If Syllabus Overview
If Syllabus Overview
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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Managing and Measuring Liquidity
3. Managing the Cash Position
4. Investing Short-Term Funds
5. Managing Accounts Receivable
6. Managing Inventory
7. Managing Accounts Payable
8. Managing Short-Term Financing
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1. Introduction
• The goal of effective working capital management is to ensure that a company has
adequate ready access to the funds necessary for day to day operating expenses
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Internal and External Factors That Affect Working Capital Needs
Competitors
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2. Managing and Measuring Liquidity
Liquidity is the extent to which a company is able to meet its short term obligations
using assets that can be readily transformed into cash. Liquidity management refers
to the ability of an organization to generate cash when and where needed
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Drags and Pulls on Liquidity
Cash receipts and disbursements effect a company’s liquidity position
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Measuring Liquidity
• Liquidity contributes to a company’s creditworthiness; creditworthiness is the
perceived ability of the borrower to pay what is owed in a timely manner
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Liquidity Ratios: Current, Quick and RTO
Ratio Numerator Denominator
Number of days of
365 Receivable turnover
receivables
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Liquidity Ratios: ITO and PTO
Ratio Numerator Denominator
Number of days of
365 Inventory turnover
inventory
Number of days of
365 Payables turnover ratio
payables
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(Net) Operating Cycle
Operating cycle = days of inventory + days of receivables
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3. Managing The Cash Position
• Purpose of managing a firm’s daily cash position is to make sure there is sufficient
cash (target balance)
Do not want low or negative balances because it is expensive to borrow cash on short notice
Do not want unnecessarily high case balances either
• Companies should recognized the major sources of cash inflows and outflows in
order to forecast and manage cash position
Outflows:
Inflows:
Payments to employees
Receipts from operations
Payments to suppliers
Fund transfers from subsidiaries
Other expenses
Maturing investments
Investments
Other income
Debt payments
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4. Investing Short-Term Funds
• A temporary store of funds that are not necessarily needed in a company’s daily
transactions
• Short term working capital portfolios consist of securities that are highly liquid, less
risky and shorter in maturity than other types of investment portfolios
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Yield on Short-Term Investment
A 90-day $100,000 U.S. T-bill was purchased at a discount rate of 4%. Calculate the
money market yield and bond equivalent yield.
Yield Formula
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Strategies and Evaluation
• Objective: Earn reasonable return while taking on limited credit and liquidity risk
• Create investment policy statement. This should identify the purpose, authorities,
limitations and/or restrictions, etc.
Exhibit 9 and Example 3
• Trade off between stricter credit terms and the ability to make sales
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Evaluating Receivables Management
Many ways of measuring accounts receivable performance; most deal with how effectively outstanding
receivables can be converted into cash. A simple measure is number of days of receivables but this
does not consider the age distribution within the outstanding balance
Days outstanding Jan Feb Mar Days outstanding Jan Feb Mar
< 31 days 2000 2120 1950 < 31 days 40% 39% 40%
31 – 60 days 1500 1650 1400 31 – 60 days 30% 31% 28%
61 – 90 days 1000 900 920 61 – 90 days 20% 17% 19%
> 90 days 500 700 660 > 90 days 10% 13% 13%
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6. Inventory Management
• Inventory represents a significant cost for many companies and needs to be
managed
• Inventory levels that are too low will result in loss of sales due to stock-outs; high
inventory levels means excess capital is tied up in inventory.
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7. Managing Accounts Payables
A/P represents an important source of funds and should be managed well
• Paying too early is costly unless the company can take advantage of discounts
• Late payment impact a company’s perceived credit-worthiness
• Evaluate A/P management using PTO and number of days of payables
Example: Assume a firm purchases on credit and the terms are 2/10, Net 30. What is
the cost of not taking the discount if the payment is made on the 30th day.
Example 6
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8. Managing Short-term financing
Short-term financing strategy should focus on ensuring that a company maintains a
sound liquidity position
• Ensure sufficient capacity to handle peak cash needs
• Maintain sufficient sources of credit (alternate sources)
• Ensure rates are cost effective
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Computing Cost of Borrowing
You need to borrow $1 million for one month and have the three options shown
below. Which one represents the lowest cost?
1. Drawing down on a line of credit at 5.5% with a 0.5% commitment fee on the full
amount. Note: 1/12 of the commitment fee is allocated to the first month
2. A banker’s acceptance at 5.75%, an all inclusive rate
3. Commercial paper at 5.15% with a dealer’s commission of 0.125% and a backup
line cost of 0.25%, both of which would be assessed on the $1 million commercial
paper issued.
Example 7
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Summary
• Managing and Measuring Liquidity
• Managing Inventory
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Conclusion
• Read summary
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