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Dickella Premakumara Final Best Practices PDF
Dickella Premakumara Final Best Practices PDF
Innovations in
Community-Based
Solid Waste Management
in Cebu
This report was prepared by D.G.J.Premakumara, IGES in collaboration with A2D
Project—Research Group for Alternatives to Development Inc. to communicate
the lessons learned from the Community-Based Solid Waste Management System
Development Project in Cebu, Philippines under the Japan Fund for Global
Environment during 2010/2012.
Contents
Acknowledgments i
Foreword ii
Introduction 1
Municipal Solid Waste Management
System and Practices in Cebu City 3
The Takakura Method of Composting 5
Benefits of Community-Based
Solid Waste Management and Composting 10
Lessons Learned 13
Kalunasan: Providing Mother Compost for a
Metropolis 16
Luz: Engaging the Private Sector in a Sustainable
Partnership 18
Talamban: Adopting New Technology for Sustainable
SWM 20
San Francisco: Harnessing the Purok for
Community-Based SWM 22
Mandaue City: Training New Leaders for SWM
Sustainability 24
Sunpride Foods Inc.: Commitment to Reduce Waste
at the Source 25
STC: Promoting Responsibility for the Environment
through Composting 27
Talisay and Lapulapu: Initiating Change for SWM
Sustainability 28
References 29
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CEBU
Acknowledgments
The project activities were carried out in partnership with Kitakyushu International-
Techno Cooperative Association (KITA), the Institute for Global Environmental
Strategies (IGES), the J-POWE/Jpec Group Inc. in Kitakyushu City, Japan and the
City of Cebu and its stakeholders including barangay officials, community-based
organizations (CBOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private institutes
and academic groups in the Philippines. We would like to thank all those who
provided valuable information and advice in making this report. The findings,
interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are entirely those of the author
and should not be attributed to any affiliated organizations or their representatives.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CEBU
Foreword
The partnership undertaken by the City of Cebu (Philippines) and Kitakyushu City, Japan to
promote a decentralized, community-based composting system through the KitaQ System
Composting in Asia Project and the success attained are affirmations that much can be
achieved if citizens are taught environmentally sustainable principles and provided the
logistical and policy support to practice effective methods in their respective communities.
Methods and approaches similar to the KitaQ System Composting are essential in any
participatory environmental management program. This has been confirmed through
the recognition bestowed to some local government units and entities practicing similar
programs.
Indeed, the challenges posed by an increasing volume of solid waste in a rapidly growing
society, exacerbated by a “throw away” mentality, continue to hound economies in many
parts of the globe.
This becomes a governance issue as well because ineffective solid waste management
affects public health, contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, aggravates climate
change, and derails any attempt to attain sustainable development.
The situation becomes untenable such that some government leaders and policy makers
resort to technologies that claim to be the panacea to all solid waste problems. Most often,
such approaches are contrary not only to universally accepted environmental standards
but also to the basic principle that working with communities rather than just relying on
technologies is essential in resolving problems of this magnitude.
We, therefore, need to sustain projects and collaborations utilizing effective approaches
such as the KitaQ System Composting, to continue promoting the same in the communities,
and to pursue active information campaign. Such campaign should mobilize the citizens to
practice waste avoidance and resource recovery and to employ source reduction and waste
minimization measures, such as composting and recycling.
For the City of Cebu, we maintain our faith in promoting composting both in the household
and barangay levels, thus the continuing pursuit to teach Cebuanos the Takakura composting
method and to help barangays establish composting and material recovery facilities.
I am expressing my deep appreciation to our Kitakyushu City partners, the Kitakyushu
International Techno-Cooperative Association (KITA) and the Institute for Global
Environmental Strategies (IGES), for providing their knowledge, time and resources to
help empower communities and make them responsive to the challenges on solid waste
management.
