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Chapter 8 PDF
Chapter 8 PDF
8
Notes
From generations, our parents have been using tamarind or lemon juice to give shiny
look to the copper vessels. Our mothers never store pickles in metal containers.
Common salt and sugar has often been used as an effective preservative. How did
our ancestors know that tamarind, lemon, vinegar, sugar etc. works effectively? This
was common collective wisdom which was passed from generation to generation.
These days, bleaching powder, baking soda etc. are commonly used in our homes.
You must have used various cleaners to open drains and pipes and window pane
cleaners for sparkling glass. How do these chemicals work? In this lesson we will
try to find answers to these questions. Most of these examples can be classified as
acids, bases or salts. In this unit we shall categorize these substances. We shall study
about their characteristic properties. We will also be learning about pH – a measure
of acidity and its importance in our life.
OBJECTIVES
After completing this lesson you will be able to:
define the terms acid, base, salt and indicator;
give examples of some common household acids, bases, salts and suggest
suitable indicators;
describe the properties of acids and bases;
differentiate between strong and weak acids and bases;
explain the role of water in dissociation of acids and bases;
explain the term ionic product constant of water;
define pH;
correlate the concentration of hydrogen ions and pH with neutral, acidic
and basic nature of aqueous solutions;
Acids Bases
(i) taste sour (i) taste bitter
(ii) are corrosive to metals (ii) feel slippery or soapy
(iii) change blue litmus red (iii) change red litmus blue
(iv) become less acidic on mixing (iv) become less basic on mixing with
with bases acids
While Robert Boyle was successful in characterising acids and bases he could not
explain their behaviour on the basis of their chemical structure. This was accomplished
by Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius in the late nineteenth century. He proposed
that on dissolving in water, many compounds dissociate and form ions and their
properties are mainly the properties of the ions they form. Governed by this, he
identified the ions furnished by acids and bases responsible for their characteristic
behaviour and gave their definitions.
8.1.1 Acids
An acid is a substance which furnishes hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
For example, in its aqueous solution hydrochloric HCl (aq) dissociates as:
HCl (aq) ⎯⎯→ H+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
Some examples of acids are:
(i) Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in gastric juice H+
ACIDS
(ii) Carbonic acid (H2CO3) in soft drinks
(iii) Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in lemon and many fruits
8.1.2 Bases
A base is a substance which furnishes hydroxide ions (OH–) when dissolved in water.
For example, sodium hydroxide NaOH (aq), in its aqueous solutions, dissociates as:
NaOH (aq) ⎯⎯→ Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)
OH–
The term ‘alkali’ is often used for water soluble bases. BASE
Some examples of bases are:
(i) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or caustic soda used in washing soaps.
(ii) Potassium hydroxide (KOH) or potash used in bathing soaps.
(iii) Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) or lime water used in white wash.
(iv) Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) or milk of magnesia used to control acidity.
(v) Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) used in hair dyes.
8.1.3 Indicators
You might have seen that the spot of turmeric or gravy on cloth becomes red when
soap is applied on it. What do you think has happened? Turmeric has acted as an
indicator of base present in soap. There are many substances that show one colour
in an acidic medium and another colour in a basic medium. Such substances are called
acid-base indicators.
Litmus is a natural dye found in certain lichens. It was the earliest indicator to be
used. It shows red colour in acidic solutions and blue colour in basic solutions.
Phenolphthalein and methyl orange are some other indicators. The colours of these
indicators in acidic, neutral and basic solutions are given below in table 8.1.
Table 8.1 Colours of some indicators in acidic and basic solutions
ACTIVITY 8.1
Go to your neighbourhood shop and procure.
Notes 1. Packaged Curd
2. Juices in tetra packs
Test these with a litmus paper to find out if these are acidic in nature.
2. Action on Indicators
We have learnt earlier (section 8.1.3) that indicators show different colours in
presence of acids and bases. Let us recall the colours of the three commonly
used indicators in presence of acids.
Table 8.3 Colours of some indicators in presence of acids.
Indicator Colour in acidic medium
1. Litmus Red
2. Phenolphthalein Colourless
3. Methyl orange Red
ACTIVITY 8.2
This activity may be carried out in the chemistry laboratory of your study centre.
Aim: To study the reaction of acids with metals.
What to do?
Notes Add a few zinc granules in a test tube.
Add dil. sulphuric acid carefully along the sides of the test tube.
Set the apparatus as shown in the Fig. 8.1.
Bring a burning match stick near the mouth of the test tube, (Fig. 8.1.
