Design&Drawing of RC-Compiled-M.C.natraj
Design&Drawing of RC-Compiled-M.C.natraj
Dr. M. C. Nataraja,
Professor, Civil Engineering Department,
Sri Jayachamarajendra Collge of Engineering, Mysore-5a70 006
Phone: 0821-2343521, 9880447742
e-mail: [email protected]
Stair case
Stair cases are used for the purpose of giving access to different floors of a structure.
Parts of stairs
There are two main parts namely flight and landing. Series of steps are provided in the
flight. The vertical height of the step is called the rise and the horizontal distance between
the vertical faces of risers is known as going. The horizontal distance available on the
step is called tread. The horizontal length obtained by deducting going from the tread is
called nosing. These parts can be seen in the Figure 1.
1
T
N
R
Straight stairs
Dog legged stair
Open well or open newel stairs
Geometrical stairs such as spiral, circular, etc.
2
Transversely spanning stair cases can be seen in figure 2. Here the main steel is provided
transversely and the distribution steel is in the longitudinal direction.
STEPS
STRINGER
BEAMS STRINGER
BEAM
0.1L-0.15L
0.5 Ast
Ast
L
Here the main steel in provided longitudinally and the distribution steel is in the
transverse direction.
Effective span
The effective span is defined as follows based on the type of support.
Where flight supported at the ends of the landings in such a way that both landing and
flight spans in the same direction, the effective span is the distance between the center to
center of the supporting beams or wall. Refer Figure 3.
Where spanning on the edge of a landing slab which spans parallel with the riser, the
effective span is the distance equal to the going of the stairs plus at each end either half
the width of the landing or one meter, whichever is smaller. Refer Figure 4.
3
Where supported at top and bottom riser by beams spanning parallel with the riser, the
distance center to center of the beams is the effective span. Refer Figure 5.
Le
X Y Y
X
Le
4
Figure 4. Flight supported at the sides of the landings on walls
Le
Guide lines
Guide lines to be followed for fixing the dimensions of component parts of stair.
1. Rise (R) is 150mm to 180mm and tread (T) is 220 mm to 250 mm for a residential
building.
2. For public building rise is kept between 120 to 150 mm and tread between 250 to
300 mm
3. Sum of tread (T) and twice the rise (2R) should be between 500 mm to 650 mm
4. The width of the stair is dependent on the usage and is between 0.8 m to 1 m for
residential building and 1.8 m to 2 m for public building.
5. The width of the landing is equal to the width of stairs.
6. The number of steps in each flight should not be greater than 12
7. The pitch of the stair should not be more than 38 degrees.
8. The head room measured vertically above any step or below the mid landing shall
not be less than 2.1 m.
Design of stairs
Design for maximum bending moment and check for maximum shear force. The depth is
to be fixed from deflection criteria. Stair case slab is designed as slab. All rules regarding
5
the detailing are similar to that of slab. Enough development and anchorage lengths for
steel should be provided.
Solution:
Data: As above
6
With this drawing can be made.
Exercise Problems:
Solution: All details are given. First draw the rough sketch and then the final drawing
and detailing. For bar bending schedule, measure the length of bars on the drawing
sheet and use it for the calculation.
7
December/January 2007
A dog legged stair case has to be provided for a public building with the staircase
room size 2.6 m x 5.4 m (internal). The following details are given:
e. Plan of staircase
f. Sectional elevation of first flight
g. Prepare the bar bending schedule 20 Marks
8
Ld =564
FLOOR LEVEL
Ld =564
MAIN STEEL
# 12 @ 120
Wall
DIST. STEEL
# 8 @ 200
150
GL
FOUNDATION
500 mm
GROUND FLIGHT
500 mm
Le = 4710 mm
PLAN
Figure 6. Detailing for stair case when supported at the ends on landing on walls
9
Y=0.3 l or Ld Y
l
X = 0.15 l or Ld
X LANDING
DS BEAM
Y
MAIN STEEL
ROW OF
CHAIRS MAIN STEEL # 12 @ 120
DIST. STEEL # 8 @ 150
150
GL
FOOTING
500
GROUND FLIGHT 150
500
Le PLAN
10
Footing: The function of a footing or a foundation is to transmit the load form the
structure to the underlying soil.
The choice of suitable type of footing depends on the depth at which the bearing strata
lies, the soil condition and the type of superstructure.
Types of footing
Following are the different types of footing used for concrete structure. Refer figure 1.
1. Isolated footing
2. Combined footings
3. Strap footing
4. Mat or raft foundation
5. Pile foundation
Isolated footings are provided under each column and may be square, rectangular, or
circular in plan. Footing may be flat or tapered.
Combined footings are provided to support two or more column loads. These may be
continuous with rectangular or trapezoidal in plan as shown. Combined footings become
necessary under the following circumstances:
when the isolated footings overlap.
when the exterior column is close to the property line with the result symmetrical
isolated footing can not be provided.
Strap footing is one of the types of combined types of combined. It consists of an isolated
footing of two columns connected by a beam called strap beam. The strap beam does not
remain in contact with the soil and thus does not transfer any load to the soil. This is
provided when one of the columns is on the property line.
The mat foundation is provided when the soil is having very low bearing capacity and or
when columns loads are heavy, the required footing area becomes very large and
uneconomical.
