Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FEMA Local Mitigation Handbook
FEMA Local Mitigation Handbook
Planning Handbook
March 2013
About the Cover: Rainsville, Alabama citizens share their ideas for rebuilding their community during a meeting at the Tom Bevill
Enrichment Center in Rainsville. Three tornadoes destroyed a large portion of Rainsville on April 27, 2011. Currently the FEMA
ESF#14 team is working closely with Rainsville to rebuild the community to be better and stronger than before.
Contents
D
Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................I-1
Hazard Mitigation .................................................................................................................................................... I-1
Mitigation Planning.................................................................................................................................................. I-2
Guiding Principles for Plan Development............................................................................................................. I-2
Handbook Organization........................................................................................................................................... I-3
i
Contents
D
Appendices
Appendix A: Planning Process Worksheets
Appendix B: Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool
Appendix C: Additional Resources
Introduction
The Local Mitigation Planning Handbook is a tool for local governments
to use in developing or updating a local hazard mitigation plan. Emergency Management
The purpose of the Handbook is the following:
1. To provide guidance to local governments on developing or
Activities
updating hazard mitigation plans to meet the requirements
of Title 44 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) §201.6 for Mitigation. Sustained actions taken to reduce or
FEMA approval and eligibility to apply for FEMA Hazard eliminate long-term risk to life and property from
Mitigation Assistance grant programs;1 and hazards.*
2. To offer practical approaches and examples for how Prevention. Actions necessary to avoid, prevent,
communities can engage in effective planning to reduce or stop an imminent threat or actual act of
terrorism.**
long-term risk from natural hazards and disasters.
Protection. Actions necessary to secure the
The Handbook is a companion to the Local Mitigation Plan Review homeland against acts of terrorism and manmade
Guide2 released by FEMA in 2011. While the Plan Review Guide or natural disasters.**
is intended to help State and Federal officials review and
approve local hazard mitigation plans, the Handbook is intended Preparedness. Actions taken to plan, organize,
equip, train, and exercise to build and sustain the
to help local officials develop these plans. capabilities necessary to prevent, protect against,
mitigate the effects of, respond to, and recover
Hazard Mitigation from those threats that pose the greatest risk to
the security of the Nation.**
Disasters can cause loss of life; damage buildings and
infrastructure; and have devastating consequences for a Response. Actions necessary to save lives,
community’s economic, social, and environmental well-being. protect property and the environment, and
meet basic human needs after an incident has
Hazard mitigation reduces disaster damages and is defined as
occurred.**
sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk
to human life and property from hazards. Outreach programs Recovery. Actions necessary to assist
that increase risk awareness, projects to protect critical facilities, communities affected by an incident to recover
and the removal of structures from flood hazard areas are all effectively.**
examples of mitigation actions. Local mitigation actions and * Source: 44 CFR §201.2 Mitigation Planning -
concepts can also be incorporated into land use plans and Definitions.
building codes.
** Source: National Preparedness Goal, First Edition.
Local governments have the responsibility to protect the health, September, 2011, FEMA. http://www.fema.gov/pdf/
prepared/npg.pdf
safety, and welfare of their citizens. Proactive mitigation policies
and actions help reduce risk and create safer, more disaster-
resilient communities. Mitigation is an investment in your
community’s future safety and sustainability. Consider the critical importance of mitigation to:
• Protect public safety and prevent loss of life and injury.
• Reduce harm to existing and future development.
• Prevent damage to a community’s unique economic, cultural, and environmental assets.
1 For more information on FEMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance grant programs, see http://www.fema.gov/hazard-mitigation-assistance.
2 The Local Mitigation Plan Review Guide, as interpretation and explanation for the mitigation planning regulation in Title 44 Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR) Part 201, is FEMA’s official source for defining the requirements of original and updated local mitigation plans. The Guide
represents FEMA’s interpretation of a statutory or regulatory requirement. By itself, the Guide does not impose legally enforceable rights
and obligations, but sets forth a standard operating procedure or agency practice that FEMA employees follow to be consistent, fair, and
equitable in the implementation of the agency’s authorities. http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=4859.
I-1
Introduction
D
• Minimize operational downtime and accelerate recovery of government and business after disasters.
• Reduce the costs of disaster response and recovery and the exposure to risk for first responders.
• Help accomplish other community objectives, such as leveraging capital improvements, infrastructure
protection, open space preservation, and economic resiliency.
“Instead of repeated damage and continual demands for federal disaster assistance, resilient communities proactively protect
themselves against hazards, build self-sufficiency, and become more sustainable.”3
Mitigation Planning
Mitigation is most effective when it is based on a
comprehensive, long-term plan that is developed before a Disaster Mitigation Act
disaster occurs. The purpose of mitigation planning is to
identify local policies and actions that can be implemented of 2000
over the long term to reduce risk and future losses from
hazards. These mitigation policies and actions are identified The purpose of the Stafford Act, as amended by
based on an assessment of hazards, vulnerabilities, and risks and the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, is “to reduce
the participation of a wide range of stakeholders and the public the loss of life and property, human suffering,
in the planning process. Benefits of mitigation planning include: economic disruption, and disaster assistance
costs resulting from natural disasters.”
• Identifying actions for risk reduction that are agreed upon
by stakeholders and the public. Section 322 of the Act specifically addresses
mitigation planning and requires state and local
• Focusing resources on the greatest risks and vulnerabilities. governments to prepare multi-hazard mitigation
• Building partnerships by involving citizens, organizations, plans as a precondition for receiving FEMA
mitigation project grants.
and businesses.
• Increasing education and awareness of threats and hazards,
as well as their risks.
• Communicating priorities to State and Federal officials.
• Aligning risk reduction with other community objectives.
3 Godschalk, David R., Adam Rose, Elliott Mittler, Keith Porter, and Carol Taylor West. 2009. “Estimating the Value of Foresight: Aggregate
Analysis of Natural Hazard Mitigation Benefits and Costs.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 52(5):739-56.
Handbook Organization
The Handbook is organized into nine recommended tasks for developing or updating a local hazard mitigation plan
as illustrated in Figure I-1. Some of the tasks can be completed concurrently, while others depend on completing
preceding tasks. Tasks 1-3 discuss the process and people needed to complete the remaining mitigation planning
tasks and the best ways to document the process in the plan. Tasks 4-8 cover the specific analyses and decisions that
need to be completed and recorded in the plan. Task 9 provides suggestions and resources for implementing your
plan to reduce risk.
I-3
Introduction
D
Multi-Jurisdictional Plans
FEMA may accept multi-jurisdictional plans, which must meet all of the requirements of 44 CFR §201.6. The
Handbook tasks describe how to meet the requirements in a multi-jurisdictional planning effort and are relevant
to each participating jurisdiction, whether the plan is for a single or multiple jurisdictions. Federally recognized
Tribes may choose to participate in a multi-jurisdictional plan; however, they must meet the requirements for tribal
mitigation planning specified in 44 CFR §201.7.4
4 Tribal mitigation planning requirements were created under 44 CFR §201.7 to give Tribes more flexibility and the ability to meet the eligibility
requirements of a grantee or subgrantee for FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Assistance programs.
The State Hazard Mitigation Officer (SHMO)2 or State emergency management agency can help communities
determine the appropriate planning area. This determination may be based on State planning goals and planning
grant funding priorities.
Mitigation Plan Updates
If you are updating your community’s plan, determine if the planning area defined in the previously approved
plan is still appropriate. Review any lessons learned in the previous planning process. Consider whether your
community’s mitigation planning needs were met by the previous planning effort or whether your community
would benefit from adjusting the planning area and the participating jurisdictions.
Existing Partnerships and Planning Efforts
There are many possible options for the planning area based on existing planning projects, relationships, and
partnerships. Consider whether your community currently collaborates with regional organizations, councils of
government, or other established multi-jurisdictional partnerships for planning activities related to comprehensive
planning, watershed protection, or transportation. Counties may provide emergency management or development
review services to jurisdictions within their boundaries. These activities coordinate well with the goals of mitigation
planning, so a countywide plan can be a good approach.
Prior to beginning the planning process, determine if other planning efforts could be aligned or integrated with the
mitigation plan to save time and money and create better outcomes for your community. For instance, mitigation
plan development could be integrated into a community’s process for updating their comprehensive plan. Or, if
your community participates in the Community Rating System (CRS),3 you could design the mitigation planning
process to maximize CRS credit for floodplain management planning. A FEMA program, CRS rewards communities
that go beyond the minimum standards for floodplain management under the National Flood Insurance Program
1 “Local government is any county, municipality, city, town, township, public authority, school district, special district, intrastate district, council
of governments (regardless of whether the council of governments is incorporated as a nonprofit corporation under State law), regional or
interstate government entity, or agency or instrumentality of a local government; any Indian tribe or authorized tribal organization, or Alaska
Native village or organization; and any rural community, unincorporated town or village, or other public entity.” (44 CFR §201.2, Definitions.)
2 State Hazard Mitigation Officer is the official representative of State government who is the primary point of contact with FEMA, other Federal
agencies, and local governments in mitigation planning and implementation of mitigation programs and activities required under the Stafford
Act. (44 CFR §201.2, Definitions.)
1-1
Task 1
Determine the Planning Area and Resources
(NFIP)4 by providing flood insurance premium discounts for policy holders in the community. Appendix A includes
a worksheet that cross-references the CRS and mitigation planning requirements (see Worksheet 1.1).
Any jurisdiction or organization may participate in the planning process. However, to request FEMA approval, each
of the local jurisdictions must meet all of the requirements of 44 CFR §201.6. In addition to the requirement for
participation in the process, the Federal regulation specifies the following requirements for multi-jurisdictional
plans:
4 For more information on the National Flood Insurance Program, see http://www.fema.gov/national-flood-insurance-program.
5 Indian Tribal government means any Federally recognized governing body of an Indian or Alaska Native Tribe, band, nation, pueblo, village,
or community that the Secretary of Interior acknowledges to exist as an Indian Tribe under the Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act of
1994, 25 U.S.C. 479a. This does not include Alaska Native corporations, the ownership of which is vested in private individuals. (44 CFR
§201.2, Definitions.)
• The risk assessment must assess each jurisdiction’s risk where they may vary from the risks facing the
entire planning area. (44 CFR §201.6(c)(2)(iii))
• There must be identifiable action items specific to the jurisdiction requesting FEMA approval or credit
of the plan. (44 CFR §201.6(c)(3)(iv))
• Each jurisdiction requesting approval of the plan must document that is has been formally adopted. (44 CFR
§201.6(c)(5))
The mitigation plan must clearly list the jurisdictions that participated in the plan and are seeking plan approval. It is
also helpful to include a map showing the jurisdictional boundaries of the planning area.
Many local agencies have interest and responsibility in mitigation and should be included in the planning process.
For example, both the emergency management and community planning and development staff in local government
have unique knowledge and experience to make them natural leaders for a mitigation planning process. Local
emergency management staff has an understanding of local threats and hazards, risks, and consequences and may
have more experience working with State and Federal agencies on mitigation projects and activities. Community
planning staff is familiar with zoning and subdivision regulations, land use plans, economic development initiatives,
and long-term funding and planning mechanisms to implement mitigation strategies, and they may be trained to
facilitate public outreach, conduct meetings, and develop a plan document.
Both community development and emergency management departments, among others, are capable of providing
leadership in the development of a local hazard mitigation plan. When determining leadership, consider who has
the time and resources to commit to the entire planning process. In addition, in multi-jurisdictional plans, each
participating jurisdiction identifies a lead representative to coordinate their community’s planning process.
Technical Assistance
Mitigation planning takes time and effort. Be aware of the available resources—human, technical, and financial—
that your jurisdiction has to complete this planning effort. Combining resources with other jurisdictions through a
multi-jurisdictional planning effort as described previously may save time and money, or may leverage subject matter
expertise. Alternatively, specific parts of the planning process or plan preparation may require technical assistance.
If outside technical assistance is needed to help develop the plan, consider how to leverage this assistance to build
long-term community capabilities.
Although developing a hazard mitigation plan does not require formal training in community planning,
engineering, or science, it may be helpful to get outside expertise in some areas. For instance, you could seek
assistance with:
• Identifying hazards, assessing vulnerabilities, and understanding significant risks.
• Facilitating planning team meetings, public involvement, and decision making activities.
• Creating an organized and functional plan document, including maps or other graphics.
There are several different options when considering outside assistance for plan development. Consider contracting
with your regional planning agency or working with a local university with planning or emergency management
degree programs. You may also contact another community that has already completed the planning process for
suggestions. Before enlisting outside assistance from any of these sources, consider the scope of work, the extent of
1-3
Task 1
Determine the Planning Area and Resources
assistance required, and the level of interaction between the consulting service providers and other members of the
planning team.
Private consultants are an additional resource available to assist in the coordination, facilitation, and execution of
the mitigation planning process. If your community decides to hire a consultant, consider looking for a professional
community planner who:
• Recognizes the unique demographic, geographic, technical, and political considerations of each participating
community.
• Demonstrates knowledge or experience with land use and community development.
• Understands all the applicable policies and regulations as they apply to the mitigation plan, including Federal
law, FEMA guidance, and state and local ordinances.
• Recognizes that community input and public participation are integral to any successful mitigation plan.
• Exhibits familiarity with emergency management and multi-hazard mitigation concepts.
• Provides past performance information and references.
Additional information on hiring and working with a planning consultant can be found on the American Planning
Association website.6
Technical Assistance
In the development of their Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan, Saline County, Illinois established
a planning team that included representatives from various county departments, cities and
towns, and public and private utilities. The County partnered with nearby Southern Illinois
University at Carbondale for planning assistance, as well as the Polis Center at Indiana
University-Purdue University Indianapolis for technical assistance in conducting the risk
assessment.
Conclusion
Determining the planning area and overall scope of the planning project is up to your community. Building on
existing planning efforts or working with other jurisdictions are common approaches to defining the planning area.
Identifying the plan’s local lead and the need for outside technical assistance are important first steps in organizing
your resources. Whether a single or multi-jurisdictional plan, all jurisdictions share the same commitment to
developing a plan to reduce risks from hazards in their communities. Task 2 describes how to form a planning team
to guide the planning process.
6 Choosing a Consultant, a revised and edited excerpt from Selecting and Retaining a Planning Consultant: RFPs, RFQs, Contracts, and Project
Management by Eric Damian Kelly, FAICP, available from the American Planning Association: http://www.planning.org/consultants/choosing/.
