VIROLOGY –stable to temperature, pH and

chemicals
 Enveloped viruses
INTRODUCTION
– have bilayered envelope
 Family: viridae
– more fragile and pleomorphic
 Beijerinck (1897) – Latin name “virus” : – envelope may come from the host
poison cell membrane
 intracellular
 ultimate parasite Viral Replication
 do not grow larger and divide like any STEPS
other organism 1. Adsorption/Attachment
- to initiate the infectious cycle, a virus
General Characteristics must first recognize and bind to a suitable
 Nonliving structures host cell.
 Contain a protein coat called the capsid
 Have a nucleic acid core containing DNA 2. Penetration
or RNA (one or the other-not both) - Direct penetration of cell membrane
 Not susceptible to antibiotic (Naked)
 Capable of reproducing only when inside - Fusion with cell membrane (Enveloped)
a HOST cell - Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Viral Structures 3. Uncoating

1. GENOME – viral nucleic acid carrying genetic - virus loses its protein coat, releasing the
material genome
 ss ( single-stranded) or ds (double - RNA viruses release genome into the
stranded) cytoplasm
 linear, circular, coiled or segmented - DNA viruses release genome into the
nucleus
REMEMBER :
• Nucleic acid of all DNA viruses except 4. Eclipse/Synthesis
Parvoviruses is double-stranded - includes the production of nucleic acid
• Nucleic acid of all RNA viruses except and CHON polymers.
Reoviruses is single-stranded - Viral transcription leads to the synthesis
• Most DNA viruses except Poxvirus of mRNA which encodes early and late
replicate in the nucleus viral CHON.
• Most RNA viruses except Orthomyxo-
viruses and HIV replicate in the 5. Maturation/Morphogenesis and Release
cytoplasm - The capsid CHON subunits aggregate to
form capsomers, and capsomers combine
2. CAPSIDS – units of protein surrounding to form the capsid.
the genome - The capsid and genome associate to
Symmetry: form the nucleocapsid.
Helical – spiral (RNA viruses) - The new virions are then released by lysis
Icosahedral (cubic) – 20 triangular sides of the cell (if infected with a naked virus)
Complex or by budding through the cell (if infected
by enveloped viruses). During budding,
3. VIRION – genome and capsids part of the plasma membrane surrounds
 Naked viruses the viral capsid and becomes the viral
– contain only the virion envelope.
 4.Immunoperoxidase Staining
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 5.Latex Agglutination
6.Radioimmunoassay
Specimen Collection and Transport 7.Nucleic Acid Probe Assays and
Amplification Methods
Rules in specimen collection B. Serological Testing
A. Proper time - detect the viral antibody
“Obtain specimen early in the disease process” C. Culture
- most versatile and comprehensive
B. Appropriate means of transport - using tube culture or shell vial
“Keep the specimen cool and moist” (diagnosis is made within 1 day)
- Enhanced viral antigen detection test
- buffered isotonic sol’n + CHON w/ or w/o
antibiotic (M4 and Flextrans) 3 Traditional Methods for Isolation of Viruses
1. Cell Culture – most commonly used
*swabs : cotton,Dacron,nylon 2. Animal inoculation
calcium alginate (toxic) 3. Use of embryonated eggs
*tissues: saline or TSB
Four Categories of Cell Culture
1.VTM (Viral Transport Media) 1. Primary cell cultures
a. Stuart’s - obtained from tissue removed from
b. Amies an animal
c. Hank’s BSS Ex. Primary Monkey Kidney (pMK)
d. Leibovitz-Emory - most commonly used
e. Veal Infusion Broth (VIB)
f. Sucrose-Phosphate-Glutamate 2. Diploid cell cultures
(SPG) medium - finite cell cultures can divide but
passage is limited to 50 generations.
