Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ate Kwangkwang
Ate Kwangkwang
ABSTRACT
characteristics of the school heads and teachers; determine the school climate
leadership behavior of the school heads in public and private high schools;
determine the performance of the teachers in public and private high schools;
Kidapawan City Division. Thirty-four (34) school heads and 130 teachers from
public schools and 8 school heads and 40 teachers from private high schools
and private high school teachers and school heads. Multiple regression
relationship; civil status and type of school influence school climate in terms of
student’s activities.
terms of control.
leadership behavior did not significantly influence the job performance of the
teachers.
3
NORBERTA P. SABADO
4
DOCTOR OF EDUCATION
(Educational Management)
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The success of any school critically begins with the school head that is
responsible for ensuring that all teachers and students meet challenging task
As manager of the school, school head can play a vital role in the
smooth operation of the school. School heads, directly affect the morale of the
school through clear school rules and policies that tend to improve the general
According to Fullan (2001) the more complex a society gets, the more
(1998) assert that school administrators are expected to cope with a rapidly
foster strong community support for the change by creating a vision for the
of our ever- changing society, the school head’s effective leadership practices
6
This study was conducted to find out the factors that influenced the
a. school climate.
b. Leadership behavior
b. performance of teachers
performance of the teachers’ of this study was assessed based on the CB-
age, gender, civil status, position, educational attainment, tenureship, and type
of the recent year. All 17 regular public high schools, 2 extension high schools,
were included in the study. The respondents were given a chance to answer
Teachers: Findings of this study will create an avenue for the teachers to
teachers’ performance. With such knowledge, they will have all the
DepEd officials: Findings of this study will provide DepEd officials the data
as basis in the transferring the school head providing public high school can
Policy Makers. Findings of this study will provide the policy makers the
influenced by the socio demographic profile and school climate of public and
private high school administrators. With this information, new policies may be
Definition of Terms
Controlling. Refers to the checking progress against plans, which may need
female.
elementary education.
when: (1) facts, ideas, values, beliefs, and feelings are readily
Position- Refers to first step salary grade as the employee given chance to
service, he/she can file for promotion and be given Teacher II position.
12
the school which is usually done at the beginning of the school year.
the students and their peers in the school where they are enrolled.
administrators.
School head. Refers to the heads of complete schools who have duly
Security and Maintenance – Refers to the school conditions that keep the
head.
Acronym
the evaluation instrument used by the school head, teacher and peer in
assessing the performance of the teacher at the end of the school year.
administrator respondents.
14
CHAPTER II
School head
“The Learning Captain and the model”, that’s the other name of school
head. He or she is the manager and hold the most important position in any of
educational institution.
heads highly effective only in planning and moderately effective for the rest,
and least effective in leading. There was a significant difference on how school
functions, and the length of service as school head and their educational
functions.
strongly and directly affect teachers’ attitudes, which define the school climate.
Demographic Profile
Age
16
school heads management. The Findings revealed that growing old gives
better than younger managers because the older manager had acquired skills
elementary schools. His study showed that age was related to the
they tend to be more satisfied with their profession because they have lower
Butuan, 1997).
(Gagabi 1999). As a teacher grows older, one gains wisdom and thus tends to
17
understanding of his job responsibilities. Similar finding has been found in the
the older the school administrators get, the higher is their influence on the
Gender
or in field works. Various researches provided results how males and females
vary in terms of their job performances. Women were found to score higher
elementary school versus a secondary school; the same was true when EQ-i
scales were compared for principals and vice-principals. Men and women
women did not differ on any of the leadership ratings (regardless of whether
directing, both male and female administrators were very satisfactory; in terms
(Macaya, 2008).
Civil Status
2010, posited that widowed principals focus their time and attention on their
disclosed that being widowed has positive and negative influence on one’s
performance for there might be financial difficulties but for the administrator
Barrientos (2008) found out in her study that there exists a significant
were grouped into two, the widowed and married ones. The result indicates
performance of teachers.
of marital/civil status, the study found out that the respondents had the same
Position/ Designation
After 5 consecutive years in service, he/she can file for promotion and be
Educational Qualification
20
the same time seek to hire more teachers. The need to find and to keep good
teachers is especially critical if states and local districts are to meet rigorous
in Tennessee, Boston, and Texas confirm that students taught by the most
and after controlling student poverty and language status. However, Rice
(2003) as cited by Goe (2007) found out that teacher certification seems to
matter for high school mathematics, but there is little indication of its
correlated with teachers holding Ph. D.s in any subject (for English teachers).
Students’ scores in middle school and high school were negatively impacted
21
citing De Villa, 1999). The higher the educational attainment, the higher the
Tenureship
of teachers say there was a tenured teacher in their school who performed
poorly, and 43 percent of teachers say there was a tenured teacher who
should be dismissed for poor performance. Teacher tenure has long been an
interesting problem and much research work has been devoted to this subject
environment and his interest in student discipline and control particularly in the
2004).
Type of school
which are funded by the government and private schools which are not.