Nida C. Cabrera
City Councilor – North District, City of Cebu
Chairperson – Committee on Parks and Playground, Wildlife, Ecology and Environmental
Management, Cebu City Council
Cebu City, Philippines
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Introduction
The island of Cebu is located in Central Philippines, waste, which is
about 600 km south of Manila, the country’s capital. often mixed with
Metro Cebu, the second largest metropolis in the human and animal
Philippines, is a coastal urban sprawl comprising excreta, is dumped
four (4) cities of Cebu, Mandaue, Lapu-lapu and i n d i s c r i m i n a te ly
Talisay; and six (6) municipalities of Compostela, in the streets and
Lilo-an, Consolacion, Cordova, Minglanilla and in drains, thus
Naga. It has an approximate total land area of contributing to
74,209 hectares and accomodates about 1.6 flooding. The
million people according to the year 2000 census. urban poor, who
About 70% of the economic activities of the region are living in the
are concentrated in Metro Cebu (Cebu City, 2007). low-income areas,
suffer most from
Solid Waste Management (SWM) is considered to the life-threatening
be one of the most serious environmental issues conditions deriving
confronting urban areas in Metro Cebu. Rapid from deficient
urbanization and economic growth in the region management of
have resulted in a corresponding growth of solid solid waste. Figure 1: The Location of Cebu
waste, which local governments find difficult to Source: http://www.cebulan-
manage. The most common guages.com
existing treatment method throughout the region
SWM is primarily the responsibility of local is land filling, as it remains the cheapest and easiest
governments. It is the largest single budget way to dispose of waste. However, many landfills
allocation, though many local governments in the in developing countries are poorly designed
region are struggling to provide at least the most and uncontrolled, effectively turning into open,
basic level of waste services to its citizens. Typically, unsanitary dumpsites. The existing dumpsites
one to two thirds of the solid waste generated have most often reached their maximum capacity
in the region is not collected. The uncollected and finding new sites is becoming an increasingly
Table 1: Population, Density and Growth Rate in Metro Cebu, Province and Philippines difficult task for local
(Source: City Planning and Development Office, Cebu City, 2007) governments due to
Total Population in Population Density in Annual Growth Rate, the scarcity of suitable
2000 2000 (pr sq.km.) 1995-2000 (%) land within their
Cebu city 718,821 2,204 1.77 boundaries and the
Mandaue city 259,728 6,743 6.36 increasing costs and
Lapu Lapu city 217,019 2,933 4.88 land values. This results
Talisay city 148,110 3,062 4.56 in serious local, regional
Naga city 80,189 702 3.27 and global public and
environmental health
Minglanilla city 77,268 1,277 4.64
problems, including
Liloan 64,970 1,130 5.33
air pollution, soil
Consolacion city 62,298 1,170 5.18
and groundwater
Cordova city 34,032 3,146 5.41 contamination and
Metro Cebu 1,693,831 1,990 2.26 emission of greenhouse
Province 2,377,588 603 3.07 gases (GHGs).
Philippines 76,498,735 229 2.36
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Preparation
• Rice husk “Aside from hosting the city’s main
• Rice bran composting center, I think one of the best
• Fermented foods practices of Kalunasan is its commitment
• (such as: Lactopafi, Tuba coconut wine, dry to strictly observe city ordinances on
yeast)
• Humus(forest soil) solid waste management and promote
• Mushroom knowledge sharing in schools.”