11
ISOLATED FOOTINGS
PROPERTY LINE
COMBINED FOOTING
COMBINED FOOTING
STRAP BEAM
12
In rectangular footing the reinforcement parallel to the long direction shall be distributed
uniformly across the width of the footing. In short direction, since the support provided to
the footing by the column is concentrated near the middle, the moment per unit length is
largest i.e., the curvature of the footing is sharpest immediately under the column and
decreases in the long direction with the increasing distance from the column. For this
reason larger steel area is needed in the central portion and is determined in accordance
with the equation given below.
Reminder of the steel is distributed uniformly in the outer portions of the footing (end
bands)
f s .φ s
4τ
Development length= Ldt=
bd
Ldt = 47φs for M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel
Problems:
1. An isolated footing is to be provided for a column of section 400 mm x 400 mm. The
following details re given:
13
Draw to a suitable scale the following:
a. Plan
b. Sectional Elevation
c. Prepare bar bending schedule 20 Marks
Solution:
Development length in tension = 47φ = 47 x 16= 752 mm
Depth at junction = 500 mm
Leg length available for column bars = Ldt – 500 = 252 mm < 300 mm.
Provide 300 mm minimum.
Development length of 20 mm bars in footing = 47 x 20 = 940 mm
This is provided by the horizontal projection of bars. Bars need not be bent at ends in to
the depth of footing.
Number of bars in footing = 11 Numbers at 200 mm c/c with a side cover of 100 mm.
Width of footing= 10 x 250 + 100 x 2 =2700 mm
Exercise problems
14
Draw to a suitable scale the following:
d. Plan
e. Sectional Elevation
f. Prepare bar bending schedule 20 Marks
Rectangular footing:
Solution: Similar to square footing. Footing steel is a mesh of 16 mm bars at 200 mm c/c
both ways.
For detailing as per IS: 456-2000, footing steel should be distributed by creating central
band and end bands. Steel should be distributed as per IS:456-2000.
15
400
CROSS SECTION 4- #16
3000 mm
GROUND LEVEL
4- #16
DEPTH OF
FOUNDATION #6@220
≥ 500 mm
#20@200
Ldt L dc
150 min.
75 300 min.
Ldt LEVELLING COURSE
75
SECTIONAL ELEVATION
2700
2700
PLAN
16
450
300
CROSS SECTION
GROUND LEVEL
DEPTH OF 6- #20
FOUNDATION #8@200
≥ 500 mm
#16@200
Ldt L dc
75
75 300 min.
Ldt LEVELLING COURSE
75
SECTIONAL ELEVATION
PLAN
17
450
300
CROSS SECTION
GROUND LEVEL
DEPTH OF 6- #20
FOUNDATION #8@200
≥ 500 mm
#16@200
Ldt L dc
75
75 300 min.
Ldt LEVELLING COURSE
75
SECTIONAL ELEVATION
3200
2200
EB CB= 2200 EB
PLAN
18
Arrangement of steel in column cross section
The type of stirrups and its arrangement depends of the type of cross section and the
arrangement of longitudinal bars in the column cross section. The specifications of SP-34
and IS:456-2000 should be satisfied. Some of the details can be seen in the following
figures.
≤ 48φtr
≤ 75 > 75
> 75
> 75 > 75
> 75
φtr
≤ 48φtr ≤ 75
TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF COLUMN TIES
19
DESIGN AND DETAILING OF COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL
When the height of the retaining wall exceeds about 6 m, the thickness of the stem
and heel slab works out to be sufficiently large and the design becomes
uneconomical. In such a case counterforts having trapezoidal section fixed at the
base slab are provided at intervals of 1.5 m to 3 m. The counterforts support the
heel slab and the vertical stem. The design principles for different components of
the wall are discussed as under.
Design of Stem
The stem acts as a continuous slab spanning longitudinally over the counterforts.
The horizontal active soil pressure acts as the load on the slab. Since the earth
pressure varies linearly over the height of the stem, the slab deflects away from
the earth face between the counterforts and hence the main steel is provided at
the outer face of the stem and at the inner face near the supporting counterforts.
The bending moment in the stem is maximum at the base and reduces towards
top. But the thickness of the wall is kept constant and only the area of steel is
reduced.
If I is the clear distance between the counterforts and p is the intensity of soil
pressure, the slab is designed for bending moment as under:
The main reinforcement is provided horizontally along the length of the wall. The
ties are provided horizontally for the full value of reaction to prevent slab
separating from counterforts.
20
The net force acts downward producing tension towards the earth face between
the counterforts and negative moment develops at the support provided by
counterforts.
If p is the net downward force and I is the clear span between the counterforts
the B.M. is given by:
Maximum +ve B.M= pl2/16 (mid-way between counterforts towards earth face)
Maximum -ve B.M. = pl2/12 (occurring at counterforts)
Design of Counterforts
Since the active earth pressure on stem acts outward and stem is considered to
be fixed at counterforts, the counterforts are subjected to outward reaction from
the stem. This produces tension along the outer sloping face of the counterforts.
The inner face supporting the stem is in compression. Thus, the stem lies in the
compression zone with respect to the bending of the counterforts and hence the
counterforts are designed as a T-beam of varying depth. The main steel provided
along the sloping face shall be anchored properly at both ends. The depth of the
counterfort is measured perpendicular to the sloping side.
In order that the counterfort and stem should act as one unit, it is joined firmly to
the stem by providing ties in the horizontal plane. The base is tied with vertical
ties to prevent its tendency to separate out under the action of net downward
force. The provision of ties ensures transfer of forces to the counterforts. The net
forces acting on the different components of the counterforts, position of main
steel and horizontal and vertical ties are schematically shown.
