Part2 PDF
Part2 PDF
DC Meter
PRINCIPLES OF INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT (BEKG 1233))
PART 2
Solution:
1 1
S= = = 5kΩ / V
I fsd 200uA
1. Basic DC Voltmeter
• A basic D’Arsonval movement can be converted into a DC voltmeter by
adding a series resistor (multiplier) as shown in Figure 2.5.
Rs
+
Multiplier
Im
V Rm
V = I m ( Rs + Rm )
V − I m Rm V
Rs = = − Rm
Im Im
V
∴ Rs = − Rm (2-6)
Im
1. Basic DC Voltmeter
Example 2.6
Solution:
V 10V
Rs = − Rm = − 500Ω = 199.5kΩ
Im 50uA
1. Basic DC Voltmeter
• Sensitivity and voltmeter range also can be used to
calculate the multiplier resistance, Rs of a DC voltmeter.
Rs=(S x Range) - Rm (2-7)
1kohm
+ R2
1kohm
R3
1kohm
Im
V2
V1
V3
Rm
+
V4
R1
V1 10kohm
100V
R2
10kohm Figure 2.8
3. Voltmeter Loading Effect
Solution:
10kΩ
True voltage across R2 is: VR 2 = (100V ) = 50V
10kΩ + 10kΩ
1kΩ
For voltmeter with S = 1kΩ/V: Rm1k = (50V ) = 50kΩ
V
Ix
Insertion Error = 1 − X 100 (2-11)
Iy
4.Ammeter Insertion Effect
Example 2.11
Ra
Figure 2.10 shows a simple V1 5kohm
series circuit of Ra and Rb 100V
connected to a 100Vdc
Rb
source. If the current across 5kohm
Rb is measured by an
ammeter having Rm = 50Ω,
calculate the insertion error
Figure 2.10
of the meter.
5. Ohmmeter
• The purpose of an Ohmmeter is to measure
resistance.
• Resistance reading is indicated through a
mechanical meter movement which operates on
electric current.
• Thus, Ohmmeter must have an internal source of
voltage to create current necessary to operate the
movement.
• Ohmmeter also have an appropriate ranging
resistors to allow just the right amount of current.
5. Ohmmeter
• A simple Ohmmeter comprises of a battery and a
meter movement as shown in Figure 2.11:
Since It=V/Rh
So, I fsd Rm Rh
R2 = (2-13)
V − I fsd Rh
5. Series Type Ohmmeter
• From equation (2-12) and (2-13):
I fsd Rm Rh
R1 = Rh − (2-14)
V
5. Series Type Ohmmeter
Exercise 2.12
i. value of R1 and R2
ii. the maximum value of R2 to compensate for a 5%
drop in battery voltage
5. Multirange Ohmmeter
• The ohmmeter circuit shown in Figure 2.13 is only for a
single range of resistance measurement. To measure
resistance over a wide range of values, we need to extend
the ohmmeter ranges. This type of ohmmeter is called a
multirange ohmmeter.