1 For more information on LEPCs, visit the Environmental Protection Agency’s Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA)
Local Emergency Planning Requirements: http://www.epa.gov/oem/content/epcra/epcra_plan.htm.
2-1
Task 2
Build the Planning Team
Equally important is the role of a strong advocate or local champion for mitigation on the planning team, who
helps enlist the support and participation of local officials and community leaders and leads the hazard mitigation
planning effort. If one has not already been established, the planning team may select a leader, or chairperson, to
oversee and help manage the planning process. This person does not need to be a professional planner or expert in
hazard mitigation, but must be able to communicate the purpose and importance of the mitigation plan, convene
the planning team, and facilitate the completion of tasks required for the mitigation plan to be finished on schedule.
It is important to determine what planning team members are expected to contribute, as well as how they will be
invited to participate. While updating a plan, you should consider what worked well or did not during the previous
planning process. The following are approaches for recruiting potential team members that have worked for
communities in the past:
• After sending an email or letter invitation, follow it up with a phone call to emphasize why participation is
needed and to answer any questions.
• Send a formal invitation signed by the mayor, elected official, or department head.
• Plan the initial meeting at a convenient time and location for everyone.
• Provide beverages or food at meetings to bolster attendance and attention spans.
The people invited to participate want to know what is expected of their participation and why their presence is
important. The purpose and importance of various contributors includes the following:
• Local community planners can help the planning team understand past, current, and future community
development trends, the policies or activities that affect development, and the relationship between hazards and
development.
• Emergency managers are first responders to disasters, have information on past occurrences and existing
preparedness measures, and have a direct line of communication with the State emergency management agency.
• GIS specialists can analyze and map data to support the planning process and communicate complex
information, such as the locations of assets at risk in threat- or hazard-prone areas and estimates of damage for a
particular disaster scenario.
• Public works/engineering staff can help identify current or projected problems for the community’s
infrastructure that can be addressed through capital improvements supported by the mitigation plan.
• Elected and executive officials are mindful of the community as a whole and communicate how the mitigation
plan can support other social, economic, or environmental goals for the community.
• Floodplain administrators provide information on your community’s flood hazard maps, floodplain ordinance,
repetitive loss properties, and actions to continue compliance with the National Flood Insurance Program and
reduce flood losses.
• State and Federal partners provide available data, understand how to identify and leverage resources across
agencies, and can identify state and Federal programs with complementary missions.
Planning efforts can be more successful if the team is designated with some official authority to develop the
mitigation plan. Therefore, the planning team can obtain official recognition in the form of a council resolution or a
Memorandum of Agreement (MOA). This demonstrates community support, increases commitment to the process,
and improves the likelihood that mitigation actions identified in the plan will be implemented successfully. An
example MOA for a multi-jurisdictional planning team is included in Appendix A (see Worksheet 1.2).
2-3
Task 2
Build the Planning Team
The Core Planning Group (CPG) was made up of County Steering Committee members and leaders from each Jurisdictional
Assessment Team. CPG members were typically representatives of their local emergency management, engineering,
planning, GIS, administration, public works, building, or highway departments. The CPG managed the overall plan activities
and directly contributed to the decision making process.
The Jurisdictional Assessment Teams (JAT) were headed by a Team Leader who served and represented their interests on
the CPG. JATs included broader representation from within the individual jurisdictions, and many chose to align their JAT
with an existing Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC). The JATs were responsible for local community involvement
and were required to:
• Coordinate and facilitate local efforts.
• Attend meetings.
• Provide information and feedback.
• Involve the public and community stakeholders in the planning process.
• Assess mitigation alternatives.
• Select a course of action to be followed for their communities.
• Adopt the plan.
• Implement the plan and monitor its progress.
This organizational structure was successfully implemented for the County’s initial plan development and is maintained for
plan updates.
to communicate the reason for the plan to stakeholders, elected officials, and the public. If you received a mitigation
planning grant from FEMA, the grant may include language regarding the overall purpose of the plan that could be
incorporated. The plan’s scope of work often includes more information on the background and objectives of the
planning project, as well.
2. Review the current mitigation plan
If updating your mitigation plan, a general review of your community’s previously approved plan can
provide a good starting point for identifying ideas for improvement and areas that may require more time
and resources. This can impact the plan’s scope and schedule.
3. Refine plan scope and schedule
The kickoff meeting is a good time for the planning team to agree upon the overall scope of work and schedule
for developing or updating the mitigation plan and review the requirements of a hazard mitigation plan for FEMA
approval. If you received a grant to develop the plan, the scope of work and schedule may already be developed, or
the grant may serve as the starting point for a more detailed work plan. It is important that everyone walks away
from the kickoff meeting with an understanding of the overall project purpose, schedule, and tasks, as well as the
agendas and goals for future planning team meetings. The remaining tasks in this Handbook can help you to establish
a schedule and agenda items for future meetings. A sample schedule is also available in Appendix A (see Worksheet
2.2).
4. Establish responsibilities
2-5
Task 2
Build the Planning Team
Conclusion
Task 2 describes how to identify and engage a planning team, including planning teams that represent multiple
jurisdictions. The planning process is as important as the plan itself, and the planning team helps shape and guide
that process. Task 3 describes how the planning team can involve other stakeholders and the public.
Federal regulation for mitigation plan approval requires that stakeholders and the general public are given
opportunities to be involved during the planning process and in the plan’s maintenance and implementation.
Community members can therefore provide input that can affect the content and outcomes of the mitigation plan.
Task 3 builds on the idea of an outreach strategy introduced in Task 2 – Build the Planning Team. An outreach strategy
identifies what you want to accomplish through your outreach
efforts, who to involve in the process, and how and when to
effectively engage the community.
44 CFR §201.6(b)(2)
3-1
Task 3
Create an Outreach Strategy
the planning process or to complete research and analysis needed for the mitigation plan. Consider partnering
with the urban planning, geology, emergency management, geography, or environmental studies departments.
Participating in the mitigation planning process can also help local colleges and universities understand and
reduce threat and hazard risks on their campuses.
• Nonprofit organizations. These groups often act as advocates for citizens and can be important in public
outreach, information sharing, and getting support for the mitigation actions developed in the plan. Nonprofit
organizations might include disaster preparedness and
response organizations, such as the local Red Cross;
parks, recreation, or conservation organizations; historic
preservation groups; church organizations; and parent-
teacher organizations.
• Neighborhood groups. Many communities have existing
neighborhood associations and homeowners’ associations
that are active and engaged in community activities. These
groups can provide valuable information about local risks
and possible mitigation solutions in specific areas. They can
also help with dissemination of information via newsletters
and periodic meetings. Also, consider contacting people
Group exercise designed to help citizens express
involved in Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT),
needs for reducing hazard risks in their
since they are knowledgeable about threats and hazards, and community.
they are interested in making the community more disaster
resilient.
In any of these categories, consider how organizations that serve persons with access and functional needs should
be included to ensure equal access and meaningful participation of all individuals with disabilities, without
discrimination.
Because many possible stakeholders could be involved in the planning process, an outreach strategy helps to identify
the appropriate contacts and desired contributions for each stakeholder or group. Depending on the needs of your
community and timeline for plan development, you may prioritize which stakeholders you contact directly and
which you include in the outreach to the general public.
Public
The general public must also be given an opportunity to be
involved in the planning process. More than just informing the Element A3
public of the plan’s development, a good public outreach effort
educates the public and motivates them to take action. Many The planning process shall include an
mitigation actions affect private property; therefore, the public opportunity for the public to comment
should be engaged early to understand community priorities. In on the plan during the drafting stage
addition, although members of the public may not be technical and prior to plan approval.
experts, they can help identify community assets and problem 44 CFR §201.6(b)(1)
areas, describe issues of concern, narrate threat and hazard
history, prioritize proposed mitigation alternatives, and provide
ideas for continuing public involvement after plan adoption.
3-3
Task 3
Create an Outreach Strategy
mitigation planning process. With or without a designated PIO, the planning team can develop an effective outreach
strategy through the following steps:
1. Brainstorm outreach activities
The planning team can conduct a brainstorming session to identify stakeholders during the project kickoff
meeting, as well as to determine when and how to conduct outreach activities. If completing a plan
update, the planning team should evaluate the stakeholders and the outreach activities involved in the
previous planning process and identify any necessary changes.
2. Determine public outreach objectives and schedule
What input do you need from stakeholders? What input do you want from the public? How can stakeholders and
the public contribute to the development of the capability review, risk assessment, and mitigation strategy? These
questions can help determine the objectives of your outreach strategy. As the project kicked off, the planning team
confirmed a schedule of tasks and meetings for completing the plan or plan update. Revisit this schedule and
identify the times when it is important to inform and seek input from stakeholders and the public. For example,
a good time to invite public involvement is after the risk assessment is complete and the planning team begins to
create the mitigation strategy. Involving the public at this stage provides the opportunity to educate them on the
risk assessment findings, collect input on any data inaccuracies, and understand their ideas and priorities for various
mitigation actions.
3. Identify appropriate outreach methods
What are the best methods for reaching out to stakeholders and the public? This may be driven by planning needs,
schedule, and budget as defined by the planning team. Stakeholders should be engaged using targeted methods
for specific input. Online surveys, one-on-one briefings, phone interviews, roundtable discussions, presentations
to specific groups, and personal invitations to public outreach activities are all potential methods to involve
stakeholders.
If your community has recently been affected by a disaster event, the public may have a heightened interest in
hazards and mitigation. Use this interest to get community members engaged in finding ways to avoid the impacts
of future events. A public meeting that primarily focuses on hazard mitigation may not be well attended, if the
community has not recently been affected by hazard events. Use the planning team to help identify what methods
of public involvement have previously worked well in your community. It helps to reach out to people instead
of asking them to come to you. For example, setting up a booth at a popular community event or getting on the
agenda of a scheduled meeting could reach a greater number of people than a meeting that solely discusses hazard
mitigation.
A variety of informational materials and methods, such as news media, social media, fliers, surveys, and websites,
are useful for reaching out to the public during the planning process. Consider messages for Twitter and content for
sharing on Facebook. Public involvement activities should include methods designed to improve public awareness
by presenting information (one-way communication), as well as to solicit input to inform the plan’s content
(two-way communication).
As with all public outreach materials and activities, ensure equal access and meaningful participation of all
individuals with access and functional needs, including individuals from racially and ethnically diverse backgrounds,
with and without limited English proficiency, seniors, children, and members of underserved populations.
Table 3.1 provides examples of how communities have successfully used different types of outreach methods in
mitigation planning.
Community At the annual fair in Howard County, Maryland, the Office of Emergency Management has a booth to educate
Events residents on preparing for natural hazards. Brochures and fliers on related topics are distributed to visitors.
Interviews The focus of the hazard mitigation planning process for Oakland County, Michigan was a series of structured
discussions with County officials, municipal officials, affected stakeholders, and the general public. This broad
outreach effort included telephone and face-to-face interviews with leaders and representatives from each of the
County’s 62 communities, 28 public schools districts, and 2 public universities to identify hazards of concern
and potential mitigation measures.
News Media The mitigation planning process in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina included extensive outreach to local
media outlets. In response, the local television, radio and print media partners prepared stories to help promote
widespread public involvement. Through the City of Charlotte’s Corporate Communications & Marketing Office,
“e-blasts” soliciting input on draft plan documents as well as public meeting attendance were sent out using
distribution lists that included government agencies, businesses, and civic organizations. Public meeting
information was sent to all City and County employees, posted to the community’s online public events calendar,
added to live tickers that scrolled across the bottom of the local government access television channel, and
shared through C-Mail (bi-weekly e-newsletter for City of Charlotte news and events). In addition, live television
coverage of public input meetings was provided with the ability for citizens to submit their questions or
comments by e-mail.
Presentations During the development of a Multi-jurisdictional Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan for Garfield County, Colorado
to Governing the Steering Committee made several presentations to the Board of County Commissioners about the status of
Bodies the plan. These meetings were public and announcement of the plan agenda item was included along with the
announcement of the public meeting.
Questionnaires/ In completing its first hazard mitigation plan, Catawba County, North Carolina used a survey to capture
Surveys information from people who might not have been able to attend the public meetings or participate through
other means in the mitigation planning process. Copies of the survey were distributed by local officials and
made available for residents to complete at local county and municipal offices, and an electronic version was
posted on their websites. Nearly 250 respondents to the survey provided input for the County’s planning team to
consider in developing their mitigation strategy.
Roundtables/ In order to solicit ideas from citizens on how to reduce the risk of natural hazards, the City of Everett, Washington
Forums sponsored a public forum titled the “Safe and Sound Summit: Help Everett Master Disaster.” Attended by more
than 80 residents of the community, this was the primary public event designed to both educate the public and
to empower citizens to contribute to the hazard mitigation plan’s action items. The meeting format was adapted
from The World Café method, a conversational process designed to bring people together to discuss “questions
that matter” through small group discussions that rotated between tables on different topics. The resulting ideas
helped the City’s planning team to identify risks, strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities in Everett.
Social Media Clark County, Kansas (population 1,950) used computer technology to obtain public input by creating the Clark
County, Kansas Hazard Mitigation Plan Facebook page. They included small video clips with community leaders
talking about the importance of mitigation planning. Additionally, the Facebook page was used to hold a drawing
for an Apple iPod Shuffle 2GB MP3 Player posting that “all those that participate and provide feedback via this
Facebook page will be entered in the drawing.”
Area-specific The City of Tulsa, Oklahoma holds small, area-specific meetings on a semi-annual basis at public libraries and
Meetings other public venues. These meetings are used to distribute literature and educate citizens on actions they can
take to mitigate natural hazards, save lives, and prevent property damage. Input also is solicited about how the
mitigation process can be more effective.
Website Pinal County, Arizona used their website to promote the mitigation plan by providing a definition of hazard
mitigation planning, a list of who is involved in the local planning process, a description of how the plan update
process works, and information about upcoming stakeholder meetings and opportunities for public involvement.
Point of contact information was also provided for questions or comments. Downloads available from the site
include copies of the existing plan, the plan update, public notices, and press releases.
3-5
Task 3
Create an Outreach Strategy
4. Develop clear and consistent messages that align with community values
Consider the overarching goals and values of the community and how they align with reducing the impacts of
future hazards and disasters. Then, personalize talking points for discussions with different audiences and develop
messages that appeal to them. For example, if a gold-medal trout stream or historic downtown is important to a
community’s identity and economy, then frame mitigation messages to emphasize these assets and the need for their
long-term protection.