Private schools and public schools follow a similar academic calendar where
classes start in June and end in March. Universities and colleges differ slightly
with their academic calendar with classes running from June to October and
then November to
March.http://www.allprivateschools.net/countries/philippines.php
School Climate
23
about how these climates emerge in some schools and not in others. There is
school heads and their teachers influence students’ performance and attitudes
which exist in the personal relationship between the facilitator and the learner"
empathic climate.
fairness and respect and whether they help them when they struggle with their
school work. . Results find that teacher-student climate does have a significant
effect, even after controlling for individual race, gender, poverty, and prior
cohort. Researchers found a much smaller effect when looking at the effect of
2000).
atmosphere, which is free from the threat of physical harm. The school climate
For many years, parents have said that the safety and disciplinary
climate of the school was their first concern when judging schools. School
shootings, bomb scares, and other senseless violent acts had only served to
“We also want schools to be safe and secure because the presence or
if the environment does not sink to the level of shootings or bomb scares, the
2009).
If schools are to be good and safe places, the agenda for school safety
must be combined with other efforts to address the variety of factors that
interfere with a school accomplishing its mission (Adelman, 2007). And, all
such efforts must be embedded in the larger agenda for school improvement.
Unfortunately, this generally is not the case. To place school safety back into
cohesive system for addressing barriers to learning and teaching, with school
comprehensive system,
26
not report the magnitude of the association. School-level policies like “welfare”
or “discipline” based approaches and the use of corporal punishment did affect
acceptance, friendships or group inclusion, and most often occurs among girls
well documented and include immediate and future potential problems for
of students at or above grade level on N.C. 8th Grade Math and Reading End-
of-Grade tests. The first incidents were more disruptive to achievement than
later incidents; and the relationship was small in magnitude but statistically
crime or violence was a 0.138 decrease in Math scores and a 0.143 decrease
in Verbal scores; these findings were also strongly inelastic ( Carrol, 2009).
indicated by test scores) in groups of high school and middle school children.
The study found that groups of middle and high school students with even
poorer overall test scores than groups of students with little or no involvement
are concerned about improving achievement, they must address both attitudes
college freshmen in some schools. Reynolds (2006) study found out that there
were three major, salient themes in the data that provided some insight into
“personal touch,” and orientation as “the start.” The students experienced and
some part to their attendance at orientation. They reported, for example, that
the program “helped me not to be so scared, and they showed you what
[college] was about.” Another stated, “It gave me the confidence just to know
what I was doing.” Knowing what it was about gave them the courage to return
to Ivy Tech when classes started. It demystified and personalized their start at
college, whether they were fresh out of high school or returning to college to
retrain after being laid off. Orientation gave them knowledge of things they did
not know, and students talked of using the things they had learned. Some
were enthusiastic about the computer training they received, others with
financial aid information. Most were checking their grades on e-learning and
using other resources they had been exposed to such as the learning
students, most important was the confidence that “Maybe there were still
Reynolds (2006) further noted in his study that the faculty also reported
some differences with their first-year students in comparison with past years.
Some believed that attendance had improved and that their students seemed
more informed. Faculty had a sense that their first-year students were taking
students. Many faculties said they had noticed students using the e-learning
resources far more than any previous year to check grades and assignments.
Their evidence of this came through students’ reminders to post things on the
site and by the log-in sheet. One faculty member commented that he used to
get “hammered” with questions on how to use e-learning, but this academic
college. After starting classes they seemed to be doing things for themselves
rather than asking staff, taking the initiative to keep on top of their class
progress, and using services more than new students had in the past. Of huge
Guidance
and study attitudes of the students. To improve study habits and study
for the development of good study habits and study attitudes, well organized
pupils’ needs. Pupils need someone to talk to since parents do not have time
for their wards at home and teachers do not show much interest in the pupils
(Etsey, 2005). Once each person's individuality and aptitudes have been
identified the school must nourish them and encourage the child realise his/her
future potential. For that reason it is necessary for guidance to begin early,
prevail. By highlighting the talents on which the student can build, he will be
guided towards goals that he can reach, thereby identifying elements for his
self-achievement.
the end of semester. Hussain (2006) made similar findings when he conducted
Chemistry and English text is an evidence that study attitude and study habits
in many fields in social science and social psychologists have been conducting
related experiments for half a century. Economists too have a long standing
theoretical interest (Becker 1974, as cited by Gibbon 2008), and the past two
decades have seen rapid growth in applied work that has attempted to
investigate both the existence and functional structure of peer group influence.
golf tournaments. Introspection does suggest that many decisions are linked to
similar decisions by a friend or other associate (in some cases fairly explicitly,
like the decision to have sex, be in a gang or play tennis), and many
economic decisions that will affect their life chances –especially achievement
Some very bold claims have been made about the potency of peers in
child development (Rich Harris 1999 as cited by Gibbons, 2008), yet the
results of numerous studies are very mixed, finding strong, weak or non-
education was the study of Lavy (2009) which investigates which segments of
the peer ability distribution drive the impact of average peer quality on
students’ achievements. The study claimed that there was a significant and
sizeable ability peer effects that mainly reflect the positive impact of the very
academically bright peers and the negative impact of the very worst pupils.
the dimensions of pupils’ ability and gender. Finally, we show that our results
are driven by peers’ academic ability, and not related to their family
background.