2. Container - They contain 2 copies of each
- able to withstand freezing and thawing chromosome

Ex. Human Neonatal Lung (HNL) -

3. Refrigerated or on ice = 4ºC
standard
- all specimen except blood
- blood specimen for CMV or respiratory Commercially available: MRC-5, WI-38,
specimens for RSV should not be frozen Flow 2000, Foreskin fibroblast
4. Processing and transport
- if processing is delayed (4-7 days): -70ºC 3. Continuous/Heteroploid cell cultures
- capable of indefinite passage;
C. Proper specimen immortal cells
“Go where the action is” o HEp2 – human laryngeal CA
- area involved is most likely to reveal the o A549 – human lung CA
etiologic agent o VERO – monkey kidney
o HeLa – cervical CA
METHODS IN DIAGNOSTIC VIROLOGY o KB – CA of nasopharynx
3 Major Ways:
A. Direct Detection
1. Immunofluorescence
2. EIA/ELISA
3. Electron Microscopy
 4. Hybrid cell lines o incubation period : 10-21 days
- mixture of 2 cell types - patient is infectious within 5 days (before the
Ex. R-Mix of A549 and Mink Lung appearance of lesion)
- support growth of a wide range of
viruses (Influenza, Parainfluenza, *Zoster (Shingles/Hives) – adults
and Adenoviruses) - reactivation of the VZV
- latin : belt or girdle
Cytopathic effects (CPEs)
- painful nerve disease
Produced by viruses on certain cells that can
provide presumptive identification of viral agents
D. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
(morphologic changes)
- known also as salivary gland virus
* cell lysis or necrosis
- “large cell virus”
* inclusion formation
- histological exam: “owl’s eye”
* giant cell/syncytial formation
- Replicates only in human cells, much more
* cytoplasmic vacuolation
slowly (up to 3 weeks)
* plaque formation
* rounding of cells
E. Epstein-Barr Virus
- Infects epithelial cells of oral mucosa, salivary
Medically Important DNA Viruses gland, kidney, and B lymphocytes in vivo
- Propagates in B lymphocytes in vitro (C3d
HERPESVIRUSES receptor or CD21)
• Group of viruses with an extremely wide host - causes Infectious Mononucleosis (spread by
range, including animals saliva)
• Morphologically similar : * Glandular fever/Kissing Disease
o core – linear, dsDNA - Burkitt’s Lymphoma (malignant disease of
o icosahedral capsid lymphoid tissue)
o an amorphous tegument surrounding the - Nasopharyngeal CA
capsid (unique) Diagnosis:
o an outer envelope 1. “SPOT” test, Heterophile test, Paul
• CPE : syncytial cell formation Bunnell test – acute EBV
• Property of latency 2. Davidson Differential Absorption test
- gold standard
A. Herpes simplex virus type 1
- causes mouth lesions and fever blisters F. Human Herpesvirus 6
- Infects T lymphocytes
B. Herpes Simplex virus type 2 - T-Lymphotropic human herpesvirus 6
- painful blisters in anogenital region, genital - causes Exanthem Subitum/Roseola
infections and cervical CA Infantatum/ 6th Disease (acute febrile illness with
maculopapular rash appears as fever resolves)
C. Varicella-Zoster Virus
- causes Varicella or Chicken pox in children G. Human Herpes Virus 8
- Forms Cowdry type A nuclear inclusion bodies - causes Kaposi Sarcoma
(giant cells with eosinophilic staining) - Newly identified herpes virus
- Spread by: droplet inhalation direct contact - Kaposi’s sarcoma in immunosuppressed
with lesion patients
- primary infection; highly contagious *red to purple lesions/ plaque or nodules on
o mild febrile illness, rash and vesicular the skin
lesions (first appear as flat macules - Sexually transmitted
which rapidly raised into papules)
PAPOVAVIRUSES C. SV 40 (Simian Vacuolating Agent)
Pa-Papillomavirus • Isolated in pMK cell culture
Po-Polyomavirus • Infection of kidneys in monkey
Va-Vacuolating virus of monkeys
POXVIRUSES
