(4.2%), Eucalyptus globulus
(7%), Feronia elephantum (1%),Hibiscus rosasinensis (0.2%),Holoptelea intigerfolia (4%),
Justecia procumbens (0.3%),Leucaena leucocephala (0.2%), Parthenium histerophorus (18 %),
Peltophorum pterocarpum (3%), Prosopis juliflora(5%), Ricinus communis (0.3%), Syzygium
cumini (0.8 %), Terminalia catappa (0.3%), Tinospora cordifolia (3%), Tribulus terrestris
(0.6%), Tridax procumbens (2%). Typha aungustata (0.8%), Xanthium strumarium (0.4%) and
significant fungal spores were of Alternaria sp (12%), Ascospores ( 18.5%), Curvularia sp (
10.6%),Nigrospora sp (5%), Rust spores (11.2%), Teichospora sp (7.8%), Tetraploa sp
(1.04%),Torula sp (33.5%). The most dominant pollen types were Parthenium (18%), Acalypha
indica (12%),Alternanthera sessilis (12%),Ageratum conyzoides (8%),Ailanthus excelsa (8%)
and are of anemophilous type pollen grains (Table:1 ).
Palynomyxtum
35
spores 30
26% trees 25
20
42% 15
10
5
0
herbs
32% Extra mural
Intramural
Fig: 1 showing percentage of the Pollen and spores from the intra and extra mural environments.
Along with the pollen and spores, were also recorded the other plant particles, cuticles,
fungal hyphae and insect remains more or less from the webs. A high frequency of fungal
hyphae was recorded from the web samples of intramural environments. A negligible Bryophytic
and Pteridophytic spores were also encountered in the samples (Fig:1).
Table:1 Showing various pollen types and their percentage recorded from the spider webs.
DISCUSSION
The present study highlights the trapped bio-pollutants by the spider webs in the outdoor
and indoor environments. The total aerospora of intra and extramural environments was similar
qualitatively but differed quantitatively, which is attributed to varied meteorological factors.
Similar observations were also earlier recorded by Lakhanpal & Nair (1957), Sreeramulu &
Rajalingam (1966), Subba Reddy (1970), Mutha Reddy & Ramanujam (1989) by using
aeroscope. Though the present study carried with spider web analysis but the overall quantity of
aerosporal incidence is strikingly similar to the studies carried out by using aeroscope from other
parts of the country such as Jaipur (Sarna &Govli 1979), Vishaka Patnam (Janakibai & Subba
Reddy 1982), Modinagar (Gaur & Kasna 1981), Bangalore (Mangala & Seetharamaiah 1981),
Aurangabad (Tilak & Patil 1983), Gulbarga (Mari Bhat & Rajasab 1985 ) and Delhi (Shivpuri et
al. 1960a, 1960b; Singh & Babu, 1980).
Many of the pollen and spores recorded in the present study were earlier listed as
potential allergens (Lakhan pal & Nair, 1958; Ramalingam 1966-67; Nair, 1963; Shivpuri, 1964;
Subba Reddy, 1970; Chanda & Sarkar, 1972; Tilak & Vishwe 1977; Shukla & Misra, 1980).
These include Ailanthua excelsa, Casuarina equisitifolia, Eucalyptus globulus, Holoptelia
integrifolia, Parthenium hysterophorus, Xanthium strumarium, Cynodon dactylon, and the
spores like Alternaria sp., Curvularia sp., Nigrospora sp.,Teichospora sp., Tetraploa sp., Torula
sp.(Plate-1)
The identified pollen types were referred to 19 families; of which 3 were monocots and
the rest of were dicots. Fluctuations and unseasonal pollen representations were observed in the
incidence of pollen and spores taxa could be due to diverse factors viz., age of the spider webs,
meteorological factors, and other biological related activities. The representation of fungal spores
in both intra and extra mural environments is due to the growth of fungi on insect residues
leftover by the spiders after trapping and consuming. The fungal spores and pollen grains
extracted from spider webs reflect the distinct characteristics of the regional vegetation, which
changes from intra to extra mural environments. The entire campus is spread over with the
dominance of fungal spores and allergenic pollen grains. The aerobiological survey through
analysis of trapped pollen and spores in spider webs clearly indicates that extramural
environments are more allergenic due to qualitatively and quantitatively more dispersal of
allergenic bio-pollutants.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am thankful to Prof. P. Ramachandra Reddy for his constant support and
encouragement throughout the work. My sincere thanks to Principal, University College of
Science, Saifabad for providing facilities.
REFERANCES
1. Bera, S.K. et al., (2002). Trapped pollen and spores from spider webs of Lucknow
environs. Curr. Sci. 83, 1580-1585.
2. Erdtman, G. (1943). An introduction to pollen analysis, Waltham, Mass, USA. Erdtman,
G. (1969). Handbook of Palynology: An introduction to the study of pollen grains and
spores. Haf. Pub. Co. New York.
3. Chanda. S. & Sarkar, P.K., (1973). Atmospheric pollen flora of greater Calcutta and
Falta. Aspects of Allergy and Applied Immunology 6: 74-87.
4. Gaur, R.D., (1978). Aeropalynology of Meerut I-Pollen grains. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 57:
353-365
5. Janakibai, A. & Subba Reddy. C., (1982). Air borne pollen grains of Vishakapatnam. A
combined field and air sample study. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci, (Plant Sci.) 91: 329-350.
6. Lakhanpal, R.N. & Nair, P.K.K., (1958). Survey of the atmospheric pollen at Lucknow. J.
Sci. & Indust. Res. 17(c): 80-87.
7. Nair P.K.K., (1963). An analysis of atmospheric pollen, fungal spores and other
vegetable matter at Vellore, Madras state (India). Indian J. Med. Res. 51: 447-452.
8. Ramalingam A., (1966-67). A volumetric study of the atmospheric pollen over paddy
fields at Vishakapatnam in 1960-61. Palynol. Bull. 2&3:11-17.
9. Shivpuri, D.N., (1964). Aeropalynology and its significance in allergy. In Nair, P.K.K.
(Ed.) Recent Advances in Palynology. 420-437. Today &Tomarrow publ. New Delhi.
10. Shukla A.C. & Mishra, S.P., (1980). Palynology of Kanpur trees with special reference to
their allergenic significance. In P.K.K. Nair (Ed.)Advances in Pollen and Spore research
V-VII: 209-215. Today &Tomarrow publ. New Delhi.
11. Subba Reddy, C., (1970). A Comparative study of atmospheric pollen and fungus spores
at two places twenty miles apart. Acta Allergologia. 25: 189-215.
12. Tilak, S.T. & Vishwe, D.B., (1977). Aeroallergenic pollen at Aurangabad. In P.K.K. Nair
(Ed.)Advances in Pollen and Spore research 144-149. Today &Tomarrow publ. New
Delhi.
13. Vijaya Bhasker Reddy A. et al., (2009). Spider webs- a natural trap of spores and pollen.
Advances in Pollen Spore research vol.45: 65-73.
14. Xiao-Yan Song, et al., (2007). Pollen analysis of spider webs from Yunnan, China. Rev.
Palaeobot. Palynol. 145, 325-333.
Torula sp.
Abstract-
Fungal and Bacterial infections are among the ailments treated by traditional healers.
The World Health Organization has expressed high interest in traditional medicine, and
it is important to demonstrate scientifically that remedies employed in folk medicine are
indeed therapeutically active. The aim of the study was to scientifically test if plants
used in traditional medicine for the treatment of infections showed indeed antifungal
and antibacterial activity. The plants Enicostemma littorale, Citrus lemon,
(Seeds),Aristolochia clamatitis (Leaves and seeds), Phyllanthus erecta. Simple
laboratory conditions can be applied to validate the antifungal and antibacterial
properties of plants used in traditional medicine. Different extracts of the selected plant
parts was evaluated against four different fugal and bacterial cultures which are plant
and human pathogenic.
Keywords: - Enicostema, Aristolochia, Antifungal and Antibacterial.
INTRODUCTION : - In India many plants are mostly used as traditional
medicines for the treatments of various diseases.
Medicinal plants have been an integral parts of the life in various regional
communities for food and drugs both .
Everyone is concerned with high & growing no. of diseases associated with many
microorganisms especially bacteria and Fungi. Bacteria also have become far more
resist to many antibacterial agents.
The current research focuses on the extraction and assay of the antimicrobial
components from the different plant leaves and seeds .Like Enicostemma littorale,
Citrus limon ,(Seeds), Aristolochia clamatitis (Leaves and seeds), Phyllanthus erecta.
These are easily available at zero cost and found everywhere.
Now a day, the use of phytochemicals for pharmaceutical purpose has gradually
increased in many countries. According to “World Health Organization” (WHO). (Selva
Mohan T. et. al.)
Plant produces a wide variety of secondary metabolites which are used either directly as
precursors or as lead compounds in the pharmaceutical industry.
• Enicostemma littorale-E. littorale bloom called chota chirayita in (Marathi), has
been used traditionally for many diseases. According to Ayurvedic literature
survey. The fresh juice of leaves has been use stomachic and laxative, blood
• Phyllanthus erecta
In India, many plants are mostly used to as traditional medicines for the
treatment various infective diseases. The active ingredients present in those
plants are highly used for curing the diseases.
Phyllanthus erecta is an herbaceous plant. Its fruits are so tiny, found below the
branches. Belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. It is found all over the tropical
regions. It is widely used for the treatment of Jaundice, Syphilis against
constipation gonorrhea and Kidney disorders.
• Citrus lemon
Everyone is concerned with the high and growing number of diseases associated
with microorganism especially Bacteria and Fungi. Bacteria also have become
for more resistant to many anti bacterial agents. Fruit also have been studied
researchers for the presence bioactive compounds choose related with herbs. The
current research also focuses on the extraction and assay of the antimicrobial
components from the peels of citrus fruit which are easily available at zero cost
thus decreasing the cost for production. The following fruits have been targeted
in the present study. The Citrus lemon is used for culinary and non culinary
purposes throughout the world primarily for its juice; through the pulp &rind is
also used, mainly in cooking &baking.
PREPARATION OF (CHEMICALS)
1) 80% Chloform
2) 80% Methanol
3) 100 ml D/W (Aqueous extract) –
PREPARATION:-
10 gm of fresh healthy leaves were collected, washed with D/W and filter with
whatmann filter paper No.-1.
2 B.subtilis -- -- -- --
3 B. thourangenesis ++ ++ ++
4 P.auroginosa -- -- -- --
CONCLUSSION:
Among the selected plant leaves extracts only Arostilocia leaf extracts at 10% and 60%
concentration shows positive antifungal activity against the Fusariumoxysporum and F.
moniliformi. While Aristolocia leaf extracts at 20% concentration shows positive
activity against Bacillus thorengensis. The rest of the plant extracts in different solvents
and concentrations are found to be negative against the test organisams.
REFERENCES
Rainer W. Bussmann Antibacterial effects of Emblica officinalis and Phyllanthus niruri
crudeInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Science Universal Research
Publications.
William L. Brown Curator Antibacterial activity of northern-peruvian medicinal plants
Selvamohan T., V. Ramadas S. Shibila Selva Kishore Antimicrobial activity of selected
medicinal plants against some selected human pathogenic bacteria CRITICAL
REVIEW IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES ISSN 2319-1082
Thirumal.M*, Vadivelan.R, Kishore.G, Brahmaji.V.S Aristolochia bracteolata: An
Overview on Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical andPharmacological Properties.
Volume 1 Issue 1 2012 www.earthjournals.org 70
Yahya Khan*, Sahera Nasreen Free radical scavenging activity in methanolic leaf
extract of Santalum album International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences
ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 3, Issue 4, 2013
Manas Mathur, Rashi Sharma, Jaya Sharma, Ruchi Pareek and Raka Kamal
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Phyllanthus niruri Linn
Keywords:
Microbial consortia, textile effluents, Decolourization, Biodegradation, and
Anthraquinone dye.
Introduction:
Removal of color from dye bearing which was advancement in industrialization spoiling
a lot causes pollutants in soil and water environment. Many contaminants present in wastewater,
such as acids, bases, toxic organic and inorganic, Dissolved solids, and colors. Among them,
colors are considered the most undesirable and are mainly caused by dyes. Dyes usually have a
synthetic origin and complex aromatic molecular structures which make them more stable and
more difficult to biodegrade. The textile industry utilizes about 10000 different dyes and
pigments the effluents of these industries are highly colored and the disposal of these wastes into
receiving waters causes damage to the Environment. Synthetic dyes have many structural
varieties such as acid dyes, basic, reactive dyes, dispersive, Azo, Anthraquinone dyes.