Design constants
Q=2.76 N/mm2
Ld = (0.87 fy / 4 τbd) φ = 0.87x415/4x(1.2x1.6)φ = 47φbar
For φ = 30°
Coefficient of active pressure = ka = (1 - sin φ)/(l + sin φ) = 1/3
Coefficient of passive pressure = kp = (1 + sin φ)/(l - sinφ) = 3
21
a. Proportioning of Wall Components
CF: 3m c/c,
400 mm
h=7.8 m
h1=7 m H=8.25 m
θ
1.25m 1.2 m 4.05m
b=5.5 m
The stability of the wall will be checked at working load because safe bearing
capacity of soil is in the working load condition.
Dist. of Moment
Sr. Description Loads in
e.g. from about
No. of loads kN
T in m T in kN-m
22
Weight of stem 25x0.25x1x7.8 1.2 + 0.25/2
1 64.59
W1 = 48.75 =1.325
23
250 mm
H
8250
ΣW
R
PA
X e b/2
80.39
166.61 kN/m2
153.9 147.8 143.9
kN/m2
5500 mm
24
(b) Design of Toe slab
Since the projection of the toe is small, it is designed as a cantilever fixed at the
stem.
Intensity of pressure at B = 147.8 kN/m2
Neglecting the weight of soil above the toe slab, the forces acting on
the toe slab are :
(i) downward force due to weight of toe slab TB
(ii) upward soil pressure on length AB.
Ultimate moment at B,
MB = L.F (moment due to soil pressure - moment due to wt. of slab TB
= 1.5 [147.8 x 1.22/2 + (166.61 - 147.8) x 1.2 (2/3 x 1.2)
-(25x 1.2 x 0.45 x 1.2/2) =174.57 kN.m.
d =√ (174.57 x 106) / ( 2.76 x1000) = 251.49mm < d (=390mm ) ... o.k.
Mu/bd2=1.15, pt=0.343, Ast= 1336mm2
Using # 16 mm bars, spacing = 1000 x 201/1335 = 150 mm
However, the spacing is limited to 110 mm c/c from shear considerations.
Provide #16 mm @ 110 mm c/c, Area provided =1827 mm2, pt=0.47%
The bars shall be extended beyond the front face of the wall for a distance equal
to development length of 750 mm (= 47 x 16) Distribution steel = 0.12 x 1000 x
450/100 = 540 mm2
Provide #12 mm at 200 mm c/c. Area provided = 565 mm 2
25
(c) Upward soil pressure of intensity 80.39 kN/m2 = 80.39 x 1
= 80.39 kN/m
Net downward force at D = p = 140.4 + 11.25 - 80.39 = 71.26 kN/m
Also net downward force at C = 140.4 + 11.25 - 143.9 = 7.75 kN/m
Let the width of the counterfort = 400 mm
Clear spacing between counterforts = l = 2.6 m Maximum -ve ultimate
moment in heel slab at counterfort
= Mu= (L.F.) pl2 / 12 = 1.5 x 71.26 x 2.62/12 = 60.2 kN.m.
Mu/bd2=60.2x106/(1000x3902)= 0.4, pt=0.114, provide 0.12%GA
( Ast ) min = 0.12 x 1000 x 450/100 = 540 mm2
Provide # 12 mm @ 200 mm c/c, Area provided = 565 mm2
Pt, = 100 x 565/ (1000 x 390) = 0.14 %
Since shear force varies linearly along the span of 2.6 m, the zone of design
shear reinforcement can be determined.
Let x1 be the distance from the counterfort where S.F. = 109.2 kN
then x1 = 1.30 x (139-109.2) / 139= 0.28m
Further in the transverse direction the S.F. decreases due to increase in the soil
pressure.
Let the net down ward ultimate force/m at a distance y 1 from C be equal to w1
Then ultimate S.F. at y1 = w1 x 2.60/2 = 1.30 w1
and this must be equal to Vuc i.e. 1.30 w1 = Vu c = 109.2 ... w1= 84 kN
26
R
X e b/2
4050 mm
C D
3000
TOE
2600 HEEL
x1
139
SFD
y1
7.75 71.28
kN/m kN/m
27
= 45.15 kN.m.
Mu/bd2=Very small
Too small and hence provide minimum steel. Astmin(= 540 mm2)
Provide # 12 mm bars at 200 mm c/c., Area provided = 565 mm2 > 540 mm2
Check the force at junction of heel slab with stem
The intensity of downward force decreases due to increases in upward soil
reaction. Consider m width of the slab at C
Net downward force .= 18 x 7.8 +25 x 0.45 - 143.9 = 7.75 kN/m.
Provide only minimum reinforcement. Provide # 12 mm bars at 200 mm c/c.
Distribution steel
Ast = 0.12 x 1000 x 450/100 = 540 mm2
Using # 12 mm bars, spacing = 1000 x 113/468 = 241 mm.
Provide # 12 mm at 200 mm c/c. , Area provided = 565 mm 2
Distribution steel
Asl = 0.12 x 1000 x 250/100 = 300 mm2
Area of steel on each face = 300/2 = 150 mm2
Provide # 8 mm @ 300 mm on each face in the vertical direction.
Area provided = 1000 x 50/300 = 167 mm2
28
On the front face provided nominal steel φ 8 mm at 300 mm c/c to support the
vertical bars.