5. Evaluate and incorporate feedback from outreach activities
The feedback you receive through outreach activities, such as completed questionnaires and surveys, comments at
meetings, and comments on plan drafts, should be evaluated and incorporated into the planning team’s decision
making process and the final plan. During the outreach process, clearly communicate to stakeholders and the public
how the planning team uses their feedback to inform the plan. Develop a process for organizing and evaluating the
comments received, as well as documenting them in the final plan.
6. Provide an opportunity for public review of the final draft plan
News Release
3-7
Task 3
Create an Outreach Strategy
The outreach activities conducted during the planning process, as The plan maintenance process
described above, are a good source of ideas for how to continue shall include a discussion on how
the community will continue public
to involve stakeholders and the public during plan maintenance
participation in the plan maintenance
and implementation. Consider repeating successful outreach process.
events annually. Other examples of activities for continued
public participation include periodic presentations on the plan’s 44 CFR §201.6(c)(4)(iii)
progress to elected officials, schools, or other community groups;
annual questionnaires or surveys; postings on social media and
email lists; and interactive websites. You may help build capabilities throughout the planning area by assigning the
responsibility for coordinating these activities to a staff member in each jurisdiction.
Task 2 describes ways that the representatives on multi-jurisdictional planning teams can share information with
their respective community stakeholders and citizens. Specific stakeholders may be identified for each participating
jurisdiction, and public involvement activities should be designed to reach citizens throughout the planning area.
The planning team may develop one set of outreach materials, which each jurisdiction is responsible for distributing
or hosting to reach their stakeholders and citizens. Another good approach is to develop one presentation, or a series
of presentations on the plan’s progress, that jurisdictional representatives can deliver at a regularly scheduled open
meeting of their city council or governing body. This is a good method to keep elected officials informed of the
planning project and to give the public an opportunity to be informed and provide comments.
Multi-Jurisdictional Coordination
The Luzerne and Lackawanna Counties, Pennsylvania Hazard Mitigation Plan provides a good example of a multi-
jurisdictional outreach strategy. The bi-county planning process included 40 municipalities in Lackawanna County and
76 municipalities in Luzerne County. In addition to steering committee meetings, input was solicited through municipal
workshops and open houses held throughout the planning area. Municipalities were required to fill out the ‘Intent to
Participate’ form, attend workshops, provide data/maps, complete questionnaires, and review the draft plan. The open
houses provided an avenue for public to comment on the plan during the drafting stage.
There are several requirements related to documentation of stakeholder and public involvement opportunities
during the planning process:
• The plan must document how it was prepared and who was
involved in the planning process for each jurisdiction. This Element A1
includes the schedule or timeframe and activities that made
up the plan’s development. The plan shall document the planning
process used to develop the plan,
including how it was prepared, who
was involved in the process, and how
the public was involved.
44 CFR §201.6(c)(1)
44 CFR §201.6(b)(2)
• The plan must document how the public was given the Element A3
opportunity to be involved in the planning process and
how their feedback was incorporated into the plan. The
opportunity for participation must occur during the plan’s The planning process shall include an
opportunity for the public to comment
development, which is prior to the comment period on the
on the plan during the drafting stage
final plan and prior to plan adoption and approval. and prior to plan approval.
44 CFR §201.6(b)(1)
3-9
Task 3
Create an Outreach Strategy
44 CFR §201.6(c)(4)(iii)
Plan updates must include documentation of the current planning process undertaken to update the plan.
A simple narrative of the planning process can meet these requirements. It is also helpful to provide other
forms of documentation, such as copies of meeting minutes, agendas, sign-in sheets, and newspaper articles, to help
inform the reader. This type of documentation could be included as an appendix to the plan.
The mitigation plan should include a description of the planning process that answers the questions “who, what,
when, where, and how” of the plan’s development. A good description could easily be developed by integrating
the outreach strategy into the scope of work and schedule confirmed by the planning team and incorporating this
information into the plan. Overall, the plan document should provide enough information to tell the story of how
the community developed the plan.
Conclusion
Task 3 describes how the planning team can involve stakeholders and the public. An open public involvement process
is essential to the development of an effective plan. The documentation of these efforts ensures that the whole
community understands how decisions were reached. Task 4 guides the planning team on how to assess existing
authorities, policies, programs, and resources.
Capability Assessment
Each community has a unique set of capabilities, including
authorities, policies, programs, staff, funding, and other
Element C1
resources available to accomplish mitigation and reduce long-
term vulnerability. By reviewing the existing capabilities in each The plan shall include a mitigation
jurisdiction, the planning team can identify capabilities that strategy that provides the
currently reduce disaster losses or could be used to reduce losses jurisdiction’s blueprint for reducing
the potential losses identified in the
in the future, as well as capabilities that inadvertently increase risks
risk assessment, based on existing
in the community. This is especially useful for multi‐jurisdictional authorities, policies, programs, and
plans where local capability varies widely. Task 6 describes how to resources, and its ability to expand
leverage capabilities for long-term vulnerability reduction in your on and improve these existing tools.
mitigation strategy.
44 CFR §201.6(c)(3)
The planning team collects and reviews information on community
capabilities. The plan must describe each jurisdiction’s existing
authorities, policies, programs, and resources available to accomplish hazard mitigation. To review capabilities, begin
by reviewing existing plans, reports, and information and interviewing local departments and agencies to gain a
better understanding of relevant programs, regulations, resources, and practices. One approach is to distribute a
capabilities worksheet for each planning team member’s community or agency to complete. Appendix A includes an
example capabilities worksheet (see Worksheet 4.1).
4-1
Task 4
Review Community Capabilities
regulatory capabilities include the enforcement of zoning ordinances, subdivision regulations, and building codes
that regulate how and where land is developed and structures are built. Planning and regulatory capabilities refer not
only to the current plans and regulations, but also to the community’s ability to change and improve those plans and
regulations as needed.
The planning team can identify resources available through other government entities, such as counties or special
districts, which may be able to provide technical assistance to communities with limited resources. For example, a
small town may turn to county planners, engineers, or a regional planning agency to support its mitigation planning
efforts and provide assistance. For large jurisdictions, reviewing administrative and technical capabilities may
involve targeting specific staff in various departments who have the expertise and are available to support mitigation
initiatives. The degree of intergovernmental coordination among departments also affects administrative capability.
Financial
Financial capabilities are the resources that a jurisdiction has access to or is eligible to use to fund mitigation
actions. The costs associated with implementing mitigation activities vary. Some mitigation actions such as building
assessment or outreach efforts require little to no costs other than staff time and existing operating budgets. Other
actions, such as the acquisition of flood-prone properties, could require a substantial monetary commitment from
local, State, and Federal funding sources.
Some local governments may have access to a recurring source of revenue beyond property, sales, and income taxes,
such as stormwater utility or development impact fees. These communities may be able to use the funds to support
local mitigation efforts independently or as the local match or cost-share often required for grant funding.
Education and Outreach
This type of capability refers to education and outreach programs and methods already in place that could be used
to implement mitigation activities and communicate hazard-related information. Examples include fire safety
programs that fire departments deliver to students at local schools; participation in community programs, such
as Firewise1 or StormReady;2 and activities conducted as part of hazard awareness campaigns, such as Tornado or
Flood Awareness Month. Some communities have their own public information or communications office to handle
outreach initiatives.
1 The Firewise Communities program encourages local solutions for wildfire safety by involving homeowners, community leaders, planners,
developers, firefighters, and others in the effort to protect people and property from wildfire risks. The program is co-sponsored by the USDA
Forest Service, the U.S. Department of the Interior, and the National Association of State Foresters. Information is available here: http://
www.firewise.org/.
2 The National Weather Service’s StormReady is a nationwide community preparedness program that uses a grassroots approach to help
communities develop plans to handle all types of severe weather. Information is available here: http://www.stormready.noaa.gov/.
4-3
Task 4
Review Community Capabilities
Plan updates must meet the same requirements and document any change in floodplain management
programs.
Planning and regulatory. The plan may describe the community’s adoption and enforcement of floodplain
management regulations, including when the community joined the NFIP, when the Flood Insurance Rate Maps
(FIRM) became effective, and whether the floodplain ordinance meets or exceeds minimum requirements. You can
provide a summary of the community’s compliance history, including the results from the most recent Community
Assistance Visit (CAV).4 If applicable, you may include activities that contributed to the communities’ class rankings
in the Community Rating System (CRS).5
1. Floodplain mapping. NFIP participation requires community adoption of flood hazard maps to provide the data needed
to administer floodplain management programs and to actuarially rate new construction for flood insurance.
2. Floodplain management. The NFIP requires communities to adopt and enforce minimum Federal floodplain
management regulations that help mitigate the effects of flooding on new and improved structures. States and
communities may have more restrictive elements in their floodplain ordinances to provide additional safety measures.
3. Flood insurance. Community participation in the NFIP enables property owners to purchase insurance as a protection
against flood losses in exchange for community floodplain management regulations that reduce future flood damages.
Administrative and technical. The planning team may identify the staff dedicated to managing the NFIP in the
community, such as a dedicated floodplain administrator or staff for which the NFIP is a secondary duty. Also,
the plan may describe the tasks completed by staff in support of the NFIP, such as permit reviews and building
inspections.
Financial. The plan may include a summary of your community’s flood insurance coverage, number of policies,
and claims history, including repetitive loss properties. Repetitive loss properties are NFIP insured structures that
have been repetitively damaged by flooding. A good approach is to include the types and numbers of repetitive loss
properties in the community and maps showing concentrations of repetitive loss properties.6 The planning team
may contact the State NFIP Coordinator or the State Hazard Mitigation Officer (SHMO) for this information.
Education and outreach. Participation in the NFIP could also be described through any education or outreach
activities that relate to the NFIP, such as flood safe building initiatives or outreach on the availability of flood
insurance.
Appendix A includes a worksheet that lists important considerations when describing authorities and policies related
to the NFIP and identifying actions to improve the existing program (see Worksheet 4.3). The plan does not need to
include specific actions in the mitigation strategy for NFIP compliance, although areas of improvement, if identified,
can become future mitigation actions. Communities are encouraged to complete additional activities that go above
and beyond the minimum requirements of NFIP participation, as described in the CRS Coordinator’s Manual
(FIA-15/2007).
For multi-jurisdictional plans, the capabilities of each participating jurisdiction must be individually
reviewed and documented. In a plan update, the planning team ensures capabilities are documented
sufficiently and highlights any capability changes from the previous plan.
Conclusion
Task 4 describes how an assessment of existing plans, policies, studies, and programs can be completed to further
inform the mitigation actions that will be identified through the planning process. Local capability for mitigation
can vary significantly from community to community. In the development of multi-jurisdictional hazard mitigation
plans, local governments with limited capacity or capability may use the planning process as a means to develop
cooperative agreements, mutual aid agreements, or service agreements that enhance their capacity to undertake
mitigation activities.
As part of the risk assessment in Task 5, the planning team evaluates how existing capabilities contribute to
vulnerability by reducing or exacerbating disaster impacts. Understanding what capabilities need to be changed or
enhanced to reduce disaster losses allows the planning team to address those shortfalls in the mitigation strategy.
6 Use of flood insurance claim information is subject to The Privacy Act of 1974, as amended, which prohibits public release of the names
of policy holders and the amount of the claim payment. However, maps showing general areas where claims have been paid can be made
public. If a plan includes the names of policy holders and the amount of the claim payment, the plan cannot be approved until this Privacy
Act covered information is removed from the plan.
The CRS is a voluntary incentive program that recognizes and encourages community floodplain management activities that exceed the mini-
mum NFIP requirements. For more information visit http://www.fema.gov/business/nfip/crs.shtm. The Mitigation Best Practice Portfolio is a
collection of ideas, activities, projects, and funding sources that can help reduce or prevent the impacts of disasters. Find more information
here: http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/bestpractices/index.shtm.
4-5
Task 4
Review Community Capabilities
Task 5 presents a framework for conducting a local risk assessment. Many approaches to developing a risk assessment
are possible, depending on available data, technology, and resources. Local risk assessments do not require
sophisticated technology but do need to be accurate, current, and relevant. Some communities may choose to
address a broader range of threats and hazards, or to tie their hazard identification and risk assessment to other
planning initiatives.
Figure 5.1 illustrates the concept of risk as the relationship, or Impact – the consequences or effects of a hazard
overlap, between hazards and community assets. The smaller the on the community and its assets
overlap, the lower the risk. Risk – the potential for damage, loss, or other
impacts created by the interaction of natural
hazards with community assets
5-1
Task 5
Conduct a Risk Assessment
Because the best available data is constantly changing, this Handbook does not include a comprehensive list of
resources. The local community is the best source for specific information on community assets and past impacts.
Your State Hazard Mitigation Officer and the State Hazard Mitigation Plan are also key resources for best available
hazard data and risk assessment information.
1. Describe Hazards
The plan must include a description of the natural hazards that
affect the jurisdiction(s) in the planning area. The following Element B1
provides suggestions for identifying hazards in the planning area:
• Review your State Hazard Mitigation Plan for information on The risk assessment shall include a
hazards affecting the planning area. description of the type, location and
extent of all natural hazards that can
• Document the disaster declaration history.1 affect the jurisdiction.
• Download weather-related events from online resources, such
44 CFR §201.6(c)(2)(i)
as the National Climatic Data Center.2
• Review existing studies, reports, and plans related to hazards in
the planning area. State and Federal agencies are also good sources for hazard-related information.
1 For recent disaster declaration information, visit FEMA’s Federal Disaster Declarations webpage, http://www.fema.gov/news/disasters.fema.
PERI Presidential Disaster Declarations are available at http://www.peripresdecusa.org/mainframe.htm. The Farm Services Agency Disaster
Assistance provides assistance for natural disaster losses, resulting from drought, flood, fire, freeze, tornadoes, pest infestation, and other
calamities. For more information, visit: http://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/webapp?area=home&subject=diap&topic=landing.
2 Websites of the National Climatic Data Center, http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/, and the Spatial Hazard Events and Losses Database for the
United States (SHELDUS), http://webra.cas.sc.edu/hvri/products/sheldus.aspx, compile county-level hazard data sets.