A. Papillomaviruses /Warts Viruses - complex structure, oval or brick-shaped
 NONE can be grown in the laboratory in - dsDNA, linear
any certainty - largest and most complex viruses
 Topic for squamous cells
 causes warts,cervical cancers A. Variola virus
1. Cutaneous warts – HPV 1-4 - causes a severe disease known as smallpox
a. verruca vulgaris- common warts; - transmitted via aerosol and contact
rough surface; large number anywhere on skin - Totally eradicated in 1979
b. verruca planae- flat warts; flatter and * Vaccinia-attenuated vaccine against variola
smoother infection
c. butcher’s warts- HPV-7; only affects
Butchers B. Monkeypox virus
• Monkeypox- acquired through contact
with wild animals killed for food and
2. Genital warts- condylomata acuminate skins
- sexually transmitted; HPV 6 and 11 • Cowpox-contact during milking of cows
- “pointed lump” • Buffalopox-indistinguishable from
- penis,urethra, anus, rectum (men) cowpox
- vulva, cervix,anus, perineum • Orf- acquired through contact with
(women) infected sheep

To diagnose: C. Molluscipoxvirus
Papanicolau staining (koilocytosis) - causes molluscum contagiosum
*Koilocytes- vacuolated or inclusion
bearing cells ADENOVIRUSES
- Naked, icosahedral viruses with linear, ds
B. Polyomaviruses DNA
1. BK Virus - Orbiting satellite
- obtained from urine of patient receiving - 10 structural proteins (2 most important
immunosuppressive therapy after kidney are the hexons and pentons)
transplant - Hexons- reactive antigen
2. JC virus
- obtained from brain of patient with Causes:
PML (Progressive Multifocal • Localized respiratory outbreaks – Types
Leukoencephalopathy) 1 to 7 & 21
• Swimming pool associated
*PML-a rare disease involving plaques of pharyngoconjunctivitis – Types 1-7
demyelization/inflammation of the CNS seen in • Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis – Type 8
elderly and immunocompromised hosts • Adenovirus type 12 – most studied;
caused tumors to rodents
Portal of entry for JC and BK viruses is the • Gastroenteritis – types 40 & 41
urinary tract • Acute hemorrhagic cystitis –types 11 &
12
• Cervical lesions/urethritis (males)
 Lentiviruses
Diagnosis: A. HIV-1 - from the Latin term lentus
* CPE :swollen cells in grape-like clusters meaning slow (lengthy/insiduous onset)
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
PARVOVIRUS
Parvovirus (B19) Replication
- small, naked, icosahedral virus with • Binds specifically to CD4 receptor (T-
ssDNA helper cells)
- kite-shaped wedge nucleocapsid • Penetrates cell by fusion
- tropic for human erythroid cells • Released by budding from plasma
- It causes transient aplastic crisis, a self- membrane
limited erythropoeitic arrest.  The gp120 protein on virus binds
- Latin: parvus (small) specifically to CD4 receptor on host
- Replicates in adult’s bone marrow and cell with high affinity.
fetal liver  Gp41 causes fusion of the virus to the
Causes: cell membrane.
1. Erythema infectiosum - “Slapped  After fusion, virus particle enters
cheek syndrome” or 5th disease cell.
2. Transient aplastic anemia  Viral genome exposed by uncoating
3. Pure red cell aplasia particle.
4. Hydrops fetalis - fatal anemia of
babies, no physical abnormalities Stages:
1. Primary HIV Syndrome
Medically Important RNA Viruses - Mononucleosis-like, cold or flu-like
symptoms may occur 6 to 12 weeks after
RETROVIRUSES (transcribe RNA to DNA) infection.
- Spherical with a tree-like layered  Lymphadenopathy, fever, rash,
structure, in the center are two identical headache, fatigue, diarrhea, sore
copies of the ss RNA associated with throat, neurologic manifestations ,no
reverse transcriptase and surrounded symptoms may be present
by an icosahedral capsid  Symptoms are relatively nonspecific.