7.8 m
4.05m θ
29
tan θ = 7.8/4.05 =1.93, θ = 62.5°,
d = 4050 sin θ - eff. cover
= 3535 mm > > 1390 mm
Mu/bd2=2135.6x106/(400x35352) =0.427, pt=0.12%, Ast=1696mm2
30
250 mm
8-#22 1.77m
#12@400
1250 1200 mm
450
250 mm
7000
#12@200 8250 mm
#12@200
31
Cross section between counterforts
Backfill Backfill
32
DESIGN AND DETAILING OF RETAINING WALLS
Definition: Retaining walls are usually built to hold back soil mass. However, retaining
walls can also be constructed for aesthetic landscaping purposes. Retaining walls are
structures that are constructed to retail soil or any such materials which are unable to
stand vertically by themselves. They are also provided to maintain the grounds at two
different levels.
(a) (b)
Figure. Cross section of cantilever retaining wall (a) and the finished retaining wall (b)
33
Figure. Photo of concrete retaining wall
Following are the different types of retaining walls, which is based on the shape and the
mode of resisting the pressure.
34
Backfill Backfill
Tile
drain
Back
fill
Counterfort Buttress
Weep
holes
Counterfort RW Buttress RW
Figure. Types of retaining walls
Earth pressure is the pressure exerted by the retaining material on the retaining wall. This
pressure tends to deflect the wall outward. There are two types of earth pressure and they
are;
Active earth pressure or earth pressure (Pa) and Passive earth pressure (Pp). Active earth
pressure tends to deflect the wall away from the backfill. Earth pressure depends on type
of backfill, the height of wall and the soil conditions
35
Analysis for dry back fills
Pa
M
Df
kah
36
cos cos 2 cos 2
ka= cos
cos cos cos
2 2
As per IS:456:2000
1.4 = ( 0.9W)/Pa
If the wall is not safe against sliding, then a shear key is to be provided. It is provided
either below the stem or at the end of heel. It should not be provided at the end of toe. If
shear key is provided, then it should be designed taking the effect of passive pressure.
37
H
H+a
Pa
C
A R
pp
a
B
W ka(H+a)
=45 + /2
Consider the retaining wall as shown. All forces acting on the wall are shown. The
moment of all forces at the end of toe is considered and the requirements of stability are
to be established. For stability earth pressure at the end of the heel for the entire height of
wall should be considered. The maximum and minimum pressure below the wall can be
determined from the principles of static.
38
W4 H
x1 W1
h
W
W2
x2 Pa
R
H/3
W3
T
e b/6
x b/2
b
Let the resultant R due to W and Pa lie at a distance x from the toe.
X = M/W, M = sum of all moments about toe.
Eccentricity of the load = e = (b/2-x)
Minimum pressure at heel
W 6e
Pmin 1
b b
This should not be less than zero to avoid tension at the base. From this e=b/6, resultant
should cut the base within the middle third. Otherwise the wall tends to separate from the
base due to tension.
Depth of foundation
2
SBC 1 sin SBC 2
Rankine’s formula: Df = = γ ka
1 sin
39
Following guidelines are to be followed for initial proportioning of wall with out
surcharge. For surcharge and other cases, good text books should be followed.
200
tp= (1/3-1/4)b
H/10 –H/14
b= 0.4H to 0.6H
Behaviour or structural action and design
All the three elements namely stem, toe and heel acts as cantilever slabs and hence the
design and detailing principles are same as that of conventional cantilever slabs.
Curtailment of steel
Maximum steel is needed at the base where the BM is maximum. As the BM decreases
towards the top, steel can be suitably curtailed at one or two levels. Usually steel is
curtailed at one level where the steel quantity is about 50% or 67% of the base steel.
40
Distance
From
h1 top Every alternate bar
curtailed
Ast/2 h2
h1c
Ldt
Ast
h2
Ast/2 Ast
Provided
Ast
Distribution steel: 0.12% Gross area for HYSD bars, 0.15% for Mild steel bars
Temperature steel: Provide this steel at the outer face which is same as the distribution
steel.
Also provide suitable development lengths for all steel meeting at the junction. Provide
suitable construction keys, drainage facilities, tile drains and weep holes as shown in the
drawing. Sketch the drawings and detail as per the requirements.
Design example-1
41
Design a cantilever retaining wall (T type) to retain earth for a height of 4m. the backfill
is horizontal. The density of soil is 18kN/m 3. Safe bearing capacity of soil is 200 kN/m 2.
Take the co-efficient of friction between concrete and soil as 0.6. The angle of repose is
30 degrees. Use M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.
Solution
Depth of foundation
2
SBC 1 sin SBC 2
Rankine’s formula: Df = = γ ka
1 sin
Proportioning of wall
Thickness of base slab= (1/10 to 1/14) H, 0.52m to 0.43m, say 450 mm
Width of base slab=b = (0.5 to 0.6) H, 2.6m to 3.12m say 3m
Toe projection= pj= (1/3 to ¼)H, 1m to 0.75m say 0.75m
Provide 450 mm thickness for the stem at the base and 200 mm at the top
Design of stem
To find steel
Pt=0.295% <0.96%
Ast= 0.295x1000x400/100 = 1180 mm2
#12 @ 90 < 300 mm and 3d ok
Ast provided= 1266mm2
Development length
Ld=47 φbar =47 x 12 = 564 mm
Curtailment of bars
Curtail 50% steel from top
(h1/h)2 = ½
(h1/4.75)2 = ½, h1 = 3.36m
42
Actual point of cutoff= 3.36-Ld =3.36-47 φbar = 3.36-0.564 = 2.74m from top.
