Introduction To Numerical Modelling: Workshop II
Introduction To Numerical Modelling: Workshop II
MODELLING
Workshop II
ENEC20003 CQUniversity
Introduction to numerical modelling
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Free line
o A line object that does not make up any part of
a region.
o Applying anchors to a model or for specifying a
geo-fabric or insulation layer.
o Structural components that are partially in the
soil and partially outside the soil.
o Example: The scalar equation of a spring or a
long rod where the elongation is determined as
a function of the tension force.
Interface elements on lines
o In SIGMA/W, the material model may describe
the friction properties between soils, or a soil
and a structure such as a cut-off wall.
o In SEEP/W an interface model may be used to
represent a geo-fabric or a null material to
represent a barrier to flow. Interface elements on geometry lines
o In TEMP/W it may be a thin insulation layer.
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Mesh density
Specify mesh density as:
o Real length unit
o Ratio of the global mesh size
o Number of divisions along a line edge
Surface layers
⌘ To numerically deal with rapid and dramatic
boundary changes it is necessary to have fine
discretization near the ground surface.
⌘ Examples of rapid changes at the soil surface:
Selecting the most appropriate material Selecting the most appropriate material model
model
⌘ Consider the construction of an embankment
⌘ Consider the case of a heavy industrial
structure founded on highly over- Considerable yielding and deformation can perhaps be tolerated
consolidated soil: without affecting the serviceability of the structure.
A nonlinear analysis is required to obtain a realistic estimate of
Settlement is often the main design criterion, the potential displacements; thus, a simple linear-elastic analysis
and the settlement must be fairly small. could considerably underestimate the displacements.
⌘ Placing fill for an embankment on soft soil
The load-displacement response therefore is
likely linear elastic along the lower initial
It can generate excess pore pressures to unstable the
portion of the stress-strain curve.
embankment.
Use one of the more sophisticated effective stress models, such as
A simple linear elastic analysis is adequate,
the Cam-clay model, together with a coupled or uncoupled
and little would be gained by using a nonlinear
consolidation analysis.
analysis.
It is important to remember that each soil model is not necessarily
applicable to all soil conditions. For example, the soft clay
(Modified Cam-clay) model is best suited for use with slightly
over-consolidated soils, not heavily over-consolidated soils.
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Selecting the most appropriate material model Selecting the most appropriate material model
⌘ Consider the case of a heavy industrial ⌘ Consider the construction of an embankment
structure founded on highly over-consolidated
soil: Considerable yielding and deformation can perhaps be tolerated
without affecting the serviceability of the structure.
Settlement is often the main design criterion, and A nonlinear analysis is required to obtain a realistic estimate of
the settlement must be fairly small. the potential displacements; thus, a simple linear-elastic analysis
could considerably underestimate the displacements.
The load-displacement response therefore is
⌘ Placing fill for an embankment on soft soil
likely linear elastic along the lower initial portion
of the stress-strain curve.
It can generate excess pore pressures to unstable the
embankment.
A simple linear elastic analysis is adequate, and
Use one of the more sophisticated effective stress models, such as
little would be gained by using a nonlinear
the Cam-clay model, together with a coupled or uncoupled
analysis.
consolidation analysis.
Elastic-Plastic model
The Elastic-Plastic model describes an
elastic, perfectly-plastic relationship.
Stresses are directly proportional to strains
until the yield point is reached.
Beyond the yield point, the stress-strain
curve is perfectly horizontal.
The linear elastic perfectly-plastic Mohr-
Coulomb model involves five input
parameters
A function which describes the locus of the
yield point is called the yield function
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Cam-clay model
The Cam-clay model developed by Atkinson in
the Cambridge University in 1978 and is a
critical state model as well as a hardening
elastic-plastic Model.
An increase in applied stress will cause the stress
state to move along the over-consolidation line
towards the normal consolidation line.
Once past the intersection of the two lines, any
further stress increase will cause the stress state to
move down the normal consolidation line.
The overconsolidation line is analogous to the
initial linear elastic portion.
The Normal consolidation line is analogous to the
hardening plastic portion of the stress-strain
relationship.
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Cam-clay model
The Cam-clay model is an effective stress model
which requires the following soil properties.