33
to identify the impact of school mates on pupil progress at age 14. Traditional
However, this masks evidence that lower achieving pupils are disadvantaged
benefit.
some sizable and significant peer effects within nonlinear models. For
ability and on the ability level of the peers under consideration, results that
schools. Estimated peer effects tend to be smaller when teacher fixed effects
are included than when they are omitted, a result that suggests co-movement
of peer and teacher quality within a student over time. We also find that peer
effects tend to be stronger at the classroom level than the grade level.
Instructional Management
indentified with principals in effective schools? and (3) Are the linkages that
achievement.
enhance the mathematics instruction of 3rd through 6th grade Title I and non-
were and were not participants in this curriculum enhancement were also
system significantly outperformed those who did not. There were also
worked for Title I and non-Title I students. Implications for managing math
Student Activities
that athletes attained higher grade point averages than those students not in
athletics. Activities are not solely about what the score is, how many wins or
They provide and instruct students with lessons that will last them a lifetime
(Hollrah, 2009).
that high achievers generally were involved at a higher-quality level in the five
socializing, job) may affect students’ grade point average (GPA). Studies have
compared to the general student body. The mean GPA for the student-
athletes, for example, was considerably lower than that of the general student
population.
37
Leadership Behavior
Human Relation
affected student achievement (Wash, 2005 as cited by Edgerson et. al., 2006).
supporters, and reinforces for the jointly determined school mission rather than
as guides, directors, and leaders of their own personal agenda are far more
that occur between people. Bulach (1998), based on his assessment of the
leadership skills of 51 aspiring school leaders, concluded that more than 50%
Boothe, and Pickett (1998) surveyed 375 teachers to identify those behaviors
their principals practiced that were mistakes. An analysis of the data produced
human relations area were a lack of trust and an uncaring attitude. The most
was failure to listen or a lack of openness. Clearly, openness and trust are
Byrd (2002) examined the human relations skills of principals who have
been successful in retaining classroom teachers. The study was guided by two
urban schools with low teacher turnover rates as perceived by teachers and
assistant principals and b) what are the human relations skills as perceived by
and assistant principals were coded and organized into themes. The themes
revealed a specific list of human relations skills of urban principals who are
Turnover Rates were: Sincerity: The principal cared about the teacher's
Mutual Trust: The principal trusted the teachers and the teachers trusted the
principal.
Furthermore, her study found out that good human relations of the school
Trust
honest, and open”, trust relationships are the common thread interwoven
motivation that results from the satisfaction of trust and other similar needs
students rather than the fulfillment of personal needs (Hoy & Miskel, 2001;
openness and trust. Principals need to spend more time listening to their
items, e.g., allow teachers to evaluate the principal, have group meetings
where faculty and administration can share how things are going and how they
can be improved.
Leaders have to stay open to others and that “Trust is maintained when
people see that we are not ‘know-it-alls’ and are interested in learning from
value that person, and that you have time for them because they are
important. In other words, you care about them. When people believe that
41
(http://www.westga.edu/~cbulach/sclimate/ihrtopen.htm)
Seltzer and Roxbury (2009) found out that another skill which the status
leader may choose to explore is that of developing the feeling among the staff
that everyone is getting a fair deal. This feeling can do much toward building
trust among the faculty. In the process of developing this trust, the
the individual is only what he thinks is justice. The human relations that take
attempt to satisfy all parties concerned, will be guided by the desire to be fair
and to do the right thing. The mature school executive administers justice
tempered with mercy. Some may call this sympathy, but whatever term is used
The findings of Bulach et al. (2001) reinforce the previous research that
human relations are a crucial area for effective leadership. While there are no
skills are recurring themes. It seems logical that trust would be at the heart of
openness. When people trust, they leave themselves open, and this can
42
subject them to risk being hurt by the person they trust. As a result, there is a
While there is little disagreement that levels of openness and trust are
important for an effective organization, there is little agreement that they are
present in the schools of Georgia. The data from this research clearly indicate
and trust are two basic people skills. It is time to stop talking about how
important openness and trust are for an organization and do something about
it. It is “Time to walk the talk!” Principals need to listen to their teachers! If
principals become open and trusting role models, perhaps a culture can be
created where teachers will start being open and trusting with each other. A
Instructional Leadership
studies consistently found that the school head was the key to an effective
school. Research found that the unique position principals hold, as the one
43
school operation and move it forward. The research further revealed that the
most effective principals had a clear vision of how the school could serve its
students; had aligned resources and priorities with the vision; and could
engage other key players, within and outside the school, in achieving the
Chang, (2009), added that the role of the principal continues to be key
most significant leadership dimension. This dimension has altered the role of
making instructional quality the top priority of the school and brings that vision
to realization.
charge of the school are excited about learning, then they will share their
Instructional leaders exhibit a clear sense of direction for their schools and
prioritize and focus attention on the things that really matter in terms of the
overcoming the obstacles that inevitably will emerge along the way.
(http://www.e-leadlead.org/resources/resources.asp?ResourceID=14)
strictly managerial duties, while principals who are instructional leaders involve
the top priority of the school and attempts to bring that vision to realization.
