Cyclotomic Polynomial: Roots of Unity
Cyclotomic Polynomial: Roots of Unity
Search MathWorld
Algebra
Applied Mathematics Algebra > Cyclotomy >
Discrete Mathematics > Recurrence Equations >
Are (2,‑1) and (4,2) linearly inde
Calculus and Analysis Interactive Entries > Animated GIFs >
More...
Discrete Mathematics THINGS TO TRY:
Cyclotomic Polynomial
Foundations of Mathematics Are (2,1) and (4,2) linearly
independent?
Geometry
compositions of 33
History and Terminology A polynomial given by horizontal asymptotes 2x /
sqrt(1+x^2)
Number Theory
(1)
Probability and Statistics
Recreational Mathematics
where are the roots of unity in given by
Topology
(2) Factoring Binomials
Alphabetical Index Stephen Wolfram
Interactive Entries and runs over integers relatively prime to . The prime may be dropped if the product is instead taken over primitive
roots of unity, so that
Random Entry
New in MathWorld
(3)
MathWorld Classroom
About MathWorld
The notation is also frequently encountered. Dickson et al. (1923) and Apostol (1975) give extensive
Contribute to MathWorld
bibliographies for cyclotomic polynomials.
Send a Message to the Team
The cyclotomic polynomial for can also be defined as
MathWorld Book
(4)
Wolfram Web Resources »
13,683 entries where is the Möbius function and the product is taken over the divisors of (Vardi 1991, p. 225).
Last updated: Mon Feb 11 2019
Created, developed, and
nurtured by Eric Weisstein
at Wolfram Research
The first few cyclotomic polynomials are
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CyclotomicPolynomial.html 1/5
2/12/2019 Cyclotomic Polynomial -- from Wolfram MathWorld
The cyclotomic polynomial is illustrated above in the complex plane.
On any line through the origin, the value of a cyclotomic polynomial is strictly increasing outside the unit disk.
If is an odd prime, then
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(Riesel 1994, p. 306). Similarly, for again an odd prime,
(21)
(22)
(23)
For the first few remaining values of ,
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(Riesel 1994, p. 307).
For a prime relatively prime to ,
(32)
but if ,
(33)
(Nagell 1951, p. 160).
(34)
(35)
The polynomial can be factored as
(36)
Furthermore,
(37)
(38)
The coefficients of the inverse of the cyclotomic polynomial
(39)
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CyclotomicPolynomial.html 2/5
2/12/2019 Cyclotomic Polynomial -- from Wolfram MathWorld
(40)
can also be computed from
(41)
(42)
(43)
where is the floor function.
For prime,
(44)
i.e., the coefficients are all 1. The first cyclotomic polynomial to have a coefficient other than and 0 is ,
which has coefficients of for and . This is true because 105 is the first number to have three distinct odd
prime factors, i.e., (McClellan and Rader 1979, Schroeder 1997). The smallest values of for which
has one or more coefficients , , , ... are 0, 105, 385, 1365, 1785, 2805, 3135, 6545, 6545, 10465,
10465, 10465, 10465, 10465, 11305, ... (OEIS A013594).
(45)
(46)
(47)
for prime. Write the totient function as
(48)
and let
(49)
then
3. otherwise .
Resultants of cyclotomic polynomials have been computed by Lehmer (1936), Diederichsen (1940), and Apostol
(1970). It is known that if , i.e., and are relatively prime (Apostol 1975). Apostol
(1975) showed that for positive integers and and arbitrary nonzero complex numbers and ,
(50)
(51)
The following table gives the resultants , (OEIS A054372).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 0
2 2 0
3 3 1 0
4 2 2 1 0
5 5 1 1 1 0
6 1 3 4 1 1 0
7 7 1 1 1 1 1 0
The numbers of 1s in successive rows of this table are given by 0, 0, 1, 1, 3, 3, 5, 4, 6, 7, 9, ... (OEIS A075795).
The cyclotomic polynomial has the particularly nice Maclaurin series
(52)
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CyclotomicPolynomial.html 3/5