Proposal
Proposal
STUDENT:
MOHD HAFIZ BIN ABDUL SATAR
SUPERVISOR:
Dr. AHMAD ZHAFRAN BIN AHMAD MAZLAN
ADDRESS:
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, ENGINEERING CAMPUS,
UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA, 14300 NIBONG TEBAL, PULAU PINANG.
Table of Contents
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 10
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................... 12
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Piezoelectric material is one of smart material that give significant impact in both
mechanical and electrical fields. When mechanical energy is applied on an area, electrical energy
generated. This generation is known as direct piezoelectric effect whereas indirect piezoelectric
effect is vice-versa of this occurrence. For direct piezoelectric effect, the input energy can be either
in form of stress or strain and surface output are surface charge density, electric field or electric
voltage. The indirect piezoelectric used electrical energy as input energy whereas mechanical
energy is output energy [1]. In application, this device has been effectively used as sensor in impact
hysteresis and saturation effect which have not well considered in developing the piezoelectric
models. These characteristics occurred when the piezoelectric is operated at various level of
voltage and frequency. Creep is defined as change in displacement over time without
accompanying change in input voltage [3]. Whereas, hysteresis is a phenomenon in which the
value of physical property lags over the changes. For example, there are two output displacement
in a single excitation frequency. This phenomenon has bigger influence and effect to the
Vibration is an unpleasant and harmful phenomenon since its lead to catastrophic failures
of components and materials. This phenomenon limits the performance of the systems especially
where there is no displacement output even though additional input voltage is added. This is due
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to the limitation of the system in terms of displacement and stroke [4]. The saturation value of
ANSYS Workbench is a particle interaction based on Finite Volume Method (FVM). The
electrical analysis system is composed of various cells likes Geometry, Mesh and many more
which represents the workflow for performing the analysis. Moreover, it is composed of multiple
data integration and native applications in single, seamless project flow, where individual cells can
obtain data from other cells and provide data to another cell. Thus, of this constant flow of data
and cell state can be quickly change. Also, ANSYS Workbench provides a visual indication of a
Furthermore, the model will also be developed in MATLAB software. The piezoelectric
actuator in the AVC system will be illustrated as shown in Figure 1.1. This model consists of mass,
spring and damper in a single degree of freedom system. This can be modelled later by the block
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The equation of motion for the model in Figure 1.1 can be formulated as follows:
𝑚ẍ + 𝑐ẋ + 𝑘𝑥 − 𝐹𝑎 = 𝐹
(1.1)
Where m, c and k are mass, damping and spring constants, respectively. The x, ẋ, ẍ and F are
1.2 Objectives
This research attempt to model the piezoelectric in ANSYS. This model will useful as to
characterize as actuator, sensor or both. The modelling also helps to study non-linearity effect as
Non-linear hysteresis, creep, vibration and saturation are the inherent characteristics of the
piezoelectric actuator. These characteristics happened when the piezoelectric actuator is operated
in the large and low ranges of voltage with the various levels of frequency. Several hysteresis
models with the compensation methods for the piezoelectric actuator have been developed, but
these models did not consider the creep, vibration and saturation effects. These characteristics are
important in developing a precise model for the piezoelectric actuator. Therefore, in this study, all
four non-linear characteristics of the piezoelectric actuator are measured to develop a new model
of the piezoelectric actuator and the effects are observed in the AVC systems.
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2. To develop a new piezoelectric model based on the measurement of the piezoelectric
3. To investigate the performance of the piezoelectric actuator model with the non-linearity
The application of piezoelectric material as sensor and actuator have been used in many of
fields. It has a unique and variety characteristics such as reliable, compact, wideband frequency
range and lightweight which make it attractable and preferable in many applications [5]. However,
its suffers from the inherent characteristic such as non-liner hysteresis, creep, vibration and
saturation effects. This hysteresis effect will resulting positioning error especially when operating
at large voltage range with variable speed motion [6]. To date, most of the studies focused on one
inherent characteristic only which is hysteresis characteristic. To develop a precise model of the
piezoelectric actuator, all four characteristics such as hysteresis, creep, vibration and saturation
should be considered.