45
decisions. “If principals are to take the role of instructional leader seriously,
they will have to free themselves from bureaucratic tasks and focus their
enough for principals to know the strengths and weaknesses of their faculties;
appreciated for a job well done. Teachers seek only tiny morsels of praise and
All schools need effective instructional leaders who are well prepared
and capable of leading the changes in curriculum and instruction that will
result in higher levels of learning for all students. Effective instructional leaders
http://74.6.146.127/search/cache?ei=UTF-
8&p=school+principal+as+instructional+leader&fr=yfp-t-
Conrtrol
(or control strategy) to reach a desired goal, this paper investigates the
The implications of the findings for past and future research are then
Conflict
across time Newstrom and Davies as cited by Tubat, 2009. Whether the
conflicts are destructive or constructive depends on the attitudes and skills, the
arises from disagreement over the goal to attain or the method to be used to
Central Division, Machakos District, Kenya found out that head teachers
student’s discipline.
Teachers Performance
Mohanty (2000) explains that teacher performance is the most crucial input in
the field of education. Teachers are perhaps the most critical component of
Teachers must be seen as part of the solution, not part of the problem.
Poor pay, low status and morale are key causes of poor performance and
48
One of the D.C. teachers was fired because of a low rating according to
Anderson (2009). It is added student achievement in the last school year was
Tankersley - Jason Kamras, chief of human capital for D.C. public school in D.
was true for those rated “minimally effective” two years in a row or
from the actual leadership style or role performance they observe in their
schools.
49
building a more supportive climate that allows teachers to develop to their full
created.
Orr 2006).
tenureship because it is believed that the longer the tenure, one’s is true
influence school climate (Korir & Karr-Kidwell, 200 as cited by Halawah, 2005).
also promote instructional climate that strongly values and reinforces good
This study is anchored in the leader behavior theory which holds that
leaders are made, not born; it stands in contrast to leadership trait theory,
Posner (1987) and Clark and Clark (1990) as cited by Halawah (2005) and
taught.
and the dependent variables in the right is the teachers’ school performance.
performance of the teacher. The independent variables of the study are the
educational attainment, and type of the school. The school climate includes
conflict while the dependent variable is the teachers’ school performance form
Socio-demographic
Characteristics
1. Age
2. Gender
3. Civil Status
4. Position
5. Educational School
Attainment
School Climate Performance of
6. Tenure ship the Teachers
7. Teacher
Type of school CBPAST
1. – student relation
3. Students Academic
Orientation
4. Guidance
5. Students-Peer
Relationships
6. Instructional Management
7. Student Activities
Leadership Behavior
1. Human Relations
3. Instructional Leadership
4. Control
53
a. school climate
b. leadership behavior
City Division.
54
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This study was conducted in 34 public and private high schools in the
The 17 regular high schools are Amas National High School, Gayola
National High School, Juan P. Gantuangco School of Arts and Trades, Juan P.
Jalipa Memorial High School, Kalaisan National High School, Kidapawan City
High School, Mt. Apo National High School, Onica National High School, Paco
National High School, Patadon National High School, Perez National High
School, Saniel Cruz National High School, Spottswood National High School.
Jalipa extension and Lanao High School Kidapawan City National High School
extension.
Integrated School.
School and Security Training Center Inc, New Life Academy of Kidapawan,
Life, Inc. and St. Marys Academy of Kidapawan High School Department.
data needed to determine the relationships that exist between the variables
Figure 2. The Map of Kidapawan City that shows the different barangays
where the schools of public and private high schools are located
The respondents of this study were all public and private school heads,
and the 5 random teachers of the public and private high schools of the
Sampling Procedure
school served as the strata. From each of the schools, one (1) school head
was purposively selected with the total of 34, while and 5 teachers were
5. Juan P. Gantuangco 1 12 5 6
School of Arts And Trades
EXTENSION
1. Marbel National High 1 5 5 6
School JP Jalipa Extension.
1. Binoligan Integrated 1 5 5 6
School
4. Macebolig Integrated 1 8 5 6
School
5. Marciano Mancera 1 5 5 6
Integrated School
6. Nuangan Integrated 1 5 5 6
School
PRIVATE
61
1. Educational development 1 5 5 6
Center
2. Central Mindanao 1 17 5 6
Colleges
3. Collegio de Kidapaan 1 6 5 6
4. Kidapawwan Technical 1 12 5 6
School and Security
Training Center
5. New Lie academy oF 1 5 5 6
Kidapawan
6. Notre Dame of 1 35 5 6
Kidapawan College High
School Department
7. School For Life Inc 1 5 5 6
8. St. Mary’s Academy of 1 8 5 6
Kidapawan
Survey Instrument
as the tool in gathering the needed data. There are four instruments to be
the school heads and the teachers, instrument number 2(two) is about the
school climate for school heads and teachers, Instrument number 3(three) is
about the leadership behavior for the school heads and teachers, instrument
number 4(four) is the CB-PAST for the teachers that considered as basis for
the performance.
Instruments
62
A. Instrument I
school heads and teachers in terms of school like age, gender, position ,
B. Instrument II
This third instrument will be used to assess the climate of the school as
With point eighty five (.85) validity using Cronbach alpha, this instrument is
C. Instrument III
D. Instrument IV
The fourth instrument was used to gather the necessary information on the
their peers using the Competency Based Performance Appraisal System (CB-
PAST).