• Sugar -Jovencio T. Lopez, Barangay Administrator
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CEBU
Distribution of compost baskets to individual Table 3: The distribution list of Composting Basket in
households Cebu City (Source: Cebu City. Compiled by Premakumara,
2010/2011)
Cebu City distributed composting baskets Name of the Barangay No. of Baskets
as a simple way to treat organic waste in the
Barangay Punta Princesa 71
household. The BEOs share information on
Barangay Inayawan 51
household composting and educate residents
Barangay Quiot 134
in their barangays with the assistance of the
women’s organizations, homeowners associations Barangay T. Padilla 4
and NGOs about the benefits of keeping the Barangay Capital Site 13
environment clean and green. Households that Barangay Ermita 29
gained sufficient knowledge of the functions of Barangay Guadalupe 136
the compost basket and shown interest in its use Barangay Labangon 183
were selected to receive the free baskets from the Barangay Sambag 11 20
city. People were educated about the way to cut Barangay Tisa 30
their kitchen waste into small pieces and put them Barangay Tag Bao 40
into the compost basket. In two to three weeks,
Barangay Mambaling 71
the organic waste is converted into compost that
Barangay Luz 25
is commonly used to grow vegetables and herbal
plants in their home gardens. The recyclable Barangay Carrita 25
materials are collected separately and sold to the Cebu Environmental Sanitation
465
Enforcement Team (CESET)
junk shops. To date, the city officials have already
distributed about 2,350 baskets within the city Others 1053
limit. However, it was identified that this approach Total 2,350
could be very effective in the
barangays where residents Special Waste Mixed Residue
2.00% 7.84%
have a good education on the
Hazardous Waste
environment, basic knowledge 0.32%
Glass
on how to make composting, 1.63%
commitment to use the basket Paper
Metal
and availability of effective Construction Materials 16.18%
3.51%
1.00%
follow-up and monitoring Electronics
system. At present, BOEs are 0.10%
involved in following up and Plastics
monitoring the household Organic 16.87%
50.56%
baskets and troubleshooting by
helping households with their
composting activities.
Figure 5: The Composition of Municipal Solid Waste in Cebu City. Source: Cebu City, 2012
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CEBU
Figure 6: Training and distribution of compost baskets to the residents. Photo: Premakumara, 2010/2011
Construction and operation of model composting the European crawler, that can multiply fast and
schemes at barangay level sell at a high price) and/or a windrow method
with the fermented microorganism (the popular
With the technical and financial assistance of Cebu method now widely known as the “Takakura
City, some barangays have established their own Method”). The compost product is mainly used for
composting schemes. These composting schemes the greenery of the barangay or sold within the
are small in scale (less than one ton/day) and largely barangay, where marketing strategies are limited
rely on segregated waste from nearby residents to personal contact among the collectors or core
and/or market waste. The residents are educated members of the associations. Compost prices have
to separate waste at source. Separated organic ranged from 8 to 20 pesos which also reflect the
waste is then collected by the BEOs and transported middle and high income users targeted in the areas
to the composting facility. In some cases the waste where these schemes are often located. The main
collectors also sort mixed waste into different piles challenges for these schemes are cooperation of
during the collection process, as not all segregate residents, finding land in suitable locations, odour
the biodegradable pile. At the composting facility, complaints by the nearby residents, especially for
biodegradable waste is treated by using vermin vermin compost facilities and the lack of capacity,
composting (with special types of worms, such interest and willingness of the barangay staff.
as the redworm, the African nightcrawler and
Figure 7: Composting facilities in barangay Talamban and Luz. Photo: Premakumara, 2010/2011
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Medium-scale business oriented enterprises financial figures, some complaints from nearby
These composting schemes are run by individual residents, and lack of support from the barangay
entrepreneurs, NGOs and cooperatives at and the city government.
barangays, who have identified the organic waste
treatment and recycling as a business opportunity Composting at institution and company
and found a market for the end products. premises
Entrepreneurs have invested private money in These composting schemes are set in different
the business or taken loans. The cooperatives, on organizational setups. They are initiated and
the other hand, got financial assistance from their operated by the institution or company to treat
barangays and private ventures to cover the initial the organic waste generated within their own
capital costs. They all focus on pure organic waste premises. The decision to start the composting
streams such as waste from vegetable, fruits or facility results from an unreliable waste collection
flower markets as well as residuals from business service of the barangay, from cost saving, and/
premises rather than household collections. or from environmental consciousness. The
The scale of the composting facilities is varied employees of the institution operate the facilities
from one to two tons/day and the composting themselves. The composting methods and scales
methods are usually similar to the ones already of operation that are chosen in these schemes are
mentioned. After the compost is matured, it will usually similar to the ones already mentioned.