Burning of hydrogen
gas with a pop sound
Stand Burning Candle
Fig. 8.1: Experiment to study the reaction of dil. H2SO4 with zinc. The gas
burns with a ‘pop’ sound when a burning match stick is brought
near the mouth of the test tube.
What to observe?
When dilute sulphuric acid is added to zinc granules, hydrogen gas is formed.
The gas bubbles rise through the solution.
When the burning match stick is brought near the mouth of the test tube the gas
in the test tube burns with a ‘pop’ sound. This confirms that the gas evolved is
hydrogen gas.
From this experiment it can be said that dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zinc to
produce hydrogen gas. A similar reaction is observed when we use other metals like
iron. In general, it can be said that in such reactions metal displaces hydrogen from
acids and hydrogen gas is released. The metal combines with the remaining part of
the acid and forms a compound called a salt, thus,
Acid + Metal ⎯→ Salt + Hydrogen gas
ACTIVITY 8.3
This experiment may be carried out in the chemistry laboratory of your study centre.
Aim: To study the reaction of acids with metal carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
What is required?
One test tube, one boiling tube fitted with a cork, thistle funnel and delivery tube, sodium
carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, dilute HCl and freshly prepared lime water.
What to do?
Take the boiling tube and add about 0.5 g sodium carbonate to it.
Take about 2 mL of freshly prepared lime water in a test tube.
Thistle funnel
Dilute HCl
Stand Delivery tube
Cork
Lime water
Clamp
Boiling tube
Dilute HCl
Bubbles of CO2
Na2CO3
Fig. 8.2: Experimental set up to study the reaction of acids with metal
carbonates and hydrogen carbonates
What to observe?
When dilute HCl is added to sodium carbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate,
carbon dioxide gas is evolved.
On passing CO2 gas, lime water turns milky.
On passing the excess of CO2 gas, lime water becomes clear again.
From the above activity it can be concluded that if sodium carbonate or sodium
hydrogen carbonate react with dilute hydrochloric acid, carbon dioxide gas is
evolved. The respective reactions are:
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) ⎯→ 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)↑
sodium dil. hydrochloric sodium chloride water carbon
carbonate acid dioxide
On passing the evolved carbon dioxide gas through lime water, Ca(OH)2, the later
turns milky due to the formation of white precipitate of calcium carbonate
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) ⎯→ CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
lime water carbon dioxide calcium carbonate water
(white ppt.)
If excess of carbon dioxide gas is passed through lime water, the white precipitate
of calcium carbonate disappears due to the formation of water soluble calcium
hydrogen carbonate.
CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) ⎯→ Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
calcium carbonate water Carbon calcium hydrogen carbonate
(white ppt.) dioxide (soluble in water)
Thus, we can summarize that,
Metal carbonate + Acid ⎯→ Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide
and Metal hydrogen carbonate + Acid ⎯→ Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide
ACTIVITY 8.4
This activity may be carried out in the chemistry laboratory of your study centre.
Aim : To study the reaction of acids with metal oxides. Notes
What is required?
A beaker, glass rod, copper oxide and dilute hydrochloric acid.
What to do?
Take a small amount of black copper oxide in a beaker.
Add about 10 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid and stir the solution gently with
the help of a glass rod. [Fig. 8.3(a)].
Observe the beaker as the reaction occurs. [Fig. 8.3(b)].
Glass
Rod
Beaker Beaker
Fig. 8.3 Reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and copper oxide (a) before
reaction black particles of copper oxide in transparent dilute hydrochloric
acid and (b) after reaction bluish green solution.
What to Observe?
When a mixture of dilute HCl and copper oxide is mixed, the black particles
of copper oxide can be seen suspended in colourless dilute hydrochloric acid.
As the reaction proceeds, the black particles slowly dissolve and the colour of
the solution becomes bluish green due to the formation of copper (II) chloride
(cupric chloride) – a salt.
Many other metal oxides like magnesium oxide (MgO) and calcium oxide (CaO)
or quick lime also react with acid in a similar way. For example,
So, we can summarize with a general reaction between metal oxides and acids as:
ACTIVITY 8.5
This activity may be carried out in the chemistry laboratory of your study centre.
What is required?
A test tube, dropper, phenolphthalein indicator, solution of sodium hydroxide and dil.
hydrochloric acid.
What to do?
Take about 2 mL solution of sodium hydroxide in a test tube.
Add a drop of phenolphthalein indicator to it and observe the colour.
With the help of a dropper add dil. HCl dropwise and stir the solution constantly
till the colour disappears.
Now add a few drops of NaOH solution. The colour of the solution is restored.