Statistical Analyses
study of all the data was made for an easy and orderly presentation by means
CHAPTER IV
school heads include the age, gender, civil status, position and educational
Age
years of age; 8 (23.5%) were within the age bracket 36-42 years, 4 ( 11.8%)
65
belonged to age bracket 29-35 years, 43-49 years, and 57-63 years and only
1 ( 2.9%) was in the age bracket 64 years and above. This implies that
majority of the school heads were heading towards late 50’s meaning they’re
(2010) that the age range of 35 – 50 years is the most productive years when
teachers have reached the peak of their careers. Pauya as cited by Isla (2004)
further disclosed as similar finding that age is one of the factors labeled a high
Gender
Table 1 also shows that there were more female schools heads than
male school heads involved in this study. 22 (64.7%) of the school heads were
females while 12 (35.3%) were males. The result implies that there are more
female administrators in the division. This matches the findings of the study
conducted by Crisvell and Betz (1995) that the greater percentage of the
teaching force is female. This supports the claim of Mclane (1980) as cited by
Peralta,(2008) and Montero (2010), that more organizations are opening their
(Macaya, 2008).
67
Civil Status
were married and 8.8% were single. No school heads in the division was
widower. The result indicates that married school heads dominated the
Position
principal, 17.6 percent were head teacher, 11.8 percent were master teacher,
5.9 percent are teacher 1 and teacher III and 8.8percent were teacher II. This
indicates that most of the school heads are full fledge principal during the
Educational Attainment
ranged from BS with Master’s Degree Units to Master’s Degree Holder. There
were 11 (32.4%) among these school heads who had BS/AB with Master’s
Degree Units, 5 (14.7%) of the school heads were Master’s degree. 9 (26.5%)
of the school heads had MS/MA with doctoral units and holder of Doctors
68
Revised 1997).
Tenureship
served from 1 – 5 years as school head, 10 (29.4%) have served from 6-10, 3
(8.85) have served 11-15, 6 (17.6%) have served from 16-20, 2 ( 5.9%)
percent have served from 21 to 25. It can be gleaned from the data that
Education to transfer their school heads from one school to another due to
Type of school
69
Result show that 26 (76.5%)of school heads were in the public and 8
( 23.5%) were in the private, this implies that in Kidapawan City , public high
school were dominant and private high schools were limited. In Kidapawan
City Division there were only 8 private schools having high school.
teachers include the age, gender, civil status, position and educational
Age
(15.9%) belonged to age bracket 36-42 years, 12 (7.1%) were in the age
bracket of 43-49 years, 11 or 6.5(%) belonged to the age bracket 50-56 years,
and only 1(0.6%) were in the age bracket 57-63 years of age.
70
towards late 50’s on in their golden years. When teachers have reached the
peak of their career they would consider themselve as fulfilled. Pauya as cited
by Isla (2004) further disclosed similar finding that age is one of the factors
Gender
Table 1b also shows that there were more female teacher respondents
than male teacher respondents involved in this study. 130 (76.5%) of the
were male. In Kidapawan City Division, there were more female teachers. This
matches the findings of the study conducted by Crisvell and Betz (1995) that
the greater percentage of the teaching force was female. This supports the
claim of Mclane (1980) as cited by Peralta, (2008) and Montero (2010) that
Civil Status
71
respondents were single, and 2 (1.2%) were widower. The result indicates that
Position
Most of the teacher respondents were teacher I since there were 129
respondents held the position of Teacher III and only 1 (0.6%) were Master
teacher. Promotion is not easy in the public school since it requires experience
Educational Attainment
ranged from BS with Master’s Degree Units to Doctoral Degree Holder. There
education.
Tenureship
served from 1 – 5 years in service. 51( 30%) have served from 6-10 years, 11
(6.5%) have served 11-15 years, 9 (5.3%) have served from 16-20 years, 8
(4.7%) have served from 21 years and above. It can be gleaned that teacher
Type of school
the public schools while 40 (23.5%) came from the private schools.This
implies that in Kidapawan City, high schools and only 8 private high schools.
School Climate
73
The school climate of the private and public high schools in Kidapawan
Table 2. School climate of the private and public high schools in Kidapawan City Division.
SY 2013-2014.
VARIABLES LEVEL
Mean Verbal Description
Teacher – Student Relations 4.20 Strongly Agree
1. Pupils treated individually. 4.20 Strongly Agree
2. Teachers greet pupils in the hallway. 3.99 Agree
3. Pupils willing to go to teachers with personal 3.75 Agree
and academic problems.
4. Teachers give pupils the grade they deserve. 4.54 Strongly Agree
5. Teachers in this school like their pupils. 4.15
6. Teachers help pupils to be friendly and kind 4.52 Strongly Agree
to each other.
7. Teachers patient when pupils have trouble 4.12 Agree
learning.
8. Teachers make extra efforts to help pupils. 4.20 Strongly Agree
9. Teachers understand and meet the needs of 4.08 Agree
each pupil.
10. Students receive praise more than they are 4.13 Agree
scolded by their teachers.
11. Teachers are fair to students. 4.37 Strongly Agree
12. Teachers explain carefully so that students 4.38 Strongly Agree
can get their work done.
