I.

BACKGROUND
PRE-AND POST-TSUNAMI COASTAL PLANNING
AND MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA ƒ Indonesia is both blessed with rich natural resources and
natural disasters.
ƒ Indonesia is the largest Archipelago on earth with more than
By
17,500 islands, 81.000 km coastline, and 75% (5.8 million
Prof.Dr. Rokhmin Dahuri
square meters) of its total area is marine waters.
Chairman of Study Program for Coastal and Marine Resource ƒ From Sustainable Development perspective, Coastal Zone
Management Management (CZM) in Indonesia is at the cross road.
School of Graduate Studies, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)
ƒ On the one hand, environmental pressures including
overfishing, pollution, destruction of coastal ecosystems (e.g.
mangroves, estuaries, beaches, coral reefs, and seagrass
beds), loss of biodiversity, and natural hazards (e.g.
earthquake, tsunami, and storm) have threatened the
Paper presented at A Workshop on: sustainable capacity of several coastal areas such as Aceh,
“Coastal Land Use Planning and Management in Asian Nias Islands, a part of Malacca Straits, the North Coast of
Tsunami-Affected Countries” Java, and the South Coast of Sulawesi. This means we have
The FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific to reduce development intensity and rehabilitate such
Bangkok, 27 – 29 September 2006 threatened coastal areas.

II. THE NATURE OF TSUNAMIS AND THEIR

ƒ On the other hand, as a developing nation with high IMPACTS IN INDONESIA
unemployment rate (40 million people) and poverty ƒ Indonesia is one of the most prone countries on earth with
(60 million people), we need to increase the respect to various natural disasters including earthquakes, volcano
utilization of coastal and marine resources. This is eruptions, tsunamis, storms, and hurricanes
due to the fact that terrestrial resources are
ƒ Indonesia is located in the World’s Ring of Fire, where 75% of
becoming scarce, while 70% of Indonesia’s coastal the world’s volcanoes are present with 151 volcano mountains still active
and marine areas still posses large development (the highest number on earth)
potentials (renewable resources, non-renewable
ƒ From 1600 – 1999 there were 105 tsunami events in
resources, and environmental services). Indonesia:
ƒ So, the challenge for Indonesian CZM is how to • The tsunami caused by the eruption of Krakatau in 1883. Its run-ups
proportionally achieve sustained high economic were reported higher than 30 m, and more than 36,000 lives were lost

growth (average 7% per annum), distribution of • The tsunami in Flores Island of East Nusa Tenggara Province in
welfare, maintenance of carrying capacity of coastal 1992. It was generated by earthquake had resulted in 1952 people died and 2126
people injured
ecosystems, and mitigation of natural hazards in
• The tsunami caused by earthquake in Banyuwangi, East Java
any given coastal area. Province (1994) had taken 38 death toll and 400 people injured
• Tsunami in Biak, Irian Jaya Province (1996) had brought about 107
death toll