be packed and ready to market. Each composting The most common method was bin or box
facility has its own marketing strategies and most composting in combination with windrow/native
commonly the compost product is sold through microorganism method. Most of the compost
a fertilizer distribution company. For additional produced is used on the premises, but some are
income, some entrepreneurs act as consultants marketed. While a company or institution has
for associations or companies wanting to start to pay the barangay for transport of waste from
composting activities or cross-subsidize the their premises to the landfill, savings in collection
composting activities with the revenues from and transport fees can be achieved by recycling
waste collection fees and selling of the recyclable and composting. The advantage of this type of
materials. These composting facilities with a composting scheme is the relative ease and speed
business approach provide job opportunities to of decision making as well as tight monitoring of
low income groups. Both male and female workers the scheme. Decisions are usually taken by the one
profit from the business; they are employed for in charge of the environmental department of the
waste collection, sorting, composting or as drivers. organization and are less dependent on municipal
The key challenges faced by these composting collaboration. However, by offering incentives and
facilities are finding a suitable land, initial capital technical assistance to companies, the municipality
for covering the cost, difficulties in covering the can facilitate the process of initiating composting
cost only through the sale of composting, scarcity programmes at the institutional level.
of documentation of waste flows and unclear
Figure 8: Composting facilities at SunPride Company and Handuraw Pizza Restaurant. Photo: Premakumara, 2010/2011
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This project was started by Emma Rama and two of her friends from the Permaculture Learning
Group in Cebu City as a solution to treat organic waste discharged by her neighbour, Creative
Cuisine, a well-known catering service company located in the residential sub-division of barangay
Lahug. The uncollected stock of left-over food and kitchen waste of the catering company created an
unhealthy environment in the neighbourhood. One day Emma Rama and her team proposed the idea
of composting as a solution to the problem and negotiated with the owner of the catering company to
give them organic waste every day. The owner of the catering company found the idea good, because
he could then save on the monthly fee of 4,000 pesos for a private company to transport his waste to
a landfill, even though the waste collection service was not satisfactoy. Emma’s team established a
small composting plant in her vacant land and started to make compost, accepting about 0.3 tonnes of
organic waste daily from the catering company and from her own residence. One of the team members,
Cassy, who knows the Takakura Composting Method, helped her to train a worker on how to make
compost effectively. The compost plant required about 25,000 pesos for initial costs and 6,000 pesos
monthly for its operation and management. While Emma has a passion for and some experience in
organic farming, she started to grow herbal plants using the compost products and sell them to the
nearby supermarkets and malls in addition to selling the compost product at 10 pesos/kg. Gradually,
she found a good demand for both her herbal plants and the compost products.
After a year of operation, the team expanded the composting activities to address the large demand for
organic composting not only within Cebu City but also from the entire region. A new company called
Composting Plant Bio Nutrient Waste Management Inc. was established in partnership with Cebu Solid
Waste Management Inc, a waste recycling company and a new compost plant that was constructed in
the site next to the landfill site in Inayawan. Currently, the compost plant of simple structure accepts
about 12 tonnes of organic waste per day from the markets and shopping malls. The private collection
companies transport the waste to the compost plant free of charge. At the compost plant, about 10-
15 workers and one supervisor are recruited to separate waste and operate the compost piles. After
segregation, the larger materials are shredded and manually fed to the compost plant daily. Most of
these workers are scavengers who were in the landfill site and now earn about 200 peso/day. The
payment for the supervisor is about 300 pesos/day.
While the compost plant is at an experimental stage, it is very difficult to analyze the cost and benefits.