- Outer envelope contains a lipid matrix  HIV antibody test often negative but
within which specific viral glycoproteins becomes positive within 3 to 6
are embedded. months, this process is known as
These knob-like structures responsible seroconversion.
for binding to target cell.  Large amount of HIV in the
peripheral blood.
Former names of the virus include:  Primary HIV can be diagnosed using
- Human T cell lymphotrophic virus viral load titer assay or other tests.
(HTLV-III)  Primary HIV syndrome resolves
- Lymphadenopathy associated virus itself and HIV infected person
(LAV) remains asymptomatic for a
- AIDS associated retrovirus (ARV) prolonged period of time, often
years.
Discovered independently by Luc Montagnier
of France and Robert Gallo of the US in 1983-
84.
2. Clinical Latency Period o gp120 and gp41 both involved
- Infected individuals are at risk for with fusion and attachment of
opportunistic infections (CD4 count HIV to CD4 antigen on host cells
<500)  gag- group-specific antigens (encodes
 HIV continues to reproduce, CD4 count the viral core) located in the nucleocapsid
gradually declines from its normal value of the virus (p24)
of 500-1200. o p24 is the core antigen
 Pol- polymerase (encodes the reverse
Diseases Predictive of AIDS progression: transcriptase enzyme)
1. persistent herpes-zoster infection (shingles) - Responsible for conversion of viral RNA
2. oral candidiasis (thrush) into DNA
3. oral hairy leukoplakia
4. Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) Transmission: blood transfusion, sexual
intercourse, intravenous drugs, perianal infection
3. Full-blown AIDS
- 10-11 years from primary to full-blown Major Risk Groups :
AIDS - promiscuous homosexuals and bisexual
- CD4 count <200 men
 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia - prostitutes
(PCP) - intravenous drug users
 Cryptococcal meningitis - blood recipients
 Toxoplasmosis - hemophiliacs
- If CD4 count <50 - sexual contacts of these groups
 Mycobacterium avium - newborn children born to infected mothers
 CMV infections
 Lymphoma Sustiva + Truvada is one of the most popular and
 Dementia effective starting HIV regimens.
 Most deaths occur with CD4  Truvada is made up of HIV drugs from a
counts below 50. class called nucleoside/nucleotide
reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs),
Diagnostically Important HIV Antigens : also known as “nukes.”
a. p24  The NRTIs block reverse transcriptase, a
b. gp41 protein that HIV needs to make more
c. gp120 copies of itself. This may slow down HIV
d. gp160 disease

*genes Laboratory Diagnosis :

 Env- envelope (encodes the envelope Screening :
proteins) gp160, gp120, gp41 ELISA
o gp160 cleaved to form gp120 & - First serological test developed to detect HIV
gp41 infection.
o gp120 forms the 72 knobs which - Easy to perform.
protrude from outer envelope - Easily adapted to batch testing.
o gp41 is a transmembrane - Highly sensitive and specific.