• Use flood insurance rate maps (FIRM) and non-regulatory flood risk assessment products developed for your
community by FEMA as part of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and the RiskMAP program.3
• Contact colleges or universities that have hazard-related academic programs or extension services.
• Interview your planning team and stakeholders about which hazards affect the planning area and should be
described in the mitigation plan.
• Consult local resources such as the newspaper, chamber of commerce, local historical society, or other resources
with records of past occurrences.
• For plan updates, reference hazards previously identified and determine if they are still relevant.
If your plan omits a natural hazard that is commonly recognized to affect the planning area, it must include the
planning team’s rationale for the omission. For example, a hazard may be possible, but the likelihood and magnitude
are so minimal that the planning team decides not to provide a detailed description or risk assessment.
Hazard Descriptions
For each hazard affecting the planning area, the risk assessment must include a description of location,
extent, previous occurrences, and probability of future events. Plan updates will incorporate any additional
hazards that have been identified and any new data that has become available, such as new flood studies.
Plan updates must include hazard events that have occurred since the last plan was completed.
Location. Location is the geographic areas within the planning area that are affected by the hazard, such as a
floodplain. Hazard areas may be further defined, such as high wildfire hazard areas versus low wildfire hazard areas.
The entire planning area may be uniformly affected by some hazards, such as drought or winter storm. Although
maps are usually the best way to illustrate location for many hazards, location may be described in other formats,
such as a narrative.
Extent. Extent is the strength or magnitude of the hazard. Extent can be described in a combination of ways
depending on the hazard, such as:
• The value on an established scientific scale or measurement system, such as EF2 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale for
tornadoes or 5.5 on the Richter Scale for earthquakes.
• Other measures of magnitude, such as water depth or wind speed.
• The speed of onset. For example, hurricanes have longer warning times, giving people and governments more
time to prepare and evacuate, while earthquakes occur without warning.
• The duration of hazard events. For most hazards, the longer the duration of an event, the greater the extent.
Flooding that peaks and retreats in a matter of hours is typically less damaging than flooding of the same depth
that remains in place for days.
Extent can be described using a map and/or narrative. Describing the extent of a hazard is not the same as
describing its potential impacts on a community. Extent defines the characteristics of the hazard regardless of
the people and property it affects, while impact refers to the effect of a hazard on the people and property in the
community and will be addressed later in Task 5.
5-3
Task 5
Conduct a Risk Assessment
Previous Occurrences
Dale County, Alabama obtained historical data from the National Weather Service for previous damaging tornado
occurrences in their planning area dating as far back as 1907.
Probability of future events. Probability is the likelihood of the hazard occurring in the future and can be
described in a variety of ways. Probability may be defined using historical frequencies or statistical probabilities.
Statistical probabilities often refer to events of a specific size or strength. For example, the likelihood of a flood event
of a given size is defined by the percent chance in a single year, such as the one-percent annual chance of flood,
also known as a 100-year flood. Hazard likelihood can also be compared using general descriptions or rankings. If
general descriptors are used, then they must be defined in the plan. For example, “highly likely” could be defined
as occurring every 1-10 years, “likely” as occurring every 10-50 years, and “unlikely” as occurring at intervals
greater than 50 years. Some hazards are most likely during a specific time of year, but others can occur at any time.
For example, flooding might be more frequent in the spring because of snow melt or during late summer or fall
because of the hurricane season.
The following figures illustrate how communities have used maps to describe the location, extent, previous
occurrences, and/or probability of future events for various hazards. Note that one map can be used to describe
several hazard characteristics.
A table or matrix can help summarize information from the hazard descriptions and identify which hazards are
most significant to the planning area. Appendix A includes an example hazard description summary worksheet (see
Worksheet 5.1).
5-5
Task 5
Conduct a Risk Assessment
5-7
Task 5
Conduct a Risk Assessment
Climate Change
The planning team may decide to include technological hazards and human-caused threats in the plan. Technological
hazards result from accidents or the failure of systems and structures, such as hazardous materials spills or airplane
accidents. Human-caused incidents, also known as threats, result from intentional actions of an adversary, such as
a chemical or cyber attack. A Threat and Hazard Identification
and Risk Assessment (THIRA) expands on the existing hazard Threat and Hazard
identification and risk assessment of a local mitigation plan;
provides a comprehensive approach for assessing risks and Identification and Risk
associated impacts with all types of threat or hazard; and
identifies a methodology for assessing a broader range of
Assessment (THIRA)
capabilities for prevention, protection, response and recovery,
and mitigation.5 A THIRA incorporates technological and human-
caused threats in addition to natural hazards.
A discussion of technological hazards and human-caused Similar to the risk assessment process described
threats is not required by Federal mitigation planning here, a THIRA describes the types of risk and
gives them context, such as probability and
regulation, but may be included in the plan. See Integrating likelihood. The process for conducting a THIRA
Manmade Hazards into Mitigation Planning (FEMA 386-7)6 for results in a set of capability targets for all stages
suggestions and information on including these types of of emergency management, including prevention,
hazards and threats in the mitigation plan. protection, mitigation, response and recovery.
The THIRA may be completed separately or build
2. Identify Community Assets on the mitigation plan risk assessment, or HIRA,
which further defines a community’s vulnerability
In this next step, each participating jurisdiction identifies to hazards, particularly for the built environment.
assets at risk to hazards. Assets are defined broadly to include
anything that is important to the character and function of a
community and can be described very generally in the following four categories:
• People
• Economy
• Built environment
• Natural environment
Although all assets may be affected by hazards, some assets are more vulnerable because of their physical
characteristics or socioeconomic uses. The purpose of an asset inventory is to identify specific vulnerable
assets in your community. When updating a mitigation plan, the planning team will update the asset
inventory to reflect current conditions.
5 Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Guide: Comprehensive Preparedness Guide (CPG) 201, First Edition, April 2012;
http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=5823.
6 See Integrating Manmade Hazards into Mitigation Planning (FEMA 386-7); http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1915.
5-9
Task 5
Conduct a Risk Assessment
People
A variety of data sources are available to help collect information on population, such as the U.S. Census,7 state
population estimates, and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.8 Creating maps that show facilities that house
dependent populations or venues that host large numbers of people will help illustrate the relationship between
population and potential hazards.
Economy
7 The US Census Bureau’s Quick Facts give a summary of the population in the selected community. See http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/
index.html.
8 The Bureau of Labor Statistics is the principal Federal agency responsible for measuring labor market activity, working conditions, and price
changes in the economy. For access to data related to specific communities, visit http://www.bls.gov/data/.
Built Environment
Critical facilities. Critical facilities are structures and institutions necessary for a community’s response to and
recovery from emergencies. Critical facilities must continue to operate during and following a disaster to reduce the
severity of impacts and accelerate recovery. When identifying vulnerabilities, consider both the structural integrity
and content value of critical facilities and the effects of interrupting their services to the community.
Emergency operations centers Military and civil defense installations Transportation (roads, railways, waterways)
Airports/heliports
5-11
Task 5
Conduct a Risk Assessment
Natural Environment
3. Analyze Risk
Risk analysis involves evaluating vulnerable assets, describing
potential impacts, and estimating losses for each hazard. The Element B3
purpose of this analysis is to help the community understand
the greatest risks facing the planning area. This step occurs after The risk assessment shall include an
hazards and assets have been identified. overall summary of each hazard and its
impact on the community.
Methods for analyzing risk include exposure analysis, historical
analysis, and scenario analysis. These methods can be expressed 44 CFR §201.6(c)(2)(ii)
qualitatively or quantitatively. Qualitative evaluations describe
the types of impacts that might occur during a hazard event. The
planning team, subject matter experts, stakeholders, and community members can conduct qualitative evaluations
by brainstorming and discussing potential impacts. Quantitative evaluations assign values and measure the potential
losses to the assets at risk.
5-13
Task 5
Conduct a Risk Assessment
Exposure Analysis
An exposure analysis identifies the existing and future assets located in identified hazard areas, often by using GIS for
analysis and maps for visualization. You also can take into account the magnitude of the hazard, such as assets located
in high, medium, or low wildfire hazard areas or assets located in different flood frequency areas (1% annual flood
and 0.2% annual flood risk).
Exposure analysis can quantify the number, type, and value of structures, critical facilities, and infrastructure located
in identified hazard areas, as well as assets exposed to multiple hazards. It can also be used to quantify the number of
future structures and infrastructure possible in hazard prone areas based on current zoning and building codes.
Source: Sacramento County 2010 secured roll assessor and parcel date; Sacramento County DFIRM, January 2011.
* This parcel count only includes those parcels in the 0.2% annual chance floodplain. The 0.2% annual chance flood also
includes all parcels in the 1% annual chance floodplain.
5-15
Task 5
Conduct a Risk Assessment
Historical Analysis
Historical analysis uses information on impacts and losses from previous hazard events to predict potential impacts
and losses during a similar future event. This can be especially useful for weather-related hazards, such as severe
winter storms, hail, and drought. Because of the frequency of these events, communities are more likely to have
experience with and data on impacts and losses. For recent events, consider not only what was damaged, but what
might have been damaged if the event had been of greater magnitude. For hazard events that have not occurred
recently, consider new development and infrastructure that would
now be vulnerable in a similar event. Element B4
The plan must address NFIP-insured structures that have been
repetitively damaged by floods. The definitions for repetitive All plans must address NFIP insured
loss are below. Information on repetitive loss properties in your structures that have been repetitively
community can be obtained from your State NFIP coordinator or damaged by floods.
local floodplain administrator.
44 CFR §201.6(c)(2)(ii)
Severe repetitive loss properties single or multifamily residential properties that are covered under an NFIP flood insurance
policy and:
1. That have incurred flood-related damage for which 4 or more separate claims payments have been made, with the
amount of each claim (including building and contents payments) exceeding $5,000, and with the cumulative amount of
such claims payments exceeding $20,000; or
2. For which at least 2 separate claims payments (building payments only) have been made under such coverage, with
cumulative amount of such claims exceeding the market value of the building.
3. In both instances, at least 2 of the claims must be within 10 years of each other, and claims made within 10 days of
each other will be counted as 1 claim.
Scenario Analysis
Scenario analysis predicts the impacts of a particular event. Scenarios can be an especially helpful tool for low
frequency, high consequence events, such as earthquakes, for which historical information is not available. Scenario
analysis asks “what if” a particular event occurred and predicts potential impacts and losses in terms of monetary
costs, casualties, infrastructure downtime, and other risk elements. This type of analysis can also be used to describe
possible impacts for different growth and development scenarios.
Regardless of how the results are expressed or the methods of analysis used, this step must result in a description of
the potential impacts of each hazard on the assets of each participating jurisdiction.
5-17
Task 5
Conduct a Risk Assessment
Scenario Analysis
Although the probability of a significant earthquake occurring in New York City is low, the density and high value of the
structures and infrastructure result in significant estimates of potential losses. The New York City Hazard Mitigation
Planning Team estimated significant annualized potential losses for the City using Hazus-MH. Annualized losses are an
estimated long-term value of earthquake losses to the general building stock in any single year. The table and figure,
excerpts from the New York City Hazard Mitigation Plan (New York City Office of Emergency Management, 2008) below
display these estimates.
Plan updates must describe changes in development that have occurred since the last plan was approved. The
planning team will need to gather information from planning and building departments on recent and planned
development to evaluate how vulnerability may have increased or decreased. Development in identified hazard areas
and construction not built to updated building codes increase your community’s vulnerability to future hazards and
disasters.
The planning team may also consider other conditions that affect Element D1
vulnerability, such as climate variability, declining or increasing
populations, infrastructure expansion, or economic shifts. If no
A local jurisdiction must review and
changes in development occurred or did not affect the revise its plan to reflect changes in
jurisdiction’s overall vulnerability, plan updates can development.
validate the information in the previously approved plan.
44 CFR §201.6(d)(3)
4. Summarize Vulnerability
The previous three steps in the risk assessment process generate
large amounts of information regarding hazards, vulnerable Element B3
assets, and potential impacts and losses. This information needs
to be summarized so that the community can understand the The risk assessment shall include an
most significant risks and vulnerabilities, not only to inform the overall summary of each hazard and its
mitigation strategy, but also to communicate findings to elected impact on the community.
officials and other stakeholders to support their decision making.
44 CFR §201.6(c)(2)(ii)
The plan must provide an overall summary of each jurisdiction’s
vulnerability to the identified hazards.
One recommended approach is to develop problem statements. For instance, your analysis of impacts and losses
helps you to identify which critical facilities are located in identified hazard areas, the neighborhood that has
experienced the most flood damage in the past, or which hazard-prone areas are zoned for future development. This
information on the issues of greatest concern can be summarized into problem statements, such as in the following
examples. The planning team may evaluate the impacts and develop problem statements for each hazard, as well as
identify the problems or issues that apply to all hazards.
Plan updates will need to revise the problems statements to reflect the current risk assessment. This may
include developing new statements and removing or revising ones that are no longer valid because
mitigation projects have addressed the risk or other conditions have changed.
Problem Statements
• The North Creek Sewage Treatment Plant is located in the 100-year floodplain and has been damaged by past flood
events. It serves 10,000 residential and commercial properties.
• Newberg City recently annexed the South Woods area located in the wildland-urban interface. The City’s land use and
building codes do not address wildfire hazard areas. Future development in South Woods will increase vulnerability to
wildfires.
• The City of Greenville is located in a seismic hazard area subject to severe ground shaking and soil liquefaction. Hazus
predicts a 6.0 magnitude event would result in $10.5 million in structural losses and $40 million in non-structural
losses. Damage will be greatest to the 100 unreinforced masonry buildings (pre- building code) located in the
downtown business district.
• The schools are a central focus of the community and offer opportunities to educate the public about hazards, risk,
and mitigation. In addition, many school facilities are vulnerable to one or more hazards, including flooding, earthquake,
tornado, and severe winter storms.
5-19
Task 5
Conduct a Risk Assessment
Conclusion
Task 5 describes how to complete a local risk assessment by describing the hazards, identifying community assets,
analyzing the risks or impacts of the hazards to those assets, and summarizing the results and overall vulnerability
of your community. This information forms the factual basis for developing a comprehensive strategy to reduce
vulnerability and risk, which is described in Task 6 – Develop a Mitigation Strategy.
