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Practice, Pattern and Challenges of Solid Waste Management in Onitsha Metropolis, Nigeria
Practice, Pattern and Challenges of Solid Waste Management in Onitsha Metropolis, Nigeria
1, 16-22
Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajphr/4/1/3
© Science and Education Publishing
DOI:10.12691/ajphr-4-1-3
Abstract Background: Despite efforts at making municipal solid waste management (MSWM) effective, one
key challenge faced by the state and local environmental protection agencies in Nigeria has been inconsistencies in
the pattern of solid waste management by households. Objective: To determine the practice, pattern and challenges
of solid waste management in Onitsha Metropolis. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study of 425
households in Onitsha Metropolis, selected using multistage sampling technique was done. Quantitative data was
collected by interview using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using computer Graph Pad
Prism version 5.3. Tests of statistical significance were carried out using ANalysis Of Variance followed by multiple
comparison done using post hoc Tukey’s HSD (honestly significant difference) test. A p value of < 0.05 was
considered significant. Qualitative data was obtained using key informant interviews. Results: The mean age of the
respondents is 36.84±12.21years. Whereas 244 (57.4%) use government facilities / services, 47 (11.1%) dump theirs
on streets and drainages. Two hundred and ninety five (60.90%) practice some form of waste segregation. There
were statistically significant differences between the areas of residence and household solid waste disposal personnel
(p<0.05), patterns of solid waste disposal (p<0.05) and solid waste separation (p<0.05) respectively. Conclusions:
The study revealed poor waste management practices as well as some relationship between area of residence and
waste disposal personnel, pattern of waste disposal and waste separation respectively. Strategies for improving the
MSWM in Onitshaare thus suggested.
Keywords: Solid waste management pattern, challenges, Onitsha metropolis
Cite This Article: Obiageli F Emelumadu, Obed C Azubike, Chinomnso C Nnebue, Ngozi FAzubike, and
Queencallista N Sidney-Nnebue, “Practice, Pattern and Challenges of Solid Waste Management in Onitsha
Metropolis, Nigeria.” American Journal of Public Health Research, vol. 4, no. 1 (2016): 16-22. doi:
10.12691/ajphr-4-1-3.
Efforts bystate and local environmental protection two participants to indicate their willingness to participate
agenciesin Nigeriato completely get streets and from each of the staff categories were recruited. They
neighborhoods rid of indiscriminate wastes have not comprised two participants from the management staff,
achieved the much desired success. [4,7] This inefficiency two truck drivers, two cleaners, two dump site managers.
has been linked to inadequacies in the waste management Using the Cochran formula for sample size
system. Results from the structural time-related model by determination for descriptive studies in population greater
Nkwocha et al., on evaluating the efficiency of solid waste z 2 pq
collection services in Owerri Nigeria reported about 61% than 10,000, n = [11] where
efficiency in waste collection in the Municipality. [8] The d2
interpretation is that out of the total quantity of waste n= the desired sample size (when population is >10000)
generated in Owerri, 39% were left to accumulate in z = Standard normal deviate at 95 percent confidence
various parts of the town with its attendant negative interval which is set at 1.96.
impacts. p= Nkwochaet al., on evaluating the efficiency of solid
Societal differences has been found to determine who in waste collection services in Owerri Municipality Nigeria
a household is responsible for disposing household waste reported about 61% efficiency in waste collection in the
as well as pattern of waste management. In Chennai Municipality. [8] So p= 0.61, while q = 1 – p = 0.39
household solid waste is disposed of by maids in one- d = Degree of accuracy desired = 0.05
quarter of the households. [9] Urban slums with their (1.96)2 (0.61)(0.39)
= n = 366
peculiarities and difficult terrain are usually left out of (0.05)2
waste management services as was documented by
This study anticipated 80 % response rate and to make
Ononugbo et al., in Enugu Nigeria. [10]
up for this, the calculated sample size n, was divided by a
From the foregoing, Municipal Solid Waste
Management (MSWM) has remained a public health factor f= 80/100
concern. This underscores the need to dispose waste i.e. nf= n/f [11] = 366/0.8= 458
Four hundred and fifty- eight questionnaires were
through an acceptable, systematic and environmental
distributed but 425 were valid on return and were thus
friendly procedure such that man’s health is not adversely
analysed.
affected. With this backdrop, this study set out to
A multistage sampling technique was used.
determine the practice, pattern and challenges of
household waste management in Onitsha Metropolis, Firstly, stratified sampling technique was done,
Nigeria. grouping Onitsha into six zones, using the classification of
Onitsha by ANSEPA. [4]
Secondly, stratified sampling technique was done,
2. Materials and Methods classifying the zones into three using social classification
by occupation. [12,13]
This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in A. Urban Slum- e.g. Upper Iweka and Okpoko typified
Onitsha metropolis in Anambra State, Nigeria. The by semi-skilled workers like truck drivers, machine
metropolis is sub-divided by the Anambra State operators, vendors, construction labourers, security
Environmental Protection Agency (ANSEPA), into six agents.
zones: Okpoko, Fegge, Housing Estate, Upper Iweka, B. High density residential and commercial area e.g.