Anthraquinone based dyes are the most resistant to degrade due to their fused aromatic ring
structure. The chromophores in anionic and non-ionic dye are mostly Anthraquinone dyes and
azo dyes. Several physical and chemical methods have been used to eliminate the colored
Decolourization studies:
d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o
90 Acid blue 25
R eactive blue 19
80 d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o
% 0f decolourization
70
d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o
60
50 d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o
40
d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o
30
d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o
20
10 d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o
0
Isolate1 Isolate 2 Isolate 3 Isolate4 Isolate5
Figure -1 Decolourization of Acid blue 25 & Reactive blue 19 dyes by the Bacterial isolates
80
% of decolourization
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
B C-01 BC -02 B C-03 BC -04
Bacterial consortia
Figure -2 Decolourization of Acid blue 25 & Reactive blue 19 dyes by the Bacterial
Consortia
Discussion:
The effluents released from the textile industries causes serious threat to ground water & soil,
which also affects the human beings where there is a poor sanitation. (Jiunkins et al., 1982). The
effluents collected from the textile industries consists of toxic chemicals, dyes and also
acclimatized with microbial population such as Bacteria, Fungi, Algae & Yeast etc…More
frequently encountered population was the bacteria , can be isolated from the dye amended
effluents , sludge & soil was demonstrated by MadamwarD.et al., (2006) &Rashid Mahmood et
al., (2012). Five dominated bacterial species were isolated and characterized from the textile
effluents and therefore coded them as Isolate1, Isolate 2 , Isolate 3, Isolate 4 , Isolate 5 . After
though analysis of these species with morphological and biochemical tests with reference to the
Bergey’s manual (Edition - VIII) and molecular characterization at NCCS, PUNE confirmed
these sps (Klebsiella sps, Acinetobacter sps, Citrobacter sps, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus
respectively). These Five isolates showed maximum decolourization potential of Anthraquinone
dyes Acid blue 25, Reactive blue 19 with different combinations). Similarly Kalyani et al.,
(2009);Wong P, Yuen P. (1998); Khalid et al., (2008); were also analyzed the textile dyes for
their maximum decolorization and degradation showed very interesting results for azo dyes by
bacillus sps, Klebsiella sps& Pseudomonas sps. And further the bacterial consortia was made by
different sps and extensively used them for the biotreatment of textile effluents & all the
consortia groups showed good results for decolourization. Khadijah et al., (2009) developed
bacterial consortia for decolourization of Congo red. Rashid Mahmood et al., (2012) & Sivaraj et
Conclusion:
The textile dyes are harm full, toxic and carcinogenic to the environment & Living beings.
Among the most economically viable choices available for the effluent treatment /
decolourization, and the most practical systems to adopt & develop, appear to be the biological
systems are known to be capable of dealing BOD & COD reduction or removal through
conventional aerobic biodegradation. Although decolourization is a challenging process to both
the textile industries and Waste water treatment. Present study leads to conclude that the isolates
had adequate potential to decolorize the Anthraquinone dyes. Thus the isolates could be
exploited or its bioremediation ability, concerted efforts were still required to establish biological
developmental system, the techniques by which the decolourization occurs vary and among them
adsorption seems of great significance for future development in bio-removal or bio-recovery of
dye substances.
Acknowledgments:
The authors are gratefully acknowledged Yogi Vemana University for facility and the
Department of Biotechnology for funding major research project.
No.BT/PR13941/BCE/08/807/2010.
References:
1. Jiunkins R. (1982). Pre-treatment of textile waste water. Proc. 37th Industrial waste
Conference Purdue Uni. Lafayette, Ind p.37-139.
2. Junnarkar N, Murty JD, Bhatt NS, Madamwar D. (2006). Decolorization
Of diazo dye Direct Red 81 by a novel bacterial consortium.
3. Kalyani DC, Telke AA, Dhanve RS, Jadhav JP. (2009). Eco-friendly
Biodegradation and detoxification of Reactive Red 2 textile dye by newly
isolated Pseudomonas sp. SUK1. J HazardMater 163: 735-742.
4. Khadijah, O., Lee,K.K., Mohd Faiz F., Abdullah. (2009). Isolation, screening and
development of local bacterial consortia with azo dyes decolourising capability. Malaysian
Journal ofMicrobiology; 25-32.
Abstract
Leaf and root extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus were assessed for the synthesis of
silver nanoparticles using rapid green synthesis route. Synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed
by analyzing the excitation of surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) using UV-VIS
spectrophotometry. SEM analysis confirmed the majority range of particle size between 32 -
58nm for silver. FTIR spectrum confirms the presents of high amounts of phenolic compounds in
the leaf and root extracts which possibly influence the reduction process and stabilization of
nanoparticles. The results of particle size analysis confrim the distribution of the particles within
20 nm to 110 nm.
1. Introduction
Fresh leaves were washed several times with tap water and later with deionised water. 10
grams of washed fine cut leaves along with 100 ml double distilled water were taken in 250 ml
glass beaker and boiled for 5 minutes at 80oc. The extract was cooled to room temperature and
filtered with Whatman No 1 filter paper. The filtrate was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 10000
rpm, the supernatant was collected and stored at 4o C. The filtrates are used as reducing and
stabilizing agents. Similar process is followed for preparation of root extract.
In the single step green synthesis, 5 ml of leaf extract or root extract was added to 95 ml
of 1 mM aqueous AgNO3 solution and heated up to 80oC for 5 minutes, the immediate colour
change indicaing the formation of Silver nanoparticles.
The silver nanoparticles solution thus obtained was purified by repeated centrifugation at
10000 rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant was transferred to a clean dry beaker for further
settlement of particles and repeated centrifugation was carried using cooling microfuge to get
dried and purified Silver nanoparticles. The particles obtained were used for further
characterization.
3. Characterization
Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis was carried by using Zeiss, EV-18
model.
Fourier-transform infra red spectroscopy Bruker Tensor 27 model was used for the
analysis of the reduced silver. The spectrum was recorded in mid-IR region of 400-4000 cm-1
with 16 scan speed, using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) technique.
The present study reports the use of Artocarpus heterophyllus leaf and root extracts for
the Synthesis of Silver nanoparticles. The plant extract or root extract may act as reducing and
capping agents in silver nanoparticles synthesis. Studies have indicated that biomolecules like
protein, carbohydrates, flavonoids and phenols not only play a role in the capping of the
nanoparticles, but also play an important role in reducing the ions to the nano size [27], [28].
The biomolecules found in these extracts like enzymes, vitamins, proteins, amino acids, and
polysaccharides [29] play a vital role in the reduction of Ag+ ions.
Figure 5: SEM image of silver nanoparticles formed by using Artocarpus heterophyllus leaf
extract.
Figure 6: SEM image of silver nanoparticles formed by using Artocarpus heterophyllus root
extract.
The SEM images indicate the presence of silver nanoparticles synthesized from the leaf
extract and root extract, further confirmed the development of silver nano structure. The SEM
image shows the formation of porous surface with spherical nano particles. They are clearly
distinguishable in 24 to 47 nm in size .
Figure 7: EDX image of silver nanoparticles produced from Artocarpus heterophyllus root
extract.
The EDX spectra exhibit the purity of the material and the complete chemical
composition of synthesized silver nanoparticles for both leaf and root extract synthesis routes. In
The FTIR spectrum of silver nanoparticles is shown in Figure. The band at 3463cm-1 is
assigned to the O-H stretching of H-bonded alcohols and phenols.The peak formed at 2962 cm-
1
is because of C-H stretching and symmetric stretching of methoxy groups. The strong peak at
1737 cm-1 shows the stretching vibrations of C=O .The band at 1639 cm-1 corresponds to the N-
H bending of primary amines. The value 1440 cm-1 is related to the C-C stretching of aromatic
ring structure. The bands at 1367cm-1 are related to the C-N streching of aromatic amine group.
Whereas in the region 1020 cm-1 are corresponding to the C-C streching of alcohols, carboxylic
acids, ethers and esters which are binding to metal to form a silver nanoparticle.
The preliminary phytochemical analysis of leaf extract and root extracts revealed the
presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, sterols, terpenoids, proteins, and phenolic
compounds. FT-IR predicts the molecular configuration of different functional groups present in
the extract. Considerable absorption peaks are found at 3463cm-1, 2962 cm-1, 1737 cm-1, 1639
cm-1, 1440 cm-1, 1367cm-1, 1020 cm-1 respectively.
6. Conclusion
The present study reveals that the plant species of Artocarpus heterophyllus is good
source for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles at a faster rate. The formation of silver
nanoparticles was confirmed by the colour change within 30 minutes. The bioreduced silver
nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis, SEM, FTIR techniques.
7. Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully thank the Department of Physics, Osmania University, Hyderabad
for SEM, EDX and spectral analysis.
8. References:
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[8] Huang, CC, Yang, Z, Lee, KH, Chang, HT: “Synthesis of highly fluorescent gold
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“Anisotropic metal nanoparticles: synthesis, assembly, and optical applications”. J Phys Chem B
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[11] T. Klaus, R. Joerger, E. Olsson, and C. G. Granqvist, “Silver based crystalline nanoparticles,
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[14] I.Willner, R. Baron, and B.Willner, “Growing metal nanoparticles by enzymes,” Advanced
Materials, 18(9), pp.1109–1120, 2006.
[15] Kumar V,Yadav SK. “Pant mediated synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and their
applications”, J.Chem Technol Biotechnol;(84), pp.151-157, 2009.
[16] Vyom parashar*,et al, “Parthenium leaf extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: a
novel approach towards weed utilization”. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures .
4,(1), pp. 45 - 50, 2009.
[18] Yogeswari Rout, Sikha Behera, Akshya Kumar Ojha and P. L. Nayak* “Green synthesis of
silver nanoparticles using Ocimum sanctum (Tulashi)and study of their antibacterial and
antifungal activities”.J. Microbiol. Antimicrob.Vol. 4(6), pp. 103-109, 2012.
[22] M. Tamil Selvi, et al, “Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of essential oil of Ocimum
canum Sims. from India”. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, pp.1-4, 2012.
[23] Jeferson c. Nascimento ,et al, “Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential
oils of ocimum canum sims. and ocimum selloi benth”. Anais da Academia Brasileira de ciências
83(3), pp. 787-799, 2011.
[24] Nyarko A.K.et al, “Extract of Ocimum canum lowers blood glucose and facilitates insulin
release by isolated pancreatic beta-islet cells”. Phytomedicine, 9(4) pp. 346-351, 2002.
[25] Behera Saiprasanna, et al, “Phytochemical investigation and study on antioxidant properties
of Ocimum canum hydro-alcoholic leaf extracts”. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics; 2(4),
pp.122-128, 2012.
[26] Harborne JB, “Phytochemical methods–A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis”,
Chapman and Hall Ltd, London, 1998.
[27]A.Vedpriya,“LivingSystems:eco-friendly nanofactories,” Digest Journal of Nanomaterials
and Biostructures, 5(1), pp. 9–21, 2010.
[28] O. Collera-Z ´u˜niga, F. Garc´ıa Jim´enez, and R. Mel´endez Gordillo, “Comparative study
of carotenoid composition in three mexican varieties of Capsicum annuum L,” Food Chemistry,
90, (1-2), pp. 109–114, 2005.
[29]B. H. Jagadeesh, T. N. Prabha, and K. Srinivasan, “Improved shelf life of bell capsicum
fruits by manipulation of the activities of glycosidases through heat,” Indian Journal of Plant
Physiology, 9(2), pp. 164–168, 2004.
Telugu Name:-Pasupu
Cough & Cold:-10 g dried rhizome powder is boiled in milk and taken orally.
Telugu Name:-Podapathri
Diabetes:- Leaves are eaten directly or 5 g dried leaf powder is mixed with water and
given orally once in day.
90.Haldinia cordifolia:- Roxb)
Telugu Name:- Kadambam
Wounds:- Leaf paste is applied over wounds.
91. Heliotropium indicum:- Linn. Boraginaceae
Telugu Name:- Telumani mokka
Whole plant in throat infections, ulcers, also in blood cancers, root in coughs and fevers.
92. Hemidesmus indicus(Linn). R.Br.ex Schult. Periplocaceae
Telugu Name:- Sugandipaala
Root blood purifier , cooling, anti dote to snake bite, galactagogue, nervine tonic, used in
hypertension.
93. Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.ex DC. Apocynaceae.
Telugu Name:- Kodishapala
Stembark and seeds anti- dysenteric, tonic, anthelmintic, antipyretic and febrifuge.
94.Jatropha gossypifolia Linn. Euphorbiaceae
Telugu Name:-Adavi amudam
Stem in tooth ache, leaves and seeds purgative, used externally in boils, carbuncles,
eczema and itch. Leaf poultice to reduce swellings of the breast.
TeluguName:- Patalagarudi
Root abortifacient, anthelmintic, antidote to snake bite, sedative, used in blood pressure,
malaria, insanity, insomnia,nervous disorders, stomach troubles and to increase uterine
contractions during lobour pains.
100.Ricinus communis Linn. Euphorbiaceae.
Telugu Name:- Amudamu
Root in lumbago, sciatica, leaf in hydrocele, night blindness, pneumonia, joint pains,
skin disease, seed in constipation, seed oil purgative.
Conclusion:- The survey reveals that, the local tribal peoples are using the forest flora as
medicinal plants for the treatment of a wide verity of ailments, both major and minor. It may be
mentioned that in most cases, the nearest medicinal facilities were not accessible to many people
due to financial or other reasons. So they prefer to turn towards herbal medicine to cure various
diseases affecting them and their domestic animals.
The area of study is rich in floral diversity with strong traditions of Ethno botanical
practices existing among the ethnic communities. Therefore, there is a strong need to take
necessary steps for the conservation and sustainable use of these plants, which are the source of
food, herbal medicine and a variety of materials for daily use of the ethnic communities.
References:-
1). Jain S.K (Ed)1987: A Manual of Ethno botany, Scientific publishers Jodhpur.
2). Dr. Koppula Hemadri (2006) Medicinal flora of Pragathi Resorts.