One of the piezoelectric actuator application is in the AVC system. It is a system that react
actively to the incoming vibration instead passively decreasing the impact of the vibrations by their
mechanical structures. Basically, there are two methods in control the AVC system; open loop and
closed loop controls. Open loop is the system that has a switch (on and off) and closed loop has
specific controller to the system that will process the feedback signals to solve it [7]. Figure 2.1
shows the sensor used as feedback element to analysis the actual value. In this system, the actuator
will be supplied the counter signal from the controller which can reduce the vibration of the system.
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Figure 2.1: Basic control system for closed loop.
There are several technique to control piezoelectric actuator in the AVC systems such as
the sliding mode [8], Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) [9] and Active Force Control (AFC)
methods. AFC operates by computing the estimated disturbance force and the general equation of
𝐹 ∗ = 𝐹𝑎 − 𝑀 ∗. 𝑎 (2.1)
Where, disturbance force, F* can be determine through the measurement of mass acceleration, an
actuator force, Fa with an appropriate tuning of estimated mass, M*. Figure 2.2 shows the overall
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Figure 2.2: Block diagram of AFC controller [2].
I. Hardware and software setups for the experimental and simulation works
Instrumentation required for the study: ANSYS and MATLAB software, piezoelectric
patch material, piezo measurement system, sensors (accelerometer and load cell), LMS
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3.2 Overview of Research Flow Chart
Refer Appendix A
Refer Appendix B
The study is expected to come out with a new piezoelectric actuator model with more
accurate characteristics in terms of non-linearity effects. From the results, the system performance
will be improved and provide strong fundamental platform to industries. Also, the findings are
expected to be able to reduce the volume of product defects and unrealistic performances of the
AVC system. Nevertheless, the new developing piezoelectric actuator model can be used as
knowledge extension of the piezoelectric actuator model application in various research fields.
energy harvesting from this device may promised the country with future eco-friendly energy. For
example, is the piezoelectric devices is installed on along the road, the pressure from the cars
passing by (as input) will generate electricity. This output energy may be used to light up
streetlights especially on the highway and traffic lights that can run on this semi-permanent source
of energy. Nevertheless, even for the slightest vibration (as input) can be stored as electricity. Thus,
it is obviously can maximize the electricity produced in country and will reduced cost and save the
country budget.
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Apart from that, its reduce electricity consumerism from coil and oil. As we know, sooner
or later the mankind will anticipate to running out since they are finite and not renewable. However,
energy harvesting from the piezoelectric are infinite and renewable energy. As mention above, the
piezoelectric materials can convert any kind of mechanical energy to electrical energy. Thus, the
maximum energy output can be produced along minimum carbon emission. The usage in
generating electricity will promote the country with green energy as worldwide campaigned before.
REFERENCES
[2] T. A. Z. Rahman and I. Z. M. Darus, “Active vibration control of a flexible plate via Active
Force Control strategy,” 2011 4th Int. Conf. Mechatronics, no. May, pp. 1–6, 2011.
[3] R. Changhai and S. Lining, “Hysteresis and creep compensation for piezoelectric actuator
in open-loop operation,” Sensors Actuators, A Phys., vol. 122, no. 1 SPEC. ISS., pp. 124–
130, 2005.
[4] A. Zhafran, A. Mazlan, Z. M. Ripin, W. Mohd, A. Wan, and M. Ali, “Active Vibration
Control using PID-AFC Control-LER of the Piezo Stack Actuator with Consideration to
[5] A. Preumont, J.-P. Dufour, and C. Malekian, Active Damping by Local Force Feedback
[6] Y. Wu, S. Culter, G. Pannozzo, and K. Leang, “Modelling and Control of Smart Actuators,”
2008.
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[7] W. Bolton, Mechatronics (Anna University) : A Multidisciplinary. Pearson Prentice Hall,
2008.
piezostack-based active mount and application to a vibration control system,” Smart Mater.
[9] A. Z. Ahmad Mazlan and Z. Mohd Ripin, “The effective frequency range of an active
suspended handle based on the saturation effects of a piezo stack actuator,” JVC/Journal
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APPENDIX
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Appendix B: Gantt chart
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