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  • Determination of Hardness of Tap Water.

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    This document discusses the determination of hardness in tap water. It defines hard water as water with high mineral content, mainly calcium and magnesium carbonates, formed as water passes through limestone deposits. Hardness is classified as temporary, from calcium and magnesium bicarbonates, or permanent, from chlorides and sulfates. The document outlines methods to remove hardness, including adding lime or sodium carbonate, and describes the principle and procedure for testing hardness using EDTA titration with an indicator.

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    This document discusses the determination of hardness in tap water. It defines hard water as water with high mineral content, mainly calcium and magnesium carbonates, formed as water passes through limestone deposits. Hardness is classified as temporary, from calcium and magnesium bicarbonates, or permanent, from chlorides and sulfates. The document outlines methods to remove hardness, including adding lime or sodium carbonate, and describes the principle and procedure for testing hardness using EDTA titration with an indicator.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    122 views3 pages

    Determination of Hardness of Tap Water.

    Uploaded by

    nouman asif
    This document discusses the determination of hardness in tap water. It defines hard water as water with high mineral content, mainly calcium and magnesium carbonates, formed as water passes through limestone deposits. Hardness is classified as temporary, from calcium and magnesium bicarbonates, or permanent, from chlorides and sulfates. The document outlines methods to remove hardness, including adding lime or sodium carbonate, and describes the principle and procedure for testing hardness using EDTA titration with an indicator.

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    of 3

    Determination of Hardness Of Tap Water

    Definition:
    “Hard water is water that has high mineral content. Hard water is formed when water percolates
    through deposits of limestone and chalk which are largely made up of calcium and magnesium
    carbonates.

    Sources:
    Major sources of hardness of water is Calcium and Magnesium.

    Types of hardness
    1. Carbonate/Temporary Harness:
    It is due to the presence of bicarbonate of calcium and magnesium [Ca(HCO3)2 and Mg(HCO3)2].
    When dissolved, these minerals yield calcium and magnesium cations (Ca2+, Mg2+) and
    carbonate and bicarbonate anions (CO32−, HCO3−). The presence of the metal cations makes the
    water hard. However, unlike the permanent hardness caused by sulfate and chloride compounds
    2. Non-carbonate/Permanent Hardness:
    It is due to the presence of chloride and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. Like CaCl2, MgSO4,
    and MgCl2.
    Total hardness = Temporary hardness + Permanent hardness
    Hardness of water is expressed in terms of milli equivalent / liter.
    1 milli - equivalent = 50 mg of CaCO3 / liter.

    Water Hardness Scale:

    Mg/l as CaCO3 Degree Of Hardness

    0-75 Soft

    75-150 Moderately hard

    150-300 Hard

    More than 300 Very hard


    Causes Of Hardness:

    Cations causing Hardness Anions

    𝐶𝑎+2 𝐻𝐶𝑂3−

    𝑀𝑔+2 𝑆𝑂4−2

    𝑆𝑟 +2 𝐶𝑙 −

    𝐹𝑒 +2 𝑁𝑂3−

    𝑀𝑛+2 𝑆𝑖𝑂3−

    Removal Of Hardness:
    For Temporary Hardness:
    1. Addition Of Lime
    2. Boiling of water
    For Permanent Hardness:
    1. Addition of lime
    2. Base Exchange method
    3. Addition of sodium carbonate

    Environmental Significance:
    1. Hard water is used for the growth of children due to the presence of calcium.
    2. Soft water is corrosive and dissolve metals.
    3. Hard water cause excessive consumption of soap used for cleaning purpose.
    4. This precipitate adheres to surfaces of tubes, sinks, dish washer and may stain clothing.
    5. Scales form mainly due to carbonate hardness act as insulations and cause enormous loss
    of fuel in boiler.

    Principle:
    Hard water + EBT Indicator + 10 pH buffer solution
    Chemicals:
    1. EDTA
    2. Erichrom Black T
    3. Ammoni Buffer

    Procedure:
    1. Take 25 ml of tap water and then add 25 ml of dionized water.
    2. Add 1-2 ml of ammonia buffer.
    3. Add 2 drops of indicator (EBT). Color of the solution will turn to vine red.
    4. Now titrate it against 0.01 M EDTA solution.
    5. Titrate it until vine red turns to steel blue color.
    6. Note the ml of titrant used and calculate hardness.

    Observations And Calculations:


    𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝑫𝑻𝑨 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 ∗ 𝑴 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
    𝑇𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑯𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 =
    𝐦𝐢 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞

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