Table 1. Tsunami events in Indonesia during 1960-2000

Maximum
Casualties
Maximum No Year Epicentrum Location Run -Up
Casualties (people)
No Year Epicentrum Location Run -Up (meter)
(people)
(meter) Alor Island, East Nusa Data not
12. 1989 8,1 Lat.S; 125,1 Long.E 7 died
Central Flores, East Nusa 2 died Tenggara available
1. 1961 8,2 Lat. S; 122 Long.E. NA
Tenggara 6 injured Flores, Babi Island, East 1952 died 2126
13 1992 8,5 Lat.S; 121,9 Long.E 11,2 – 26,2
Sumatra 110 died Nusa Tenggara injured
2. 1964 5,8 Lat. N; 95,6 Long.E NA
479 injured Banyuwangi, East Java 38 died
14. 1994 10,7 Lat.S; 113,1 Long.E 19,1
3. 1965 2,4 Lat.S; 126 Long.E Seram, Sanana, Maluku NA 71 died 400 injured
Tinambung, South 58 died Palu, Central Sulawesi 3 died
4. 1967 3,7 Lat.S; 119,3 Long.E NA 15. 1996 1,1 Lat.S; 118,8 Long.E NA
Sulawesi 100 injured 63 injured
5. 1968 0,7 Lat.N; 119,7 Long.E Tambo, Central Sulawesi 8 - 10 392 died 16. 1996 0,5 Lat.S; 136 Log.E Biak Island, Papua 13,7 107 died
Majene, South Sulawesi 64 died 2,02 Lat.S; 124,87 Tabuna Maliabu Maluku
6. 1969 3,1 Lat.S; 118,8 Long.E 10 17. 1998 2,75 34 died
97 injured Long.E
Sumbawa Island, West 18 2000 NA Banggai 3 4
7. 1977 11,1 Lat.S; 118,5 Long.E NA 316 died
Nusa Tenggara
Nangroe Aceh Darussalam,
Flores, Atauro Island, 2 died North Sumatera, Thailand,
8. 1977 8 Lat.S; 125,3 Long.E NA
19 2004 NA 34,5 >300.000 died
East Nusa Tenggara 25 injured
Srilangka, India, Malaysia,
Sumbawa, South Africa, etc.
27 died
9. 1979 8,4 Lat.S; 115,9 Long.E Bali,Lombok, West Nusa NA
200 injured 20 2005 NA Nias 3,5 NA
Tenggara
Larantuka, East Nusa 13 died 9,295 Lat. S -107,347 South Coast of West Java 498 died
10. 1982 8,4 Lat.S; 123 Long.E NA 21 2006 1-3,5
Tenggara 400 injured long.E and Central Java Provinces 547 injured
Flores Timur, Pantar Source: Subandono (2005) and BAPPENAS (2005)
83 died
11. 1987 8,4 Lat.S; 124,3 Long.E Island, East Nusa NA
108 injured
Tenggara

1
ƒ The most catastrophic tsunami was caused by the
Sumatera Earthquakes on 26 December 2004

• The Sumatera Earthquake generated giant tidal waves (tsunami)

which hit coastal areas in NAD and North Sumatera Provinces of Indonesia,
Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, India, Maldives, and a part of South Coast of
Africa. Its run-ups were reported higher than 30 m, and more than 300,000
lives were lost.
• Indonesia was the hardest hit country by the December 2004 Indian
Ocean tsunami. About 132,000 people were died and 37,000 people missing
(not found up until now) in NAD Province and the Islands of Nias.
• Most coastal areas as long as 1000 km of coastline (the same
distance from Berlin to Paris) of NAD Province and almost all the Islands of
Nias, North Sumatra Province with a total area of 12,345 square kilometers
were devastated by the earthquake and the Indian Ocean tsunami.

Before Tsunami

After Tsunami
Environmental Destruction

Table 2. A Summary of Economic Facilities and Infrastructures of NAD Province, and Nias
III. POST-TSUNAMI PROBLEMS AND ISSUES Regency of North Sumatra Province destroyed by the Indian Ocean Tsunami

Accomplishment of Rehabilitation
Facilities & Infrastructure Damage/Loss and Reconstruction
ƒ Economic, Social, and Cultural Issues: October, 2005 April, 2006
1. Houses 120,000 unit 10,119 unit 41,734
• Before tsunami the economy of NAD Province was dominated by
four sectors: agriculture (contributed 23% to RGDP), Fisheries (7%) oil and 2. Schools 2,006 unit 132 unit 524
gas (20%), and processing industries (20%). 3. Mosques & Churches 11,536 unit 141 building 489 building
• The tsunami had practically paralyzed the social-economic 4. Health Facilities 127 38 113 (7,380 health
activities post)
5. Fishing Vessels NA 4,379 unit 6,160 unit
• The number of unemployed people increased. About 600,000 –
800,000 people (25% of the total NAD’s workforce) loss their jobs 6. Tambak 20,000 Ha NA 9,258 Ha
(livelihoods) 7. Rice Fields & Plantation 87,901 Ha 30,926 Ha 37,926 Ha
• The number of people displaced from their dwellings by the 8. Roads 3,000 Km NA 490 Km
earthquake and tsunami is about 600,000 people. Total number of 9. Bridges 120 NA 41
house loss/damage 120,000 units and the average number of a family 10. Micro & Small Enterprices 100,000 3,640 147,823
living in one house was 5 people. 11. Fishing ports and fish landings 38 units NA NA
12. Ports/Harbors 14 5 5
13. Airports 11 2 5
Source: - BRR (2006); Bappenas (2005) - Notes: NA = Data are not available