6-1
Task 6
Develop a Mitigation Strategy
Mitigation Goals
The plan must include hazard mitigation goals that represent
what the community seeks to achieve through mitigation Element C3
plan implementation. Clear goals that are agreed upon by the
planning team, elected officials, and the public provide the basis The hazard mitigation strategy shall
for prioritizing mitigation actions. Mitigation goals, such as the include a description of mitigation
examples from local plans shown below, are required to be in the goals to reduce or avoid long-term
plan and must be consistent with the hazards identified in the risk vulnerabilities to the identified hazards.
assessment. 44 CFR §201.6(c)(3)(i)
Goal 2 – Build and enhance local mitigation capabilities to ensure individual safety, reduce damage to public buildings and
ensure continuity of emergency services
Goal 3 – Maintain Pass Christian’s natural and man-made systems that protect the community from natural hazards
Whether you are updating goals or developing new ones, here are some considerations:
• Risk assessment findings. Review the findings of the risk assessment, especially the problem statements. Group
the problem statements by themes, such as hazards, assets at risk, or location. Several problem statements or
groups may lead to a single mitigation goal.
• Outreach findings. Consider themes that stood out during planning team meetings and outreach activities. For
instance, the need for improved education and awareness about hazards may be a common theme.
• Community goals. Review existing plans and other policy documents to ensure hazard mitigation goals are
consistent with the goals of other community plans, such as the comprehensive plan, and other objectives
established by the governing body. Mitigation goals that complement other plans and policies may garner more
support for hazard mitigation.
• State hazard mitigation goals. Because the State Hazard Mitigation Plan documents the State’s goals for
reducing risk and allocating resources, it may be strategic to align your plan’s goals to the State’s plan.
If you are updating a plan, the planning team should evaluate the previous goals and reaffirm or change
them based on current conditions and priorities.
Mitigation Actions
A mitigation action is a specific action, project, activity, or
process taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people
and property from hazards and their impacts. Implementing
mitigation actions helps achieve the plan’s mission and goals.
The actions to reduce vulnerability to threats and hazards form
the core of the plan and are a key outcome of the planning
process.
Types of Mitigation Actions
The primary types of mitigation actions to reduce long-term
vulnerability include:
Infrastructure Project and Natural Systems
• local plans and regulations, Protection: This reconstructed culvert in
Moosalamoo National Recreation Area in
• structure and infrastructure projects, Arlington, Vermont uses rocks and sand to
• natural systems protection, and simulate a natural fish passage.
Table 6.1 on the following page provides definitions and examples for these types of mitigation actions.
For some hazards, such as tornados, including preparedness actions in the mitigation plan may be necessary
and practical. The mitigation plan may be the best place for your community to capture and justify the need for
these actions. However, these will not take the place of or meet the Federal mitigation planning requirements for
identifying mitigation actions. It is important that the planning team understands the difference and can distinguish
between mitigation and other emergency management activities.
Identifying Mitigation Actions
The mitigation planning regulation requires that each participating Element C4
jurisdiction identify and analyze a comprehensive range of specific
mitigation actions and projects to reduce the impacts of the hazards
identified in the risk assessment. The emphasis is on the impacts or The hazard mitigation strategy shall
include a section that identifies and
vulnerabilities identified in the risk assessment, not on the hazards
analyzes a comprehensive range of
themselves. As described in Task 5, these impacts and vulnerabilities specific mitigation actions and projects
may be summarized in problem statements. Some hazards may not being considered to reduce the
have many impacts, or the impacts may already be mitigated. In this effects of each hazard, with particular
case, fewer mitigation actions may be identified than for a hazard emphasis on new and existing
causing more frequent or severe impacts. buildings and infrastructure.
44 CFR §201.6(c)(3)(ii)
6-3
Task 6
Develop a Mitigation Strategy
Mitigation
Description Examples
Type
Local Plans and These actions include government authorities, • Comprehensive plans
Regulations policies, or codes that influence the way land and • Land use ordinances
buildings are developed and built.
• Subdivision regulations
• Development review
• Building codes and enforcement
• NFIP Community Rating System
• Capital improvement programs
• Open space preservation
• Stormwater management regulations and
master plans
Structure and These actions involve modifying existing • Acquisitions and elevations of structures in
Infrastructure structures and infrastructure to protect them flood prone areas
Projects from a hazard or remove them from a hazard • Utility undergrounding
area. This could apply to public or private • Structural retrofits.
structures as well as critical facilities and
• Floodwalls and retaining walls
infrastructure.
• Detention and retention structures
This type of action also involves projects to
• Culverts
construct manmade structures to reduce the
impact of hazards. • Safe rooms
Natural These are actions that minimize damage and • Sediment and erosion control
Systems losses and also preserve or restore the functions • Stream corridor restoration
Protection of natural systems. • Forest management
• Conservation easements
• Wetland restoration and preservation
Education and These are actions to inform and educate citizens, • Radio or television spots
Awareness elected officials, and property owners about • Websites with maps and information
Programs hazards and potential ways to mitigate them. • Real estate disclosure
These actions may also include participation
• Presentations to school groups or
in national programs, such as StormReady1
neighborhood organizations
or Firewise2 Communities. Although this
type of mitigation reduces risk less directly • Mailings to residents in hazard-prone areas.
than structural projects or regulation, it is an • StormReady
important foundation. A greater understanding • Firewise Communities
and awareness of hazards and risk among local
officials, stakeholders, and the public is more
likely to lead to direct actions.
1 For more information on the National Weather Service’s StormReady, see http://www.stormready.noaa.gov/.
2 For more information on the Firewise Communities program, see http://www.firewise.org/.
Mitigation Ideas
To find effective solutions, innovative ideas, and best practices for mitigating risks, consult the following resources:
Ask subject matter experts. Experts on the planning team and among stakeholders can help evaluate actions that
provide long-term solutions. For example, if the problem is repetitive flood damage in a specific location, but you are
unsure if the flooding is caused by undersized culverts, inadequate storm drainage, or debris, you could ask an engineer to
evaluate the flooding and recommend potential solutions.
Collect ideas from stakeholders and public. The outreach strategy developed as part of Task 3 provides opportunities
for gathering ideas and input from the public. Surveys and questionnaires are effective tools for gathering information on
alternative mitigation actions that would be preferred by community members.
Research existing guides and resources. Many publications and web-based resources are available for identifying
mitigation actions. Some states have prepared technical guides to assist local communities. The State Hazard Mitigation
Plan describes state funding sources and priorities for mitigation. FEMA’s website includes a Mitigation Best Practices
Portfolio* that provides mitigation success stories and case studies from communities across the country and Mitigation
Ideas: A Resource for Reducing Risk to Natural Hazards** that lists potential mitigation actions by hazard type.
Review FEMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance (HMA)*** eligible activities. HMA grant programs provide funding for
eligible mitigation activities that reduce disaster losses and protect life and property from future disaster damages. The
most recent Hazard Mitigation Assistance Unified Guidance provides information on eligible project activities.
* http://www.fema.gov/mitigation-best-practices-portfolio
** http://www.fema.gov/hazard-mitigation-planning-resources
*** http://www.fema.gov/hazard-mitigation-assistance
A comprehensive range means that communities analyze, or evaluate, different types of mitigation actions. For
example, building retrofits, infrastructure protection, and changes in local ordinances represent a mix of structural
and non-structural approaches. In addition, each jurisdiction must consider actions that reduce risk to existing
buildings and infrastructure, as well as limit risk to new development and redevelopment.
The planning team may identify low-cost mitigation actions that can be readily implemented, such as developing
an outreach program to encourage homeowners to secure furnishings and utilities to prevent injuries and damage
during an earthquake. Other actions may depend on available funding, such as retrofitting critical infrastructure.
Though funding and support may not be immediately available for every action, including the actions in the plan
may lead to future opportunities for implementation. For example, some actions can be implemented following a
disaster when additional funding and political and public support are available, such as acquiring homes in a flood
hazard area. Additionally, if actions are not included in the plan, securing funding may be more difficult once it
becomes available.
To identify potential mitigation actions, the planning team needs to review the risk assessment and assess
capabilities.
The planning team should start with the problem statements developed from the risk assessment. For each problem
statement, consider different types of mitigation actions for addressing the problem. See the example on the page
6-6.
You may have multiple ideas that are categorized under one type (e.g., education and awareness or local plans and
regulations) and no ideas under another type. However, the intent is to think comprehensively when identifying
potential actions and to consider future development.
6-5
Task 6
Develop a Mitigation Strategy
Potential Actions
Local Planning and Regulations: Adopt a wildfire mitigation ordinance to specify conditions for the use and development of
wildfire hazard areas to mitigate risk to life and property.
Structure and Infrastructure Projects: Retrofit the school and the county maintenance shop with fire-resistant construction
materials and create a defensible space around the perimeters of the buildings.
Natural Systems Protection: Identify large tracts of vacant land in high hazard areas for acquisition by the Department of
Parks to develop trails and preserve open space.
Education and Awareness Programs: Implement a program using Firewise Communities materials to educate property
owners in the wildland-urban interface on actions they can take to reduce risk.
For certain problems, you may not have enough information about a particular situation to recommend a specific
mitigation action. In these cases, the mitigation action can be to recommend further study. For example, if your
community has 20 critical facilities that are threatened, further technical study may be needed to determine which
facilities should be addressed first. Your recommendation could be “Conduct an assessment of the 20 critical
facilities over the next 3 years to determine the most appropriate mitigation actions.”
2. Assess Capabilities
The mitigation strategy is based on existing local authorities, policies, programs, and resources, as well as the ability
to expand on and improve these existing tools. As part of Task 4, the planning team reviewed existing capabilities for
reducing long-term vulnerability to hazards. Those capabilities can be assessed to identify gaps to be addressed and
strengths to enhance through new mitigation actions. For instance, can gaps in design or enforcement of existing
regulations be addressed through additional personnel or a change in procedure or policy? Could an existing
education program be improved to cover the most significant hazards and better target non-English speakers? Are
additional studies, reports, or plans needed to understand risk?
Jurisdictions participating in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) can consider actions to enhance their
floodplain management program, such as addressing repetitive loss properties and improving standards beyond the
minimum requirements for NFIP participation.
Communities also must consider actions that reduce risk to future development. The planning team can evaluate
the effects of current growth plans and regulations (i.e., comprehensive plans, zoning and subdivisions ordinances,
building codes, and capital improvement programs) on community safety and consider how these could be updated
to reduce the community’s vulnerability. For instance, development review procedures may be revised to include a
hazard assessment for new development. The types of questions that the community can ask include:
• Will population growth and future land use plans put more people in hazardous areas?
• Will current redevelopment policies increase the population and property vulnerable to hazards?
• Will planned infrastructure extensions encourage unsafe development by facilitating access to hazardous areas?
Benefit-Cost Review
1 The FEMA BCA program consists of guidelines, methodologies, and software modules for a range of major natural hazards. More information
can be found here: http://www.fema.gov/government/grant/bca.shtm.
6-7
Task 6
Develop a Mitigation Strategy
• Legal. Does the community have the authority to implement the action?
• Environmental. What are the potential environmental impacts of the action? Will it comply with environmental
regulations?
• Social. Will the proposed action adversely affect one segment of the population? Will the action disrupt
established neighborhoods, break up voting districts, or cause the relocation of lower income people?
• Administrative. Does the community have the personnel and administrative capabilities to implement the
action and maintain it, or will outside help be necessary?
• Local champion. Is there a strong advocate for the action or project among local departments and agencies who
will support the action’s implementation?
• Other community objectives. Does the action advance other community objectives, such as capital
improvements, economic development, environmental quality, or open space preservation? Does it support the
policies of the comprehensive plan?
Action Prioritization
After careful evaluation, the planning team will have a list of actions that are acceptable and practical for addressing
the problems identified in the risk assessment. The planning team can prioritize actions for implementation by
assessing the importance of each item relative to the plan’s goals and the risks and capabilities. Actions could
be prioritized by numerical ranking; high, medium, or low designation; chronological ranking by date of
implementation; or other methods. Prioritization may change over time in response to changes in community
characteristics and risks and to take advantage of available resources.
The evaluation and prioritization process helps the planning team weigh the pros and cons of different action
alternatives. However, the decision-making process is not necessarily straightforward; it is highly specific to each
jurisdiction. The example that follows describes one approach for identifying and prioritizing mitigation actions.
Your process should be appropriate for the size, number, and capabilities of the communities involved. Each
participating jurisdiction may have different priorities for implementing actions. Appendix A includes an example of
a worksheet that could be used to facilitate the evaluation and prioritization process (see Worksheet 6.1).
In some cases, a community may choose to develop their hazard mitigation plan wholly within their comprehensive
planning process. Hazard Mitigation: Integrating Best Practices into Planning2 provides technical advice and examples of
communities that have successfully integrated mitigation into local comprehensive plans and other types of
local planning processes. Some existing processes may not allow for integration due to timing, budgets, or other
constraints. For example, a community may determine that the goals and actions of the hazard mitigation plan will
be considered in the next 5-year capital improvements planning process, which may be updated annually.
To identify how the plan can be incorporated into other plans, programs, and procedures, consider the following:
The overall mission and goals for risk reduction and community
safety may be incorporated into the objectives and policies of
other plans. Goals for disaster resiliency can also complement
the sustainability programs being developed by many
communities. The following are examples of policies that can
be included in the comprehensive plan and are implemented
through zoning and building codes, capital improvements
programs, and permitting processes:
• Protect life and property in high hazard areas by limiting
densities of new development
• Limit the extension of public infrastructure in high hazard
areas
• Reduce the vulnerability of future development in high Education and Awareness Program: First grade
hazard areas by reviewing development regulations students learn about natural disasters during a
FEMA For Kids workshop.
2 Schwab, James, ed. 2010. Hazard Mitigation: Integrating Best Practices into Planning. Planning Advisory Service Report No. 560. Chicago:
American Planning Association. This report is available through the FEMA Library at http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=4267.
6-9
Task 6
Develop a Mitigation Strategy
The risk assessment provides data, analysis, and maps that can be integrated into other plans to inform policies and
decision-making. For instance, the risk assessment can form the basis for other emergency management program
activities, including the emergency operations and evacuation planning. Incorporation of hazard information and
mapping into land use plans, zoning and subdivision codes, and the development review process can guide growth
and redevelopment away from high-risk locations. This information can also be used to design and site future public
facilities to minimize exposure to hazards.