However, the data gathered from personal communication indicate that estimated income of the
plant is enough to cover the operational costs easily. The daily operation cost is about 9,300 pesos
(personnel cost is about 3,300 and other management costs are about 6,000), which can be covered
by the daily income of 12,000 pesos (sale of 3,000 kg of compost at 4 pesos/kg). The compost plant
is now negotiating with Cebu City for the processing of 50 tonnes of market waste from the Carbon
market, with a tipping fee of 700 pesos/ton, the introduction of some mechanical applications for the
operation, agreeing on a business strategy and getting a composting certificate from the Agricultural
Department.
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Benefits of Community-Based
Solid Waste Management and Composting
The experiences of Cebu have identified the introduce waste separation at source, recycling
enormous potential of community-based SWM and and composting activities at community-scale,
composting in achieving sustainable development about 30% waste reduction target was achieved
with strong economic, social and environmental by 2012.
benefits.
Reducing Municipal Budget for Waste
Achieving Waste Reduction Targets Management
The successful community-based SWM and The reduction of waste to be landfilled brings
composting programmes reduce the waste to be a significant reduction of the municipal budget
landfilled by diverting a larger amount of waste for waste collection, transportation, and landfill
from the municipal stream close to the source management, which can be used for further
of generation. As Figure 9 shows, the municipal upscale of the community-based SWM activities in
waste generation in Cebu City has increased from the city or any other development activity in the
212 tonnes/day in 1982 to 470 tonnes/day in barangays.
2010. However, since the city has taken efforts to
The estimation shows that reduction of 30% or 140 tonnes/day waste to be landfilled brings the
following cost savings for Cebu City. (Source: Personal communication with the Director Engineer
of DPS, 2012)
• Cost for waste collection and transport to the Inayawan landfill (800 pesos/ tonne x 140 tonnes)
= 112,000 pesos
• Cost pay for the private company for waste transportation from Inayawan to Consolacion final
landfill site (200 pesos/tonne X 140 tonnes) = 28,000 pesos
• Tipping fee for waste dumping at the Inayawan landfill (750 pesos x 140 tonnes) = 105,000
pesos
500
450
400
350
300 Total Waste
250 Trasported to
Landfill (tons/day)
200
150
100
50
0
1982 2001 2008 2010 2012 Aug
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Generating Livelihood and Strengthening Local local economic opportunities for them, especially
Economy poor housewives. A Bayanihan center was formed
in each sitio to buy the recyclable materials and
The experiences of Cebu City have also recognized train a pool of trainers to make handicraft, such
the potential of community-based SWM and as bags, plant hangers, and flower pots using
composting activities in generating livelihood the collected recyclable materials. Composting
and creating local economic opportunities for is promoted at both household and community
community members through the promotion of scales to treat the collected organic waste. As
recycling, hiring waste collectors, and establishing Table 4 shows this programme has resulted in
composting facilities. As shown in barangay Luz, creating about 338 new job opportunities for the
one of the successful model barangays in Cebu poor residents, giving them additional income of
City, its Kuwarta Sa Basura Programme (KSBP) has 404,500 pesos per month.
benefited the residents by creating livelihood and
Table 4: The creation of job opportunities through composting and material recovery facility in barangay Luz in
2011 (Source: Barangay Luz. Compiled by Premakumara and St. Teresas College, 2012)
No of new job Average monthly income Total monthly income
opportunities are created in Peso generated in Peso
Direct job opportunities at the composting facility and the material recovery facility
Waste separation, collection and
15 6,000 90,000
transport to the facility
Composting facility 6 6,000 36,000
Eco centre assistant 2 3,000 6,000
In-direct job opportunities created with the programme
Collection of recyclable
40 1,500 60,000
materials
Production of handicrafts from
75 1,500 – 3,000 112,500
the recyclable materials
Household composting and
200 500 – 1,000 100,000
cultivating worms for selling
Total 338 404,500
Figure 9: Community Recycling Activities in Barangay Luz. Source: Cebu City, 2012
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Strengthening Community Cohesion crop production, the green revolution had caused
These experiences have also highlighted negative side effects through excessive use of
the importance of community participation chemical fertlizers causing depletion of top soils
in community-based SWM and composting and ground water pollution. The high organic
throughout the project cycle. The programmes matter content in compost will help to re-establish
have created space for community involvement the natural soil structure leading to improved crop
in local decision making, raised awareness production. Urban agriculture plays an exceptional
and understanding on environmental issues, role in the provision of fresh food for urban
developed partnership, trust and understanding dwellers and the realization of a good market for
among service providers and different groups compost production.