2
Table 3. Summary of Damage and Losses (in US$ Billions)
Damage Losses Total
Social Sectors 1,684 57 1,741
Housing 1,398 39 1,437 Agriculture Sector After Tsunami
Education 119 9 128
Health 82 9 92
Religious and culture 83 0 83
Infrastructure 636 241 877 9 20,101 ha of rice fields and
Transport 391 145 536 67,800 ha of plantations
Communications 19 3 22
Energy 68 0 68 (coconut, cacao, coffee,
Water and Sanitation 27 3 30 cashew nuts, and sugar palm)
Flood control 132 89 221 were totally destroyed
Productive Sectors 352 830 1.182
Agriculture 84 141 225 9 Animals died or loss: 208,000
Fisheries 102 409 511 ruminants (cows, buffalos, horses,
Industry and Trade 167 280 447
etc.), 1,450,000 poultry (chickens,
Cross-Sectoral 252 400 652 ducks, swan, etc.)
Environment 155 394 549
Governance & Admin. 84 5 89
Bank and Finance 14 0 14
Emergency Expenditures 0 0 0
TOTAL 2,924 1,528 4,452

Source: Bappenas (2005)

MAP OF FISHERMAN DIE AND FISHERIES INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDED AFTER EARTHQUAKE

AND TSUNAMI ON NAD AND SUMUT, 26 DESEMBER 2004

Fisheries Sector BANDA ACEH CITY

3384 people -
SABANG CITY NORTH ACEH REGENCY ACEH BESAR REGENCY
7 people 2 unit 2,667 people 13 3411 people -
3 unit 687.3 ha 2 unit 42.17 ha 3 unit 6538.7 ha 11 unit 823 ha
Before Tsunami After Tsunami 748 unit
4 unit
4 unit
2 unit
166 unit
2 unit
-
5 unit
1,336 unit
4 unit
42 unit
3 unit
1203 unit 9 unit
240 km 83.5 M 3 unit 1 unit
- 11.5 M 22.3 km 429.6 M 17,16 km 173.7 M
PIDIE REGENCY

9 130,000 people who used to 9 104,000 of fisherman (capture 2835 people

4 unit
-
3,558.1 ha MANDALING -TAL
EAST ACEH REGENCY
548 people -
990 unit 55 unit - - 1 unit -
work in the fisheries sector fisheries) loss their job 4 unit 1 unit - - 571 unit -
115.35 km 253.4 M 80 unit - 1 unit 1 unit
- - - 73.3 M
9 36,597 hectares of tambak 9 20,000 ha of tambaks ACEH JAYA REGENCY
1,680 people 21 unit
- 3.1 M
LHOK SEUMAWE CITY
production (finfish and destroyed 3 unit
232 unit
317.3 ha
- SERDANG BEDAGAI
486 people 720 unit
1 unit 740 ha
- 1 unit 4 people - 1,499 unit -
crustaceans such as shrimp, 9 number of fishing vessels 6 km 21.1 M - - - 1 unit
LANGSA CITY 283 unit - 13.3 km 101.6 M
crab, milkfish, and sea bass) which were lost as many as 35 people - - -
1 unit - - 21.1 M ACEH TAMIANG

9 total number of fishing vessels 9,563 units consisting of 3,969 721 unit
-
1 unit
2 unit
-
3 unit
-
-

18,800 units; and 7,700 units non-motorized fishing boats - 18.1 M CENTRAL TAPANULI
1,966 unit
-
-
-
BIERUN REGENCY 1 people 113 unit - 28.1 M
(43%) of which were able to do (41.5%), 2,369 small- 115 people - - -
5 unit 2,412 ha 441 unit -
fishing beyond 12 nautical miles motorized fishing vessels 1,529 unit 84 unit - - MAP OF PEOPLE DIE AND FISHERIES
25 unit - - 54.8 M INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDED AFTER