Where possible, the community should implement the identified mitigation actions through existing plans and
policies, which already have support from the community and policy makers. For instance, a Community Wildfire
Protection Plan3 identifies a community’s priorities for wildfire fuel reduction projects. A capital improvements
program outlines a jurisdiction’s spending plan for capital projects that support existing and future developments,
such as roads, water, and sewer systems, usually over a 5-year period. Mitigation projects that could be included in
the capital improvements plan include strengthening at-risk critical facilities or acquiring open space in identified
hazard areas. Other implementation tools for mitigation actions could include staff work plans, permitting
procedures, job descriptions, and training.
Some communities have recovery or post-disaster redevelopment plans that identify the operations and strategies
the community will take post-disaster to recover more effectively and to become more resilient in future disasters.
Mitigation actions to reduce long-term vulnerability, such as effective building code adoption and enforcement, are
applied in both the pre-disaster mitigation planning and post-disaster recovery activities of a community. Effective
recovery planning builds on existing community goals and plans and incorporates the mitigation strategy into long-
term recovery and reinvestment decisions.
Implementation of Mitigation Actions
The action plan also identifies how specific mitigation actions will
be implemented, including who is responsible for which actions, Element C5
what funding mechanisms and other resources are available or
will be pursued, when the actions will be completed, and how
The hazard mitigation strategy shall
they are prioritized. The capability assessment developed in Task 4 include an action plan, describing how
can be helpful in determining the agencies responsible for certain the actions identified will be prioritized,
functions in the community and the available financial resources. implemented, and administered by
each local jurisdiction. Prioritization
Assign Responsible Agency shall include a special emphasis
on the extent to which benefits are
The planning team needs to determine which department or maximized according to a cost benefit
agency is most appropriate to lead each action. In order to clearly review of the proposed projects and
describe how actions will be implemented and administered, their associated costs.
at a minimum, a specific agency, department, or position must 44 CFR §201.6(c)(3)(iii)
be assigned to the action, not the jurisdiction as a whole. If
coordinating with other agencies will be necessary, this is a good For multi-jurisdictional plans, there
must be identifiable action items
time for them to provide input on the steps and timeframes
specific to the jurisdiction requesting
necessary to carry out the actions. FEMA approval or credit of the plan.
44 CFR §201.6(c)(3)(iv)
3 The Healthy Forest Restoration Act incentivizes and defines the development of Community Wildfire Protection Plans by at-risk communities.
See http://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/communities/cwpp.shtml.
Resources include funding, technical assistance, and materials. Estimating the cost of an action will help the
planning team target the most appropriate resources. Sources of local funding may include the general operating
budget, capital improvement budgets, staff time, impact fees, special assessment districts, and more. Your State
Hazard Mitigation Officer and the FEMA mitigation planning webpage can help you identify potential State and
Federal resources. The planning team should also consider opportunities for private sector funding and partnerships,
as well as resources that may be provided by academic institutions.
The planning team and responsible agencies must develop a timeframe for implementing each mitigation action.
Funding cycles can affect when you can begin implementing an action. The timeframe can detail when the action
will be started, interim steps, and when it should be fully implemented. Timeframes can also be general, such as “3
to 5 years,” or defined for short, medium, and long term.
Other implementation items that you may consider describing in the action plan are goals addressed, partner
agencies, steps for implementation, and estimated budget. An action implementation worksheet can be a good
approach for formatting the information collected for each action and its implementation. An example worksheet
is provided in Appendix A (see Worksheet 6.2). The planning team may decide to assign the responsible agency for
each action first. Each agency can then be responsible for developing the action implementation worksheet with
additional information on how the action will be administered and implemented. If appropriate, the community
can also begin developing project scopes of work, schedules, and budgets, particularly where Federal funding
applications are anticipated. FEMA’s approval of the plan does not mean approved funding for projects identified in
the plan or an approved application for Federal assistance.
44 CFR §201.6(d)(3)
The updated plan must explain how the jurisdiction(s)
incorporated the previous mitigation plan, when appropriate,
into other planning mechanisms over the last 5 years as a demonstration of progress in local mitigation efforts.
The updated plan must continue to describe how the current mitigation strategy, including the goals and hazard
mitigation actions, will be incorporated into other planning mechanisms over the next 5 years.
6-11
Task 6
Develop a Mitigation Strategy
The plan also must describe the status of the mitigation actions identified in the previous plan by describing those
that have been completed or not completed. For actions that have not been completed, the plan must either describe
whether the action is no longer relevant or indicate whether it is included as part of the updated action plan.
The planning team may ask the local agencies and departments assigned responsibility for the implementation of
mitigation actions in the previous plan to provide a status update on each of their actions. For instance, agencies
could provide an evaluation of the following:
• If the action was completed, did it have the intended results? Did it achieve the goals outlined in the plan? What
factors contributed to success?
• If the action was not completed, what were the barriers to implementation? For instance, was there a lack of
political support, funding, staff availability, or other obstacle? Should the action be included in the updated
mitigation strategy?
Task 7 describes how to develop a process for monitoring and evaluating the plan that can be used to evaluate
progress.
Describe Changes in Priorities
The plan must describe if and how any priorities changed since
the plan was previously approved. Your community’s mitigation Element D3
priorities may change over time for a variety of reasons. Addressing
changes in priorities allows you to redirect actions to reflect A local jurisdiction must review and
current conditions, including financial and political realities, revise its plan to reflect changes in
or changes in conditions or priorities due to disaster events. In priorities.
addition, now that the community has implemented some actions,
44 CFR §201.6(d)(3)
you may apply lessons learned about what works and does not.
New actions can be identified based on the updated risk assessment and capability assessment. New actions are
prioritized in combination with the actions carried forward from the previous plan. Factors that may influence
changes in priorities include the following:
• Altered conditions due to disaster events and recovery priorities
• Changing local resources, community needs, and capabilities
• New State or Federal policies and funding resources
• New hazard impacts identified in the updated risk assessment
• Changes in development patterns that could influence the effects of hazards
• New partners that have come to the table
If no changes in priorities are necessary, plan updates may validate the information in the previously approved plan.
Conclusion
Task 6 describes how to develop a comprehensive mitigation strategy that is integrated with existing plans and
programs in your community. These mitigation goals and actions establish a path forward for creating a safer, more
disaster resilient community. Task 7 – Keep the Plan Current describes how to develop procedures for continuously
monitoring, evaluating, and updating the mitigation plan so that it continues to meet community needs over time.
6-13
Task 6
Develop a Mitigation Strategy
PrioritizationResponsible and
Action Id (High, Potential
Coordinating (B/C) Benefit-Costs
and Description Medium, Low) Funding
Bureaus and (TF) Technical Feasibility
Goals Agencies
and Timeframe Agencies
ST MH Develop educational materials High POEM City of B/C: Sustained mitigation outreach program has minimal
#10 (television and print media) for
ST – Ongoing
Portland cost and will help build and support area-wide capacity.
residents that identify and define FEMA HMA, This type activity enables the public to prepare for, respond
2,3,5,6
their risk to multi hazards: define FEMA AFG, to and recover from disasters.
and offer mitigation measures that FP&S, SAFER,
TF: This low cost activity can be combined with recurring
residents can take home or share, EFSP, DHS,
outreach opportunities at meetings where hazard specific
determine method of distribution of the NRCS
information can be presented in small increments. This
educational materials and coordinate
activity is ongoing demonstrating its feasibility.
with the media to reduce conveyance of
misinformation. (education, outreach)
LT MH Revise Portland’s Comprehensive Plan BPS City of B/C: Land use planning that considers hazards as an
#1 to address and implement Citywide
LT – Ongoing
Portland integral component, policies can be established that will
policies, land use improvements ensure reduction of loss and damage to structures.
2,5,6,7
and mapping changes to natural
TF: This activity is feasible and currently being
hazards including, but not limited to,
implemented through the background reports of the
earthquakes, erosion, floods, invasive
Portland Plan which will inform the 25 year long range
plants, landslides, volcano, severe
Comprehensive Plan.
weather and wildfires. (mapping,
planning) (NFIP Compliance)
ST EQ Study the feasibility of mandatory Medium BF&R, BDS, POEM City of B/C: Coordinated legislation ensures consistency,
#8 or voluntary installation of seismic
ST
Portland, enforcement and protection to the City’s population and
shutoff valves on natural gas meters at FEMA HMA, resource expenditure reduction.
5
commercial and residential buildings. FEMA AFG,
TF: This activity is technically feasible and involves
FP&S, SAFER,
effective communication and staff resources; this activity
EFSP, DHS,
is feasible for the City to complete.
NRCS
LT FL #5 As Waterfront Park remodeling is High BP&R, BF&R BPS, City of B/C: This project is essential for sustainability and
designed, ensure that Portland’s BDS Portland operations continuity ensuring City infrastructure and the
2,3,5,6 LT – Ongoing
downtown property and critical facilities population’s remain protected from potential flood impacts
remain protected from floodwaters. during reconstruction ensuring their health and safety.
(asset management)
TF: This activity is technically feasible within the community
through partnership agreements or memoranda to
maximize existing utility infrastructure availability.
ER# Construct and install bio-engineered High BP&R City of B/C: This project would reduce erosion risk to
slope protective measures to reduce or Portland, infrastructure and residential properties using effective
2,5 LT
eliminate erosion. FEMA HMA, native vegetation bank stabilization measures to reduce
FEMA AFG, erosion damage to threatened structures.
FP&S, SAFER,
TF: This activity is technically feasible and involves
NRCS
effective communication and staff resources; this activity
is feasible for the City to complete.
WF Develop and implement protocol High BF&R, BP&R, City of B/C: Coordinated planning ensures effective damage
for defining and mapping Wildland BES, POEM, PBOT, Portland, avoidance or reduction and ensures proper attention is
2,4,5,6 ST
Urban Interface Zones and develop Metro, BDS, BPS FEMA AFG, assigned to reduce losses and damage to structures and
recommended policies, regulations and FP&S, SAFER City residents.
landscape options for incorporation into
TF: This activity involves effective communication and staff
City plans and programs. (planning)
resources; this activity is feasible for the City to complete.
This activity is ongoing demonstrating its feasibility.
The planning team must identify the lead position or agency, usually the same individual or agency leading the
plan’s development, for coordinating the monitoring process. A method and schedule for regular monitoring can
include reports or other deliverables and expectations for meeting attendance. Monitoring, therefore, becomes part
of the regular administrative function of the offices or positions to which it is assigned.
Evaluating Effectiveness
Evaluating means assessing the effectiveness of the plan at achieving its stated purpose and goals. The planning team
must identify how, when, and by whom the plan will be evaluated. The planning team may develop a list of metrics
to evaluate progress toward goals on an annual basis. For instance, if a goal is to improve public awareness of
hazards and risk, then repeat a survey conducted during the planning process on an annual or 5-year basis to gauge
7-1
Task 7
Keep the Plan Current
how perception of risk is changing. If a goal is to reduce the number of structures in hazard prone areas, evaluate
how these numbers change over time. The planning team could also evaluate the percentage of actions implemented.
Plan evaluation may not occur as frequently as plan monitoring, but it is an important step to ensure that the plan
continues to serve a purpose. Many communities commit to, at a minimum, annually reconvening the planning
team to evaluate the plan’s effectiveness and to prepare a report for their governing bodies that demonstrates
progress to date. This information also serves as the basis of the next plan update.
The planning team or, if applicable, a subset of the planning team assigned to evaluate the plan, may develop a
schedule for both regular meetings and specific deliverables. To maximize funding opportunities, schedule the
meetings to coincide with an existing process or procedure, such as the community budget cycle or FEMA’s annual
grant cycle. If reports or other deliverables are necessary, determine their frequency and reporting requirements.
Updating the Plan
Updating means reviewing and revising the plan at least once every 5 years to reflect changes in development,
progress in local mitigation efforts, and changes in priorities. The planning team must identify how, when, and by
whom the plan will be updated. Documenting the procedures for updating the plan requires an explanation of who
will be responsible for updating the plan and when and how this process will be initiated. The plan must include
the title of the individual or name of the department or agency responsible for leading the updating effort. It may
be appropriate to include a schedule of activities that allows sufficient time to obtain funding for and complete the
planning process before the plan expires.
The planning team can also establish procedures for updating the plan following a disaster event or concurrent with
the development of a recovery or post-disaster redevelopment plan. Your community’s vulnerabilities and mitigation
priorities often change following a disaster, and additional funding sources may become available, such as FEMA’s
Hazard Mitigation Grant Program or Public Assistance. Generally, public awareness increases, and the demand and
support for mitigation frequently increases following a disaster. You may choose to take advantage of opportunities
to incorporate mitigation into recovery strategies and to rebuild wisely and safely to avoid similar losses in the
future. This is also an important time to collect data on the hazard and its impacts for future plan updates. If you are
considering developing a recovery plan prior to a disaster, coordinating the recovery and mitigation planning efforts
promotes messages about building resilience.
Conclusion
Task 7 describes the requirements and recommendations for documenting how, when, and by whom the mitigation
plan will be maintained over time. Identifying and adhering to monitoring and evaluation procedures will make the
5-year update process easier and more effective. Task 8 describes the final review and adoption of the plan document
and the process for submitting the plan for FEMA approval.
7-3
Task 7
Keep the Plan Current
You may also directly inform certain stakeholders of the plan’s availability for comment, such as through an email
or letter. This is a particularly good approach for providing neighboring jurisdictions an opportunity to review the
mitigation plan. The plan itself can include information on the types of comments received and how comments
were incorporated.
Prior to submitting the plan to the State Hazard Mitigation Officer (SHMO), the planning team may validate that
the local mitigation plan meets all requirements of Title 44 Code of Regulations (CFR) 201.6. FEMA uses the Local
Mitigation Plan Review Tool to ensure that approved local mitigation plans meet these requirements. The planning team
may view the Regulation Checklist portion of the Plan Review Tool and fill in the page numbers where your plan
meets each of the required elements. This can serve as a final internal review to confirm the plan meets Federal
requirements prior to submitting it for approval. Appendix B provides a copy of the Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool.
Once the State is satisfied that the plan meets the requirements,
the SHMO will forward the plan to the FEMA Regional Office
for review and approval. FEMA will conduct its review within
45 days, if possible, and provide a completed Local Mitigation
Plan Review Tool to the State. The FEMA Regional Office and
the State may contact you to discuss additional revisions to the Figure 8.1: Plan approval process
8-1
Task 8
Review and Adopt the Plan
plan to ensure that it meets the Federal regulation. Once FEMA determines the plan meets the regulation, FEMA will
notify the SHMO that the plan is approvable pending adoption (APA), or approved if the community has already
adopted the mitigation plan.