Distribution steel
= 0.12% GA = 0.12x450 x 1000/100 = 540 mm2
#10 @ 140 < 450 mm and 5d ok
Stability analysis
43
W4 H
x1 W1
h
W
W2
x2 Pa
H/3
W3
T
e b/6
x b/2
b
30.16 kN/m2
120.6 kN/m2
24.1
97.99
22.6
Bending moment
Distance from A,
Load Magnitude, kN about A
m
kN-m
Stem W1 0.2x4.75x1x25 = 23.75 1.1 26.13
0.75 +
Stem W2 ½ x0.25x4.75x1x25 = 14.84 13.60
2/3x0.25=0.316
Base slab W3 3.0x0.45x1x25 = 33.75 1.5 50.63
Back fill, W4 1.8x4.75x1x18 = 153.9 2.1 323.20
total ΣW= 226.24 ΣMR=413.55
Hori. earth PH =0.333x18x5.22/2
H/3 =5.2/3 MO=140.05
pressure =PH =81.04 kN
Stability checks:
44
FOS = μ ΣW/ PH= 2.94 >1.55 safe
Design of Heel
Development length
Ld=47 φbar =47 x 16 = 752mm
Distribution steel
Same, #10 @ 140 < 450 mm and 5d ok
45
τuc =0.37 MPa
Allowable shear force= 0.37x 1000 x 400 =148kN, slightly less than VU, max.
May be ok
Design of toe
To find the maximum bending moment
Distance from BM,
Load Magnitude, kN
C, m MC, kN-m
Toe slab 0.75x0.45x25=8.44 0.75/2 -3.164
Pressure distribution,
97.99x0.75=73.49 0.75/2 27.60
rectangle
½ x22.6
Pressure distribution, triangle 2/3x1=0.75 4.24
x1x0.75=8.48
Total BM at
Total Load at junction 73.53 ΣM=28.67kNm
junction
Development length:
Ld=47 φbar =47 x 10 = 470 mm
Construction joint
A key 200 mm wide x 50 mm deep with nominal steel
#10 @ 250, 600 mm length in two rows
Drainage:
100 mm dia. pipes as weep holes at 3m c/c at bottom
Also provide 200 mm gravel blanket at the back of the stem for back drain.
Sketch
46
2. Longitudinal section of wall for about 2m
3. Sectional plan of the base slab
4. Longitudinal section of stem near the base slab
#12 @ 180
#10 @ 140
#12 @ 90
#16 @ 190
#10 @ 140
Cross section of wall Longitudinal section of wall
Note
Adopt a suitable scale such as 1:20
Show all the details and do neat drawing
Show the development length for all bars at
the junction
Name the different parts such as stem, toe,
heel, backfill, weep holes, blanket, etc.,
Show the dimensions of all parts
Detail the steel in all the drawings
Lines with double headed arrows represents
the development lengths in the cross section
47
END
Dr M. C. Nataraja
48
DESIGN AND DETAILING OF STEEL IN COMBINED FOOTINGS
(For class held from 14-22 MAY 07)
Dr. M. C. Nataraja,
Professor, Civil Engineering Department,
Sri Jayachamarajendra Collge of Engineering, Mysore-5a70 006
Phone: 0821-2343521, 9880447742
e-mail: [email protected]
Combined footing
Whenever two or more columns in a straight line are carried on a single spread footing, it
is called a combined footing. Isolated footings for each column are generally the
economical. Combined footings are provided only when it is absolutely necessary, as
i) When two columns are close together, causing overlap of adjacent isolated
footings
ii) Where soil bearing capacity is low, causing overlap of adjacent isolated
footings
iii) Proximity of building line or existing building or sewer, adjacent to a building
column.
Trapezoidal footing is provided when one column load is much more than the other. As a
result, the both projections of footing beyond the faces of the columns will be restricted.
Rectangular footing is provided when one of the projections of the footing is restricted or
the width of the footing is restricted.
Longitudinally, the footing acts as an upward loaded beam spanning between columns
and cantilevering beyond. Using statics, the shear force and bending moment diagrams in
the longitudinal direction are drawn. Moment is checked at the faces of the column. Shear
force is critical at distance ‘d’ from the faces of columns or at the point of contra flexure.
Two-way shear is checked under the heavier column.
The footing is also subjected to transverse bending and this bending is spread over a
transverse strip near the column.
Combined footing may be of slab type or slab and beam type or slab and strap beam type.
49
Design:
50
1 2 3 4 5 6
d/2 a b
d c
d d
1 2 3 4 5 6
Section 1-1, 2-2, 5-5, and 6-6 are sections for critical
moments
Section 3-3, 4-4 are sections for critical shear (one
way)
CRITICAL
Section SECTIONS
for critical FOR
two way MOMENTS
shear is abcd AND
SHEAR
P1 P2
a l b
L/2 x L/2
R
51
P1 P2
a l b
L/2 L/2
x R
Combined footing with loads, (Slab type)
52
Design of combined footing – Slab and Beam type
Two interior columns A and B carry 700 kN and 1000 kN loads respectively. Column A is
350 mm x 350 mm and column B is 400 mm X 400 mm in section. The centre to centre
spacing between columns is 4.6 m. The soil on which the footing rests is capable of
providing resistance of 130 kN/m2. Design a combined footing by providing a central
beam joining the two columns. Use concrete grade M25 and mild steel reinforcement.