Inland Town and Government Reservation Area (GRA). Fegge and Inland Town typified by white collar and
[4] The urban slum, Okpoko is characterised by low cost semi-professional workers, nurses, sales man,
buildings, poor road network with high population density traders with shops, fashion designers and caterers.
and the residents are mostly of low socio- economic class. C. Low density residential area- e.g. GRA and Housing
Fegge zone is an urban settlement in Onitsha inhabited by Estate typified by professionals in high business
middle income earners. It has good road network and the concern, bankers, doctors, dentists, professors,
accommodation is predominantly the apartment type with engineers and lawyers.
4-8 households living in the same compound. The GRA is Thirdly, simple random sampling by balloting was done
a low population density zone where usually one or two and three zones were selected, one from each area thus:
households live in a compound. The road network is good, Okpoko from the Urban slum, Fegge from High density
while residents are mostly of high socio-economic class residential and commercial area and the GRA from low
including civil servants. The drainage system is well density residential and commercial area.
organised in Fegge and GRA but poor in Okpoko. The Fourthly, each select area was considered a cluster. A
inhabitants of Onitsha metropolis are predominantly central place in each area was located e.g. market or hall
traders but there is a strong presence of employees of and an empty bottle was spun on the ground (the bottle
private liability companies as well as Federal and State made a minimum of three complete turns before stopping).
civil servants. When it ceased to move, the direction of the neck of the
Included in this study are all the residents who were up bottle was taken as the starting point for the inclusive
to ten years of age, have lived in Onitsha metropolis for at streets.
least two consecutive years and are willing to participate Then systematic sampling technique was used through
in the study. Staff of LAGA International limited (the longitudinal recruitment of households to select eligible
private firm contracted by the State government as and consenting mothers at the household level. This
partners in waste management) who had worked for at enrolment exercise was continued in a clockwise direction
least two consecutive years and who gave consent, were until the required number allotted to each cluster has been
enrolled for the Key Informant Interviews (KII). The first obtained. Where there are more than one household within
18 American Journal of Public Health Research
the compound, a simple random sampling method by males and 209 (49.2%) were married. About 260 (61.2%)
balloting was used to select one household. attained at least the secondary level of education, while
This study used a mix of quantitative (questionnaire) more than 50% were traders.
and qualitative (KII) data collection methods. A semi-
structured interviewer administered questionnaire which Table 1. Respondents’ Socio-demographic characteristics
was designed based on the research topic and objectives: Characteristics Frequency, N=425 %
Section A consisted of bio-data of the respondents while Age (years)
10-19 21 4.9
section B consisted of questions to assess respondents’
20-29 115 27.1
practice and pattern of waste management. The
30-39 125 29.4
questionnaire was designed in English, translated into
40-49 94 22.1
Igbo language and then back-translated into English but 50-59 47 11.1
was administered in Igbo language by three assistants 60-69 19 4.5
(LAGA staff) trained in interview technique. The 70-79 4 0.9
questionnaire was pre-tested on some residents of Nnewi, Mean age in yrs = 36.84 +12.21 years
an urban area in Anambra state to determine Sex
suitability/appropriateness of the questions. Key Male 258 60.7
Informant Interview (KII) was conducted on Staff of Female 167 39.3
Waste Management Agencies using a KII guide. Male: Female = 1.5: 1
Each completed questionnaire was reviewed for Marital status
completeness prior to analysis. The data collected was Single 189 43.4
sorted and analyzed in respect to the demographic Married 209 49.2
characteristics of the respondents. Area of residence was Divorced/Separated 13 3.0
Widowed 9 3.1
also used in the categorisation of respondents so as to see
Non- response 5 1.2
the effect of residence on the practice, pattern and
Educational status
challenges of solid waste management among residents in No formal education 27 6.4
the Metropolis. Primary 128 30.1
Descriptive and analytical statistics of the data were Secondary 171 40.2
carried out using computer Graph Pad Prism version 5.3. Tertiary 89 20.9
Summary indices were generated and descriptive data Non-response 10 2.0
were presented as simple frequencies and percentages. Occupation
Tests of statistical significance were carried out using Civil servants 115 27.1
ANalysis Of Variance (ANOVA). Multiple comparison Traders 224 52.7
was done using post hoc Tukey’s HSD (honestly Farmers 21 4.9
significant difference) test, after ANOVA has shown that Artisans 33 7.8
a statistically significant difference exists among area of Students 30 7.1
residence and personnel designated for waste disposal in Non-response 2 0.4
the household, household solid waste disposal pattern and Table 2 shows the patterns of solid waste disposal by
waste separation respectively. A p value of < 0.05 was the respondents. Two hundred and forty four (57.4%) use
considered significant. The KII findings were analysed government facilities / services, 115 (27.1 %) use private
thematically and quotes made. contractors and 47 (11.1%) dump refuse on streets and
Ethical clearance was sought and obtained from drainages. Two hundred and ninety five (60.90%) practice
Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Ethical waste segregation and in 211(49.6%) of the households,
Committee (NAUTHEC) before the work was carried out. children were the persons that dispose wastes.