Phenolphthalein
drops Test tube
Dilute HCl Notes
(a) (b)
Fig. 8.4: Reaction between NaOH and HCl (a) Pink colour solution containing
NaOH solution and a drop of phenolphthalein (b) The solution becomes
colourless on addition of dil HCl
What to Observe?
When a drop of phenolphthalein is added to a solution of NaOH the solution
becomes pink in colour.
On adding HCl, the colour of the solution fades due to the reaction between
HCl and NaOH.
When whole of NaOH has reacted with HCl, the solution becomes colourless.
On adding NaOH, the solution becomes pink again.
From this activity, we can see that when dilute HCl is added to NaOH solution, the
two react with each other. When sufficient HCl is added, the basic properties of
NaOH and acidic properties of HCl disappear. The process is therefore called
neutralization. It results in the formation of salt and water. The reaction between
hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide forms sodium chloride and water.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ⎯→ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
hydrochloric sodium sodium chloride water
acid hydroxide
Similar reactions occur with other acids and bases. For example ,sulphuric acid and
potassium hydroxide react to form potassium sulphate and water.
H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) ⎯→ K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
sulphuric potassium potassium water
acid hydroxide sulphate
In general, the reaction between and acid and a base can be written as:
Acid + Base ⎯→ Salt + Water
Caustic nature
Strong bases like sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are corrosive
towards organic matter and break down the proteins of the skin and flesh to a
pasty mass. This action is called caustic action and it is due to this property that
sodium hydroxide is called ‘caustic soda’ and potassium hydroxide is called
‘caustic potash’. The term ‘caustic’ is not used for corrosive action of acids.
1
pH = log
⎡H+ ⎤
⎣ ⎦
Alternately, the pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration i.e
pH = –log [H+].
Because of the negative sign in the
expression, if [H+] increases, pH would Logarithm
decrease and if it decreases, pH would Logarithm is a mathematical function
increase.
If x = 10 y
In pure water at 25° (298 K) then y = log10x
[H+] = 1.0 × 10–7 mol L–1 Here log10x mean log of x to the base
10. Usually, the base 10 is omitted in the
log[H+] = log(10–7) = –7
notation thus, y = log x.
and pH = –log[H+] = –(–7) e.g. log103 = 3 × log10
pH = 7 = 3×1=3
–5
log10 = –5 × log10
Since in pure water at 25°C (298 K)
= –5 × 1
[OH–] = 1.0 × 10–7 mol L–1 = –5
Note : log 10 = 1
Also, pOH = 7
Since, Kw = 1.0 × 10–14
pKw = 14
The relationship between pKw, pH and pOH is
pKw = pH + pOH
at 25°C (298 K)
14 = pH + pOH
Notes = 4
Since pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 – pOH = 14 – 4
= 10
Example 8.4: Calculate the pH of a solution in which the concentration of hydrogen
ions is 1.0 × 10–8 mol L–1.
Solution: Here, although the solution is extremely dilute, the concentration given is
not of acid or base but that of H+ ions. Hence, the pH can be calculated from the
relation:
pH = –log[H+]
given [H+] = 1.0 × 10–8 mol L–1
∴ pH = –log10–8 = –(–8 × log10)
= –(–8 × 1) = 8
8.4.2 pH Scale
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 on this scale. pH 7 is considered neutral, below
7 acidic and above 7 basic. Farther from 7, more acidic or basic the solution is.
The scale is shown below in Fig. 8.5.
pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
We have learnt earlier that the sum of pH and pOH of any aqueous solution remains
constant. Therefore, when one increases the other decreases. This relationship is
shown in Fig. 8.6
pH + pOH = 14
Fig. 8.6: Relationship between pH and pOH at 25°C.
8.4.3 Determination of pH
pH of a solution can be determined by using proper indicator or with the help of
a pH meter. The latter is a device which gives accurate value of pH. You will study
more about it in higher classes. We shall discuss here the use of indicators for finding
out the pH of a solution.
Universal Indicator/pH paper.
It is a mixture of a number of indicators. It shows a specific colour at a given pH.
A colour guides is provided with the bottle of the indicator or the strips of paper
impregnated with it which are called pH paper strips. The test solution is tested with
a drop of the universal indicator, or a drop of the test solution is put on pH paper.
The colour of the solution on the pH paper is compared with the colour chart/guard
and pH is read from it. The pH values thus obtained are only approximate values.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Lime kiln
Brine
Slaked lime
CO2
Saturating tank
CO2
CaO
Cooling pipes
H2O
Filter
NH4Cl + a little NH4HCO3
Filter
NaHCO3 (for ignition)
NaHCO3 is sparingly soluble in water and crystallises out as white crystals. Its
solution in water is basic in nature. It is a mild and non-corrosive base.