Solution: Data
fck = 25 Nlmm2,
fy= 250 N/mm2,
f b (SBC)= l30 kN/m2,
Column A = 350 mm x 350 mm,
Column B = 400 mm x 400 mm,
c/c spacing of columns = 4.6 m ,
PA = 700 kN and PB = 1000kN
Required: To design combined footing with central beam joining the two columns.
Ultimate loads
PuA= 1.5 x 700 = 1050 kN, PuB = 1.5 x 1000 = 1500 kN
For uniform pressure distribution the C.G. of the footing should coincide with the C.G. of
column loads. Let x be the distance of C.G. from the centre line of column A
53
700 kN 1000 kN
x R
pu=177 kN/m2
wu=354 kN/m
Combined footing with loads
Then x = (PB x 4.6)/(PA + PB) = (1000 x 4.6)/(1000 +700) = 2.7 m from column A.
If the cantilever projection of footing beyond column A is ‘a’
then, a + 2.7 = Lf /2 = 7.2/2, Therefore a = 0.9 m
Design of slab:
Intensity of upward pressure = pu =177 kN/m2
Consider one meter width of the slab (b=1m)
Load per m run of slab at ultimate = 177 x 1 = 177 kN/m
Cantilever projection of the slab (For smaller column) =1000 - 350/2 = 825 mm
Maximum ultimate moment = 177 x 0.8252/2 = 60.2 kN-m.
54
1m
pu=177 kN/m2
To find steel
Mu/bd2 =3.073.73, URS
Pt=1.7%
Ast = 2380 mm2
Use Φ20 mm diameter bar at spacing = 1000 x 314 / 23 84 say 130 mm
Area provided =1000 x 314 / 130 = 2415 mm2
Check the depth for one - way shear considerations
Available length of bar = 825 - 25 =800mm > 780 mm and hence safe.
Transverse reinforcement
Required A st = 0.15 bD / 100 = 0.15 x 1000 x 200/100 = 300mm2
Using Ф 8 mm bars, spacing = 1000 x 50 / 300 = 160 mm
Provide distribution steel of Ф 8 mm at 160 mm c/c
55
(c) Design of Longitudinal Beam:
Two columns are joined by means of a beam monolithic with the footing slab. The load from the slab
will be transferred to the beam. As the width of the footing is 2 m, the net upward soil pressure per
meter length of the beam
= wu = 177 x 2 = 354 kN/m
56
0.9 m 4.6 m 1.7 m
1050 kN 1500 kN
A E B
C 354 kN/m D
ME=628 kN-m
-
0.68m
0.206 m
.+
+
MA=143.37 kN-m
V3=898.2 kN
V1=318.6 kN
+
+ E
-
_-
V4=601.8 kN
V2=731.4 kN
2.97 m 4.23 m
SFD
Depth of beam from B.M. Considerations
The width of beam is kept equal to the maximum width of the column i.e. 400 mm.
Determine the depth of the beam where T- beam action is not available. The beam acts as a
rectangular section in the cantilever portion, where the maximum positive moment = 511.5
kN/m.
d =√ (511.5 x 106/ (3.73 x 400)) = 586 mm
57
Provide total depth of 750 mm. Assuming two rows of bars at an effective cover
of 70 mm. Effective depth provided = d= 750-70 = 680 mm (Less than
750mm and hence no side face steel is needed).
The column B can punch through the footing only if it shears against the depth of the beam along
its two opposite edges, and along the depth of the slab on the remaining two edges. The critical
section for two-way shear is taken at distance d/2 (i.e. 680/2 mm) from the face of the column.
Therefore, the critical section will be taken at a distance half the effective depth of the slab (ds/2)
on the other side as shown in Fig.
0.825m 0.8m
7200 mm
B=400 x 400 mm
D+db/2
B D+ds 2000
D+db
58
Design shear=Pud= column load – W u x area at critical section
= 1500 - 177 x(b + d s) x (D + d b)
=1500-177 x (0.400+0.140) x (0.400+ 0.680)
=1377.65kN
τv=Pud/bod= 1377.65x1000/885600=1.56 MPa
Area of Reinforcement
Cantilever portion BD
Length of cantilever from the face of column = 1.7 - 0.4 / 2 = 1.5 m.
Ultimate moment at the face of column = 354 x 1.52 / 2 = 398.25 kN-m
Mumax = 3.71 x 400 x 6802 x 106 = 686 kN.m >398.25 kN-m
Therefore Section is singly reinforced.
Curtailment
All bottom bars will be continued up to the end of cantilever. The bottom bars of 3 - Ф 32
will be curtailed at a distance d (= 680 mm) from the point of contra flexure (λ = 680 mm)
in the portion BE with its distance from the centre of support equal to 1360 mm from B.
Cantilever portion AC
Length of cantilever from the face of column = 900 - 350 / 2 = 725 mm
Ultimate moment = 354 x 0.7252 /2 = 93 kN-m
Mu/bd2 =93x106/(400x6802) =0.52 3.73, URS
Pt=0.245% (Greater than minimum steel)
A st =660 mm2
Provide 4 - Ф 16 mm at bottom face, Area provided = 804 mm2
Continue all 4 bars of 16 mm diameter through out at bottom.