Written permission to carry out this study was sought and
obtained from the appropriate authorities in the Ministry Table 2. Patterns of solid waste disposal
Patterns of solid waste disposal Frequency Percent
of Environment. Consent and co-operation of the
Persons that dispose household waste
respondents was solicited and obtained for the conduct
House helps 94 22.1
and publication of this research study. All authors hereby Children 211 49.6
declare that the study has therefore been performed in Wife 13 3.1
accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the Husband 21 4.9
1964 Declaration of Helsinki. Not specific 80 18.8
Non response 6 1.4
Total 425 100.0
3. Results Prior segregation of solid waste for disposal
Yes 295 60.9
3.1. Summary of Quantitative Data from No 166 39.1
Total 425 100.0
Questionnaire Disposal facility used
Table 1 shows respondents’ Socio-demographic Govt facilities / services 244 57.4
characteristics. Four hundred and fifty- eight Private contractors 115 27.1
questionnaires were distributed but 425 were valid on Street and drainages 47 11.1
return and were thus analysed giving a response rate of Others ** 17 4.0
92.8%. The mean age of the respondents is 36.84±12.21 Non-response 2 0.5
Total 425 100.0
years. Majority of the respondents 258 (60.7%) were
** Burning, burying,
American Journal of Public Health Research 19
Table 3 shows respondent’s residence and solid waste statistically significant difference between area of
disposal personnel. There is a statistically significant residence and practice of solid waste segregation between
difference between area of residence and solid waste Okpoko and Fegge (p=0.022, CI= 0.27-0.20), GRA and
disposal personnel (F=31.529, p<0.05). A multiple Fegge (p=0.002, CI= 0.38-0.07), but there was no
comparison test (post hoc test) carried out after ANOVA statistically significant difference between Okpoko and
showed statistically significant difference between area of GRA (p=0.002, CI=0.38-0.07).
residence and waste disposal personnel between Okpoko
and Fegge (p=0.000, CI= 0.74-1.42), Okpoko and GRA Table 5. Relationship between Residence and Solid Waste
(p=0.000, CI=0.46-1.26), while there was no statistically Separation
Residence Solid waste separation Total
significant difference between GRA and Fegge (p=0.428,
Yes No
CI= 0.28-0.65).
Okpoko 127 72 199
Fegge 69 70 139
Table 3. Relationship between residence and solid waste disposal
GRA 63 24 87
personnel
Residence Disposal personnel Total Total 259 166 425
Servant Children Wife Husband Others F = 6.637, p< 0.05*
Okpoko 23 95 7 6 68 199 Post Hoc Test
Fegge 46 77 4 4 12 141 Turkey HSD Multiple p value 95% Confidence Interval
comparison
GRA 25 39 2 13 6 85
Lower Upper
Total 94 211 13 21 86 425 boundary boundary
F= 31.529, p < 0.05* Okpoko and Fegge 0.022* 0.27 0.20
Post Hoc Test Okpoko and GRA 0.349** 0.06 0.23
Turkey HSD Multiple p value 95% Confidence Interval GRA and Fegge 0.002* 0.38 0.07
comparison * p<0.05= statistically significant
Lower Upper ** p>0.05= not statistically significant
boundary boundary
Okpoko and Fegge 0.000* 0.74 1.42
Table 6 shows respondents’ major waste management
Okpoko and GRA 0.000* 0.46 1.26 challenges. Irregular solid waste collection by waste
GRA and Fegge 0.428** 0.20 0.65 management trucks, ranked topmost with 237 (55.8%),
* p<0.05= statistically significant while non availability of collection center was next with
