Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biochemistry Academic Paper Sample
Biochemistry Academic Paper Sample
Lemuel M. Sayao
ABSTRACT
The concern of people today on the use of technology that is practical, cost efficient and
environment safe is one the rise as they start to observe the toll that environmental
destruction is taking from people With the issue of global warming as caused of burning
fossil fuel for electricity production getting into the consciousness of everyone lead
scientists to find ways on what technology they can develop. The utilization of renewable
resources specifically the solar energy has been observed to significantly help solve
pollution. However, scientists have seen some limitations of the silicon-based solar panel
and tried to create new designs and use new materials to maximize its potential. The
creation of an organic solar cell (OSC) or photovoltaic cell (OPV) in 2018 has finally
erased the border in potential in terms of efficiency as the new material can finally generate
an amount of electricity competitive to it inorganic commercial counterpart after almost
60 years of innovation through research. This paper presents the development of the
solar/photovoltaic cells development for both the silicon-based and the OSC but
highlighting on the latter’s function mechanism, advantages, promising applications in the
future and even the issues it faces.
The use of electricity in households in today’s world has become an essential part
of man’s everyday living. The ability of man to do many tasks at home or at work has
become mostly dependent on electricity availability. But the looming danger that relates to
how electricity is also produced in today’s world has also become more and more visible.
According to Keenan (2018), at present, over 65% of the world's electrical energy
used today is generated by steam turbine generators burning fossil fuels as their source of
energy and large scale fossil fuelled plants provide most of the world's base load generating
capacity. However, fossil fuel combustion for electricity production has been attributed to
problems to the environment that’s starting to take its toll on humans. In the latest data
released by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), electricity
production generates the second largest share of greenhouse gas emissions it contributed
28.4 percent of the greenhouse gas emissions in 2016.
In the data released by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014)
carrying out global warming research have recently predicted that average global
temperatures could increase between 1.4 and 5.8 °C by the year 2100. Changes resulting
from global warming may include rising sea levels due to the melting of the polar ice caps,
as well as an increase in occurrence and severity of storms and other severe weather events.
There environmental problems are deemed to worsen in the coming years as it seem
impossible for man to stop doing what it is currently doing. However, the scientific
community, having the power to create technologies has seen the potential of utilizing
renewable energy resources specifically solar energy to reduce the negative impacts of
global warming. Hence, solar or photovoltaic cells were created as an alternative electricity
generator that is believed to cut down carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. But
with solar cells seen to have its own limitations and disadvantages, improvement of its
design is empirical to maximize the potential it possess so that greener energy is achieved.
Hence, the “hybridization” of the inorganic silicon-based solar cells into an organic
material made technology has now achieved as breakthrough of being open for commercial
development as its potential has reached the capacity of the more popular inorganic
counterpart.
Hence, the finding of the best alternative sources of energy has been a top race of
product developers in materials engineering. Among the renewable sources of energy that
scientists have been very enthusiastic to be working on in on solar energy. In the
metaanalysis of Tsao, Lewis and Crabtee (2006), solar energy has the highest technical
potential among all other non renewable resources such as wind and geothermal in terms
the ability to produce energy exceeding 15 terawatts (TW) which is cost competitive with
nuclear energy resource. Because the sun’s extractable potential is so huge, its land-based
technical potential remains large. Although this finding came out in later years, man’s work
on harnessing energy from the sun has long began.
The ordinary man’s encounter with solar cells, a device that produces electricity
from a renewable resource came about when Vanguard 1 was sent by the US in space in
1958 and became known as the first space technology to use solar panels (instead of
batteries that would run out after a few months) to power its instruments, providing a near-
never ending supply of data to scientists. But the work on photovoltaic cells started as early
as 1839 when a French physicist named Edmund Becquerel realized that the sun's energy
could produce a "photovoltaic effect" (photo = light, voltaic = electrical potential)
(Alternative Energy Solutions for the 21st Century). The first practical photovoltaic cell
however was publicly demonstrated on 25 April 1954 at Bell Laboratories invented by
Calvin Souther Fuller, Daryl Chapin and Gerald Pearson.