74
Mean:
1.00 - 1.79 = Strongly Disagree 3.40 - 4.19 = Agree
1.80 - 2.59 = Disagree 4.20 - 5.00 = Strongly Agree
2.60 - 3.39 = Moderately Agree
Table 2 Continued
VARIABLES LEVEL
Mean Verbal Description
Mean:
1.00 - 1.79 = Strongly Disagree 3.40 - 4.19 = Agree
1.80 - 2.59 = Disagree 4.20 - 5.00 = Strongly Agree
2.60 - 3.39 = Moderately Agree
Table 2 Continued
VARIABLES LEVEL
Mean Verbal Description
class time.
Student Activities 3.97 Agree
40. Pupils able to take part in school activities in 4.14 Agree
which they are interested.
41. Pupils be in sports, music, and plays even if 3.97 Agree
they are not very talented.
42. Pupils are comfortable staying after school for 3.81 Agree
Mean:
1.00 - 1.79 = Strongly Disagree 3.40 - 4.19 = Agree
1.80 - 2.59 = Disagree 4.20 - 5.00 = Strongly Agree
2.60 - 3.39 = Moderately Agree
teachers rated strongly agree in seven criteria and agree in five criteria.
Teachers give students the grade they deserve. Item 4 obtained the highest
mean of 4.54 with the verbal description as strongly agree. The result
indicates that there exists a harmonious relationship between the teachers and
students among the surveyed public and private high schools in Kidapawan
City Division. Good rapport between teachers and pupils was evident in the
result. Rogers as cited by White (2009) and Montero (2010) confirmed that
77
There were five criteria under security and maintenance. Four criteria
were rated agree while one criterion was rated strongly agree by the teachers.
“Students usually feel safe in the school building” in item 13 received the
school should be free from threat or physical harm. Parents have said that the
safety and disciplinary climate of the school is their first concern when judging
schools. “We obviously want the learning environment to be a safe and secure
place for its own sake”. “We also want schools to be safe and secure because
understand why they are in school obtained the highest mean of 4.11 with a
verbal description of agree. The result implied that the pupils understand well
78
the reasons why they are in school. Making pupils aware of why they are in
Reynolds (2006) claimed that orientation seems to have shaped the way
doing things for themselves rather than asking staff, taking the initiative to
keep on top of their class progress, and using services more than new
Guidance
There were four criteria under guidance. Out of these four, three criteria
were rated agree by the teachers while one criterion was rated strongly agree.
the highest mean of 4.55 with the description of strongly agree. The result
pupils especially on their future”. Montero (2010) had said that the school must
nourish and encourage the child to realise his/her future potential and for that
There were four criteria under pupil – peer relationships. The teachers
rated agree in all criteria. “Pupils have a sense of belonging in this schools
obtained the highest mean of 4.13 with the description of agree. The result
implies that the pupils feel at ease and at home when they are in their school.
climates and cultures of family exist on school campuses across this great
Instructional Management
teachers rated agree in five criteria and one criterion each for strongly agree,
and moderately agree. “There is clear set of rules for pupils in this school to
follow” obtained the highest mean of 4.36 with the description of strongly
agree. The result implies that the schools have clear school policies and
guidelines for the pupils and teachers to follow. These guidelines make the
pupils be guided of the things to be done in the school. School rules are
important to all of us because they tell us how to act, give us directions, set
standards for everyone, and provide a safe climate. Every rule has a reason
(http://lombard.baltimorecityschools.org/Info/School_Rules.asp).
80
Besides the school rules, there are also rules to be followed by both
teachers and pupils in the class. These are called classroom rules. Buchaman
beginning of the school year, students can help come up with these classroom
rules. Or, simply the students brainstorm exactly what these classroom rules
are more likely to follow rules that they themselves have created.
Student Activities
There were three criteria under student activities. The teachers rated
these three criteria as agree. “Students are able to take part in school activities
in which they are interested” obtained the highest mean of 4.14 with the
description of agree. The result implies that the school provided opportunity for
pupils to develop their talents and skills through various school activities as
perceived by the teachers. This further implies that pupils were given
opportunity by the teachers to choose the school activities they like to join in.
Leadership Behavior
relations domain of school heads. The teachers rated them strongly agree in
six criteria, agree in five criteria, moderately agree in two criteria and 1
criterion for strongly disagree. “The school heads involves the teacher in
decisions”, in item 4, obtained the highest mean of 4.29 with the description of
strongly agree. The result implies that there is a healthy human relationship
that occurs between the school heads and their teachers because character is
Table 3. Leadership behavior practices of the private and public high school heads in Kidapawan
City Division. SY 2013-2014.
VARIABLES LEVEL
Mean Verbal Description
Mean:
Table 3 Continued
VARIABLES LEVEL
Verbal
Mean Description
Mean:
1.00 - 1.79 = Strongly Disagree 3.40 - 4.19 = Agree
1.80 - 2.59 = Disagree 4.20 - 5.00 = Strongly Agree
2.60 - 3.39 = Moderately Agree
Table 3 Continued
VARIABLES LEVEL
Verbal
Mean Description
Behaviors in the Instructional Leadership Domain
25. The principal frequently interrupts teaching of teachers. 1.78 Strongly Disagree
26. The principal demonstrates a lack of vision. 1.73 Strongly Disagree
27. The principal is knowledgeable about the curriculum. 3.86 Agree
28. The principal is knowledgeable about instructional 4.00 Agree
strategies.