** p>0.05= not statistically significant 141 (33.2%).
Table 4 shows the relationship between residence and
household pattern of solid waste disposal. There is a Table 6. Respondents’ major waste management challenges
statistically significant difference between area of Challenges Frequency Percent
residence and household pattern of solid waste disposal Irregular waste collection 237 55.8
Non availability of collection center 141 33.2
(F=6.717, p<0.05). A multiple comparison test (post hoc
Improper disposal of waste collected 34 8.0
test) carried out after ANOVA showed statistically
Poor attitude 10 2.4
significant difference between area of residence and
No response 3 0.7
household pattern of solid waste disposal between Okpoko Total 425 100.0
and Fegge (p=0.011, CI= 0.05-0.48), Okpoko and GRA
(p=0.006, CI=0.08-0.59), while there was no statistically
significant difference between GRA and Fegge (p=0.820, 3.2. KII Report Summary of LAGA Waste
CI= 0.34-0.20). Management Agency’s Staff in Onitsha
The key findings include: On the description of
Table 4. Relationship between residence and pattern of solid waste
disposal
environment, an environment is considered as being neat,
Residence Household solid waste disposal pattern Total if refuse is not seen littered along the roads. Onitsha was
Govt Private Street Others not considered a neat environment, and suggestions made
facilities contractors dumping for improvement include employing more waste
Okpoko 91 74 23 11 199 management staff and buying more equipment for
Fegge 96 19 21 4 140 them.Also households can help maintain the neatness of
GRA 57 22 3 4 86 Onitsha by ensuring they throw refuse inside the provided
Total 244 115 47 19 425
bins instead of dropping it around the waste bin.
F= 6.717, p< 0.05*
On disciplinary measures that will serve as a deterrent
Post Hoc Test
Turkey HSD Multiple p value 95% Confidence Interval
for those that make Onitsha dirty, suggestions were made
comparison for a task force (a team that will enforce conformance to
Lower Upper standard waste management practices) to be set up which
boundary boundary will seize the wheelbarrows of those who throw their
Okpoko and Fegge 0.011* 0.05 0.48
waste on the floor, till they put the wastes in the bins
Okpoko and GRA 0.006* 0.08 0.59
provided for this purpose-“The only language that
GRA and Fegge 0.820** 0.34 0.20
Onitsha residents understand is task force.” Also relevant
* p<0.05= statistically significant
** p>0.05= not statistically significant laws should be implemented so that defaulters will be
Table 5 shows relationship between residence and solid made to pay a fine or go to jail.
waste separation. There is a statistically significant On the role of the organised private sector in solid
difference between area of residence and solid waste waste management in Onitsha, it was reported that they
separation (F=6.637, p<0.05). A multiple comparison test are quite helpful as the organised task force of landlord
(post hoc test) carried out after ANOVA showed association is yielding positive results in areas with
20 American Journal of Public Health Research
difficult terrains like in Okpoko. Landlord association is in most of the households did not recycle their solid waste,
partnership here and sometimes trucks and tippers carte [19] while a study in Limpopo South Africa recorded that
away refuse with each street serviced on special days. waste collected is not sorted into recyclables or non-
To awaken people’s interest towards proper waste recyclables and is all disposed of at the final dumpsite
disposal in Onitsha, sensitization using the electronic, unsorted. [21] This is at variance with the practice in
print and other information disseminating media was Curitiba Brazil where the City council educated and
proffered. sensitized residents on how to sort their waste. [22]
On the proper way of disposing waste collected in Source separation collection, as a waste reduction method,
Onitsha, they proposed sanitary landfill as a means of has been successfully carried out in demonstration
eradicating the open dump sites that exists presently. residential and commercial areas in Beijing China such
The challenges encountered in the course of carrying that Demonstration districts have been advocated.23This
out your duties as a waste management staff are lack of further elucidates the case for the introduction of recycling
access to some neighborhoods due to poor road network, programme by the authorities as studies have shown that
poor maintenance of equipment, poor/delayed staff 60% of waste generated in the households can be recycled,
welfare packages and disrespectful attitude of residents to if proper waste recycling system is put into place. [14,16]
waste management staff.” In Germany waste management Our findings showed some relationship between area of
staff work with self-esteem”. Also mentioned, was that residence and waste disposal personnel between Okpoko
there was no arrangement to collect solid waste from and Feggeas well as Okpoko and GRA. This is in tandem
residents in a segregated form because only one with the finding of the study on Residents’ knowledge,
receptacle is used. In the same vein, the street sweepers behavior and practices of municipal solid waste
could not work at night, therefore the collection work management in Chandigarh and Hyderabad India. [9]
hour could not match waste generation. However, between GRA and Fegge there was no
relationship in waste disposal personnel. This may be due
to the time for waste disposal as they receive similar
4. Discussion services, allowing people to dispose at will sometimes in
the collation bins.