(offshore) (24.8%), and large-motorized 381.9 km 504.2 M

NIAS NIAS
EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI ON NAD AND
SUMUT, 26 DESEMBER 2004

ACEH BARAT REGENCY

fishing vessels (33.7%) 11830 - KAB. NAGAN RAYA 137 people
1 unit
17 unit
-
information:
Total of fisherman are die
1,338 people -
3 unit 53.8 ha 4 unit 12.5 ha 315 unit - Drugnet destroyed

9 38 fishing ports and fish 1,725 unit

3 unit
-
3 unit
510 unit
1 unit
-
-
-
-
-
10.4 M
Fishing ports and fish landings
destroyed

11 km 18.1 M Tambak destroyed by tsunami

landings were totally destroyed SIMEULUE REGENCY
2.2 km 28.6 M
SOUTH ACEH REGENCY Damaged boats and fishing vessel
KAB. ACEH BARAT DAYA 3 people - Damaged Hatchery
or heavily damaged by the 7 people
1 unit
-
-
3851 people
3 unit
-
57 ha 3 unit 12 ha Ice Factory destroyed

286 unit - Oil Station destroyed by tsunami

tsunami 939 unit
2 unit
-
1 unit
460 unit
3 unit
-
- - 1 unit Damaged tambak irrigations

- 33.5 M - 8.3 M 0.8 km 17.8 M Budget needed

Total loss {Rp 1,933,360,456,000.-} not include office buildings; UPT; seed; fishing rod and dragnet; { Rp 139,697,000,000.-}

ƒ Economic, Social, and Cultural Issues: ƒ Environmental Issues:

¾ During the emergency response phase (24 December ¾ Most coastal areas as long as 1000 km of coastline (the
same distance from Jakarta to Surabaya) of NAD Province and
2004 – 26 March 2005) there were issues about land
almost all the Islands of Nias, North Sumatra Province with a total
captures by speculators, or powerful individual and business
area of 12,345 square kilometers were devastated by the earthquake
groups. After the BRR (Agency for Rehabilitation and and the Indian Ocean tsunami.
Reconstruction) such issues were gradually resolved.
¾ Land inundation by seawater and salination as well as
¾ Violation of spatial planning enacted by the BRR, suspected toxic substances brought by the tsunami.
particularly regarding setback zone, green belt, and buffer zone.
¾ Destroyed/heavily damaged mangroves in NAD:
¾ Many grants, aids, and projects (fishing vessels, 84,000 ha or 24,3% of the total mangrove area 346,838 ha
(Ministry of Forestry, 2005)
tambak, infrastructures, etc.) were not technically suitable
nor culturally acceptable due to a lack of coordination between ¾ Destroyed/heavily damaged coral reefs in NAD:
BRR and stakeholders (provincial and local governments, int’l
29,175 ha or 30% of the total Coral Reefs area 97.250 ha
donors, NGO’s, and local communities). (Australian Institute Of Marine Science, 2006)
¾ Slow economic recovery programs have resulted in social ¾ Destroyed/heavily damaged seagrass in NAD:
distrust, frustration and ‘spoiled mentality’ of many tsunami
600 ha Seagrass area (Australian Institute Of Marine Science, 2006)
survivors.

3
 IV. POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS
4. Ministry of Forestry responsible for mangrove (coastal
forest) and Marine Protected Areas (with MMAF).
¾ Because of a multi-use nature, common property resource, 5. Ministry of Agriculture responsible for coastal agriculture.
and as the accumulator of externalities from land- and
6. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources is responsible
ocean- based human activities and natural processes; a lot
of agencies at national, provincial, and local government levels for mining of energy and mineral resources.
involved in Coastal Zone Management (CZM) in Indonesia. 7. Ministry of Tourism and Culture responsible for tourism.
¾ At the national level, there are 22 agencies involved in CZM 8. Ministry of Transportation responsible for transportation.
(Table 4). For instance:
1. Ministry of Public Works, National Agency for Development planning,
9. Ministry of Home Affairs responsible for governance and
and Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) are responsible civil servants.
for coastal and sea use planning. 10. Indonesian Maritime Council (DMI = Dewan Maritim
2. BPN (National Agency for Land Resources) is responsible for land Indonesia) is responsible for coordinating the management
administration and permit for land uses. of coastal and ocean development at the national level.
3. MMAF responsible for coastal fisheries and aquaculture, sunken
treasures, and small island resources (with Ministry of Home Affairs)

