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BRM Unit 3 (The Sources and Collection of Data)
BRM Unit 3 (The Sources and Collection of Data)
we select only a few items from the universe for our study purposes. The
items so selected constitute what is technically called a sample.
When population elements are selected for inclusion in the sample based
on the ease of access, it can be called convenience sampling.
And each one of the possible samples, in case of finite universe, has the
same probability of being selected.
Systematic sampling:
In some instances the most practical way of sampling is to select every 15th
name on a list, every 10th house on one side of a street & so on. Sampling
of this type is known as systematic sampling.
Stratified sampling:
Quota sampling:
Cluster sampling involves grouping the population & then selecting the
groups or the clusters rather than individual elements for inclusion in the
sample.
Suppose some departmental store wishes to sample its credit card holders.
It has issued its cards to 15,000 customers. Sample size is to be kept say
450.
Cluster sampling & area sampling: For cluster sampling this list of 15,000
card holders could be formed into 100 clusters of 150 card holders each.
Three clusters might then be selected for the sample randomly. The sample
size must often be larger than the simple random sample to ensure the
same level of accuracy because is cluster sampling procedural potential for
order bias & other sources of error is usually accentuated.
Types of data:
1. Primary Data
2. Secondary Data
A) While deciding about the method of data collection to be used for the
study, the researcher should keep in mind two types of data viz., primary &
secondary. The primary data are those which are collected afresh & for the
first time, & thus happen to be original in character.
B) The secondary data, on the other hand, are those which have already been
collected by someone else & which have already been passed through the
statistical process. The researcher would have to decide which sort of data
he would be using (thus collecting) for his study & accordingly he will have
to select one or the other method of data collection. The methods of
collecting primary & secondary data differ since primary data are to be
originally collected, while in case of secondary data the nature of data
collection work is merely that of compilation.
Primary Data:-
(iv) through schedules, This method of data collection is very much like the
collection of data through questionnaire, with little difference which lies in
the fact that schedules (proforma containing a set of questions) are being
filled in by the enumerators who are specially appointed for the purpose
(e) using mechanical devices; The use of mechanical devices has been
widely made to collect information by way of indirect means. Eye camera,
Pupilometric camera, Psychogalvanometer, Motion picture camera &
Audiometer are the principal devices so far developed & commonly used by
modern big business houses, mostly in the developed world for the
purpose of collecting the required information.
h) content analysis
SECONDARY DATA:
Data that are already available i.e. they refer to the data which have
already been collected & analysed by someone else. When the researcher
utilises secondary data, then he has to look into various sources from
where he can obtain them. In this case he is certainly not confronted with
the problems that are usually associated with the collection of original data.
(g) public records & statistics, historical documents, & other sources of
published information.
BRM UNIT 4
(census and sampling)
Census Survey:-
When data is to be collected from each members of the population it is known as
Census Survey.
Sample Survey:-
When data is to be collected only from some members of the population, it is
known as Sample Survey.
Probability Sampling:-
Also known as Random Sampling
Randomly selection of samples
In this probability can be accurately determined
Includes :
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling
2nd sample are taken at Interval
Stratified Random Sampling
Relevant subgroups created
You have a complete population that you can choose from here. Since all
persons (or “units”) have an equal chance of being selected for your survey, you
can randomly select participants without missing entire portions of your
audience. This means you can generalize your results from a random sample. The
main downside is that it can be more expensive and time-consuming.
Advantages
Cluster sampling: convenience and ease of use.
Simple random sampling: creates samples that are highly representative of
the population.
Stratified random sampling: creates strata or layers that are highly
representative of strata or layers in the population.
Systematic sampling: creates samples that are highly representative of the
population, without the need for a random number generator.
Disadvantages
Cluster sampling: might not work well if unit members are
not homogeneous (i.e. if they are different from each other).
Simple random sampling: tedious and time consuming, especially when
creating larger samples.
Stratified random sampling: tedious and time consuming, especially when
creating larger samples.
Systematic sampling: not as random as simple random sampling,
Non-Probability Sampling:-
Also known as Non-Random Sampling
Selection is non-random & probability of their selection cannot be
determined
Includes:
Convenience Sampling, Based on ease of access
Purposive Sampling, Based on what researcher think
Quota Sampling, Based by defined quotas
Volunteer Sampling, Internet based opinion survey
This method is used when there isn’t a full population list available. People
are not selected randomly, therefore you can not know the size and effect of
sampling error (missed persons, unequal representation, etc.). This sampling type
can be effective when you’re trying to generate ideas and get feedback, but you
cannot generalize your results to an entire population with a high level of
confidence. Non-probability is convenient and less costly, but it doesn’t hold up to
expectations of probability theory.
Sampling Error:-
Advantages:-
Easy & cheap to select
Data easily obtained
Understood easily
Disadvantages:
Sampling errors can’t estimated
Variability Can’t Measured or controlled
1) Biased sampling errors arise due to biasness on the part of the investigator,
biasness due to non response, biasness in the technique of the
approximation, biasness in the measuring instrument.
These are the errors which are not in the human control. These errors can be traced at
any stage of inquiry. They are also present in sampling as well as census methods.
They increase with the increase in number of units to be examined. They arise due to
following reasons:
v) Vague questionnaire