glycoprotein antigen that spans - Antibodies detected in ELISA include those
the inner and outer membranes directed against: p24, gp120, gp160 and gp41,
and attaches to gp120 detected first in infection and appear in most
individuals
Confirmatory: - destroys cell receptor thereby
Western blot assays releasing the absorbed viruses
- most critical reagent of test is purest quality HIV - cleaves neuramic acid
antigen. - disrupts the mucin barrier
Interpretation of results:
 No bands, negative. Antigenic Changes :
 In order to be interpreted as positive a 1. Antigenic shift
minimum of 3 bands directed against the - major change (10-15 years)
following antigens must be present: p24, - due to genetic reassortment occurs when the
p31, gp41 or gp120/160. genome of both influenza viruses become
 CDC criteria require 2 bands of the mixed into a single virion, resulting in a new
following: p24, gp41 or gp120/160. strain of influenza virus
- affects only Influenza A
B. HIV-2 - causes major epidemics/pandemics
- 4th human retrovirus isolated from mildly - presents a problem in vaccine production
immunosuppressed patients in West Africa
2. Antigenic drift
Oncoviruses - minor change (2-3 years)
A. HTLV-1 - due to point mutations in genes
- causes Adult T-cell Leukemia - affects both Influenza A and B
- 1st human retrovirus discovered by Dr. - causes frequent but localized outbreak
Robert Gallo (USA), from leukocytes of
patient with leukemia PARAMYXOVIRUSES
- ATL-presents as lymphoma of the skin, A. Parainfluenza viruses
lymph nodes or both in adults - 2nd most important cause of lower
respiratory tract infections in young
B. HTLV-2 children
- Not associated with malignancies - enveloped, helical, ss RNA viruses
- causes CROUP; inflammation of
ORTHOMYXOVIRUSES trachea and larynx resulting to a hoarse
Influenza Viruses cough (barking cough), and difficult
 Most important respiratory pathogens breathing (laryngotracheobronchitis)
in adult - No vaccine available.
 Spherical, pleomorphic, enveloped with Surface Antigens:
ss RNA in eight segments into helical Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase (HN)
symmetry capsid - gives specificity
– Influenza A Fusion (F antigen)
- Found in humans, birds, pigs, ferret, - syncytial cell formation
and horses
B. Mumps virus
- Influenza A (H1N2), A (H1N1) and - unilateral or bilateral swelling of the
A(H3N2) are found in people parotid glands
– Influenza B - infects only humans - Mumps virus have both HN and F
– Influenza C - infects only humans antigen
- Humans are the only natural hosts.
Major Surface Antigens : - Infect other glands like testes (orchitis),
Hemagglutinin - determines infectivity, ovaries (oophoritis), pancreas, and CNS
agglutinates RBC, attached to sialic acid - Immunity is PERMANENT after a
Neuraminadase - activates hemagglutinin single infection
 - Relatively resistant to acid, chemical
C. Morbillivirus and physical extremes (survive passage
- causes rubeola or measles thru stomach)
- Enveloped, helical virus with ss RNA, - Spread by fecal-oral route
related to parainfluenza virus - Portal of entry : alimentary tract via
-Characterized by a maculopapular mouth
erythematous rash (KOPLIK SPOTS)
that appear 2-3 days on head and trunk B. 1 Coxsackieviruses
-Infection confers LIFELONG - Naked, icosahedral viruses with ss
IMMUNITY RNA
Vaccine: MMR (Mumps, Measles, Rubella) - 29 immunologic types
- named after Coxsackie, New York
D. Respiratory Syncytial virus - No vaccine or antiviral drugs
- characterized by formation of available.
syncytia
- most important cause of serious viral Group A- causes HFMD
LRT infection in infants and young Group B- associated with myocarditis
children *Group B4- early onset of diabetes
- enveloped, helical, ss RNA
- contains F-protein but lacks NA and HA B. 2 Polioviruses
glycoproteins - has 3 serotypes (1,2,3) originally
- major nosocomial outbreaks in crowded known as Brunhilde, Lansing, and
nurseries (brochiolitis and pneumonia) Leon
*LRT- Lower Respiratory Tract - distinguished by Neutralization test
*NA- Neuraminidase (inactivated by heat at 55ºC for 30
*HA- Hemagglutinin
mins.)
- transmitted by fecal-oral route
PICORNAVIRUSES
- requires primate-specific receptor
A. Rhinoviruses
- causes poliomyelitis
- small, naked, icosahedral, ss RNA
(Greek words: polios- grey; muelos-
viruses, closely related to Enteroviruses
marrow)
with over 100 types
- Transmitted thru: close personal
- contain 60 sites capable of connecting
contact with flies (house flies), food,
to a receptor (ICAM-1) on human cells
milk, water
- agent that causes common colds
- Low optimum temperature for growth
Forms
(33-35ºC)
1. Abortive Poliomyelitis – common
- Sensitive to pH below 6.0 (acid-labile)
2. Nonparalytic poliomyelitis
- Resistant to: detergents, temperature,
3. Paralytic poliomyelitis
lipid solvents
4. Progressive post-poliomyelitis muscle atrophy
- No cure for common cold.