Action of heat: On heating, sodium hydrogen carbonate is converted into sodium
carbonate and carbon dioxide is given off,
heat
2NaHCO3 ⎯⎯⎯ → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2↑
sodium carbonate
(b) Use
1. Used for cooking of certain foods.
2. For making baking power (a mixture of sodium hydrogen carbonate and tartaric
acid). On heating during baking, baking soda gives off carbon dioxide. It is this
carbon dioxide which raises the dough. The sodium carbonate produced on
heating the baking soda gives a bitter taste. Therefore, instead of using the baking
soda alone, baking powder is used. The tartaric acid present in it neutralises the
sodium carbonate to avoid its bitter taste. Cakes and pastries are made flufly
and soft by using baking powder.
3. In medicines
Being a mild and non-corrosive base, baking soda is used in medicines to
neutralise the excessive acid in the stomach and provide relief. Mixed with solid
edible acids such as citric or tartaric acid, it is used in effervescent drinks to cure
indigestion.
4. In soda acid fire extinguishers
heat
2NaHCO3 ⎯⎯⎯ → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
(b) Uses
1. It is used in the manufacture of caustic soda, glass, soap powders, borex and
in paper industry.
2. For removing permanent hardness of water.
3. As a cleansing agent for domestic purpose.
Slaked lime
Waste gases
Chlorine
Bleaching powder
(b) Uses
TERMINAL EXERCISE
A. Objective Type Questions
I. Mark the correct choice
1. Lemon juice contains
(a) tartaric acid (b) ascorbic acid
(c) acetic acid (d) lactic acid
2. Aqueous solutions of acids conduct electricity. This shows that
(a) They contain H+ ions
(b) They contain OH– ion
(c) They contain cations and anions
(d) They contain both H+ and OH– ions
3. Which of the following is not a strong acid?
(a) HCl (b) HBr
(c) HI (d) HF
4. Self dissociation of water produces
(a) a large number of H+ ions
(b) a large number of OH– ions
(c) H+ and OH– ions in equal numbers
(d) H+ and OH– ions in unequal numbers
5. In any aqueous basic solution
(a) [H+] > [OH–] (b) [H+] < [OH–]
(c) [H+] = [OH–] (d) [H+] = 0
30. Which chemical causes pain and burning sensation when somebody accidentally
touches ‘nettle plant’?
31. What is a salt? Give two examples.
32. How are salts obtained from an acid? Mention four types of substances that
can be used for it.
33. Give chemical formula of (i) baking soda and (ii) washing soda.
34. List the raw materials required for the manufacture of baking soda and describe
the process with the help of suitable chemical equations.
35. Distinguish between baking powder and baking soda. Why is baking powder
preferred for making cakes?
36. Give any two uses of baking soda.
37. What is washing soda? Give its chemical formula. How is it manufactured by
Solvey’s method?
38. Give two uses of washing soda.
39. What is the chemical formula of ‘plaster of paris’? How is it manufactured? What
precaution is taken during its manufacture?
40. List any four uses of ‘plaster of paris’.
41. What is bleaching? Chemically, what is bleaching powder? Give its any four uses.
42. List the raw materials required and the method of manufacture of bleaching
powder. Write the equation for the reaction involved.
8.3
1. It is because HCl gas does not contain H+(aq) ions and is non acidic
2. (i) The heat released in dissolution process help in the dissociation process
by overcoming the forces that hold the hydrogen atom or the hydroxyl group
in the molecules of the acid or the base, or in breaking the chemical bond
holding them.
(ii) Presence of water weaken the electrostatic forces between anion and
cations.
3. (a) Solution A – basic
(b) Solution B – acidic
(c) Solution C – neutral
8.4
1. Since pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 – pOH = 14 – 5.2
= 8.8
Since pH > 7.0, it is basic in nature
2. pH = –log[H+] = 9
∴ log[H+] = –9
or [H+] = 10–9 mol L–1
3. (a) Solution A — neutral
(b) Solution B — basic (since [H+] < [OH–] in it)
(c) Solution C — acidic (since [H+] > [OH–] in it)
8.5
1. Acid radical SO42–
Basic radical Ca2+
2. Acid: H2SO4 (corresponding to the acid radical SO42–)
Base: Cu(OH)2 (corresponding to the basic radical Cu2+)
3. (a) Carbonates (b) potassium salts
4. 2CaSO4.H2O