29. The principal applies procedures consistently. 3.76 Agree
30. The principal shrugs off or devalues a problem or 2.26 Disagree
concern.
84
Mean:
1.00 - 1.79 = Strongly Disagree 3.40 - 4.19 = Agree
1.80 - 2.59 = Disagree 4.20 - 5.00 = Strongly Agree
2.60 - 3.39 = Moderately Agree
Bulach et. al. (1998) reinforced previous research that human relations are
crucial area for effective leadership. Montero (2010) and Byrd (2002) found out
teacher satisfaction.
rated them disagree in nine of the criteria while two of the criteria were rated
agree and moderately agree. “The school heads evaluate situations carefully
before taking action in item 22 obtained the highest mean of 3.99 with the
This finding implies that the school heads weigh things properly before
the ability to recognize and deal with the needs, concerns, and problems of
others. The interpersonal competence of the school heads includes the skill to
These skills were important for the school head to care for the personal
Domain. The teachers rated agree in four criteria, disagree in three criteria
and two in each strongly disagree and moderately agree criteria. “The school
head is knowledgeable about the curriculum” in item 27, obtained the highest
exhibit a clear sense of direction for their schools and prioritize and focus
attention on the things that really matter in terms of the work of students (http:
www.e-leadlead.org/resources/resources.asp?ResourceID=14).
Among the six criteria of behaviors in the control domain, their teachers
rated their school heads disagree in four criteria, two criteria for agree and one
in moderately agree in one criterion. “The school heads assign duty during
planning period”, in item 37, obtained the highest mean of 3.94 with the verbal
description of agree.
87
The result implies that the school heads involve their teachers in school
the school heads and the principal in turn needs the cooperation of the
teachers in order to attain the desired goals of the school. School heads
As teachers feel better about themselves and what their collective missions
are as a result of significant interactions with their school heads, they become
more effective in the classroom (Edgerson, et al. 2006) and Montero ( 2010).
There were six criteria in behavior in the conflict domain and were rated
moderately agree by the teachers in three criteria, and disagree in two criteria
and one in a criterion. Item 41, “the school head is able to keep a confidence”
The result implies that the school heads are able to manage, to keep
performance. Results show that 82.4% of the teachers had very satisfactory
gleaned from the result that majority of the teachers in Kidapawan City
Division had very satisfactory performance which was also expected of them.
teacher, one not only has to have a full command of the subject but also full
(http://www.dooyoo.co.uk/discussion/what-qualities-make-an-excellent-
teacher/1039890/)
cited by Hamzah (2008) who stressed out that human’s thinking and
Table 4. Performance of the teachers in the private and public high school in Kidapawan
City Division. SY 2013-2014.
89
Satisfactory 30 17.6
Very Satisfactory 140 82.4
level of school climate in terms of teacher- student relation (fc=1.755, p> 0.05).
However, when taken singly, the school heads’ tenure (tc = 2.052*, p<0.05)
was found to be the best significant predictor of the said climate at 5% level of
significance. This result further connotes that the longer is the school heads’
For model 2, the results show that the combined contribution of the
influence their level of school climate in terms of security and maintenance (Fc
90
heads’ socio- demographic factors did not significantly influence their school
said climate.
Table 5a. Regression Analysis on the relationship of the school heads' socio-demographic
characteristics and their school climate. SY 2013-2014.
the school climate in terms of guidance as revealed in model 4 (Fc = 1.809, p>
Table 5a Continued
and type of school (tc = 2.634*, p< 0.05) were best significant predictors of
school climate in terms of students activities. This result further denotes that in
the public schools whose heads were married, the students are more able to
take part in school activities in which they were interested and they were more
comfortable staying after school for activities. Children and parents felt guided
and safe if the school head is matured and experienced compared to singles.
Cortez (2013)
94
every Friday afternoon, the students had to gather and set some activities
Table 5a Continued
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Coefficient β t-Value p-Value
their level of leadership behavior (Fc = 1.488, p>0.05). However, position was
the best predictor of leadership behavior in terms of trust and decision making
(t =2.125*, p< 0.05). This result further reveals that the higher the school
heads position, the higher was their level of leadership behavior practices in
Table 5b. Regression Analysis on the relationship of the school heads' socio-demographic
characteristics and their leadership behavior practices. SY 2013-2014.