The response rate of 92.8% achieved in our study There was a relationship between area of residence and
corresponds with the response rate in the study by Adogu pattern of waste disposal. But the significant relationship
and colleagues in the assessment of waste management in waste separation between Okpoko and GRA, may be
practices among residents of Owerri Municipal Nigeria. because people in the lower social class residing in the
[14] Majority of the respondents (56.5%) were aged earlier are usually employed to take care of some domestic
between 20-39 years. This alsoagrees with the finding of functions by those in the high income areas (GRA), hence
the Owerri study. [14] the similarity. Thus the heads of the households and their
The findings of our study revealed that majority of the children may not know much about how their servants and
residents (68.5%) dispose of the waste generated via maids handle solid waste.
government agencies or private contractors, whilemore There was no significant difference in waste disposal
than one tenth of the generated waste is not accounted for. pattern between Fegge and GRA. This may be because the
This finding is consistent with findings in Owerri Nigeria same method is used by LAGA for both areas. They have
and Accra Ghana. [8,15] The reason for this could be non- their vehicles moving round the area, picking the waste
availability of dump sites in the area as wasobserved by from households and to remove the collection bins. This is
Nkwocha and Okeomain the study on street littering in in contrast with the operation in Okpoko where the KII
Nigeria towns. Difficulty in accessibility due to findings revealed that a different arrangement exists (the
challenging terrain has also been reportedly attributed. [16] Landlord association is in partnership here and sometimes
The study result showed that residents of Onitsha still trucks and tippers carte away refuse with each street
practice open dumping. This agrees with the findings of serviced on special days).
other studies. [17,18,19] This practice raises some public From our findings one major challenge in proper waste
health concern as it encourages proliferation of houseflies, disposal in Onitsha is irregularity in collection pattern by
mosquitoes, rats and other vermin and aid in the spread of the waste management authorities. This finding agrees
infectious diseases amongst other hazards that present with the observation in Mutare Zimbabwe. [24] The
threats to human health and the environment. [19] This irregularity in solid waste collection in Onitsha may be
implies that instead ofusing ideal sanitary landfill due to poor funding of the solid waste management
(equipped with features such as weighbridge, internal contractors and agencies. This finding is consistent with
access, treatment plant, leachate collection system, gas the findings by other authors. [17,25] Non-availability of
recovery system and being sited far from human waste collection center was also reported andcould explain
settlements and existing water bodies to help avert public the unhealthy habit of disposal shown by this study. This
health nuisance), [20] most of the waste generated in the agrees with the finding by Nkwocha and Okeoma who
study area is deposited in environmentally unsafe sites. observed that 87.9% of their respondents in 120 streets
This study also showed that about six out of every ten selected from 20 urban centers in the six geopolitical
households practice at least a form of solid waste zones of Nigeria stated that absence of waste bins is the
separation. This effort is however defeated since the reason for littering the streets with solid waste. [26]
results of the KII revealed that the waste management Apparent absence of policies and laws to prosecute
agency has no arrangement for the collection of solid offenders on improper waste disposal was also revealed by
waste from residents in a segregated form since only one a participant in the KII who noted “the only language that
receptacle is used. Findings in Awka Nigeria, showed that Onitsha residents understand is task force”. Another
American Journal of Public Health Research 21
challenge observed in our study was low self-esteem management staff to make the job more lucrative and
among some waste management staff. One of the KII attractive.
participants observed that Onitsha residents look down on 7. The above recommendations cannot be put in place
their staff and noted that “in Germany waste management without political will to ensure improved budgetary
staff work with self-esteem”. This agrees with Cointreau- allocation and appropriate legislation.
Levine who observed that in developing countries of the
world, young people do not take up waste management
job hoping to keep it till their retirement as they do not Acknowledgments
want to be associated with solid waste and its low societal
perception. [26] This work was part of a dissertation submitted to the
Limitation of study: Some residents refused to open School of Postgraduate Studies, Nnamdi Azikiwe
their gates or attend to the interviewers perhaps because of University, Nigeria in part fulfillment of the requirements
the precarious security situation in the state at that time. for the award of the Master of Public Health in
This setback was however largely circumvented by Community Medicine.
selection of well-known residents as guides for the
interviewers.
Source of Support or Funding
5. Conclusions None.
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