3). Pullaiah. T (1997), Flora of Andhrapradesh, Scientific publishers ,Jodhpur, India Vol(1&2)
4). N.Ramakrishna, Y.N.R. Varma, Journal of pharmacognasy & Phytochemistry (1)-2014.
5). Savithramma. N, Sulochana. Ch, 1998. Endemic Medicinal plants from Tirumala Hills, A.P.
India,Fitoterapia LXIX 253-254.
Department of Microbiology
Yogi Vemana University
Kadapa-516003
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION:
Candida is yeast like organism; they are imperfect unicellular dimorphic fungi which multiply
by budding similar cells from their surface and form hyphae or pseudohyphae. Candida albicans
is the most common species isolated from the oral cavity of diabetes and also in healthy people.
Oral candidiosis is an opportunistic infection which affects various sectors of the population
irrespective of their age and habits; in general the frequency and distribution of Candida have
been reported range from 20-75% asymptomatic. There are also non-albican species like
Candida dubliniensis, Candida galbrata, Candida krusie, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida
tropicalis which cause oral infection.
Present study describes the prevalence of candidial infection in the oral cavity
of diabetic patients. With the oral washing technique, the frequency of isolation of Candida sps
and their intraoral density and distribution were assessed in the diabetic patients and age matched
controls of similar dental status and smoking habits, smoking is an important predisposing factor
for oral candidiosis (6,23,42,43), possible support in this regard could be that, smoking causes
localized epithelial alteration which leads to microbial colonization particularly Candida ,
because the aromatic substances of smoke referred as nutritional factors for Candida. We have
attempted to relate these parameters to the degree of diabetic control. The prevalence of oral
candidal infection and the frequency of isolation of Candida sps and their density distribution
have been determined. In order to assess in the frequency in the oral cavity of 40 randomly
selected out patients attending hospital under treatment have been selected for the present
investigation , the control groups of healthy volunteers for age , sex , and smoking habits were
also chosen for correlation studies. SDA culture technique used with oral washings collected
from subjects could be used for candidiosis. Five of the diabetic patients were found to have a
chronic oral candidiosis. According to the oral wash technique, the oral carrier rate and density
of Candida sps is higher in diabetic group than in control. Smoking was associated with an
increased prevalence of the yeast in diabetes. Diabetics wearing dentures had higher candidial
density than those without prosthesis. No differences in candidial status could be detected
according to the degree of control of diabetes, mode of treatment, duration of diabetes. Local
factors such as smoking and the presence of dentures, particularly when worn continuously,
interact with diabetes in promoting candidial colonization of the mouth and also
immunocompramised patients with leukemia, chemotherapy etc and also established as
predisposing factor for diabetics, several studies have reported that the prevalence of yeast
carriage among patients with diabetes could reach up to 54%(Akpan, Morgan). In the present
study it was indicated that the prevalence of Candida is significantly higher in diabetes than in
healthy individuals. The scope of this study was extended to include the frequency of isolation of
Candida albicans and related sps with its intraoral distribution as well as the contribution of
smoking and dental status to candidial prevalence. Attention to these predisposing factors could
reduce the incidence of thrush in diabetes.
Yeast cells were inoculate into the plasma (separated from blood) and incubated at 37°c
for 3hr. Then the aliquots were subjected for microscopic observation. Germ tube was
considered as a slender tube with straight walls without septum and without constriction at the
junction between the cells. Germ tube was indicative of C.albicans or C.dubliniences.
CHROM agar medium is a selective and differential medium for the isolation of
dimorphic fungi with the inclusion of chromogenic substrates in the medium , the colonies of
Candida sps produce different colors thus allowing the direct detection of organisms on the
culture plate usually Candida albicans appear light green in colour , Candida tropicalis appear
bluish green and light pink in colour, creamy etc other yeast may develop either natural color or
appear rose or light to dark , main advantage of this medium is for differentiation and for easy
detection of mixed cultures of yeast.(Fig 3)
The Candida sps differentiated on chrome agar were analyzed by various molecular methods
i.e. by amplifying fragment of 18S region by using PCR and application of several
bioinformatics tools for the identification of different species of the Candida, based on the
nucleotide homology and phylogenetic analysis the Candida sps were differentiated. In our
present study there are four different species which were differentiated genetically and
sequenced . (Fig 4)
The anti fungal susceptibility test was conducted to the species isolated from the oral cavity of
the diabetic patients two antifungal agents were used one is nystatin and other is amphotericine
B , by using the disc diffusion method the experiment is conducted .
white borders
The Candida albicans is the predominant species causing the oral infections of diabetic
subjects, present investigation showed that there were several Candida sps have been isolated
and identified was playing an important role in the disease manifestation (i.e. non albican
species),50.2% of the diabetic patients were infected by C.albicans, 30% by C.tropicalis, 15%
by C.ontarioensis, 10% by Dipodascus capitatus.
As shown in the (Fig 2) germ tube test is the predominant and preliminary test for the
detection of the C.albicans and C.tropicalis, further, all the isolated Candida sps from SDA were
selected and re-inoculated on the CHROM agar medium which is a selective and differential
medium used for species differentiation . After the Incubation at 37oC for 24hrs, all the Candida
sps were effectively grown and were observed in different colour after 48hrs of incubation. 40
isolates were chosen for present study and very interestingly, almost all the species were showed
magic in the color formation that is green color by C.albicans, the distinctive dark blue-gray
color shown by C.tropicalis, only dark gray colour by C.ontarioensis and pink-white mixed
margins by Dipodascus capitatus(Table 1).
The species which were differentiated by the CHROM agar were subjected to PCR and
electrophoresis, based on the formation of bands the differentiation of the species were selected
for further sequencing process. (Fig 4).
The 18S region was sequenced (ABI 3730*1 genetic analyzer) and later performed the
BLAST analysis with NCBI Database of gene bank. Based on the maximum identity score all the
species were named and their Gene Bank accession numbers were recorded. Candida tropicalis
the Gene Bank accession number: JQ008834.1 it was showing 99% of similarity with the
Candida tropicalis original sps of gene bank, Candida tropicalis showing the pink color colonies
and the blue color colonies on the CHROM agar. Candida ontarioensis the Gene Bank
accession number: JN820129.1 it was showing 99% of similarity with the Candida
ontarioensis original sps of gene bank Candida ontarioensis showing the grayish purple on the
CHROM agar. Candida albicans the Gene Bank accession number: HQ876034.1 it was showing
99% of similarity with the Candida albicans original sps of gene bank, Candida albicans
showing the green color colonies on the CHROM agar Dipododascus capitatus the Gene Bank
accession number: ab083080.1 it was showing 99% of similarity with the Dipododascus
capitatus original sps of the gene bank Dipododascus capitatus showing the pink colonies with
the white borders on the CHROM agar. Further the infection caused by the Candida sps is
compared with several factors, the range of infection in the symptomatic and asymptomatic oral
candidiosis can be assessed by the no: of colonies formed on the SDA plate. The plate which is
inoculated with symptomatic infection sample shown more number of colonies than the
asymptomatic samples, by this range of infection can be assessed, graph (Fig-6) is plotted by
comparing five symptomatic infectious patients (white patchy appearance on the buccal cavity)
The smoking habitat is one of the predisposing factor that increases the candidial carrier rate
both in diabetic and control , out of every 5 diabetics who smoked carried the infection, ,the
overall candidial densities in either patients however neither the mode of treatment nor the
degree of diabetic control significantly influenced the prevalence of candidial infection in
diabetics , no correlation was found between the age of diabetics (or) the duration of the diabetic
and carrier rate , finally oral washing technique is more sensitive , more accurate for detecting
candidial infection. The C.albicans is most frequently isolated Candida sps in this kind of
patients , people without diabetic also the carriers of infection but the rate of infection is less
when compared to the diabetes, this can be known by no: of colonies formed on the SDA plate
represented graphically by taking their mean values and their standard deviation error(Fig-8).
Further the antifungal susceptibility test (16) was conducted for the two antifungal agents like
nystatin and amphotericine B, here the nystatin is a active antifungal agent which is suppressing
the the growth of almost all the species isolated that is Candida tropicalis,Candida
ontarioensis,Candida albicans,Dipododascus capitatus, but the amphotericine B is showing less
activity than the nystatin here only Candida albicans is suppressed more than the other species
(fig-5).
C(1) C(2)
C(3) C(4)
C(5)
C(1) : Colony formation of C.tropicalis on SDA
C(2) : Microscopic observation by simple staining
C(3) : Colony formation on CHROM agar
C(4) : C.tropicalis showing positive result to the germ tube test by forming the germ tube
C (5): Scanning electron microscopic picture at 2.00 K X magnification.
B(1) B(2)
B(3) B(4)
B(5)
D(1) D(2)
D(3) D(4)
D(5)
D (1) : Colony formation of C.albicans on SDA
D(2) : Microscopic observation by simple staining
D(3) : Colony formation on CHROM agar
D(4) : C.albicans showing positive result to the germ tube test by forming the germ tube
D (5): Scanning electron microscopic picture at 4.00 K X magnification.
F(1) F(2)
F(5)
F(1): Colony formation of Dipodascus capitatus on SDA
F(2): Microscopic observation by simple staining
F(3): Colony formation on CHROM agar
F(4): Showing negative result for Germ tube test
F (5): Scanning electron microscopic picture at 3.00 K X magnification.
(RS-1) (RS-2)
1 2 1 2
900 bp 900 bp
(RS-5)( RS-7)
1 2 1 2
900 bp
900 bp
Figure 4: 1.2% Agarose gel showing single 900 bp and 18S rDNA amplicon
40
38
36
34
32
30
symptomatic asymptomatic
(Figure-6 graphical representation of range of infection symptomatically and asymptomatically)
30
20
10
0
30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
age of the diabetic patients
60
candidial population with reference to
frequency of candidial infection
50
smoking
40
30
20
10
0
control non smokers control smokersDiabetic non smokersDiabetic smokers
DISCUSSION:
The present study has confirmed that Candida is more prevalent in the oral cavity of
diabetics than non-diabetics however the carriage rate of Candida in the oral cavity was different
in various studies. The oral rinse technique with water was used for sampling in the present study
since this is known to be a sensitive technique for estimating the oral Candidal carriage (6) Bai
et al. (1995) used water and (7) Samaranayeke et al (1986) used phosphate buffer saline in their
study. There was a significant difference in the carriage rate of Candida in the oral cavity of
diabetics in various aspects. Colony forming unit (CFU) is usually recorded to obtain the clinical
data essentially to establish a clinical diagnosis of oral candidiasis.(8) Epstein et al (1980) have
Various mechanisms were identified for Candida carriage with respect to habits of
the diabetic subject that successively effect on the metabolic disorders by smoking, alcoholic
addiction but still it is uncertain. Arendrof and Walker (1980) were proposed that smoking may
lead to localized epithelial alterations which facilitate colonization of Candida sps which
regulates in subclinical infection. In addition to diabetes mellitus, the prevalence of oral Candida
infections was influenced primarily by smoking (Abu-Elteen KH, Neville B, Arendorf TM,
Walker DM, Rindum JL, Stenderup A, etal). Present study clearly stating that extensive cases
of Candida infections were facilitated that the findings of infected individuals specifically non-
smokers of diabetic subjects are not or less prone to C. albicans colonization. The range of
infection between non- smokers and smokers are assessed by the growth, number of colonies
formed on SDA medium and also represented by the appearance of the colony and its
characterization, and remarkably their significant levels were shown in (fig-8).
CONCLUSION:
The present investigation has been however disclosed several local factors that
ultimately influencing the rate of Candida infection with reference to the age, habits (smoking,
alcoholic addiction etc.,), symptomatic and asymptomatic predisposing factors. Special attention
over these findings that the local factors were reducing the high risk of thrush development or
oral colonization levels of Candida infection in diabetic patients.
2. Arendorf TM, Walker DM. The prevalence and intra –oral distribution of
6. Bai KY, Reddy CD, Abu-Talib SH. Oral candidal carriage in young insulin dependent
diabetes mellitus. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 1995;13:20-23.
7. Samaranayake LP, Mac Farlane TW, Lamey PJ, Ferguson MM. A comparison of oral rinse
and imprint sampling techniques for the detection of yeast, coliform and
8.Epstein JB, Pearsall NN and Truelove EL. Quantitative relationships between Candida albicans
in saliva and the clinical status of human subjects. J Clin Microbiol 1980;12:475-76.
10.Smits BJ: Prior AP:and Arblaster P.G., Incidence of Candida in hospital inpatients and the
effect of antibiotic therapy.(1966) BMJ 1:208-210.
11.Arendorf TM, Walker DM. The prevalence and intra-oral distribution of Candida albicans in
man. Arch Oral Biol 1980;
12.Abu-Elteen KH, Abu-Alteen RM. The prevalence of Candida albicans populations in the
mouths of complete denture wearers. Microbiologica 1998; 21: 41-8.
13.Neville B, Damm DD, Allen CM, et al. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: WB Saunders;
1995.166-9.
14. Arendorf TM, Walker DM, Kingdom RJ, et al. Tobacco smoking and denture wearing in oral
candidal leucoplakia. Br Dent J 1983;155:340-3.
15. Rindum JL, Stenderup A, Holmstrup P. Identification of Candida albicans types related to
healthy and pathological oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med 1994; 23: 406-12.