bf = [L o /( L o / b +4)] + b w, where,
59
D f = 200 mm, Mu = 628 kN-m
Moment of resistance Muf of a beam for x u = D f is :
(Muf) = [0.36 x 25 x 1034 x 200 (680 - 0.42x200)] x10-6
= 1109 kN.m > Mu ( = 628 kN-m)
Therefore Xu <D f
Mu=0.87fyAst(d-fyAst/fckbf)
Ast= 4542 mm2
Provide 5 bars of Ф 32 mm and 3 bars of Ф 16 mm,
Area provided = 4021+ 603 = 4624 mm2 >4542 mm2
pt= 100 x 4624/(400x680) = 1.7 %
Curtailment
Consider that 2 - Ф 32 mm are to be curtailed
No. of bars to be continued = 3 - Ф16 + 3 - Ф 32 giving area = Ast =3016 mm2
Moment of resistance of continuing bars
Mur= (0.87 x 250 x 3016 ( 680 – ((250 x 3016) / (25 x 400) x 10-6 = 396.6 kN-m
Let the theoretical point of curtailment be at a distance X from the free end C, then
Muc= Mur Therefore -354 x2 / 2 + 1050 (x- 0.9) = 396.6
x2-5.93x + 7.58 =0, Therefore x = 4.06m or 1.86m from C
Actual point of curtailment = 4.06 + 0.68 = 4.74 m from C or 1.86 - 0.68 = 1.18 m from
C
Terminate 2 - Φ 32 mm bars at a distance of 280 mm (= 1180 - 900) from the column A
and 760mm (= 5500 - 4740) from column B. Remaining bars 3 - Φ 32 shall be continued
beyond the point of inflection for a distance of 680 mm i.e. 460 mm from column A and
up to the outer face of column B. Remaining bars of 3 - Φ 16 continued in the cantilever
portion.
60
Shear at the point contra flexure = VuD = 731.4 - 0.206 x 354 = 658.5 kN
Cantilever portion BD
Vumax = 601.8kN, VuD = 601.8 - 354(0.400 / 2 + 0.680) = 290.28kN.
τv=290280/(400x680) =1.067MPa τc,max.
Cantilever portion AC
61
350x350 400x400
Side face
3- Φ16 5-Φ32 + 3- Φ16 3-Φ32 + 3- Φ16 3- Φ16 2- Φ12
3-Φ32
+
4-Φ16
400
400
5-φ32 3-φ16
3-φ16
750 750
4-φ16
200
3-φ32
2000 4-φ16
C/S at Centre C/S at the junction
(Right of B)
Φ20@130 Φ8@160
2000 mm
7200 mm
62
Design of combined footing – Slab and Beam type-2
Design a rectangular combined footing with a central beam for supporting two columns
400x400 mm in size to carry a load of 1000kN each. Center to center distance between
the columns is 3.5m. The projection of the footing on either side of the column with
respect to center is 1m. Safe bearing capacity of the soil can be taken as 190kN/m 2. Use
M20 concrete and Fe-415 steel.
Solution: Data
fck = 20Nlmm2,
fy= 415mm2,
f b (SBC)= l90 kN/m2,
Column A = 400 mm x 400 mm,
Column B = 400 mm x 400 mm,
c/c spacing of columns = 3.5,
PA = 1000 kN and PB = 1000 kN
Required: To design combined footing with central beam joining the two columns.
Ultimate loads
PuA= 1.5 x 1000 = 1500 kN, PuB = 1.5 x 1000 = 1500 kN
For uniform pressure distribution the C.G. of the footing should coincide with the C.G. of
column loads. As the footing and columns loads are symmetrical, this condition is
satisfied.
63
1000 kN 1000 kN
1m 3.5 m 1m
x
R p=173.16 kN/m2
(safe)
w=363.64 kN/m
Design of slab:
Intensity of Upward pressure = p =173.16 kN/m2
Consider one meter width of the slab (b=1m)
Load per m run of slab at ultimate = 173.16 x 1 = 173.16 kN/m
Cantilever projection of the slab (For smaller column) =1050 - 400/2 = 850mm
Maximum ultimate moment = 173.16 x 0.8502/2 = 62.55 kN-m. (Working condition)
1m
p=173.16
kN/m2
For M20 and Fe 415, Q u max = 2.76 N/mm2
Required effective depth = √ (62.15 x1.5 x 106/(2.76 x 1000)) = 184.28 mm
Since the slab is in contact with the soil clear cover of 50 mm is assumed.
Using 20 mm diameter bars, effective cover =20/2 +50 say 75 mm
Required total depth = 184.28 + 75 = 259.4 mm. However provide 300 mm from shear
consideration as well. Provided effective depth = d = 300-75 = 225 mm
To find steel
Mu/bd2 =1.5 x 62.15 x106/1000 x 2252 = 1.84 2.76, URS
64
Pt=0.584 %
Ast = 1314 mm2
Use #20 mm diameter bar at spacing = 1000 x 314 / 1314 =238.96 mm say 230 mm c/c
Area provided =1000 x 314 / 230 = 1365 mm2. Hence safe. This steel is required for the
entire length of the footing.
Transverse reinforcement
Required A st = 0.12 bD / 100 = 0.12 x 1000 x 400/100 = 480mm2
Using 10 mm bars, spacing = 1000 x 79 / 480 = 164.58 mm
Provide distribution steel of #10 mm at 160 mm c/c
65
VBD = 363.14 kN, VBA = 636.36 kN
66
Check the depth for Two-way Shear:
The column B can punch through the footing only if it shears against the depth of the beam along
its two opposite edges, and along the depth of the slab on the remaining two edges. The critical
section for two-way shear is taken at distance d/2 (i.e. 680/2 mm) from the face of the column.
Therefore, the critical section will be taken at a distance half the effective depth of the slab (ds/2)
on the other side as shown in Fig.