in the community, and enhanced opportunities
for vulnerable groups to take part in meaningful Improper waste disposal has also received
activity. increasing attention in relation to climate change,
particularly as a significant contributor to
Improving Local and Global Environment greenhouse gases (GHG). One measure for reducing
The community-based SWM and composting GHG emissions at lowest cost and in a sustainable
programmes often bring environmental and way in developing cities is the promotion of
health benefits to the residents through improving composting. Composting falls under the category
the primary waste collection and treatment at the of greenhouse-gas-avoiding measures. Organic
neighbourhood level. Uncollected waste provides waste, which is composted under aerobic
breeding grounds for disease vectors, such as conditions, produces less greenhouse effect (in
those of 22 human diseases identified as linked terms of CO2 equivalents) than organic waste
to improper SWM (World Bank, 1999). Improper dumped in landfills. As landfills are typically
waste dumping had blocked urban waterways in anaerobic, the waste generates methane, which
the barangays which cause flooding during the has a 21-fold stronger impact on global warming
rainy season. However, the communities which than CO2. The rough estimation based on the
have proper SWM system noticed less impact on UNFCC report “Avoided emissions from organic
flooding incidents in their place. waste composting at landfill sites” (UNFCCC, 2005)
suggests that there has also been a reduction of
From the global perspective, composting practices greenhouse gases generated in landfills through
certainly produce a valuable enhancement to soil composting in Cebu City as equal to 12,000 tonnes
for agriculture. Despite significant increases in of CO2 equivalent in 2012.
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Lessons Learned
The cases presented in this report cover a wide establish a shared vision and strategic framework
range of innovative practices and initiatives among stakeholders, secure the political will,
in addressing the problem of SWM in Cebu. enable and regulate the national policies, involve
Experience shows that the conventional way of the community and private sectors, manage the
waste management by relegating responsibilities implementation, and lead ongoing, systematic
solely to the government officials has proven monitoring and evaluation activities; communities
to be no longer effective. As can be seen in the can organize the members, raise community
cases documented in this report, successful awareness, and implement the community-
community-based waste management practices based practices; households can segregate waste
are multi-faceted, involving several stakeholders at source and participate in the community
in the process of implementation. To implement activities; the local private sector can promote/
an innovative community-based SWM and produce sustainable technology, develop financing
composting progarmme city-wide, careful mechanisms, and pursue partnership; and
planning, organization and cooperation among development partners can contribute technical
these stakeholders are needed. As shown in guidance to facilitate research, planning, design,
Figure 10, national and state governments can capacity building, implementation, and monitoring
create the enabling policy environment needed activities. The important lessons that were gained
to support the community-based SWM and from the case study assessments include:
composting programmes; local governments can
Figure 10: Partnership Model for Implementing Community-based SWM and Composting. Source: By Authors, 2012
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Best Practices
Barangay Luz:
Engaging the Private Sector in a Sustainable Partnership
Barangay Luz barangay is a class-A local
government unit located in the North District
of Cebu City, between barangays Hipodromo
and Mabolo. It has a total population of 16,238.