Approvable Pending Adoption
To avoid repeated attempts to adopt the plan prior to FEMA approval, many communities obtain a notice from FEMA
that the plan is APA before adopting the plan. As a time-saving measure, communities are encouraged to submit
the final draft of the mitigation plan to the State and FEMA for review prior to formal adoption by the elected
officials or other authorized governing body. If FEMA determines the plan is not approvable and requires revisions,
the community will be able to make revisions before initiating the plan adoption process, therefore avoiding
unnecessary delays in plan approval.
Plan Approval
Upon receiving the record of adoption from the State, FEMA will issue an official approval letter stating which
jurisdictions have adopted and are approved and eligible for FEMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance programs. The
approval letter will include the expiration date 5 years from the date of the letter. Attached to the approval letter will
be a final Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool that provides feedback on the strengths of the plan, recommendations
for plan improvements during future plan updates, and suggestions for implementing the mitigation strategy.
Each jurisdiction submits documentation of adoption to the State, who is responsible for forwarding this on to the
FEMA Regional Office. If you choose to use the APA process, adoption must take place within 1 year of receipt of
FEMA’s APA notification.
Multi-Jurisdictional Adoption
Each jurisdiction seeking plan approval must adopt the plan. If
you choose to use the APA process, it is important to coordinate
Element E2
the adoptions of all the jurisdictions as soon as the plan receives
APA status. The governing bodies may have different meeting For multi-jurisdictional plans, each
schedules, which prevent all the jurisdictions from adopting at jurisdiction requesting approval of the plan
the same time. If possible, coordinate the adoptions and submit must document that it has been formally
adopted.
documentation to the State at the same time.
44 CFR §201.6(c)(5)
At least one of the participating jurisdictions must adopt the plan within 1 year of FEMA’s APA notice. FEMA
will issue an official approval letter stating which jurisdictions have adopted the plan and are eligible for FEMA
hazard mitigation assistance programs. The plan will expire 5 years from the date of FEMA’s approval letter for the
mitigation plan. The approval letter and date are generated with the first jurisdiction adopting the plan. The plan
approval date remains the same regardless of when other participating jurisdictions adopt the plan. It is important
to coordinate the adoption process to ensure that all participants are covered by the plan for the full 5 years. Plan
updates follow the same adoption process.
Additional Considerations
Additional considerations related to the plan review and approval process include:
• Communicate with your SHMO early and often. Discuss with your SHMO whether it would be appropriate to
share drafts of the plan or portions of the plan prior to a formal review to ensure the plan is complete. Also, you
will want to ensure your plan meets any additional State requirements, which are noted in Element F of the Local
Mitigation Plan Review Tool.
• Keep stakeholders informed. The relationships you have already established with stakeholders, elected officials,
and government agencies will be important assets during the adoption process. To facilitate adoption of the plan,
periodically brief community decision makers throughout the planning process on the progress of the planning
team’s efforts. When presenting the final draft for adoption, invite the planning team to the meeting and ask
supporting agencies to provide testimony regarding their support of the plan.
• Allow for sufficient time. Build time into your planning process to meet State and FEMA procedures for review.
Task 2 describes the development of a scope and schedule for the planning process, which may involve a lengthy
timeframe for review, approval, and adoption. Your local governing body may meet only once a month and may
require agenda items to be submitted well ahead of time.
Celebrate Success
Now that the plan is adopted and approved, the work is just beginning. But first, it’s time to celebrate! Publicize the
adoption and approval of the plan. Consider getting the word out using multiple methods, such as the following:
• Post a notice on the community’s website
• Issue a press release on plan adoption and approval to local media outlets
• Distribute notices of approval to stakeholders
• Announce the first project(s) to be initiated
• Propose a congratulatory resolution or achievement award for the planning team (or specific individuals) for
their successful work and commitment to making the community safer
These and similar steps are easy to complete, are inexpensive, and will keep the plan at the forefront of people’s
minds, helping to build momentum as you move into implementation. Task 9 provides recommendations for
implementing your mitigation strategy to reduce risk and strengthen your community’s resilience to future disasters.
8-3
Task 8
Review and Adopt the Plan
The Gasconade County Hazard Mitigation Plan has been approved by both the State Emergency Management Agency and
the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The plan approval is pending adoption resolutions from the participating
jurisdictions including Gasconade County, its cities and its school districts.
Meramec Regional Planning Commission (MRPC) worked in partnership with Gasconade County to update the plan.
Planning meetings were held with city and county officials, school leaders, emergency management agencies and
interested individuals.
The county must have an approved hazard mitigation plan in order for Gasconade County schools, cities, agencies and
others to access state hazard mitigation grant funds. The plan includes an assessment of natural hazards, showcases
past accomplishments and sets goals and action items to reduce the impact of natural hazards in the future.
Persons wishing to review the plan may access it on the MRPC website at www.meramecregion.org.
For more information on the plan, contact Assistant Director and Environmental Programs Manager Tammy Snodgrass at
MRPC, 573-265-2993.
9-1
Task 9
Create a Safe and Resilient Community
Post-disaster implementation also presents challenges. Local priorities may be limited to building back quickly,
rather than safely, or communities may face strained capacity or capability as local officials address other post-
disaster priorities. Increased mitigation funding and technical assistance from State and Federal sources after a
disaster can help offset these challenges. The recovery process should ensure that mitigation priorities, as outlined in
the plan, are actively applied to reinvestment decisions.
Focus on Quality over Quantity
As you move forward with transitioning from plan development to plan implementation, it is important to achieve
a few “early wins,” or successfully complete some initial mitigation actions. These could be low-cost actions that can
be implemented quickly or a single high-priority project. Demonstrating progress can go a long way in gaining the
support needed to implement more complex actions in the future.
Develop Strong Messaging
Some actions may require greater effort to gain political backing or public support to implement, particularly those
that require local financial and/or administrative commitments or those that generate opposition from competing
interests. You will need to make a convincing and long-lasting case for mitigation. For each proposed action, you
should be prepared to clearly and succinctly explain how well the action can meet additional standards or “selling
points,” such as:
• The action is economically viable and contributes towards your community’s long-term resilience and
sustainability.
• The action can be completed efficiently using staff time and coordination among departments, or in the case of
required financial commitments, is a wise and cost-effective expenditure.
9-3
Task 9
Create a Safe and Resilient Community
Private property owners share the responsibility to protect themselves and their property. Many Federal mitigation
grants for activities like acquisition or elevation require a minimum of 25 percent of the total project cost to be non-
Federal, and local communities often pass that cost on to the individual property owner.
State Funding and Assistance
State government funding for mitigation varies from state to state. Hazard Mitigation Assistance funds may be
available following a Federal disaster declaration, as described below, and some states use their own general funds
for grant matching. Contact your SHMO to learn about available funds in your state. In addition, other State agencies,
such as your State forestry department, geological survey, and water resources agency, may offer programs that fund
projects related to specific hazards.
Get to know your SHMO, who is responsible for organizing, developing, and implementing the State’s hazard
mitigation program as well as reviewing plans and projects submitted for approval by local communities. Your
SHMO coordinates with other State agencies, FEMA and other Federal agencies, local governments, and other public
and private organizations regularly; monitors the completion of approved projects; and provides technical assistance
and grant funding for approved activities and expenses. Your SHMO coordinates most FEMA funding to support
mitigation plans and project implementation.2
FEMA Mitigation Grant Programs
Hazard Mitigation Assistance Grant Programs
Hazard Mitigation Assistance grant programs provide funding opportunities for pre- and post-disaster mitigation.3
While the statutory origins of the programs differ, all share the common goal of reducing the risk of loss of life and
property due to natural hazards. Brief descriptions of the Hazard Mitigation Assistance grant programs are provided
below.
• Hazard Mitigation Grant Program. FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Grant Program assists in implementing long-
term hazard mitigation measures following Presidential disaster declarations. Funding may be authorized after a
declaration to implement projects in accordance with State, Tribal, and local priorities.
• Pre-Disaster Mitigation. FEMA’s Pre-Disaster Mitigation Grant Program provides funds on an annual basis for
hazard mitigation planning and mitigation project implementation prior to a disaster. The goal of the program is
to reduce overall risk to the population and structures, while at the same time also reducing reliance on Federal
funding from actual disaster declarations.
• Flood Mitigation Assistance. FEMA’s Flood Mitigation Assistance Program provides funds on an annual basis so
that communities can take measures to reduce or eliminate risk of flood damage to buildings insured under the
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).
Section 406 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act), 42 U.S.C. 5172,
provides FEMA with the authority to fund cost-effective mitigation measures under the PA program in conjunction
with the repair of disaster-damaged public facilities. These opportunities usually become apparent during the
immediate repair phase following disaster events. It is critical that your community is aware and involved in the
development of PA projects in close coordination with State and FEMA counterparts to help identify possible
mitigation opportunities under the PA program.4
3 For more information on FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Assistance programs, see http://www.fema.gov/hazard-mitigation-assistance.
4 For more information on hazard mitigation funding under Section 406, see http://www.fema.gov/public-assistance-local-state-tribal-and-non-
profit/hazard-mitigation-funding-under-section-406-0.
Earthquake Grants
The National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Earthquake State Assistance Program was created to increase
and enhance the effective implementation of earthquake risk reduction at the local level. Examples of mitigation
activities funded through this program include: developing seismic mitigation plans; conducting seismic safety
inspections of critical structures and lifelines; updating building codes, zoning codes, and ordinances to enhance
seismic safety; or increasing earthquake awareness and education. More information on the availability of funding to
assist with local activities supporting earthquake risk reduction can be obtained by contacting your SHMO or State
Earthquake Program contact.5
Emergency Management Performance Grants Program
The purpose of the Emergency Management Performance Grants Program is to provide grants to states to assist
State, local, Tribal, and territorial governments in preparing for threats and hazards. The grant focuses on planning,
operations, equipment acquisitions, training, exercises, and construction and renovation in enhancing and
sustaining all-hazards emergency management capabilities. Your State emergency management agency is the only
entity eligible to apply to FEMA for Emergency Management Performance Grant funds on behalf of State and local
emergency management agencies, so your first point of coordination should be through your local emergency
management office.6
FEMA Technical Assistance
Many types of technical assistance are available from FEMA. Technical assistance may take the form of information
resources; publications; training; templates, models, and samples; networking; or onsite workshops.
Risk MAP
FEMA’s Risk Mapping, Assessment, and Planning (Risk MAP) program helps communities identify, assess, and reduce
flood risk. Through Risk MAP, FEMA provides communities with flood risk data and information to enhance local
mitigation plans, improve community outreach, and increase local resilience to floods. The products and guidance
provided by Risk MAP can be used to help implement your local mitigation plan.7
Building Science
FEMA’s Building Science Branch provides technical services and produces mitigation guidance to create disaster-
resilient communities. The Building Science Branch provides NFIP technical support for public and private sector
stakeholders, the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, the National Windstorm Impact Reduction
Program, and outreach strategies for communicating Building Science issues.8
National Earthquake Technical Assistance Program
The National Earthquake Technical Assistance Program is designed to help State, Tribal, and local governments obtain
the knowledge, tools, and support needed to plan and implement effective earthquake mitigation strategies.9 FEMA
provides the following types of assistance through the program:
5 For more information on the Earthquake State Assistance Program, see http://www.fema.gov/earthquake-grants.
9 For more information on the National Earthquake Technical Assistance Program, see http://www.fema.gov/national-earthquake-hazards-
reduction-program/national-earthquake-technical-assistance-program.
9-5
Task 9
Create a Safe and Resilient Community
• Training. Courses and associated materials, available for classroom presentation or independent study, related to
a variety of seismic risk reduction activities and stakeholders.
• Technical assistance. Technical advice and shared expertise that help recipients design, develop, and implement
earthquake mitigation projects.
• Tools development. Assistance in developing job aids and other tools that facilitate efficient and effective
implementation of earthquake mitigation efforts.
• Special project support. Depending on the availability of program funding, support for demonstration projects
or other original or replicable mitigation initiatives.
The FEMA Best Practices Portfolio consists of illustrated stories, ideas, activities, and projects that show how
others have worked to reduce or prevent damage from disasters. These best practices are submitted by individuals
and communities to describe measures they have taken to reduce the loss of life and property from disasters. The
portfolio is meant to provide ideas and concepts about reducing losses and to encourage others to evaluate their own
risk and consider mitigation as a long-term solution to reducing that risk. In addition to the portfolio, FEMA also
provides more detailed case studies that offer in-depth, analytical information about innovative projects throughout
the United States that address all types of hazards.10
Other Federal Agencies
In addition to FEMA, other Federal agencies also provide funding or technical assistance programs for activities that
complement or support mitigation objectives. For example, many communities have used Community Development
Block Grant funds from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development to implement mitigation activities.
Many funding programs may be found by searching the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance, or by browsing
other Federal agency websites.
Conclusion
This Local Mitigation Planning Handbook provides guidance on how to develop or update a local hazard mitigation
plan to serve as an effective blueprint for reducing future losses from natural hazards and disasters and to meet
requirements for FEMA approval. The local mitigation plan is the representation of your whole community’s
commitment to reducing long-term vulnerability and acts as a guide for decision makers as they commit resources
for implementation. Task 9 describes how to turn your mitigation plan into action. The planning process does not
stop at adoption, and funding and resources are available to help implement your plan. Proactively implementing
the policies and actions identified in your mitigation plan increases community resilience and is an investment in
your community’s future safety and sustainability.
More detailed information on CRS plans can be found in Activity 510 of the CRS Coordinator’s Manual at http://
www.fema.gov/national-flood-insurance-program/community-rating-system.
A-1
Worksheet
Task 3 1.1
Comparison
Create an Outreach
of Multi-Hazard
Strategyand CRS Planning Requirements
The purpose of this MOA is to establish commitment from and a cooperative working relationship between all
Participating Jurisdictions in the development and implementation of the [Insert Title of Plan]. In addition, the
intent of this MOA is to ensure that the multi-jurisdictional hazard mitigation plan is developed in accordance
with Title 44 of the Federal Code of Regulations (CFR) Part 201.6; that the planning process is conducted in an
open manner involving community stakeholders; that it is consistent with each participating jurisdiction’s policies,
programs and authorities; and it is an accurate reflection of the community’s values.