- Best method of identification: incubate
Prevention and Control
it at pH 3 with a lipid solvent
• Immunity is permanent
• Vaccine is available :
a. Salk vaccine- IPV; killed, inactivated,
B. Enteroviruses - Large group of viruses
prevents CNS involvement, stimulates
- Small, naked, icosahedral viruses with
IgG
ssRNA
 b. Sabin vaccine – OPV; live, attenuated,
interrupts fecal-oral transmission, CALICIVIRUSES
induces IgA • Small, 30-35 nm in diameter,
distinguished by 32 cup-shaped
B. 3 ECHOviruses structures on their surfaces
Enteric Cytopathogenic Human • Cause minor outbreaks of pediatric
Orphan Viruses gastroenteritis worldwide in children
• Strains must not produced disease in from 1-24 months of age
suckling mice, rabbits, or monkeys
Causes: Norwalk and Norwalk-like Agents
- Aseptic meningitis - Naked, small, round viruses, 27-30 nm in
- Febrile illness with or without rash diameter;ssRNA; icosahedral symmetry
- Common cold - Most commonly associated with
- Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis gastroenteritis in older children and
adults in developed countries
Other Enteroviruses - Abrupt onset of severe nausea, vomiting,
1. Enterovirus 68 - bronchitis or pneumonia in diarrhea, and low-grade fever
children - Caused outbreaks in schools, colleges,
2. Enterovirus 70 - epidemic acute hemorrhagic camps, cruise ships, communities,
conjunctivitis nursing homes, and family groups
3. Enterovirus 71 - CNS infection and HFMD
(Japan and Sweden) TOGAVIRUSES
-ss RNA, nonsegmented, enveloped
REOVIRUSES -Icosahedral symmetry
Rotaviruses -Replicates in the cytoplasm
- Naked isometric viruses with double-layered -Vector: mosquito
protein capsid and a genome with 11 segments of
ds RNA A. Rubella virus
- Latin : Rota – wheel - causes Rubella or German measles
- Most common cause of gastrointestinal - Enveloped, icosahedral virus with ss RNA
infection in infants, children and elderly - Only Togavirus not transmitted by arthropod
- Sensitive to organic solvents but not to freezing
CORONAVIRUSES and thawing or ultrasonification
Coronaviruses
• spherical, enveloped with helical, ss German measles
RNA, pleomorphic - Incubation period : 14-16 days to 10-21 days
• first isolated from chicken (1937) by - mild febrile illness accompanied by transient
Beaudette and Hudson rash in children and adults
• Crownlike surface projections
• Symptoms resemble rhinovirus B. Alphavirus
infections but with more nasal discharge - needs vector usually mosquito
and malaise - spread by swamp dwelling mosquitoes that
normally grow on horses
SARS
- outbreaks occur in rural and swamp areas
- Isolated in Guangdong China
- Can be grown in Vero cells
1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome
2. Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE)
- type of viral pneumonia
3. Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)
- Palm civet-cat
4. Chikungunya Virus
 - First outbreak in 1952 (Tanzania)  Sudden onset of systemic
- derived from makonde dialect (“that toxicity, fever, headache,
which bends up”) vomiting, severe myalgia or
*Makonde- local language in Tanzania bone pain of escalating intensity
* Describes the posture patient assumes  Remittance of fever on day 3-5
to relieve the severe joint pains of illness
(exhibited by individuals with the disease  Positive tourniquet test
as a consequence of severe chronic  Maculopapular or morbiliform
incapacitating arthralgias) rash (trunk, spread to limbs and
- Buggy Creek virus face)
- Joint pains 2. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
- spherical, enveloped virion  diffuse capillary leak with
- 60-70nm, ssRNA hemoconcentration
- Lipid-containing envelope has two  thrombocytopenia
(rarely three) surface glycoproteins.  disseminated intravascular
- Mediates attachment, fusion, and coagulation (DIC)
penetration.