1000 kN 1000 kN
363.64 kN/m
MC=375 kN-m
0.3m 0.3m
-
V2=636.36 kN
V4=363.63 kN
+ -
_
+
V1=363.63 kN SFD
V3=636.36 kN
67
0.85m
db/2
400
D+db
Area of Reinforcement
Cantilever portion BD and AC
Length of cantilever from the face of column = 0.8 m.
Ultimate moment at the face of column = 363.64x1.5 x 0.82 / 2 = 177.53 kN-m
Mumax = 2.76 x 400 x 7252 x 10 -6 = 580.29 kN.m >177.53 kN-m
Therefore Section is singly reinforced.
68
Pt=0.248%, A st =719.2 mm2
Provide 4 - 16 mm at bottom face, Area provided = 804 mm2, pt=0.278%
Ld = 47x16 =752 mm
Curtailment: All bottom bars will be continued up to the end of cantilever for both columns.
If required two bottom bars of 2-16mm will be curtailed at a distance d (= 725 mm) from the
point of contra flexure in the portion BE as shown in figure.
69
Steel at this section is 4 – 16 mm, Area provided = 804 mm2, pt=0.278%
τc =0.38N/mm2 (Table IS:456-2000). No shear steel is needed.
Provide minimum steel.
Using 12 mm diameter 2- legged stirrups,
Spacing = 0.87 x 415 x (2 x 113) /(0.4x400) =509.9 mm say 300 mm c/c
400x400 400x400
1m 3.5 m 1m
Side face
2-#16 4-#25 + 2-#16 2-#16 2-#12
4-#16
2-#16
70
Design of combined footing – Slab type-3
Design a rectangular combined footing–slab type [with out a central beam] for supporting
two columns 400x400 mm in size to carry a load of 1000kN each. Center to center
distance between the columns is 3.5m. The projection of the footing on either side of the
column with respect to center is 1m. Safe bearing capacity of the soil can be taken as
190kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe-415 steel.
Solution: Data
fck = 20Nlmm2,
fy= 415mm2,
f b = l90 kN/m2,
Column A = 400 mm x 400 mm,
Column B = 400 mm x 400 mm,
c/c spacing of columns = 3.5,
PA = 1000 kN and PB = 1000 kN
Required: To design combined footing with central beam joining the two columns.
Ultimate loads
P uA= 1.5 x 1000 = 1500 kN, P uB = 1.5 x 1000 = 1500 kN
For uniform pressure distribution the C.G. of the footing should coincide with the C.G. of
column loads. As the footing and columns loads are symmetrical, this condition is
satisfied.
1000 kN 1000 kN
1m 3.5 m 1m
x
R p=173.16 kN/m2
w=363.64 kN/m
71
Pa Pb
T T T
Longitudinal Bending Transverse Bending
72
d =√ (375 x 1.5 x 106/ (2.76 x 2100)) = 311.52 mm
D=d + 75 =400 mm, d=325 mm
73
Check the depth for Two-way Shear:
1000 kN 1000 kN
363.64 kN/m
MC=375 kN-m
+
_
V2=636.36 kN
V4=363.63 kN
+ -
_
+
V1=363.63 kN SFD
V3=636.36 kN
74
0.85m
ds/2
400
D+ds
Area of Reinforcement
75
Mu/bd2 = 562.5 x 106 /2100 x 4252 =1.48, pt= 0.456, Area = 4070 mm2
Provide 13 bars of 20 mm, Area provided = 4084 mm2
pt = 0.46 %
Curtailment: All bottom bars will be continued up to the end of cantilever for both columns.
Alternate bars are to be curtailed at a distance d (= 725 mm) from the point of contra flexure
as shown.
Design of slab:
Intensity of Upward pressure = w =173.16 kN/m2
Consider one meter width of the slab (b=1m)
Load per m run of slab at ultimate = 173.16 x 1 = 173.16 kN/m
76
Cantilever projection of the slab (For smaller column) =1050 - 400/2 = 850mm
Maximum ultimate moment = 173.16 x 0.8502/2 = 62.55 kN-m. (Working condition)
1m
p=173.16
kN/m2
For M20 and Fe 415, Q u max = 2.76 N/mm2
Required effective depth = √ (62.15 x1.5 x 106/(2.76 x 1000)) = 184.28 mm, which is more
than the provided 425 mm.
To find steel
Mu/bd2 =1.5 x 62.15 x106/1000 x 4252 = 0.516 2.76, URS
Pt=0.15 %
Ast = 0.15 x 1000 x 425/100 = 637 mm2
Use # 12 mm diameter bar at spacing = 1000 x 113 / 637 = 177 mm say 170 mm c/c
This is required at the central band whose length is 400 mm + 2x425 =1250 mm under both
columns. For the remaining length minimum steel can be provided, which 0.12 % of grass
area.
Required A st = 0.12 bD / 100 = 0.12 x 1000 x 400/100 = 480mm2
Using 12 mm bars, spacing = 1000 x 113 / 480 = 235.4 mm
Provide distribution steel of #12 mm at 230 mm c/c
Transverse reinforcement
Required A st = 0.12 bD / 100 = 0.12 x 1000 x 400/100 = 480mm2
Using 12 mm bars, spacing = 1000 x 113 / 480 = 164.58 mm
Provide distribution steel of #12 mm at 230 mm c/c
Details can be seen in drawings. Provide all dimensions and the details of the reinforcements.
End
Dr. M. C. Nataraja
Professor, SJCE, Mysore-570 006
77
1000 kN 1000 kN
2000
5500
2000
5500
78