From being a largely residential community, the
barangay evolved in over half a century to become
a bustling commercial area. It is now home to a
major mall, several high-rise office buildings, and
hotels. With urbanization and rapid population
growth, Barangay Luz, like other areas in the city,
eventually encountered a big stumbling block in
its solid waste management.
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-Ronilio M. Sab-a,
Employment of Out-of-School Youth Barangay Secretary
Year No. of youths hired per year
2008 120
2009 160
2010 220
2011 1000
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Best Practices
San Francisco:
Harnessing the Purok for Community-based SWM
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Best Practices
Talisay City and Lapulapu City:
Initiating Change for SWM Sustainability
Talisay City and Lapulapu City are two highly
urbanized cities that are part of Metro Cebu.
Talisay is located immediately to the south of People should learn the importance
Cebu City while Lapulapu lies across the Mactan of their role and that is to reduce their
channel, connected via bridges to Mandaue City.
wastes at the household level. Without
Talisay and Lapulapu currently have a population the people’s participation, the SWM
of 200, 772 and 350,467 respectively. Both
framework will not work.
are home to commercial establishments and
industries. Lapulapu is home to the metro’s biggest -Edwin L. Nierves OIC, CSWMP
industrial site, the Mactan Export Processing Zone.
In the past several years, many workers and their
families have chosen to live in these two emerging In Talisay, the sanitary landfill has been in existence
cities. for 7 years. It was estimated to have a lifespan of
15-20 years but recent assessment shows that
Because of urbanization and population growth, it might not last that long due to dumping of
solid waste management is a pressing concern in unsegregated waste and lack of compactors.
both cities. Talisay city established the CSWMP,
with Edwin L. Nierves currently serving as OIC to In response, Talisay trained several barangays
oversee the operations of the city’s landfill and in waste segregation and moved to strictly
daily garbage collection. Meanwhile Lapulapu implement the same. In barangay Mohon, Takakura
established its central material recovery facility. composting has been introduced along with
segregation and recycling activities. Three pilot
barangays have been designated for community-
based composting, namely Poblacion, Pook, and
Lawaan.
References
Cebu City, Cebu City Profile, Philippines, City Planning Population at 92.34 Million. http://www.census.
and Development Office, Cebu City Hall, 2007. gov.ph/content/2010-census-population-and-
Cebu Daily News. 30 September 2012. Mandaue housing-reveals-philippine-population-9234-
Officials Eyes Schools to Teach Takakura million
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net/280002/mandaue-official-eyes-schools-to- the Uptake of Climate Smart Disaster Risk
teach-takakura-compostingCebu City Population Management (CSDRM): The Case of the
and Poverty. NSO Family Income and Expenditure Municipality of San Francisco, Camotes Cebu.
Survey (FIES) 2007. Sarker, Rashid & Molla. Waste Plastic Converting into
Cebu Holdings Incorporated. 2011 Integrated and Hydrocarbon Fuel Materials. Natural State
Annual & Sustainability Report. http://www. Research Inc.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CEBU
Published by
KITA
Kitakyushu International Techno-cooperative
Association was established in July 1980 in
Kitakyushu City, Japan. It promotes international
cooperation based on mutual development of
developing countries and Japan. Today, after
nearly 30 years, KITA has trained more than
6000 people from partner organizations in other
countries in Asia. KITA has been in partnership
with the Cebu City local government unit since
2002.
Website: http://www.kita.or.jp
IGES
The Institute for Global Environmental
Strategies was established under an initiative
of the Japanese government in 1998. It is an
international research institute conducting
practical and innovative research for realizing
sustainable development in the Asia-Pacific
region.
Website: http://www.iges.or.jp/kitakyushu
http://www/kitaq-compost.net
A2D Project
A2D Project—Research Group for Alternatives
to Development, Inc. is a non-government, non-
profit research group that is committed to finding
innovative alternatives to address poverty,
exclusion and inequality in the Philippines,
especially in the Visayas and Mindanao regions.
Website: http://www.a2dproject.org
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