3. Dengue Hemorrhagic Shock
- transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes • plasma volume resulting from increased
albopticus
vascular permeability which causes
clinical shock that if not corrected may
FLAVIVIRUSES lead to hyperkalemia, acidosis,
-ss RNA, nonsegmented; enveloped death
-Icosahedral symmetry
-Replicates in the cytoplasm
C. St. Louis Encephalitis Virus
Vector : mosquito
• mosquito-borne encephalitis (stagnant
Aedes : Yellow and Dengue fevers
water)
Culex : St. Louis and West Nile encephalitis
• primarily as viruses of birds (sparrows)

A. Yellow Fever Virus

D. West Nile Virus
2 distinct epidemiological pattern:
- First reported in 1999 in New York
a. Sylvan (Jungle) Yellow Fever - canopy
- Causes fatal encephalitis
dwelling monkeys and tree-hole mosquitoes
(Aedes spp in Africa and Haemagogus spp in S.
E. Zika Virus
America)
- First isolated in 1947 (rhesus monkey)
b. Urban Yellow Fever (Aedes aegypti)
Uganda
- First case confirmed in Brazil May 2015
Manifestation: high fever, slow pulse, 15% of
- Microcephaly
cases go into toxic phase, ½ of patient die within
- In 2015, Zika virus RNA was detected in
10-14 days of toxic phase
the amniotic fluid of two fetuses, indicating
that it had crossed the placenta and could
B. Dengue Fever Virus
cause a mother-to-child infection.
• Four Types: Dengue 1,2,3 and 4 wherein
- Contains envelope proteins E and M
each serotype provides lifetime specific
- The virion is approximately 40 nm in
immunity and short-term cross immunity
diameter with surface projections that
• Vector: Aedes spp.
measure roughly 5-10 nm.
- Nucleocapsid is 25-30 nm in diameter
Three distinct forms: surrounded by a host-membrane derived lipid
1. Classic Dengue Fever – most common
bilayer.
 Incubation period : 3-5 days - Enveloped; Icosahedral
BUNYAVIRUSES pain, salivation and vomiting (after a
- ss RNA; segmented (3) few days), hydrophobia
- helical symmetry - phase continue until patient lapses
- Arthropod vector (except Hantavirus) into coma
Includes: b. Dumb Rabies
1. California encephalitis virus - neocortex
2. Rift Valley fever virus - depression and paralysis followed by
3. Sandfly fever virus coma
4. Hantavirus - death results from respiratory arrest
• causes hemorrhagic nephropathy - difficult to diagnose clinically
• transmitted by rodent’s excreta
Incubation period : 3-8 weeks to 1 year
• Enveloped, spherical, and pleomorphic
Transmission :
with 3 nucleocapsids
1. Bite of rabid animal – common
• Surface projections are distinctive spikes
2. Superficial abrasion of skin
embedded in lipid bilayer
3. Human to human via saliva
• Capsid is elongated and helical
• Replicates in cytosol exclusively
Diagnose:
• receptor-mediated endocytosis
Sample : head
(Beta3integrin)
• RFFIT – Rapid Fluorescent Focus
Inhibition Test (US) (In vitro cell culture
ARENAVIRUSES
neutralization test measures rabies
- Latin arena- sand (ribosomal material)
neutralizing antibody)
- Enveloped, spherical to pleomorphic, ss
• Histologic exam- Negri bodies
RNA
- Capsid : elongated, helical
Prophylaxis: vaccine + immune globulin
- Nucleocapsid (2) : filamentous and forms
a closed circle (string of beads)
FILOVIRUSES
- Latin : filum – threadlike
Arenaviruses
- enveloped, helical, ssRNA
1. Lassa- Lassa fever (West Africa)
- filamentous, pleomorphic with extensive
2. Junin- Argentine H-fever
branching, U-shaped, 6-shaped or
(Argentina/Latin America)
circular forms