With the efficiency of photovoltaic cells relatively average, these are still being
widely used all over the world today because its efficiency is relatively helpful as
alternative source of electricity than completely relying on fossil-fuel or nuclear source of
electrical energy and among the renewable source of energy. In the article Alternative
Energy Solutions for the 21st Century (n.d.), solar energy is considered one of the most
promising renewable energy sources in the world. Ina addition, it is non-polluting, has no
moving parts that could break down, requires little maintenance and no supervision, and
has a life of 20-30 years with low running costs. It is especially unique because no large-
scale installation is required. Remote areas can easily produce their own supply of
electricity by constructing as small or as large of a system as needed. Solar power
generators are simply distributed to homes, schools, or businesses, where their assembly
requires no extra development or land area and their function is safe and quiet. And most
importantly, as communities grow, more solar energy capacity can be added thereby
allowing power generation to keep in step with growing needs without having to overbuild
generation capacity as is often the case with conventional large scale power systems.
Compare those characteristics to those of coal, oil, gas, or nuclear power, and the choice is
easy, solar energy technologies offer a clean, renewable and domestic energy source.
But people have enjoyed the benefits of this inorganic made electrical energy
provider only up to the level that the natural capacity of the solar panels can offer. Besides,
there are looming issues that the silicon base solar panels are facing which makes its
utilization still not in full mode until the present time. Issues on the manufacturing process,
weight, limitations in installations have surfaced about the consequences of using the
silicon-based solar panel. In an interview results gathered by Nagata (2016) with a Japanese
scientist Itaru Osaka, a senior research scientist at Riken institute in Japan said that the
Organic Photovoltaic Cells: The More Environment and User friendly Alternative
Source of Energy
The idea of designing photovoltaic cells that can assure convenience has long been
investigated as well. In fact, during the time that the silicon-based solar cells were created,
other laboratories have also simultaneously investigated in creating solar panels that could
be more environment and consumer friendly but still efficient. The scientists solution to
this is creating the device made of organic components.
The earliest of this attempt began as early as 1958 of which the creation of voltage
of cell based on magnesium phthalocyanine (MgPc)—a macrocyclic compound having an
alternating nitrogen atom-carbon atom ring structure—was discovered to have a
photovoltage of 200 mV. An Al/MgPc/Ag cell obtained photovoltaic efficiency of 0.01%
under illumination at 690 nm. Conjugated polymers were also used in this type of
photovoltaic cell. One device used polyacetylene as the organic layer, with Al and graphite,
producing an open circuit voltage of 0.3 V and a charge collection efficiency of 0.3%
Semiconducting conjugated polymers are the organic materials used in OPV cells,
since they possess the base property required to activate the fundamental mechanisms to
transform the radiative energy of light into an electric current. By capturing photons in its
semiconducting polymeric absorber, an organic solar cell allows the conversion of light
energy directly into electricity (Kippelen and Bredas, 2015).
Specifically, the mechanism of electricity generation can be described in four
phases. First, is Light Absorption phase. At this phase, photons are captured in the donor
layer, which is the polymeric absorbing material. The light energy excites the photoactive
Organic solar cells incorporate carbon into their construction to offer several
advantages over conventional "inorganic" cells. Silicon-based inorganic solar panels are
costly to make -- composed of thick, rigid sheets that require fixed installation points. On
the contrary, the new organic solar cells are more flexible and lighter in weight because
they require much less energy to create. These organic solar cells are actually greener than
the silicon PVs. The cells can be crafted at temperatures of less than 100 degrees, making
them more environmentally friendly.