control (Fc = 2.572, p< 0.05). The age (tc = -3.255*, p< 0.05) and type of
school (tc = 2.151, p> 0.05) were the best predictors. The result further
denotes that the younger were the school heads, the greater was their
and inflexible, overemphasize control and use the words “I” and “My” too
fluently. On the other hand the result also implies that the school heads who
were in the public schools were found to have the tendency to practice higher
graduate school in Kabacan, Cotabato, said, “The true leader and experts are
the youth”. This was also proven by the director of young leaders, Forester
level of leadership behavior practices in terms of conflict (Fc = 1.139, p> 0.05)
Table 5b Continued
Model 11 Control
Constant 3.203 13.136 0.000
Age -0.016 -3.255* 0.003
Gender 0.073 0.738 0.467
Civil Status 0.181 0.932 0.360
Position 0.037 1.258 0.220
Highest Educational Attainment -0.007 -0.249 0.805
Tenure 0.011 1.456 0.157
Type of School 0.281 2.151* 0.041
Model Statistics (R-Square =0.409 , F-Value =2.572* , p-Value =0.037 )
Model 12 Conflict
Constant 2.690 7.112 0.000
Age -0.004 -0.527 0.603
Gender 0.140 0.911 0.371
Civil Status -0.434 -1.443 0.161
Position 0.066 1.446 0.160
Highest Educational Attainment 0.009 0.192 0.849
Tenure -0.008 -0.679 0.503
Type of School -0.138 -0.683 0.501
Model Statistics (R-Square = 0.235 , F-Value = 1.139ns, p-Value =0.370 )
school heads did not significantly influence the teachers’ job performance ( Fc
= 0.252, p> 0.05) as revealed in model 13. Not one of the independent
variables taken singly, posted as significant predictor. This result implies that
99
Table 5c. Regression Analysis on the relationship of the school heads' socio-demographic
characteristics and their teachers' job performance. SY 2013-2014.
leadership behavior of the school head in terms of human relation (Fc = 4.989,
p<0.05) as revealed in model 14. This result implies that the better was the
school climate; the better was the school heads’ leadership behavior practices
altering the climate of a school was the principal (Ellis, 1988). The contribution
100
of effective leadership is largest when it was needed the most; there were
school climate and leadership behavior of the school heads in terms of trust
and decision making (Fc= 2.463, p<0.05). The best predictor was the teacher
The result further indicates that the school heads level of trust and
decision making was significantly increased the moment that the teacher-
student relation level was low. Even though climates were variable, they were
as revealed in model 16 in table 6a. Taken, singly none of the school climate
Table 6a.Regression Analysis on the relationship of the school climate and the school heads’
security and maintenance (tc= -2.331, p<0.05), students- peer relationship (tc=
The result implies that the lesser the security and maintenanceof school
heads, the more tighten was the control by school head as control can affect
the school climate and proper monitoring was a part of school management.
p< 0.05) Teacher- student relation (Fc = -2.810) and students academic
orientation (tc = 2.810*,p<o.05) were the best predictors to prove that the
teacher –student relationship had nothing to do with school head behavior for
Table 6a Continuation
Model 17 Control
Constant 1.651 2.453 0.021
Teacher – student relation -0.142 -0.601 0.553
Security and Maintenance -0.323 -2.331* 0.028
Students Academic Orientation 0.464 1.871 0.073
Guidance -0.098 -1.137 0.266
Students-Peer Relationships -0.328 -3.674* 0.001
Instructional Management 0.568 2.861* 0.008
Student Activities 0.308 1.798 0.084
Model Statistics (R-Square = 0.585 , F-Value =5.238* , p-Value =0.001 )
Model 18 Conflict
Constant 4.945 5.009 0.000
Teacher – student relation -0.977 -2.810* 0.009
Security and Maintenance -0.294 -1.445 0.160
Students Academic Orientation 1.022 2.810* 0.009
Guidance -0.072 -0.565 0.577
Students-Peer Relationships -0.110 -0.838 0.410
Instructional Management 0.311 1.069 0.295
Student Activities -0.326 -1.294 0.207
Model Statistics (R-Square = 0.519 , F-Value = 4.008*, p-Value =0.004 )
Table 6b. Regression Analysis on the relationship of the school climate and the teachers'
job performance. SY 2013-2014.
instructional leadership, control and conflict, did not significantly influence their
Table 7 Regression Analysis on the relationship of the school heads' leadership behavior and their teachers'
job performance. SY 2013-2014.
ns
Model Statistics (R-Square =0.128 , F-Value =0.824 , p-Value =0.543)
principal while the principal is also learning from their teachers, hence there is
6. Treat teachers and students with love and compassion but in control.
107
Socio-demographic
Characteristics
1.Age
2.Gender
3. Civil Status
4.Position
5.School Climate
Educational Attainment
6.Tenure ship School
Performance
7.Type of school
1.Teacher – student relation of the
Teachers
2.Security and Maintenance
4. Guidance
5. Students-Peer Relationships
6. Instructional
Leadership Management
Behavior
7. Students
1.Human Activities
Relations
2.Trust and Decision Making
3. Instructional Leadership
3.Control
4.Conflict
108
Legend:
CHAPTER V
behavior of school heads and performance of public and private high school
Summary of Findings
1. Majority of the school heads were from 50-56 years of age, female,
Most of them have been in the service as administrator for 1-5 years
a. School Climate
b. Leadership behavior
terms of control.
c. Teachers’ Performance
110
of conflict.
Conclusions
Based on the given findings, the following are the drawn conclusions:
climate.
Recommendations
they are the leaders of their schools who are looked up to by the
the factors that will create a positive school climate which can
112
better.
performance
school heads .
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114
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B. Unpublished Thesis/Dissertation
APPENDICES
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