Table 4. National Agencies and Their Functions in Coastal Zone Management A Coordination institution Function
in Indonesia
A Coordination institution Function Ad-hoc committee
8 Indonesian maritime board Coordinate and handling ocean and fisheries
1 The StateMinistry of Environment To coordinate national environmental policies & development problems
guidelines
To arrange study and analysis process about 9 Committee coordinate national area and Handling the problem of border with neighbored
environment impact deep ocean country and international
2 Department of Finance and Budgeting To coordinate every activity of
Ditjen and National Development Planning national development planning and to allocation 10 Ocean security coordination agency Coordinate and handling ocean protect problems,
Agency (NDPA) resources for carry as program implementation like to vessel piracy, illegal fishing, smuggling.
3 Department of Home Affairs To coordinate every activity of 11 Province, regency/city workgroup Coordinate implementation of fisheries project on
regional development planning, include region
development fisheries on regional
4 Minister of Research and Technology To coordinate research and development
(BPPT) technology in inventory sea resources Source: Dahuri, 2001

5 Agency of Coordination Survey and To coordinate make maps (include coastal line)
National Mapping (BAKOSURTANAL)
6 Indonesian institute of sciences, center of Coordinate Research Ocean Activities, Center of
oceanology research and development Ocean Ecology Data information , and Giving
(P3O-LIPI) advices to others Institution
7 Bappeda (Province, Regency or City) Coordinate plan regional development and sectoral
and enterprise sector in the Province, Regency or
City, especially integrated coastal planning and
spatial zone.

B Sectoral institution Function

THE GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN INDONESIA
1 Department fisheries and ocean Development, arrange fisheries activity on coastal zone BEFORE REFORM ERA STARTING IN 1999 (Act No.5/1974)
and ocean; development coastal zone and small island;
development resources ƒ Centralization
2 Department of forestry Development ocean and coastal zone ecosystem This principle is oriented toward sectoral development. Sectoral
conservation activity
development include agriculture, forestry, mining, tourism, public
3 Department transportation Responsible in ocean development as transportation
media include protected ocean contamination works, transportation, etc. Each development has responsibility of
4 Department mining end energy Development every activities that relation with oil and gas technical departments. All policies, planning and supervision under
exploration on coastal zone (on-shore) and off shore each secoral department’s jurisdiction.
5 Department culture and education Responsible on human resource development in ocean
sector and ocean research
ƒ Medebewind
6 TNI AL/Agency Oceanography and Ocean territorial boundaries security, and gathering
hydrographic hydrooceanography data and ocean area maps Development remains the responsibility of the central government,
7 Department industrialization and trade Arrange every activity to development industry in ocean but to enhance efficiency and effectiveness development is executed
and coastal zone in clued protect industry waste by local administration under supervision from the central
8 Department of settlement and regional Development every activity coastal engineer as government. Performance and funding are controlled by the central
means development reparation infrastructure development coastal zone erosion
protection. government.
9 Department of tourism Development activity ocean and coastal zone tourism
10 Minister of micro economic Development cooperation business especially fisheries ƒ Decentralization
entrepreneur and cooperation cooperation (KUD Mina) in coastal zone village Devolution of government affairs from the upper level of government
11 Ocean and Fisheries Agency Planning and regional program on ocean and fisheries and to lower levels of government. It is also defined as the delegation of
help department of ocean and fisheries. authority from the central government to local administrations.