Another benefit of this technology is that the organic photovoltaic actually
possesses ability to choose the molecule that absorbs sunlight more efficiently. This means
that the organic solar cells can actually be made to be up to 1000 times thinner than the
silicon-based solar cells which would lessen the amount of material used to manufacture
them. This would allow manufacturers to ‘print’ solar cells onto rollable panels that can be
easily transported and would need to be simply unrolled on the buyers’ roofs. These can
be stuck vertically or installed on weak structures, such as vinyl greenhouses. They are thin
enough to bend and curve around structures or within clothing, tents and made any color,
even transparent, to blend in to their environment. Installing them on the exteriors of
electric cars, so that the cars can generate electricity while driving. Also, by changing the
structures of organic compounds, it is possible to alter the colors of the cells. There are
Bush, S. (24 April 2018). Tandem organic solar cells reaches 15% efficiency. Retrieved
from
Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy. (1 May 2013). The Centre for Exploitation of
Solar Retrieved May 2018 from
http://sydney.edu.au/science/chemistry/research/honsproj-green-chemistry.shtml
Chidichimo,G. and L. Filippelli. (12 May 2010). Organic Solar Cells: Problems and
Perspectives International Journal of Photoenergy. Volume 2010, Article ID
123534, 11 pages and http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/123534
Fu, H., Wang Z., and Sun.Y. (2018). Advances in Non-Fullerene Acceptor Based
Ternary Organic Solar Cells. Retrieved Amy 2018 from
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/solr.201700158
Gary C. B. and Baer, Thomas M., Organic Thin-Film Solar Cell Research at Stanford
University https://baogroup.stanford.edu/index.php/research-highlights/41-
organic-thin-film-solar-cell-research-at-stanford-university. Retrieved May 2018
from https://www.nrel.gov/pv/organic-photovoltaic-solar-cells.html
Kippelen, B. and Bredas, J. L.( March 29, 2019). Organic photovoltaics in Energy &
Environmental Science 2(3):251-261. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234045839_Organic_photovoltaics
Lazo-Cruz, J. (10 February, 2018) This New Breakthrough Could Boost the Efficiency of
Organic Solar Cells. Retrieved May 2018 from
Macaire, A. Olivier D., and Basile K.Antoine., Vianouc N. Roberto. (2013). Ageing of
organic photovoltaic devices in Benin environment (South-Sudanese climate)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.05.005 Retrieved May 2018
fromhttp://chem.ku.dk/research_sections/solarenergy/.
McCue, M. (03 May 2018). Energy Magazine. Organic Solar Cells Reach Record
Efficiency. https://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/pv_solar/organic-solar-
cells-reach-record-efficiency-20180503
Nagata.K. (06 February, 2016) As technology improves, future of organic solar cells
looks bright. Retrieved May 2018 from https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news
/2016/02/07/business/tech/technology-improves-future-organic-solar-cells-looks-
bright/#.WwTlcPUh3IU
Organic solar cells reach record efficiency, benchmark for commercialization. Acid (23,
April 2018). Retrieved May 2018 frim
https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/research-news/tandem-organic-solar-
cells-reaches-15-efficiency-2018-04/
Organic Solar Cells: Game Changer or Hype? EcoFriend (23 December, 2011).Retrieved
May 2018 from
Rühle, Sven (2016-02-08). "Tabulated Values of the Shockley-Queisser Limit for Single
Junction Solar Cells". Solar Energy. 130: 139–147.
Bibcode:2016SoEn..130..139R. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2016.02.015.
Sheng, B., Zhongliang O. And Q,G. Chengming J. (11 April 2018). Additive effect for
organic solar cell fabrication by multi-layer inking and stamping. Retrieved May
2018 for https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsamd.2018.04.004.
The Best Solar Panels. All Reviews Reviews.com.(October 13, 2017). Look for efficient
products and responsive customer service https://www.reviews.com/solar-panels/.
Xiaozhou C., Li Y., Qu, Y. & Forres., (April 2018). High fabrication yield organic
tandem photovoltaics combining vacuum- and solution-processed subcells with
15% efficiency. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-018-
0134-z
Zhang G1, Zhang K1, Yin Q1, Jiang XF1, Wang Z2, Xin J2, Ma W2, Yan H3, Huang F1,
Cao Y1.(6 February 2017). High-Performance Ternary Organic Solar Cell Enabled
by a Thick Active Layer Containing a Liquid Crystalline Small Molecule Donor.
doi: 10.1021/jacs.6b11991
Zhao, W. & Li, S. & Yao, H. & Zhang, Shaoqing & Zhang, Yun 01.; Yang, Bei & Hou,
Jianhui. (2017). Molecular Optimization Enables over 13% Efficiency in Organic
Solar Cells. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 139. 7148-7151.
10.1021/jacs.7b02677.Retrived ko https://www.researchgate.net/publication
/316991649_Molecular_Optimization_Enables_over_13_Efficiency_in_Organic_S
olar_Cells
Zhao, W., Sunsun, L. Yao, H. Hou, J. (2017). Molecular Optimization Enables over 13%
Efficiency in Organic Solar Cells. Journal of the American Chemical Society
139(21):7148-7151 Retrieved from