16. Detection of species diversity in oral candida colonization and anti-fungal susceptibility
among non-oral habit adult diabetic patients. j nat sci boil med.2014 jan jun(1) 148-154.
Abstract
Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human
diseases and also play an important role in healing. Phytochemicals have two categories i.e.,
primary and secondary constituents. Primary constituents have chlorophyll, proteins sugar and
amino acids. Secondary constituents contain terpenoids and alkaloids. Medicinal plants have
antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammation activities. The present study involves ten
different medicinal plants Bauhinia vahlii, Diospyrosmelanoxylon
,Aeglemarmelos,Vitexnegundo, ,Punicagranatum,Acacia nilotica.Luffacylindrica,Morus alba
Ficus palmate and Prunuspersicalocally available in Bhadrachalam forest region of
KhammamdistricAndrapradesh state in India. The leaves of the selected medicinal plants
were washed, air dried and then powdered. The aqueous extract of leaf samples were used for
the phytochemical analysis to find out the phytochemical constituents in the plants. The main
objective of the research work was to check the presence or absence of the phytochemical
constituents in all the selected medicinal plants. The results of the phytochemical analysis of
these medicinal plants showed that the terpenoids, phlobatannins, reducing sugar, flavonoids
and alkaloids were found to be present in afore mentioned medicinal plants. The
phytochemical analysis of the plants is very important commercially and has great interest in
pharmaceuticalcompanies for the production of the new drugs for curing of various diseases.
It is expected that the important phytochemical properties recognized by our study in the
indigenous medicinal plants of Bhadrachalam forest region will be very useful in the curing of
various diseases of this region.
Keywords: Medicinal plants; Phytochemicals; Anti-fungal; Antibacterial; Anti-inflammation
activities
Introduction
The medicinal plants are useful for healing as well as for curing of human diseases
because of the presence of phytochemical constituents [1]. Phytochemicals are naturally
occurring in the medicinal plants, leaves, vegetables and roots that have defense mechanism
and protect from various diseases. Phytochemicals are primary and secondary compounds.
Chlorophyll, proteins and common sugars are included in primary constituents and secondary
compounds have terpenoid, alkaloids and phenolic compounds [2]. Terpenoids exhibit various
important pharmacological activities i.e., anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-malarial,
inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, anti-viral and anti-bacterial activities [3]. Terpenoids are
very important in
Results
Discussion
The research work was carried out on the ten selected medicinalplants which shows that
phytochemical constituent’s i.e., terpenoids,flavonoids, alkaloids, reducing sugars and
phlobatannins are eitherpresent or absent in these plants and the results were summarized in
Table 2.
Conclusion
References
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HASGUL TO KANDAKURTHI
E.mail: [email protected]
*E.mail:[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Assessment of water quality has been made on River Manjira for a period of one year during Oct-
2013 to Dec-2014. Nine sampling stations were selected for collection of water samples . Surface and
bottom waters were collected from respective sampling stations and analyzed qualitatively by
following standard methods.
The data revealed that from nine sampling stations of Manjira ,S1 (Hasgul) was found to be
oligotrophic , indicating clean water . At S2 Dhoti) and S3 (Bassapur) many indices showed moderate
pollution of water. S4 (Bolakpally), S5 (Dadigi), S6 (Vaazidnagar), and S7 (Chincholly) showed
water with few pollutants and was found to be eutrophic in its status. But S8 (Saalura) and S9
(Kandakurthi ghat) showed high pollution when compared with other sites. The qualitative analysis
stated alkaline nature of water and concentration of sulphates and nitrates was found to be high,
whereas concentration of chlorides was found to be low. pH, dissolved oxygen , total hardness of
water, organic matter and Phosphates were present to be in lower concentration throughout the
period of investigation.
INTRODUCTION
The river Manjira originates in Balaghats of Maharashtra . It passes through three
states Maharashtra , Karnataka, and Telangana ,Meets Godavari river at Kandakurthi village ,
Renzal mandal of Nizamabad district. It flow through two districts of Telangana Medak and
Nizamabad . It flow mainly depends upon occurrence of rain . High pollution levels in river have
negative effects on the ecosystem .
Fig-1
LITERATURE SURVEY :
A literature survey reveals that physico-chemical characteristics of various rivers have been
studied by many authors: Chakraborty et al (1959), Charu et al 2006, Kallol and Mahapatra
(2005) and Das (2005) have measured the physico chemical parameters and assessed the water
quality status of the rivers. A comparative study of DO, BOD and COD of Godavari River at
Nanded and Rajahmundry has been carried out by Khan,Srinivasarao, Murthy .et al (2008) who
found that the river was more polluted at Nanded than at Rajahmundry.
According to Srivastava et al., (2011) drains are the main source of water pollution especially for
rivers flowing within the city . They carry industrial effluent, domestic waste, sewage and
medicinal waste resulting in poor water quality.. Study of water quality of the river Gomti of
Heavy metals are carcinogenic to humans. Higher concentration of metal in water and
sediment during rainy season could be due to the industrial, agricultural or domestic runoff
coming into the river (Gaur et al., 2005). Water quality assessment based on bio monitoring of
rivers in Uttaranchal, in view of their religious importance and ecological sustainability was
carried out by Semwal and Akolkar (2006). Some algae can be used as bio indicators of water
pollution (Dwivedi, 2010). Study carried out by Joshi (2007) indicated that surface water and
land resources management plan should be carried out for conservation of precious water.
Investigations, monitoring of seasonal variations in the concentrations of heavy metals Pb, Fe,
Zn, Mn, Cd Co, Cu, Cr and Ni in the Yamuna river water flowing through Delhi was carried out
by Kaur and Mehra (2012).
Rajukar et al., (2003) investigated physicochemical and biological nature of River Unshyrpi
at Shillong Meghalaya. A survey was carried out by Nanda and Tiwari (1999) to study the
discharge of mining environmental impact of this river. Singh (2001) presented a report on
monitoring and assessment of the Gomti river quality in Lucknow.
STUDY SITE :
The river Manjira is a tributary of Godavari river . About 724 km of total length enters
in Telangana at Karamungi village ,Mannor mandal of Medak district . A total of nine sampling
sites were selected namely Hasgul, Dhoti, Bassapur, Bolakpally, DadIgi, Vaazidnagar,
Chincholly, Saalura, and Kandakurthi
SAMPLE COLLECTION :
Sample collection was done for a period of 1 year during Oct- 2013 to Dec -2014 in
between 9:00 am to 2:00 pm , from both sides of the river Manjira. Total of eight
physicochemical parameters were assessed namely pH, alkalinity , chlorides, dissolved oxygen,
Table -1 indicates various physico- chemical parameters of river manjira assessed during Oct-
2013 .Table -2 depicts results obtained during Dec-2014. Table -3 shows content of heavy
metals in river manjira
Fig – 2
Site Sampling site pH Alkaline Chlorides D.O Nitrates THW Phosphates Sulphates
No
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
Site Sampling site pH Alkaline Chlorides D.O Nitrates THW Phosphates Sulphates
No.
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
In the present study , the maximum PH was at Kandakurthi ghat (8.27) which was
slightly higher than desirable limit and minimum value was at (7.0) Dadigi. PH was permissible
in all stations of river Manjira . PH of the water is a measure of the H⁺ ion acHvity of the water
system. It indicates whether the water is acidic , neutral or alkaline in nature. Dissolved oxygen
concentration is a remarkable indicators of water pollution. Fishes and other water animals
depend upon DO which is dependa nt on the water temperature. The maximum DO in water
was observed at Bassapur i.e. 6.9 mg/l, and minimum at Kandakurthi ghat i.e. 4.7 mg/l. The
maximum value of chlorides was recorded at Vaazidnagar i.e. 28 mg/l and minimum at Hasgul
15 mg/l. Most of the values of water samples were within permissible limit except kandakurthi
ghat, because it is the place confluence of three rivers Godavari, Manjra , and Haridra . The
maximum hardness of water at Kandakurthi 120 mg/l , minimum value 78 mg/l at Bassapur
were recorded.
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT :
We are grateful to Prof. Vidyavati, Former Vice- Chancellor of Kakatiya University,
Warangal for her valuable suggestions and constant encouragement.
REFERENCES:
1)Adam, J.W.H.(1980): Health aspects of nitrate in drinking-water and possible means of
denitrification, Methaemoglobinaemia Nitrates in drinking water. Environ. Health86.31 .
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Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Institute for General Botany and Plant Physiology,
Dornburgerstr 159, 07743, Jena, Germany.
6) Das, D.N.,( 2005) ‘Studies on the sources of pollution in Tunia river,’ M. Tech. Project, AHEC
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India.
8) Gaur, V.K., Gupta, S.K., Pandey, S.D., Gopal,K., and Mishra, V.(2005): Distribution of Heavy
Metals in sediment and water of River Gomti, Env.Mon.Ass.,102,1-3:419-433.
9) Joshi, B.K.(2007) Evaluation of Land Denudation and Rivulets Water Quality in the Gomti
Basin of Indian Central Himalayas-A Case Study, G. B. Plant Institute of Himalayan Environment
and Development, Kosi,Katarmal,Almora,263643.
10) Kaur, S.and Mehra,P.(2012): Assessment of heavy metals in summer & winter seasons in
river yamuna segment flowing through Delhi. India.j.Env.Eco.,3,1:149.
11) Kallol, Dey and S.C. Mohapatra,(2005).‘Assessment of water quality parameters of river
Brahmani at Rourkela,’ Indian Journal of Pollution Control.21(2):265-70.
13) Murthy, et al, ( 2008). ‘Assessment of water quality of Godavari River at Nanded,
Maharashtra and Rajamundry, Andhra Pradesh,’.Journal of Chemistry and
Environment12(1):65-68.
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Yamuna River at Hamirpur (U.P) with special reference to occurrence of Lead. Int.J. Res.Tech.,
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river Brahmani at Raurkela. Ind . J.Env. Protec.13,1:52-55.
16) Prasad, M.N.V. (2011): Emerging phytotechnologies for remediation of heavy metal
contaminated/ polluted soil and water Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences
University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad.500046 AP, India.
18) Rajukar,N.S., Nongbri, B. And Patwardhan, A.M. (2003) .Physicochemical and biological
investigation of River Unshyrpi at Shillong Meghalaya.Ind.J. Env.Health.45:83-92.
19) Semwal, N. and Akolkar, P. (2006): Water quality assessment of sacred Himalayan rivers of
Uttaranchal. Curr. Sci.,91,4
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Poll.Res.18, 1:109- 110.
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Industrial Toxicological Research Centre, Lucknow.
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E-mail : [email protected]
ABSTRACT:
In the Present work on attempt is made to document the Ethno medicinal Aquatic
macrophytes of Annapureddy palli Lake located in Chandrugonda of khammam district of
Telangana state, South india.We reported 20 Medicinal Aquatic Macrophytes used by the Local
and Tribal people in alleviating diseases. Our collections of Ethno medicinal Aquatic
macrophytes Specimens from study area were deposited in the authors College.
INTRODUCTION
A lot of Work has been Carried out on the terrestrial medicinal plants. However, Not much
work has been done on Aquatic Medicinal Plants . Hence an attempt as been made to study the
Aquatic medicinal plants. The Association between people and plants has always been extremely
important. Plants effect every aspect of our lives hence vitae for human welfare. From ancient
people to present day people have being using plants as a source of medicine in their daily life
for leading. People all over the world use medicinal plant remedies alternative to modern
medicine because of its low cost and independent availability according to studies it is estimated
that as many as 75-90% of the world tribal and rural people only on herbal traditional medicine
for their primary health care even today. Knowledge of Ecology Lentic Water bodies Like
Ponds, Lakes and Reservoirs etc. Provide an important tool for their Scientific management. A
Few systems required the study of their Structure and Function. Aquatic plants role in
Oxygenation of water, and removal of toxic substances are crucial for Water quality
improvement. Growth of Aquatic Macrophytes depends upon the availability of Water, Light
and other factors of Environment. Earlier Studies related to Aquatic and wet land Flora were
Globally by Mirashi,1954,Vyas 1964,Mishra1974, Baruah and Baruah ,2000, Chandra et al.
2008,Subrahmanyam 1962 has described 117 aquatic Angiosperms. Cook ,1996 has Publised
Wet land flora of India.
Study site: annapureddy palli the south eastern part of khammam district. The population of
Study area is mostly rural where allopathic medicine may not be available readily. The drug
Formation and dose varies with respect to particular illness.
Data collection: A through survey of Ethno medicinal aquatic vegetation was made during the
period December 2013- June 2014. The selection of a plant as a Specimen was that the plant
must be floating ,Submerged and wet land in Lentic condition.
The present study Provides valuable Information on Uses of Aquatic Macrophytes by rural
and tribal of Annapureddypalli of Khammam., Telangana. The elders possess Sound Knowledge
onTherapautic Potential of Crude Drugs available in the lake of Annapureddypalli . Hence
repeated Interviews were conducted on Such people and recorded the information on medicinal
resources . The Specimens were collected in the polythene bag and brought to the authors
college Laboratory. Table -1 shows the list of plants Used by Tribals in treatment of various
diseases.Total number ethnomedicinal value plants Recorded were around 22 taxa.Out of
22species 10 species are dicotyledons,10 species are monocotyledons and 2 species are
Pteridophytes. In the present survey of Ethnomedicinal plants ,Majority of Species Belongs to
dicotyledons and Monocotyledons.The medicinal plants are going to play an important role in
Social healthy system (Amit tomar .2008).