4
 THE GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN INDONESIA SOVEREIGNTY AND JURISDICTION
AFTER REFORM ERA (Act No.22/1999 revised with Act No.32/2004) OVER INDONESIAN MARINE WATERS (Act No.32/2004)

ƒ Autonomy
Gives local government and community (via local parliament) to
ƒ Sovereignty over all Indonesian marine waters (inland,
identify and develop their own resources (human resources, archipelagic, and territorial waters) is all belong to the
natural resources, and man-made resources) for creating a National (Central) Government.
developed, just, and prosperous local society by improving ƒ In line with UNCLOS 1982, the jurisdiction of Indonesian
public services through Good and Entrepreneurial Governance Exclusive Economic Zone is also under the National
in the framework of the Unity of Indonesian State. Government.
ƒ Regency/District Government has jurisdiction (rights
ƒ Decentralization and obligations) to explore, utilize, and manage (including
Devolution of government affairs from the upper level of
to conserve) coastal and marine resources occurring
government to lower levels of government. It is also defined as
within an area from the coastal base line at the lowest tide
the delegation of authority from the central government to local
government. up to 4 nautical miles seaward.
ƒ Provincial Government has jurisdiction to explore,
Except for 5 government affairs (foreign affairs, currency and utilize, and manage coastal and marine resources located
finance, justice, security and defense, and religion), others have within an area from 4 nautical miles up to maximum 12
been the responsibility of local (regency/district) government. miles seaward.

A HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT ƒ Consequently, most CZM programs before the Reform Era (the
IN INDONESIA establishment of MMAF) were like ‘a paper CZM’ (‘a toothless
tiger’). Therefore, issues such as unclear, absent, or
ƒ Despite the fact that Indonesia is the largest maritime and overlapping policies and regulations over coastal
archipelagic state on earth (in terms of sea space and development and management were continue, which
resources), the first government document which emphasizes brought about spatial and resource use conflicts,
the strategic value of coastal and marine resources for the
uncertainties for investment and business, and
advancement and prosperity of the nation including policies and
programs to materialize such a potential was the 1993 GBHN inefficiencies. In addition, slow and low yielding economic
(State Policy Guidelines). sectors perceived by decision makers (e.g. capture
ƒ During 1993 to September 1999 (before the establishment of fisheries, aquaculture, agriculture, forestry and let a lone
MMAF), CZM efforts in Indonesia were mostly academic conservation areas) were mostly displaced by quick and big
exercises which were driven by bilateral and multilateral yielding economic sectors (e.g. mining and energy, real
development loans or grants, international NGO’s, or Indonesian estates, and industrial estates).
universities and research institutes. Examples: ƒ Since the establishment of MMAF equipped with a special
ƒICZM of Segara Anakan Lagoon, Cilacap, Central Java (ADB, 1986) Directorate General for Coastal and Small Island Management,
ƒICZM of Bunaken National Park (USAID and Min. of Forestry,1989) the implementation of ICZM has been improving. Examples:
ƒICZM of Lampung, East Kalimantan, and North Sulawesi provinces ƒICZM of MCRM Program in 15 provinces and 52 regencies/cities.
(USAID, 1995 – 2004) ƒICZM of coral reef ecosystems under COREMAP in 6 provinces and
12 regencies.

COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN TSUNAMI’S AFFECTED

AREAS (ACEH AND NIAS ISLANDS) ƒ The BRR (The Executing Agency) supported by the
Steering Committee and The Supervision Committee is
ƒ After the Emergency Response Phase (24 December 2004 – responsible for planning and implementation of all
26 March 2005), President of Republic of Indonesia (Perpu rehabilitation and reconstruction projects and programs.
Act No.2/2005) establish the BRR for a time frame up to ƒ Total budget allocated for rehabilitation and reconstruction
2009 with four major missions: of Aceh and Nias from April 2005 to April 2009 is Rp 60
trillions (US$ 7.5 billions). On top of this, are from donor
1. Redevelop Aceh and Nias communities socio-cultural agencies and NGO’s.
life as an individual and as a society. ƒ Programs and projects funded by the GOI’s budget are
2. Reconstruct physical and institutional infrastructures. implemented by the BRR; while those projects funded by
3. Redevelop the economy of Aceh and Nias. donor countries and NGO’s should be under the
4. Redevelop Provincial, Regency/City Government to coordination of BRR.
ensure better and more efficient public services.