3. Machupo- Bolivian H-fever (Bolivia)
- Surface projections : knob shaped
4. Guanarito- Venezuelan H-fever
peplomers, evenly dispersed and
5. LCM- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
embedded in a lipid bilayer
Virus
Filoviruses
1. Marburg Virus
RHABDOVIRUS
- Germany (Marburg/Frakfurt)
Rabies Virus
- Lab workers (African Green Monkey
• A bullet-shaped, enveloped virus with
2. Ebola Virus
linear, ssRNA and a helical nucleocapsid
- named after a river in Zaire
• causes Rabies the most lethal of all
- Causes hemorrahagic fevers with high
infectious diseases
fatality rates
Two Forms :
- In Ebola infection- even after death virus
a. Furious Rabies
is still contagious in fluids for days, use
- limbic/nervous system
extreme action during burial and all
- headache, fever, irritability,
wates must be incinerated
restlessness, anxiety and muscle
ASTROVIRUSES • Anti-HBc IgG- antibody to hepatitis B core
- Smaller, 28-30 nm in diameter, with a antigen chronic (past infection)
five-point or six-point star-like • Anti-HBc IgM- antibody to hepatitis B core
configuration on their surfaces antigen acute (present infection)
- Mild gastroenteritis infections in children • HBeAg- antigen associated with the
up to 7 years old nucleocapsid, also found as soluble protein in
- Fatal only in malnourished and serum (infectivity)
dehydrated children • Anti-HBe- antibody to hepatitis Be antigen

HEPATITIS VIRUSES Hepatitis D Virus

- Six recognized hepatitis viruses - Co-infection - the patient is
- Unrelated; biologically and simultaneously infected by HBV and
morphologically different HDV
Common features : - Superinfection - a chronic HBV carrier
- fatigue, headache, anorexia, nausea, is infected with HDV
vomiting, abdominal pain (RUQ), - A defective, spherical, enveloped,
jaundice, dark urine ssRNA that requires hepatitis B for its
replication
Hepatitis A Virus - First discovered in Italy
- Incubation period: 2-6 weeks - known as the Delta virus
- Spread by oral-fecal route - transmitted primarily by parenteral
- Small, enveloped, linear, ssRNA, cubic means
symmetry
- Picornavirus (Enterovirus 72) NON-A, NON-B HEPATITIS
- Very stable Hepatitis C Virus
- A ss, spherical, enveloped, RNA virus
Sources of infection : - Flavivirus
• infected food handlers - High mutation rate : NO vaccine
• raw food - Not immunogenic
• food handle wrongly after cooking - Incubation period: 6-8 weeks
• raw or poorly cooked seafood from - Most common cause of post transfusion
contaminated H2O hepatitis (90%)

Hepatitis B Virus Hepatitis E Virus

- spherical, enveloped, with circular, - Small, non-enveloped, ss RNA virus
dsDNA in an icosahedral nucleocapsid - Acute, self-limiting, similar to HAV
- Hepadnavirus - incubation period: 2-9 weeks
- Replicates in the liver - transmitted through sewage
- Contains antigen known before as Au contaminated drinking water
antigen - Lab. Diagnosis : ELISA, Fluorescent
- Transmission: parenteral, sexual, Antibody-Blocking Assay
perinatal
- Incubation period: 2-6 months (45 days) Hepatitis G Virus
- Infectious agent: Dane particle - Flavivirus
Laboratory Diagnosis : - Spherical, enveloped, ssRNA virus
• HBsAg- envelope protein consisting of three - Not clearly associated in liver disease
polypeptides (Surface covering) - named GB virus C (GBV-C) and HGV
• Anti-HBs- antibody to hepatitis B surface - transmission: parenteral/transfusion
antigen (immunization)