ANNAPUREDDYPALLI,CHANDRUGONDA.
Dicotyledons:
Monocotyledons:
17 Vallisnaria natans Neeti dharalu Submerged Whole plant- used for the
treatment of Stomach
(Hydrocharitaceae) disorders.
Pteridophyta:
(Marsiliaceae)
The authors are Thankful to the Tribal and local people of Annapureddy palli
Those who helped During field work and their cooperation for bringing all these information
regarding uses of plants with remedies.
REFERENCES
Abstract
Leaf extracts of Aloe barbadensis were successfully used for the synthesis of Zinc nanorods
using rapid green synthesis route. Synthesized nanorods were confirmed by analyzing the
excitation of surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) using UV-VIS spectrophotometry. SEM analysis
confirmed the majority range of nanorod size between 70nm to 380 nm. EDS measurements
revealed the presence of Zn and O and the absence of any other impurities. FTIR spectrum
confirms the presents of high amounts of phenolic compounds in the leaf extracts which
possibly influence formation of nanorods. . The results of particle size analysis confirim the
distribution of the particles with mean Z value of 0.8 nm.
Keywords: Biosynthesis, plant extracts, nanorods, SEM , FTIR.
1. INTRODUCTION
10 grams of Fresh Aloe barbadensis gel directly extracted from the plant along with 100
ml double distilled water were taken in 250 ml glass beaker and boiled for 5 minutes at 900C.
The extract was cooled to room temperature and filtered with Whatman No 1 filter paper. The
filtrate was centrifuged for 10 minute at 10000 rpm; the supernatant was collected and stored at
40C.
Accurate concentration of ZnCl2 super saturated solution (Merck India Ltd) was prepared
at ambient temperature by dissolving ZnCl2 in 100 ml double distilled water.
In the single step green synthesis, 5 ml of leaf extract was added to 25 ml of super
saturated aqueous solutionZnCl2 and heated up to 900 C for 5 minutes, the color change was
observed, which stand as a preliminary identification of the formation of Zinc nanoparticles, The
Zinc nanoparticles solutions thus obtained were purified by repeated centrifugation at 10000 rpm
for 15 minutes. The supernatant was transferred to a clean dry beaker for further settlement of
particles. The sample so obtained was used for further characterization.
3. Characterization
Synthesized Zinc nano particles were initially characterized by taking small aliquot of sample in
to UV-Visible spectrophotometer absorption spectra at 300-700 nm using Shimadzu UV-1800
spectrophotometer
Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis was done using Zeiss, EV-18 model. A
thin film of the sample was prepared on carbon coated copper grid by placing small amount of
the sample on the grid. Then the film on the SEM grid was allowed to dry using mercury lamp
for 5min.
Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) was carried out on Zeiss EV-18 model. The peaks
obtained from EDX gives the element composition of the sample.
Particle Size Analyser (PSA) was carried out using HORIBA Scientific nano particle
analyser SZ-100.
The present study emphasizes the use of Aloe barbadensis gel for the Synthesis of Zinc
nanoparticles. Studies have indicated that biomolecules like protein, phenols, and anthroquinones
only play a role in reducing the ions to the nano size, but also play an important role in the
capping of the nanoparticles.
The SEM image shows high density Zinc nanorods synthesized from the leaf extract,
further confirmed the development of Zinc nanostructure. The SEM image shows the formation
of rod shaped nano particles. They were clearly distinguishable and the diameter of rod is 60 nm
and the length 920 nm.
The EDX spectra show the purity of the material and the complete chemical composition of
synthesized Zinc nanoparticles. In the present synthesis EDX analysis shows 99.8% purity of the
Zinc nanorods produced by Aloe barbadensis gel. It revealed high percent of Zinc which
indicate the purity of the synthesized sample.
The PSA analysis shows the average of the synthesized Zinc nanoparticles. In the present
synthesis PSA analysis shows the average particle size 63.4 nm of the Zinc nanorods produced
by Aloe barbadensis gel.
Figure6: PSA analysis of Zinc nanorods and particles of Aloe barbadensis extract.
CONCLUSION
The present study reveals that the plant species is a good source for the synthesis for
Zinc nano particles at a faster rate. The formation for Zinc nano particles was confirmed the
colour change within 30 minutes. The bio reduced Zinc nano particles were characterized using
UV-Vis, SEM, PSA techniques. In the present study, we have investigated the bio-fabrication of
Zn nanorods using aqueous gel extract of Aloe barbadensis. Colour change of the reaction
solution and UV-Vis spectra confirmed the formation of Zn nano particles. SEM studies
showed that the size ranging from 66 nm and 99 nm with the spherical shape and their crystalline
nature. The method was unique, cost effective to biosynthesized nanoparticles from the natural
resources. Still more clinical trials need to be conducted to support its therapeutic used.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge the Department of Physics Osmania University for SEM, EDX
spectral analysis and Department of Nano Technology JNTU Hyderabad for PSA and UV – VIS
spectrum analysis.
REFERENCES:
[1]. N. Roy and A. Barik, “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from the unexploited weed
resources”, International Journal of Nanotechnology, vol. 4, pp. 95, 2010.
[2]. K. Govindaraju, S. Tamilselvan, V. Kiruthiga, and G. Singaravelu, “Biogenic silver
nanoparticles by Solanum torvum and
Abstract
The present study yielded 11 species belonging to 11 genera and 10 families used for curing
fractured bones by the aborigines of the district. There are Three herb, Four Shrubs, Four Trees.
CACTACEAE is the dominant family with 2 plants
ASCLEPIADACEAE,CUCURBITACEAE,EUPHORBIACEAE,LAURACEAE,MORACEAE,
PASSIFLORACEAE,STERCULIACEAE,TILIACEAE AND VITACEAE families one each.
All the practices involved one plant only.
Khammam district came into existence on October 1, 1953. It was carved out from the
taluks of Warangal and East Godavari districts and occupies an area of 16,029 km2 covering 46
Mandal Praja Parishads. It lies between 16° 45' and 18° 35' North latitude and between 79° 47'
and 80° 47' East longitude. The total population of the district is 25, 78, 927 of which 6, 82,617
(26.46%) are scheduled tribes as per 2001 census. The district presents a rough topography with
dissected uplands and hills, which sometimes exceeds 600 m. Temperature varies from 10 to 44°
C. The average rainfall of the district is 1045 mm. The main tribes of the district are Koyas,
Gonds/Naikpods, Lambadas and KondaReddis. The district has more than 52.6% forest land
with 4 divisions. Dry deciduous, moist deciduous, riparian, scrub and grass land forest types are
predominant. Though Filarial disease are important diseases exclusive studies on it are not many,
necessitating the present investigation in Khammam district of Telangana state.
METHODOLOGY
An ethnobotanical survey was conducted during 2008-11 among the tribal communities
of the district. Elder people, medicine men, tribal physicians and village old mothers were
consulted to record first-hand information on ethnomedicinal uses, methods of preparation and
Large climber from a woody base; leaves simple, 5-angled to entire, glabrous, denticulate, apex
obtuse, mucronate, tendril simple; flowers large, solitary, corolla white; fruit oblong, blood
red when ripe; seeds ovoid-oblong, compressed.
Leaf juice is mixed with white albumin of egg and a cloth is dipped into this mixture and tied
around the fractured bones with the support of bamboo sticks.
Euphorbia nerifolia L. EUPHORBIACEAE
VN: Bomma jemudu S: Gudh H: Patton-ke-send E: Common milk hedge
A small tree; leaves alternate or opposite; flowers monoecious; perianth 0 or minute scales;
stamens in female florets solitary; florets of male flowers a 3 celled ovary on an often decurved
pedicel; fruit capsule; seeds albuminous.
Stem bark paste mixed with goat milk is applied on the broken areas and bandaged with a cloth.
A spinous, leafless bush, stem jointed, phyllodes fleshy, flat with many areoles bearing yellow
spines; flowers yellow, tinged with orange, perianth rotate, stamens unequal, style stout,
exceeding the stamens; fruit berry, pyriform, reddish purple when ripe
Phylloclade juice is applied on the cracked bones and bandaged with a cloth once a day till cure.
5. Arora R.K., Ethnobotany and its role in the conservation and use of plant genetic resources in
India, Ethnobotany, 9,6-15 (1997)
ABSTRACT
Ebola virus disease (EVD) has been creating a terror effects all around the globe and has been
declared as epidemic in most part of the world .The causative micro organism of EVD Is ebola
virus, ebola virus is spread by the direct contact with bush-animals(mostly monkeys and bats).
Ebola is also spread by the person infected by EVD. Ebola can produce a number of symptoms
in both adults and childrens are high fever, blood vomiting, diarrhoea. The intensity of this
disorder can be lowered by diagnosing and taking proper treatment.
Key words: Ebola virus, Epidemic,Transmission.
INTRODUCTION
Ebola virus is an emerging viral infection that is a present,global public health problem. There
are many cases of EVD in the present day. This new infection can be seen around the world in
the present days. This infection is a kind of variant of Ebola virus infection(figure 1).
*Corresponding Author.
*Gajula.Nagaraju
E-mail address;[email protected],[email protected].
Phone number;+919000338933,+919948303674.
Dhanvanthri Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences,
Sujathanagar-507120,Khammam,Telangana,India
The problematic virus was firstly detected in areas of Sudan and Zaire in 1976 and this
virus is most widely studied virus in the present day. Due to the nature of this viruse the
transmission is contact person to person. Hence the rapid spreading and difficulty in control of
this infection can be expected(1)
Ebola, also called the African deadly virus. Ebolavirus (EV) orEbola virus disease
(EVD), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever. It is strain of the Filoviridae family
(filovirus), that is endemic in fruit-Bat(2). As of 1976 the known EV five species of genus are
Zaïre ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, Taï Forest ebolavirus and Bundibugyo
ebolavirus.Ebola virus have been reported to spread from person to person,transmission of EVD
requires direct contact with blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of dead or living
infected persons or animals or with material or utensils heavily contaminated with such fluids.
The first cases were reported from Guéckédou prefecture, a forested region of south-eastern
Guinea near the border with Liberia and Sierra Leone. After a slowdown in April, the
outbreak has accelerated during the last two months. This is the largest EVD outbreak ever
reported, both in terms of number of cases and geographical spread. It is also the first time
EVD has spread to large cities.
As of 27 July 2014, the cumulative number of cases reported to have been infected in the
three countries was 1 323, including 729 deaths (combined case-fatality rate = 55%). This
includes one case exported from Liberia to Nigeria. The distribution and classification of the
cases are as follows, based on best available information reported by ministries of health
through the World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa:
HISTORY
For the first time Ebola was identified by the scientist peter poit (medical school graduate
training as a clinical microbiologist) in areas of Sudan and Zaire, Ebola virus disease observed
simultaneously in zaire and yumbuku . Due to the presence of river Ebola in the village of about
HOW IT SPREAD
Like most viruses, it enters the body through the transmembrane –skin, blood stream,
open wounds. It goes from person to person through close contact and direct touch, in-direct
touch or saliva. Infected persons may be able to infect others beginning 10 to 21 days or more
days becoming sick.
People with ebola virus infection should be consider potentially contagious as long as they are
symptomtic and possible up to 10-21 days following ill ness on set(4). Indirect contact with
environment and fomites soiled with contaminated bodily fluids (e.g. needles) may also occur.
Airborne transmission has not been documented during previous EVD outbreaks. There is no
risk of transmission during the incubation period
STRUCTURE OF EBOLA
In Ebola virus structure consists of 7 structural proteins: they are yumbuku it is named as Ebola.
During the first out break of Ebola in Sudan infected people are
SHAPE OF EBOLA
• Ebola is a filamentous virus with a single stranded RNA genome with an unusual variable
length
• Ebola virus forms variable lengths, filamentous, capsid that are some times branched
• The core has straighted appearance similar to that of rabdoviruses
INCUBATION PERIOD
Every virus, bacteria or pathogen of any time has a certain incubation period. This period is the
time it takes after the pathogen enters the body, for the symptoms to appear. Like all Ebola virus
the average incubation period is The incubation period is usually four to ten days but can vary
from two to 21 days. The case-fatality ratio for Zaïre ebolavirus infections is estimated to be
between 50% and 90%
Diagnosis
Once an individual with illness compatible with EVD is identified, a sample must be taken
(whole blood and / or serum) for the diagnosis, The sample should be taken by trained health
personnel with extreme biosecurity measures and additional protective equipment
This sample should ideally be taken at the hospital designated to handle cases compatible with
EVD and sent to the National Reference Laboratorycan only be performed in patients who have
already developed symptoms. The confirmation is not possible during the incubation period If
patient has died with clinical and epidemiological history compatible with EVD, taking an oral
swab is suggested(7).
It is not always possible to identify patients with EBV early because initial symptoms may be
non-specific. For this reason, it is important that health-care workers at all level apply standard
precautions
• Hand hygiene.
• Safe handling and disposal of sharp instruments.
• Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) according to the risk assessment.
• Hand hygiene.
• Safe handling and disposal of sharp instruments.
• Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) according to the risk assessment.
• Clean and disinfect spills, environment, and reusable equipment safely.
• Clean and disinfect spills, environment, and reusable equipment safely.