5
 Ministry/ Supporting Coordination DONOR, Head
HeadofofExecutor
Executor SSu
Department UN, NGO upp
poort
rtSy
Sys
Deputy
DeputyofofExecutor
Executor stetem
Supporting mss

Guidelines, Planning
Standard, Program
Capacity
Specialist Staf of Executor Head of Operational Support
Building Local
Government Deputy of Operational Support
Coordination/ y
er
consultation liv
Dinas Planning
De
Program m
Provinces ra Head of Operation
og
Pr
Deputy Of Operation
BAPPEDA
KAB/KOTA Coordination/
Satker
Dinas consultation

Kabupaten
Planning
Program
Coordination/ The Organizational Structure of BRR NAD-Nias
consultation
Economy
sector Implementation

REGIONS & COMMUNITIES OF NAD PROVINCE and NIAS Islands

V. LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDED

SOLUTIONS 3. Program Components and Mechanisms of Tsunami
Management within the ICZM Framework are as
follows:
1. Establish disaster management as a national policy 1. Establishment and operation of Tsunami Early Warning
and equipped with a national agency which is System.
responsible for implementing such a policy.
2. Non-structural counter measures.
2. To mitigate the adverse impacts of tsunami, the 3. Structural counter measures.
tsunami management (in the context of the national
disaster management) should be embedded in ICZM of 4. Tsunami research and development.
every regency/city and province which is prone to 5. Social-economic and institutional measures for
tsunami threats. sustainable coastal development.
6. Enactment of national disaster management law.

5.1. Establishment and operation of Tsunami Early- 5.2. Non-structural Counter Measures
Warning System ƒ Public awareness; Education, training and awareness
The basic principles of the Indonesian TEWS are as building, dissemination media, and various public
follows : campaign activities
ƒ Issue warning within 5 minutes
ƒ Real time, automatic, and compatible with national and
ƒ Development of Spatial Use Planning Models for
international standard Provinces, Districts, Cities and Small Islands
ƒ The components are : observation and integration of data;
dissemination of information; and community preparedness.
ƒ Development of National Policy and Guidelines
(Coastal and Small Islands Hazards Mitigation,
Integrated Coastal Zone Management, and
Indonesian Coastal Management Act)
ƒ Marine and Coastal Resources Management
Program

6
 5.3. Structural Counter Measures
5.4. Tsunami Research and Development
ƒ Tsunami countermeasures using hard structure
(seawall, breakwater, etc) ƒ Research is fundamental to build tsunami disaster
mitigation strategies
ƒ Evacuate the people who lives in the dangerous area
ƒ Research agendas ; multidisciplinary, comprehensive
ƒ Using soft structure might be recommended in this knowledge about disaster, impacts to societies and
case, such as mangrove green belt, coastal forest, communities interact
and land use arrangement

5.5. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL MEASURES 5.6. Disaster Management National Law, Indonesia’s
New Beginning
FOR SUSTAINABLE COASTAL DEVELOPMENT
’ Performance indicators of President, Governor, or Mayor The outline of the Disaster Management Bill is as follows :
should include not only economic growth, but also social •Shifting from emergency response to disaster risk reduction.
•Shifting of protection from a privilege of a few to protection as a
equity and ecological sustainability of the coastal zone.
human
’ Enhancing the carrying capacity of the coastal zone right
through technology and trading. •Shifting disaster management from government’s business to the
business
’ Controlling development intensity (the utilization rate of of all
natural resources and environmental services) which
does not exceed the carrying capacity of the coastal zone: The disaster management bill would require among others:
1. Command and control a) Enforce regular hazards identification, assessment, and monitoring;
2. Economic incentives (market mechanisms) b) Mitigate the hazard of disasters;
c) Ensure the preparedness of community and emergency responders;
3. Extended Benefit-Cost Analysis for the feasibility of d) Make the necessary arrangements to enable surge capacity of
development programs and projects emergency response both nationally and internationally; and
4. Community-based sanctions e) Take reconstruction and rehabilitation as an inseparable part of the
5. Privatizations, user right, territorial user right, etc. disaster management

THANK
YOU….