• Use of surgical masks, goggles – preferably with anti-fog visor, waterproof apron,
gloves and closed shoes before entering the patient's room.
• Goggles or eyewear must be washed with water and soap in advance and then
disinfected with 70% alcohol after.
• Clean surfaces with blood or other body fluids with water and detergent prior to
disinfection.
• Disinfection should be done with hypochlorite solution 0.05%.
• Use gloves, gowns and closed shoes for cleaning and disinfecting surfaces with blood and
/ or body fluids.
In the hospital: Both the bedding and clothing of the patient should be placed in a bag before
washing and routed separately to the hospital laundry facilities where staff is to be adequately
protected. Hand washing these items is not recommended(9).
CONCLUSION
From Above Survey of information it can be well known that the EVD is a dangerous
disorder which is spreading all world wide and this is a casual thing to be considered that there is
chance will be infected in India.It is important to take consideration about this disease it proved
deadly one. And thus the intensity of this disorder can be lowered by diagnosing and taking
proper treatment.
REFRENCES
2. International Travel and Health. 2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa.
Travel and transport risk assessment: Recommendations for public health authorities and
transport sector. Available at: http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/
3. WHO Aviation Guide which includes information on sanitizing of aircraft. Available at:
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/aviation_guide/en/
4. IATA guidelines for air crew to manage a suspected communicable disease or other
public health emergency on board. Availableat:
http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/safety/health/Documents/health-guidelines-cabin-
crew- 2011.pdf
5. IATA guideline for cleaning crew for an arriving aircraft with a suspected case of
communicable disease. Availableat:
http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/safety/health/Pages/index.aspx
6. ICAO Health related documents (1) Procedures for Air Navigation Services; (2) Annex
Medical Supplies. Available at:
http://www.capsca.org/CAPSCARefs.html%22%20/t%20%22_new
7. European Centre for Disease prevention and Control. Risk assessment guidelines
for infectious diseases transmitted on aircraft. June 2009. Available at;
http://www.hpsc.ie/A/Vectorborne/ViralHaemorrhagicFever/Guidance/File,4661,en.-
pdf
INTRODUCTION:
Fresh water algae occur abundantly in ponds, lakes, pools slow floating streams and springs.
Algae is used as fodder, human food, fish food and commercially used in manufacture of
industrial products.. Algae plays important role in nitrogen fixation in agricultural fields.
According to the habitat the algae may be aquatic, terrestrial aerophytic or grow as cryophytes,
thermophytes and algae of unusual habitats such as halophytic, lithophytic, epiphytic, epizoic
and endozoic forms were also studied. The algae exhibit a great diversity in the organization of
the plant body, Simple forms are motile or non-motile, unicellular (Chlamydomonas,Chlorella).
The cells are grouped into aggregations (colonies), (Volvox Pediastrum) , the filamentous types
are usually multicellular .Simple filamentous forms like (Zygnema, Oedogonium).
In some multicellular forms the cells may perform vegetative and reproductive functions while
in other multicellular forms special reproductive cells or organs may be developed, Chara
(Globule and Nucule). Algal cells are basically of two kinds prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The
prokaryotic cells which constitute thalli of Cyanophytes. The eukaryotic cells constituting the
thalli of all other members except Cyanophytes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT :
We are grateful to Prof. Vidyavati, Former Vice- Chancellor of Kakatiya University,
Warangal for her valuable suggestions and constant encouragement.
REFERENCES
Akhtar, N.,M.Afzal and A. Rab. 1990.Evaluation of algal Utilization and dietary component in
freshwater fishes. Pak.J.Zoology,22(3):279-287.
Barber H G & Hayworth EY 1981. A guide to the morphology of the diatom ftusule. Scient.
Publs. Freshwater Biol. Ass.44 1-11.
Chaddha A & Pandey DC 1978 . Addition to the algal flora of Allahabad II. (Chlorophyta,
Chlorococcales), Phykos17 (1-2) 73-80
Prescott GW 1961 “Algae of the western greates lakes area”. W. M.C. Brown Publishers
Dubuque , Iowa. 977p
Suxena, M.R. and V.Venkateswarlu 1968. Desmides of Andhra Pradesh,IV. From Dharmasagar
Lake, Warangal. J.Osm.uni,sci.,52:316-34.
Tiffany LH & Britton ME 1952. “The Algae of Illinios.” Hafner Publishing comp., New York,
407p
Abstract: The use of Herbal medicine is a common practice, in the agency area by the
tribal people. The tribes who are inhabiting on the hill cliffs of the forest area, collects the
plants parts like Barks,Roots,Leaves of various plants and make them into powder nor
decotion, to cure various diseases like Diabetes,Cold&Cough, Fever, Jaundice, Asthma&
Skin Disorders etc. By interacting with the tribal communities and vejjolu of that area, the
research team of SR&BGNR Govt.Degree College Botany Department collected some
medicinal plants and made them into an Herbarium. Disease wise (14), which
plants were administered by the tribal communities were recorded.
Keywords: Herbal medicine, Barks, vejjolu
Introduction: Bhadrachalam Revenue division is in Khammam District of Telangana
state.The forest is of Tropical rain forest & Tropical Dry deciduous type. Predominant Red
and Black soils are present in that area. The climate of the District is moderate, with an
average annual rain fall of 175 centimetres during the monsoon season. And the
temperatures range from a minimum of 40 °C and can rise up to
a maximum of 45 °C to 50 °C temperatures respectively.
The area is dominated by the Tribals like Konda reddis,Lambadas, Koyas, Gutti koyas.
Usually Konda reddis prefer to live in the hill cliffs regions by adopting podu cultivation. They
use to collect Fruits, Bamboo,Honey, Resins, Gums, Barks, Seeds, etc. and sold it in Girijan
Corporation. They may also collect, tree Barks, Other Ethno- Medicinal Plant parts for curing
various body ailments. They are more reluctant to come down from the hills, unless, if the
diseases are uncontrollable. The information reg. Ethno- Medicinal Plants are not generally
revealed to the common public, unless and until the confidence built by them. The
valuable information regarding these Plant products are transferred from one to one through
orally. Some times a few bark powders may mixed and give it to the patients.
5 COUGH &
COLD
Abelmoschus Kasturi Benda Seeds
moschatus
6 STOMACH
PAIN
Alpinia galanga Dumpa Rastram Rhizome
10 ASTHMA
Butea Moduga Flowers
monosperma
11 JAUNDICE
13 SKIN
DISORDERS
Argemone Pitchikusuma Seeds,
mexicana fruits
Conclusion:- Folk medicinal plants survey of the area reveals that the people possess good
knowledge of herbal drugs, but as they are in progressive exposure to the
modernization,their knowledge on traditional uses of plants may be lost in due course. So it
is important to study and document the knowledge on plants used by different ethnic people
for the benefit of future generations. This type of studies may also provide valuable
information to biochemists & pharmacologists in screening of individual species and their
phyto constituents to accelerate the drug discovery and development process for the
treatment of above mentioned diseases.
Acknowledgement:- The authors are grateful to the principal SR&BGNR Govt Degree
College Khammam for providing facilities. Thanks are also due to UGC New Delhi for
providing research grant.
PLANT-MADE PHARMACEUTICALS
G.Sailaja, M.Sc,M.Phil,(Ph.D)
Department of Chemistry, Singareni Collieries Women’s degree Collage, Kothagudem.
E-Mail ID: [email protected]
Abstract : Plant is the host for the manufacture of the active ingredient for a drug.Active
ingredient manufacture and marketing is regulated by FDA. The science and policy of
pharmaceuticals produced and/or delivered by plants has evolved over the past twenty-one years
from a backyard remedy to regulated, purified products. ‘Biopharming’ involves the use of
genetically modified (GM) plants or plant cells to produce proteins of therapeutic value. It
combines the disciplines of biopharmaceutical production with molecular genetics for
agriculturalbiotechnology. Though the current economic climate begs for cautious investment as
opposed to trail blazing, it is perhaps a good time to look to the future of plant-made
pharmaceutical technology to assist in planning for future developments in order not to slow this
technology’s momentum. To encourage continued.
1. Introduction
The market for recombinant protein pharmaceuticals is large and growing rapidly, with nearly all
large pharmaceutical companies reporting an increasing revenue share from these products rather
than small-molecule drugs. Typically, these pharmaceuticals are manufactured using mammalian
or bacterial cell-based systems, which are complex to operate and inherently vulnerable to
contamination with human pathogens. Production facilities compatible with current good
manufacturing practice (cGMP) require huge capital expenditure and involve considerable
financial risk. Plant biotechnology has the potential to overcome some of these limitations, but
several hurdles remain before this new industry can effectively compete in the pharmaceutical
sector.
Tobacco: Itis a leafy, non-food crop with a high biomass yield (for high protein production) and
most advanced procedures for PMP production. Large-scale protein production in contained
greenhouses is a viable option for this crop.
Maize:Ithas the largest biomass yield for a cereal, is simple to genetically manipulate, and easy
to scale up in the field.
Rice:Itis similar to maize in potential for scalability and genetic tractability but has higher
production prices. It carries a lower biosafety risk because it is self-pollinating, making it less
likely to cross with related plant species.
Therapeutic proteins are used as both treatment and prevention for a diverse range of
diseases. Examples of current applications of PMPs in development include the following:
Vaccines. Medic ago (Canada) has engineered tobacco plants, using transient technology,
to produce influenza vaccines, which can be manufactured in a short time-frame in response to
an epidemic.
Antibodies. The Pharma-Planta project (EU) has engineered tobacco to produce anti-HIV
antibodies, which could be used as an active component in a topical anti-HIV microbicide cream.
In this review, we have covered only some of the approaches described to generate
recombinant proteins from plants. The myriad of plant production systems available offers
unrivalled flexibility to create financially and technically viable approaches for the production of
PMPs, but the lack of focus on a particular technology has doubtlessly delayed the application of
plant biotechnology as a whole to this field. Thus, the pathway to commercialization for PMPs
remains unclear. It is likely that the first wave of human therapeutics from plants will employ
cell culture approaches, by virtue of compatibility with existing regulatory frameworks.
The third class of PMPs is therapeutic enzymes. At least initially, PMPs in this class are
References:
1. Quinion, Michael. "Molecular farming". World Wide Words.
2. Norris, Sonya (4 July 2005). "Molecular farming". Library of Parliament. Parliament of
Canada. PRB 05-09E.
3. Humphreys, John M; Chapple, Clint (2000). "Molecular 'pharming' with plant
P450s". Trends Plant Sci. Miller, Henry I. (2003).
4. Sijmons, Peter C.; Dekker, Ben M. M.; Schrammeijer, Barbara et al. (1990). "Production
of Correctly Processed Human Serum Albumin in Transgenic Plants". Bio/Technology .
5. Twyman, Richard M.; Stoger, Eva; Schillberg, Stefan et al. (2003). "Molecular farming
in plants: Host systems and expression technology". Trends Biotechnol. 21 (12): 570–
8. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2003.10.002. PMID 14624867.
6. Julian K-C.; Drake, Pascal M. W.; Christou, Paul (2003). "Genetic modification: The
production of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins in plants". Nature Reviews
Genetics 4 (10): 794–805. doi:10.1038/nrg1177. PMID 14526375.
7. "ProdiGene Launches First Large Scale-Up Manufacturing of Recombinant Protein
From Plant System" (Press release). ProdiGene. February 13, 2002. Retrieved March
8, 2013.
8. Boehm, Robert (2007). "Bioproduction of Therapeutic Proteins in the 21st Century and
the Role of Plants and Plant Cells as Production Platforms". Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences 1102: 121–34. doi:10.1196/annals.1408.009.PMID 17470916.
9. Gasdaska, John R.; Spencer, David; Dickey, Lynn (2003). "Advantages of Therapeutic
Protein Production in the Aquatic Plant Lemna". BioProcessing Journal 2 (2): 49–56.
10. Baur, Armin; Reski, Ralf; Gorr, Gilbert (2005). "Enhanced recovery of a secreted
recombinant human growth factor using stabilizing additives and by co-expression of
human serum albumin in the moss Physcomitrella patens". Plant Biotechnology
Journal 3 (3): 331–40.
Abstract
The tribal people are intricately intertwined with the plants around them. They depend
on them for their food, shelter, fabric and also for medicine. Modern medicinal facilities are
scanty and moreover, herbal medicines are cheap, easily available and patient friendly. So the
tribals prefer their indigenous traditional knowledge for the cure of different ailments rather than
use of modern medicine, although their knowledge dosages are not always scientific.
Approximately nearly 75-90% of the world tribal and rural people are using the traditional
medicine for the treatment of their diseases. The present paper focuses on nearly 40 traditional
medicinal plants available at Singareni Collieries Women’s Degree College campus,
Kothagudem, Khammam district. The communication documented the traditional knowledge of
medicinal plants that are used by the tribal people. The information on the ethnomedicinal uses
of these plants was obtained through interaction with Local elders and experienced tribal people
of kothagudem.
Introduction:
Ethnobotany deals with the study of people and plant relationships. It interdisciplinary in
nature. Ethnobotany’s development has challenged the prevailing trend in academic studies of
the twentieth century of disciplinary specialization.
Our college campus spread over 10 acres of land has lot of greenery with many native
species. There is an arboretum with rare and economic important tree species. Hence the
present study was taken up to explore the ethnomedicinal uses of plants from Singareni
Collieries Women’s Degree College campus, which is located in kothagudem, Khammam
district, Telangana state.
Field study was carried out over a period of approximately 2 months. A survey was
performed using questionnaires with local tribal people. In addition, the use value and the
relative importance of species were determined. Intended plants usage was compared with
previous ethnobotanical literature.
The present study provides valuable information on uses of various ethnomedicinal plants
available at Singareni Collieries Women’s Degree College Campus of Kothagudem Khammam,
Telangana. The medicinal uses of these plants were got by the interaction with local tribal people
of kothagudem. Hence repeated interviews were conducted on such people and recorded the
information on medicinal resources. Table -1 shows the list of plants used by tribals in treatment
of various diseases. Total number ethnomedicinal plants Recorded were around 45 taxa. Out of
45species, 10 species are dicotyledons, 10 species are monocotyledons and 2 species are
pteridophytes.. The medicinal plants play an important role in social healthy system (Amit tomar
.2008).
Table I- The following table represents the Ethnomedicinal plants of the SCWDC campus.
REFERENCES
Introduction:
It is clear that the human species currently an eater of grass seeds. It is also clear that the
world's food supply depends on twelve or fifteen plant species like wheat,barly,rice,maize, etc.
humans that have lived on this earth, 90% were hunter, gatherers,6% were formers, and only 4%
industrialized. Hunter- gatherers may have simply began to grow plants in gardens as a hobby or
may have had spiritual reasons for growing plant in a protected environment. This is probably
explains why human began to domesticate plants. The first crops domesticated were cereal
grains. The agricultural applications of protoplast fusion are now beginning to be realized and
although the recent successes in plant transformation offer many new opportunities in plant
genetic engineering for crop improvement. In this article we discuss the methodologies needed to
develop the somatic hybrids, their key features.
Origins Of Agriculture
Plant Breeding
The systematic breeding of crop plants has been carried out only in the past 200 years.
Until then crop improvement was based on simply selecting and planting seeds from desirable
plants.
Plant breeding is accelerated evolution guided by humans rather than nature. Breeders
replace natural selection with human selection in order to modify plants genetically meet our
needs. The primary goals of plant-breeding programs are commonly improved yield, with
disease resistance, and stress tolerance contributing to yield.
A Plant Breeder tends to divide crop plant species into two groups. self pollinating and
cross pollinating. A self pollinating plant is capable of fertilizing itself, while a cross pollinating
one can't. Breeding methods for self pollinating plants are radically different from those for cross
pollinating one's. A self pollinating plant tends to be highly homozygous because all of its gens
came from the same parent. The plants- mother was also it's father.
Norman Borlaug, who's is known as the "Father of Green Revolution" was awarded the
Nobel Prize in 1970 for developing new strains of wheat in Mexico. The new high yielding
strains, which were produced from crosses with a dwarf variety from Japan, were widely planted.
Before the project began in 1944, Mexico had imported wheat for many years, but the
new verities were so successful that, within 20 years, Mexico had quadrupled its wheat
production and had enough to export to other countries.
In recent years powerful new tools have been added to the tool boxes of plant breeders.
Most breeding progress today is made using crosses among crop plants and their relatives, as
described in the previous section, breeding methods using sexually compatible germ plasam.
However, in many breeding programs, species boundaries no longer exist. Through techniques
such as protoplast fusion and genes splicing genes from virtually any leaving organism can be
incorporated into crop plants. Everything, therefore, from an antifreeze gene in north Atlantic
fish to pesticide gene in bacteria is now accessible to breeding programs.
Protoplast Fusion
There are times when a breeder would like to tab into the genetic diversity of a plant
species that distantly related to a crop plant. However, it is possible to make a cross between the
2 species and obtained the viable seeds. An alternative strategy involves protoplast fusion. With
this method, cells of each species are grown in a liquid nutrient solution. then, their cell walls are
chemically stripped off to produce protoplasts. The protoplasts of the 2 species are mixed
together.
The selected protoplasts are than carried through a series of tissue culture events that
cause them to grow into whole plants.
Genes from virtually any organism, from viruses to human, can now be inserted into
plants, creating transgenic plants. The technologies that have been developed to support this
work arose from basic research to understand DNA structure and function. Recombinant
Danseuse that technology is based on the knowledge that DNA behaves the same no matter what
REFERENCES
Introduction:
The word algae represent a large group of different organisms from different
phylogenetic groups representing many taxonomic divisions. In general algae can be referred to
as plant life organisms that are usually photosynthetic and aquatic, but do not have true roots ,
stems, leaves, vascular tissue and has simple reproductive structure. They are distributed
worldwide in the sea in fresh water and in waste water. Most are microscopic but some are quite
large eg: some marine sea weeds that can exceed 50 Mt in length.
Algae are important as primary producer of organic matter that the base of the food chain.
They also provide oxygen for other aquatic life. Algae may contribute to mass mortality of other
organisms, in cases of algal blooms, but they also contribute to economic well being in the form
of food, medicine and other products.
The commercial scale production of algae requires careful consideration of many issues
that can be broadly categorized into four main areas: selecting algae species which grow well in
specified environments, algae growth methods, water sources and issues and nutrient and growth
inputs
Nutrient and
Growth Inputs
Algae Growth
methods
Identification: one drop of sample was taken by the dropper and placed on the slide, then it is
covered with coverslip and observed under microscope.
Sampling and analysis: More than 10 algal samples were collected from different places of
Dhanbad Lake such as surface water, edges on stones, aquatic plants etc. Filamentous algae were
collected from mass growth by hand. The collected samples were observed fresh by preparing
wet mount within 48 hours. Then the samples were further preserved in Lugol’s solution and 4%
of Aldehyde solution separately for detailed study.
SCENEDESMUS OEDOGONIUM
OSCILLATORIA CHLORELLA
PINNULARIA SPIROGYRA
VOLVOX ANABAENA
2. Das SK, Adhikary SP, Algal diversity in the reservoirs of Odisha State, India. Indian
Hydrobiology 2012, 15 :17-41.
3. Jadhavar PB, Papdiwal PB, Taxonomic diversity of Diatoms at Nathsagar water reservoir,
paithan- Maharashtra. The Ecoscan 2012;6:1-4.
4. Palmer, C.M.A composite rating of algae tolerating organic population, J.Phycol 1969;
5:78-82.
5. Kaur HN, Jerathkanwal, Bath KS, Aquatic plant diversity of roper wetland. Journal of
Environmental sciences 2001; 6 : 23-26.
Introduction:
Among the most significant and daunting challenges science and society are facing in this
century is predicting the response of plants, and the communities and ecosystems to which they
belong, to global climate change. Rapid environmental changes have long been recognized as
powerful driving forces for positive, directional selection as a main cause of adaptation to
changing conditions. Directional selection is reliant on the availability of genetic diversity for
selection to act upon. However, human-caused environmental change is currently occurring at
unprecedented rates. These changes are so rapid that for most plants, new adaptive mutations are
powerless to respond on a relevant time scale, leaving these organisms reliant on existing genetic
diversity to enable adaptation.
Content:
Extant genetic diversity may be sufficient to support significant adaptive responses, but
others (i.e. those that have gone through “population bottlenecks” in their recent evolutionary
history) may lack sufficient genetic diversity to respond successfully to rapid environmental
change. Moreover, in the case of very long-lived organisms that reach reproductive maturity
slowly, such as many tree species, environmental change may be occurring too rapidly to allow
the expression of the genetic diversity that may exist within the species for adaptation. Thus, the
capacity of organisms to respond to the current challenges of exceptionally rapid environmental
change is defined in large part by existing genomes, which will dictate the capacity of organisms
to resist rapidly changing conditions or govern the capacity to change in response to
perturbations in ways that maintain overall organism integrity.
In addition to being affected by rapid changes in their physical environment, plants, and
the communities and ecosystems to which they belong, also have the potential to drive important
feedbacks on the physical environment. For example, the increase in net primary productivity of
many terrestrial ecosystems in response to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) serves
to remove a greater amount of CO2 from the atmosphere, whereas the accompanying decrease in
evapotranspiration from plants may feedback on local climate to reduce precipitation, thereby
constraining net primary productivity. Climate change can also alter natural species abundance
and distribution or favor invasive species, which in turn can alter ecosystem dynamics and the
provisioning of ecosystem services.
The I-CORE brings together plant biologists and computer scientists with the following
research approaches: (1) Deciphering the genetic and epigenetic factors affecting short- and
long-term (trans-generational) phenotypic plasticity and adaptation to environmental changes;
(2) Elucidating the mechanisms underlying the interactions of the environment with intrinsic
developmental programs, and the role of phytohormones in stress responses; (3) Elucidating the
key factors regulating plant metabolism and catabolism under stress with focus on the switch-
points driving cell death versus cell vitality; (4) Dynamics of cell structures (cell wall,
membranes, organelles, and protein complexes) and their role in stress responses; (5) Laying a
foundation for a computational perspective of plant behavior under a changing environment, and
predictions of selected genetic and environmental perturbations that will bring the plant to a
desired metabolic or functional state. To address these objectives, the I-CORE will establish
appropriate research infrastructure including: Plant Phenomics Center, Climate Change
Simulating Center, Metabolite Imaging & Hormone Profiling Center, Center for Analysis of
Plant Stress Proteins, Computational Network Analysis & Modeling.
The I-CORE will contribute to a more holistic view of a plant in a changing environment, will
boost research of fundamental scientific questions, and will impact on the local Ag-Biotech
industries towards improved plant robustness under changing climate. The Center will also
provide state-of-the-art education opportunities for training the next generation of plant
biologists.
Plant Adaptations:
Plants are key to mitigating the effects of climate change as they are a major sink of
carbon from the atmosphere via photosynthesis. However plants are also a major source of
atmospheric carbon via human actions such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, which accounts
for 1.1x1015 grams of carbon per year (Friedlingstein et al 2010 ) and also via their use in
agriculture, which is estimated to constitute a approximately 10-12% of all greenhouse gas
emissions (IPCC 2007).
Plant science can help to build the adaptive capacity to emerging problems by increasing
our understanding of the effects of climate change on agriculture, biodiversity and whole
ecosystems and using this knowledge to generate more resilient crop varieties such as those with
increased drought resistance, water use efficiency and increased disease resistance. This
knowledge can also be used to promote the use of alternative and orphan crops, perennial crops,
preservation of crop diversity and good agronomic practice. Plant based solutions can also help
reduce global emissions of GHG for example by producing crops that make better use of
nitrogen to reduce fertilisers use, reducing deforestation via the promotion agro-forestry and tree
cropping systems and increasing the efficiency of land use for both food and energy via second
generation biofuels and the use of crop waste for biomass.
These approaches, together with precision agriculture, reduced waste, reduced tillage and
incentives for environmental friendly farming practices, will help pave the way towards climate
smart agriculture.
Conclusion:
There are two ways to stop increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
You can stop putting so many greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. You can also invent ways
to get greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere – for example, planting trees that absorb CO2
from the air is an example of one such strategy. These two methods are usually thought of in
combination.
Reduction of the amount of greenhouse gases put into the atmosphere (i.e, greenhouse
gas emissions) is usually accomplished through reducing energy use and switching to energy
sources that don’t release greenhouse gases. Frequently discussed energy conservation methods
include increasing the fuel efficiency of vehicles, making individual lifestyle changes, and
changing business practices. Technologies such as hydrogen fuel cells, solar power, tidal energy,
geothermal power, and wind power, along with the use of carbon sinks, carbon credits, and
taxation, are aimed at countering greenhouse gas emissions more directly.
There doesn't appear to be a shortage of steps that we can take to reduce our carbon
emissions, but there is no single fix. The table below lists technologies that are currently
available or are expected to become available within the next 25 years and would be
implemented at the scale of governments, communities, and industries. Some of the
technologies in the table may be associated with other environmental concerns (e.g. increased
uranium mining and nuclear waste storage required by nuclear power plants).
References:
ABSTRACT:
Traditional or old-type farming or early farming was focused more on subsistence than
actually growing anything to sell, like with the modern farming methods. It involved much more
manual labour and for longer hours than the more modern methods of today. Cropland was
smaller, horses and oxen or steam-engines were used primarily for tilling, seeding and harvesting
fields and crops, and there were no such things as fertilizer or pesticide chemicals to use in the
fields.
Modern farming is primarily an industry that involves growing food to feed many people
from all over. The farmer is not growing food for himself, but rather for others who cannot grow
food themselves. It involves much bigger equipment and less labour requirements (or rather, less
people to hire) to cover a certain area of a field than what could be done 100 or 200 years ago.
The reality in both cases is different from the perception. Closer consideration reveals
that the differences are indeed much smaller. Traditional knowledge that has accumulated since
ancient times and been transmitted by oral tradition has often turned out to be strikingly precise
when tested against empirical observation. Indeed, given the test of time, traditional knowledge
is verified or falsified by experiment and observation. And, in Western science, oral tradition is
certainly present: scientific communities with different views and lexicons continue to exist
regionally despite the homogenizing influences of the scientific literature and the Internet (for
instance in botanical nomenclature).
Introduction:
Traditional or old-type farming or early farming was focused more on subsistence than
actually growing anything to sell, like with the modern farming methods. It involved much more
manual labour and for longer hours than the more modern methods of today. Cropland was
smaller, horses and oxen or steam-engines were used primarily for tilling, seeding and harvesting
fields and crops, and there were no such things as fertilizer or pesticide chemicals to use in the
fields. Farmers were highly dependent on climate and the weather to be able to bring in some
profit margin or to help put food on the table. Livestock were always grazed out of doors, and
managed just enough so that the offspring could be sold for some sort of profit. Selective
breeding wasn't really started until 400 years ago (or around the 18th century).
Modern farming is primarily an industry that involves growing food to feed many people
from all over. The farmer is not growing food for himself, but rather for others who cannot grow
food themselves. It involves much bigger equipment and less labour requirements (or rather, less
people to hire) to cover a certain area of a field than what could be done 100 or 200 years ago.
Fertilizers and pesticides are commonly used to get a much more cleaner crop with bigger
returns per acre, and more varieties or cultivars of a certain species of plant are made available to
farmers to grow for better yields, less lodging, more robustness and durability throughout the
growing stages, and more growth or competitiveness over other plants that would be considered
weeds. Crops are not just grown for human food, but for animal feed as well. Different varieties
and cultivars are created for that purpose, and animals are selected so that they gain more
efficiently on these feeds than they were designed to in the past.
Livestock in modern farming and agriculture have been selected to grow twice as fast and
"finish" half the time that it would normally take a steer, broiler, lamb or goat to finish 200 years
ago. Livestock are selected to be more efficient according to what they are fed and how they are
managed, be it for grain or for grass. There are more options out there on how to manage
different species of livestock than in the past. Some types of livestock though are still raised as
they were in the past, such as goats, sheep, beef cattle and a fair population of horses, but their
genetics have changed over time to meet market demands and a producer's demands.
In the developed countries, food is much more readily available with the onset of modern
agriculture than in traditional agriculture. Food can easily be shipped from thousands of miles
away to a grocery store near you, enabling you to get anything you want no matter the cost.
The another notable difference between traditional and modern farming is the ability to
network information to others who are involved in farming, want to get into farming or are not
farming but involved in some form of agriculture just the same.
In the past, tips and tricks and methods to run a farm were passed down from grandfather
to father to son, hardly ever from farmer to farmer half a world away from each other or a
hundred miles away. Today, a producer can learn about how things are done around East Texas,
USA when he lives in the northern part of Alberta, Canada, or any other part of the world.
Since the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992 the legal status of
plant genetic resources and traditional knowledge has received increasing attention in
international fora, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and academic research. Several
Agrawal and Agrawal both claim that by distinguishing indigenous knowledge from
scientific knowledge, theorists are caught in a dilemma. Focus on indigenous knowledge has
gained indigenous peoples an audible voice in development circles. Yet, this distinction creates
and perpetuates the dichotomy between indigenous and scientific ways of knowing. This
dichotomy is especially problematic because it often hinders exchange and communication
between the two. Further, both Agrawal and Agrawal argue that the basic distinction between
indigenous and scientific knowledge is artificial.
The reality in both cases is different from the perception. Closer consideration reveals
that the differences are indeed much smaller. Traditional knowledge that has accumulated since
ancient times and been transmitted by oral tradition has often turned out to be strikingly precise
when tested against empirical observation. Indeed, given the test of time, traditional knowledge
is verified or falsified by experiment and observation. And, in Western science, oral tradition is
certainly present: scientific communities with different views and lexicons continue to exist
regionally despite the homogenizing influences of the scientific literature and the Internet (for
instance in botanical nomenclature).
1. Principle of health. Organic Agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of soil,
plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible.
2. Principle of ecology. Organic Agriculture should be based on living ecological systems
and cycles, work with them, emulate them, and help sustain them.
3. Principle of fairness. Organic Agriculture should build on relationships that ensure
fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities.
4. Principle of care. Organic Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and
responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations
and the environment.
Specific rules for organic agriculture are still the subject of international debate, given
efforts to improve them, to find the right mix between regulatory strictness and diversity of
applications.
Organic agriculture, as defined by IFOAM, includes all agricultural systems that promote
environmentally, socially and economically sound production of food and fibers. Recycling
nutrients and strengthening natural processes helps to maintain soil fertility and ensure successful
production. By respecting the natural capacity of plants, animals and the landscape, it aims to
optimize quality in all aspects of agriculture and the environment.
Organic Agriculture dramatically reduces external inputs by refraining from the use of
synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, Genetically Modified Organisms and pharmaceuticals. Pests
and diseases are controlled with naturally occurring means and substances according to both
traditional as well as modern scientific knowledge, increasing both agricultural yields and
disease resistance.
One of the key innovations that drove the Green Revolution was the genetic improvement
of plant varieties, especially the introduction of dwarf and semi-dwarf traits, in which stem
height was reduced but the size of panicles, and thus seed production was not reduced. However,
the yield gains of the Green Revolution also depended upon the application of high doses of
chemical fertilizers and copious irrigation. Abundant yields attracted a variety of pests, and,
therefore, chemical pesticides needed to be applied in greater volume. In addition, new crop
varieties were also selected for photo-insensitivity, so that they could be adapted for multiple
cropping sequences, patterns, and latitudes.
Two names are intimately linked to the Green Revolution: Norman Borlaug (who was
awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970) and Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (who was
awarded the World Food Prize in 1987).
As the successes of the Green Revolution were becoming manifest together with its
detrimental effects—including the upsurge of insect pests, growing insect resistance against
widely used pesticides, and negative effects on the soil fertility—Swaminathan felt obliged to
call for an Evergreen Revolution, beginning as early as 1968, yet continuing all the way through
1990. Unfortunately, farmers’ access to free electricity to draw groundwater for irrigation, the
negligence of legumes in crop rotations, and the indiscriminate application of chemical fertilizers
and pesticides culminated in the degradation of soil and water. The damage to the ecological
foundations essential for sustainable advances in productivity led to the onset of fatigue in
agricultural systems.
All agricultural systems must include the ability to provide an economic return to the
farmer; unprofitable agricultural systems will not survive unless they are subsidized. Today’s
farming systems must provide opportunities to produce more food on smaller acreages.
Related to this imperative are issues concerned with maintaining and enhancing output,
such as soil fertility and reducing losses to weeds and pests. It is less easy to argue that a natural
or diverse ecosystem is a critical input to sustainable agriculture.
Many of the crops growing in farming systems around the world have ancestral parents
that lived originally in natural monocultures. There are many examples of natural monocultures,
such as the classic stands of kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, which was, in fact, analyzed by Darwin
now recognize that simple, monodominant vegetation exists throughout nature in a wide variety
of circumstances. Indeed, Fedoroff and Cohen reporting on Janzen use the term natural
monocultures as analogous with the term crops. Monodominant stands may be extensive. In one
example, Harlan recorded that for the blue grama grass (Bouteloua gracilis) “stands are often
continuous and cover many thousands of square kilometers” of the high plains of the central
United States. It is of the utmost importance to agricultural sustainability to determine how these
extensive, monodominant, natural grassland communities persist when we might expect their
collapse.
More examples are given of wild species in Wood and Lenne including Picea abies,
Spartina townsendii, Sorghum verticilliflorum, Phragmites communis, and Pteridium aquilinum.
Botanists and plant collectors have, according to Wood and Lenne, repeatedly and
emphatically noted the existence of dense stands of wild relatives of wheat. For example, in the
Near East, Harlan noted that “massive stands of wild wheats cover many square kilometers.”
Hillmann reported that wild einkorn (Triticum monococcum subsp. boeoticum) in particular
tends to form dense stands, and when harvested its yields per square meter often match those of
cultivated wheats under traditional management.
There is evidence for genetic simplifications having occurred in ancient times. According
to the analysis of Fedoroff, thousands of years ago maize underwent a streamlining of its
genome. Similar phenomena often occur in weeds like the chenopod Atriplex prostrata and are
considered to have contributed to their exceptional migration ability since the last Glacial
Maximum some 18,000 years ago.
Several reviews contend that the negative impact of modern biotech agriculture on
biodiversity has been overestimated, and perhaps even overstated, by the organic-farming
community for the purpose of marketing its alternatives on the grounds of their environmental
characteristics. We begin to see that, contrary to the preponderance of negative views, there are
beneficial effects stemming from no-tillage, the reduction of pesticide amounts applied to fields,
and enhanced biodiversity.
Conclusions
Modern and technological improvements have sharply increased yields from cultivation,
but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health
effects. Agricultural food production and water management are increasingly becoming global
issues that are fostering debate on a number of fronts. Significant degradation of land and water
resources, including the depletion of has been observed in recent decades, and the effects of
global warming on agriculture and of agriculture on global warming are still not fully
understood.
Bibliography:
NANO FERTILIZERS
K.SRILATHA, Lecturer in Chemistry, SCWDC, Kothagudem.
e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT:
Molecular modified or synthesized material, with the help of nano technology used to improve
the fertility of soil for a better yield and increased crop quality, are called Nano fertilizers. Nano-
science (also nanotechnology) has found applications in controlling release of nitrogen,
characterization of soil minerals, studies of weathering of soil minerals and soil development,
micro-morphology of soils, nature of soil , nutrient ion transport in soil-plant system, emission of
dusts and aerosols from agricultural soil and their nature, zeoponics, and precision water
farming.
In its stride, nanotechnology converges soil mineralogy with imaging techniques, artificial
intelligence, and encompass bio molecules and polymers with microscopic atoms and molecules,
and macroscopic properties (thermodynamics) with microscopic properties (kinetics, wave
theory, uncertainty principles, etc.), to name a few. In fact, nano-technology has opened up new
opportunities to improve nutrient use efficiency and minimize costs of environmental protection.
Nanoporous materials consist of a regular organic or inorganic framework supporting a regular
porous structure. Nanoscience has brought revolution in different fields by helping develop
processes and products that are hardly possible to evolve through conventional methods. The
nanotechnology aided applications have the potential to change agricultural production by
allowing better management and conservation of inputs of plant and animal production.
INTRODUCTION: Nanotechnology deals with the matter at nanoscale (1-100 nm)
dimensions. These materials when reduced to the nanoscale show some properties which are
different from what they exhibit on a macro scale, enabling unique applications. Nanoscience has
brought revolution in different fields by helping develop processes and products that are hardly
possible to evolve through conventional methods. The nanotechnology aided applications have
the potential to change agricultural production by allowing better management and conservation
of inputs of plant and animal production. Nanocapsules and herbicide delivery (ii) Nanosensors
for soil quality and for plant health monitoring; nanosensors for pests detection (iii)
Nanomagnets for removal of soil contaminants and (iv) Nanoparticles for new pesticides,
insecticides, and insect repellent
Nano-scale carriers Nanoscale carriers can be utilized for the efficient delivery of fertilizers,
pesticides, herbicides, plant growth regulators, etc. The mechanisms involved in the efficient
delivery, better storage and controlled release include: encapsulation and entrapment, polymers
and dendrimers, surface ionic and weak bond attachments among others. These help to improve
stability against degradation in the environment and ultimately reduce the amount to be applied,
which reduces chemical runoff and alleviates environmental problems. These carriers can be
designed in such a way that they can anchor plant roots to the surrounding soil constituents and
organic matter. This can only be possible if we unravel the molecular and conformational
mechanisms between the nanoscale delivery and targeted structures, and soil fractions. Such
advances as and when they happen will help in slowing the uptake of active ingredients, thereby
reducing the amount of inputs to be used and also the waste produced.
DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
The Catchy term 'Nanotechnology' also poses some risks and problem towards the health and
also towards environment. When considering risk and safety in term of the same will be relevant
to only certain area. The initial studies performed for nano materials have caused serious health
hazards and also showed toxic effects, also when entered into human body caused tissue damage
reaching all the vital organs. Another emerging technique is utilizing silver nano particles for the
delivery of fertilizers to plants because of their antimicrobial properties, but studies have
considered that it poses serious threat to ecosystem causing membrane damage, reducing the
annual growth of grass, depletion photosynthesis in alga (Chlamydomonas reinnardtii). Silver
nano particles are usually difficult to recover; some plant species tends to use this nano particle
maximum and accumulates in its tissue exceeding the limit. Soybean an important cash crop in
most of the country was produced using manufactured nano materials with fossil fuel equipment
that will allow NNM to locally deposit on the crop. With routine waste water treatment plants,
Results were impacts on plant - microbe interaction affecting N2 fixing symbiosis for which
some metals are sensitive.
CONCLUSION
Nanotechnology in many fields is in its primary stage, seeing all such new innovations it clearly
tells that it has a great scope and for any new technology to that matter there will be objection
and rejections, overcoming all the myths and ethics this will reach heights in its own manner.
While comparing it to the ancient assay techniques there is huge difference in the accuracy,
smart nature, effectiveness, cost for operation, ease of construction and many others. But still
when it comes to agriculture sector it is behind from all other existing techniques. The only way
is to educate people of interest and provide them few sample products and make them use it and
get the satisfaction of the same pupil for the technology to rise. If there is equal supports from
both public and private sectors more novel techniques and more researches can be carried out but
because of lack of knowledge in common man many dreams of reputed institutions and young
budding research fellows innovative ideas are shattered. This technology will help in feeding
generations and not a single one. There is awareness created on the risks of consuming and
performing few operations rather than the benefits and effectiveness of the technology. In spite
of all these drawbacks there is continuous research carried out in nanotechnology, there will be a
day which will come in near future for an accepted nanotechnology.
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Principal