This MOA sets out the responsibilities of all parties. The MOA identifies the work to be performed by each
participating jurisdiction. Planning tasks, schedules, and finished products are identified in the Work Program and
Schedule. The plan created as a result of this MOA will be presented to the governing body (Planning Commission,
City Council and or Board of Commissioners) of each participating jurisdiction for adoption.
II. Background
Mitigation plans form the foundation for a community’s long-term strategy to reduce disaster losses and break
the cycle of disaster damage, reconstruction, and repeated damage. The Participating Jurisdictions in a mitigation
planning process would benefit by:
• identifying cost effective actions for risk reduction;
• directing resources on the greatest risks and vulnerabilities;
• building partnerships by involving people, organizations, and businesses;
• increasing education and awareness of hazards and risk;
• aligning risk reduction with other community objectives; and
• providing eligibility to receive federal hazard mitigation grant funding.
The [insert Lead Community name] has received a grant from the Federal Emergency Management Agency to
prepare a multi-jurisdictional hazard mitigation plan in accordance with 44 FEMA requirements at 44.C.F.R. 201.6.
1 The language provided in this Sample Memorandum of Agreement does not impose legally enforceable rights and obligations, but provides
information that may be suitable for your community in entering a partnership agreement with other jurisdictions. It is recommended that you
consult an attorney prior to executing any legal instruments.
A-3
Task 3
Worksheet 1.2
Create an
Sample Memorandum
Outreach Strategy
of Agreement for a Multi-Jurisdictional Planning Team
The Participating Jurisdictions understand that representatives must engage in the following planning process, as
more fully described in the Local Mitigation Planning Handbook (FEMA, 2012), including, but not limited to:
• Develop the Work Program and Schedule with the Planning Team
• Organize and attend regular meetings of the Planning Team.
• Assist the Planning Team with developing and conducting an outreach strategy to involve other planning team
members, stakeholders, and the public, as appropriate to represent their Jurisdiction.
• Identify community resources available to support the planning effort, including meeting spaces, facilitators,
and media outlets.
• Provide data and feedback to develop the risk assessment and mitigation strategy, including a specific mitigation
action plan for their Jurisdiction.
• Submit the draft plan to their Jurisdiction for review.
• Work with the Planning Team to incorporate all their Jurisdiction’s comments into the draft plan.
• Submit the draft plan to their respective governing body for consideration and adoption.
• After adoption, coordinate a process to monitor, evaluate, and work toward plan implementation.
[Insert Points of Contact for the Lead Jurisdiction and for each Participating Jurisdiction, and any alternative POCs,
including, at a minimum:]
Name
Title
Office/Agency
Name of Participating Jurisdiction
Address
Phone number
Email address
V. MOA Implementation
This MOA will be in effect from the date of signature by all parties, will remain in effect through the duration of the
planning process, and will terminate after adoption of the final FEMA-approved mitigation plan by all participating
jurisdictions, or 5 years after FEMA approval, whichever is earlier. It may be terminated prior to that time for any
Participating Jurisdiction by giving 60 days written notice. This MOA is to be implemented through the attached
Work Program and Schedule, and any addendums that describe specific activities, programs, and projects, and if
necessary, funding by separate instrument.
Signature: _______________________________
Name of Authorized Government Official
Title (City Manager, Mayor, County Emergency Management Director, etc.)
Name of Jurisdiction A
Office/Agency
Date: ___________________________________
VI. Attachments
Plan Work Program and Schedule
A-5
Worksheet
Task 3 1.2
Sample
Create Memorandum
an Outreach of
Strategy
Agreement for a Multi-Jurisdictional Planning Team
Planning Team – The core group responsible for making decisions, guiding the planning process, and agreeing
upon the final contents of the plan
Stakeholders – Individuals or groups that affect or can be affected by a mitigation action or policy
A-7
Worksheet
Task 3 2.1
Mitigation
Create an Outreach
Planning Team
Strategy
Worksheet
Note: Multi-jurisdictional planning teams require at least one representative for each participating jurisdiction. This
worksheet can be used by each jurisdiction to identify their local sub-team.
Create Outreach
Strategy
Review Community
Capabilities
Conduct Risk
Assessment
Identify Plan
Maintenance Procedures
Review Final Draft
Adopt Plan
Meetings
Planning Team
Create
Sample
Jurisdictional Sub-team
Stakeholder/Public
Outreach
an Schedule
Worksheet
Outreach of
Task
Tasks
Strategy
2.23
A-9
Worksheet
Task 3 2.2
Sample
Create an
Schedule
Outreach
of Strategy
Tasks
A-11
Worksheet
Task 3 3.1
Sample
Create an
Mitigation
OutreachPublic
Strategy
Opinion Survey
A-13
Worksheet
Task 3 3.1
Sample
Create an
Mitigation
OutreachPublic
Strategy
Opinion Survey
A-15
Worksheet
Task 3 3.1
Sample
Create an
Mitigation
OutreachPublic
Strategy
Opinion Survey
Local mitigation capabilities are existing authorities, policies, programs, and resources that reduce hazard impacts
or that could be used to implement hazard mitigation activities. Please complete the tables and questions in the
worksheet as completely as possible. Complete one worksheet for each jurisdiction.
Comprehensive/Master Plan
Transportation Plan
A-17
Task
Worksheet
3 4.1
Create
Capability
an Outreach
Assessment
Strategy
Worksheet
Building Code, Permitting, and Inspections Yes/No Are codes adequately enforced?
Zoning ordinance
Subdivision ordinance
Floodplain ordinance
Other
Describe capability
Administration Yes/No
Is coordination effective?
Planning Commission
Floodplain Administrator
Emergency Manager
Community Planner
Civil Engineer
GIS Coordinator
Other
A-19
Worksheet
Task 3 4.1
Capability
Create an Assessment
Outreach Strategy
Worksheet
Describe capability
Technical Yes/No Has capability been used to assess/mitigate risk in the
past?
Warning systems/services
(Reverse 911, outdoor warning signals)
Grant writing
Hazus analysis
Other
Financial
Identify whether your jurisdiction has access to or is eligible to use the following funding resources for hazard
mitigation.
Has the funding resource been used in past and for what
Access/ type of activities?
Funding Resource Eligibility
(Yes/No) Could the resource be used to fund future mitigation
actions?
Other
A-21
Worksheet
Task 3 4.1
Capability
Create an Assessment
Outreach Strategy
Worksheet
StormReady certification
Other
Land Use
1. Does the future land-use map clearly identify natural hazard areas?
2. Do the land-use policies discourage development or redevelopment within natural hazard areas?
3. Does the plan provide adequate space for expected future growth in areas located outside natural
hazard areas?
Transportation
3. Are movement systems designed to function under disaster conditions (e.g., evacuation)?
A-23
Worksheet
Task 3 4.2
Safe
Create
Growth
an Outreach
Audit Strategy
Environmental Management
1. Are environmental systems that protect development from hazards identified and mapped?
Public Safety
1. Are the goals and policies of the comprehensive plan related to those of the FEMA Local Hazard
Mitigation Plan?
3. Does the monitoring and implementation section of the plan cover safe growth objectives?
1. Does the zoning ordinance conform to the comprehensive plan in terms of discouraging
development or redevelopment within natural hazard areas?
2. Does the ordinance contain natural hazard overlay zones that set conditions for land use within
such zones?
3. Do rezoning procedures recognize natural hazard areas as limits on zoning changes that allow
greater intensity or density of use?
4. Does the ordinance prohibit development within, or filling of, wetlands, floodways, and floodplains?
1. Do the subdivision regulations restrict the subdivision of land within or adjacent to natural hazard
areas?
2. Do the regulations provide for conservation subdivisions or cluster subdivisions in order to conserve
environmental resources?
A-25
Worksheet
Task 3 4.2
Safe
Create
Growth
an Outreach
Audit Strategy
1. Does the capital improvement program limit expenditures on projects that would encourage
development in areas vulnerable to natural hazards?
2. Do infrastructure policies limit extension of existing facilities and services that would encourage
development in areas vulnerable to natural hazards?
3. Does the capital improvement program provide funding for hazard mitigation projects identified in
the FEMA Mitigation Plan?
Other Yes No
1. Do small area or corridor plans recognize the need to avoid or mitigation natural hazards?
2. Does the building code contain provisions to strengthen or elevate construction to withstand hazard
forces?
4. Is there an adopted evacuation and shelter plan to deal with emergencies from natural hazards?
Questions adapted from Godschalk, David R. Practice Safe Growth Audits, Zoning Practice, Issue Number 10, October
2009, American Planning Association. http://www.planning.org/zoningpractice/open/pdf/oct09.pdf.
Insurance Summary
How many NFIP policies are in the State NFIP Coordinator or
community? What is the total premium FEMA NFIP Specialist
and coverage?
How many claims have been paid in the FEMA NFIP or Insurance
community? What is the total amount Specialist
of paid claims? How many of the claims
were for substantial damage?
How many structures are exposed to Community Floodplain
flood risk within the community? Administrator (FPA)
Describe any areas of flood risk with Community FPA and FEMA
limited NFIP policy coverage Insurance Specialist
Staff Resources
Is the Community FPA or NFIP Community FPA
Coordinator certified?
Is floodplain management an auxiliary Community FPA
function?
Provide an explanation of NFIP Community FPA
administration services (e.g., permit
review, GIS, education or outreach,
inspections, engineering capability)
What are the barriers to running an Community FPA
effective NFIP program in the community,
if any?
Compliance History
Is the community in good standing with State NFIP Coordinator,
the NFIP? FEMA NFIP Specialist,
community records
Are there any outstanding compliance
issues (i.e., current violations)?
When was the most recent Community
Assistance Visit (CAV) or Community
Assistance Contact (CAC)?
Is a CAV or CAC scheduled or needed?
A-27
Worksheet
Task 3 4.3
National
Create anFlood
Outreach
Insurance
Strategy
Program (NFIP)
Regulation
When did the community enter the NFIP? Community Status Book
http://www.fema.gov/
national-flood-insurance-
program/national-flood-
insurance-program-
community-status-book
Are the FIRMs digital or paper? Community FPA
Do floodplain development regulations Community FPA
meet or exceed FEMA or State minimum
requirements? If so, in what ways?
Provide an explanation of the permitting Community FPA, State,
process. FEMA NFIP
Flood Insurance Manual
http://www.fema.gov/
flood-insurance-manual
Community FPA, FEMA
CRS Coordinator, ISO
representative
CRS manual http://
www.fema.gov/library/
viewRecord.do?id=2434
Community Rating System (CRS)
Does the community participate in CRS? Community FPA, State,
FEMA NFIP
What is the community’s CRS Class Flood Insurance Manual
Ranking? http://www.fema.gov/
flood-insurance-manual
What categories and activities provide
CRS points and how can the class be
improved?
Does the plan include CRS planning Community FPA, FEMA
requirements CRS Coordinator, ISO
representative
CRS manual http://
www.fema.gov/library/
viewRecord.do?id=2434
Avalanche
Dam Failure
Drought
Earthquake
Erosion
Expansive Soils
Extreme Cold
Extreme Heat
Flood
Hail
Hurricane
Landslide
Lightning
Severe Wind
Storm Surge
Subsidence
Tornado
Tsunami
Wildfire
A-29
Worksheet
Task 3 5.1
Hazard
Create an
Summary
Outreach
Worksheet
Strategy
Rank each of the criteria with a -1, 0 or 1 using the following scale:
• 1 = Highly effective or feasible
• 0 = Neutral
• -1 = Ineffective or not feasible
Property Protection – How significant will the action be at eliminating or reducing damage to structures and
infrastructure?
Technical – Is the mitigation action technically feasible? Is it a long-term solution? Eliminate actions that, from a
technical standpoint, will not meet the goals.
Political – Is there overall public support for the mitigation action? Is there the political will to support it?
Legal – Does the community have the authority to implement the action?
Environmental – What are the potential environmental impacts of the action? Will it comply with environmental
regulations?
Social – Will the proposed action adversely affect one segment of the population? Will the action disrupt established
neighborhoods, break up voting districts, or cause the relocation of lower income people?
Administrative – Does the community have the personnel and administrative capabilities to implement the action
and maintain it or will outside help be necessary?
Local Champion – Is there a strong advocate for the action or project among local departments and agencies that
will support the action’s implementation?
Other Community Objectives – Does the action advance other community objectives, such as capital
improvements, economic development, environmental quality, or open space preservation? Does it support the
policies of the comprehensive plan?
A-31
Other
A-32
Life Property Local Total
Mitigation Action Technical Political Legal Environmental Social Administrative Community
Safety Protection Champion Score
Objectives
Jurisdiction:
Mitigation Action/Project
Title:
Background/Issue:
Responsible Agency:
Partners:
Potential Funding:
Cost Estimate:
Benefits:
(Losses Avoided)
Timeline:
Priority:
A-33
Worksheet
Task 3 6.2
Mitigation
Create an Outreach
Action Implementation
Strategy Worksheet
Action/Project Title
Responsible Agency
Contact Name
Contact Phone/Email
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. If uncompleted, is the project still relevant? Should the project be changed or revised?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Other comments
_______________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
A-35
Worksheet
Task 3 7.1
Mitigation
Create an Outreach
Action Progress
Strategy
Report Form
A-37
Task 3
Worksheet 7.2
Create
Plan Update
an Outreach
Evaluation
Strategy
Worksheet
(STATE)
WHEREAS the (local governing body) recognizes the threat that natural hazards pose to people and property within
(local community); and
WHEREAS the (local community) has prepared a multi-hazard mitigation plan, hereby known as (title and date of
mitigation plan) in accordance with the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000; and
WHEREAS (title and date of mitigation plan) identifies mitigation goals and actions to reduce or eliminate long-
term risk to people and property in (local community) from the impacts of future hazards and disasters; and
WHEREAS adoption by the (local governing body) demonstrates their commitment to the hazard mitigation and
achieving the goals outlined in the (title and date of mitigation plan).
Section 1. In accordance with (local rule for adopting resolutions), the (local governing body) adopts the (title and
date of mitigation plan).
ADOPTED by a vote of ____ in favor and ____ against, and ____ abstaining, this _____ day of
___________, ______.
By: _________________________________
(print name)
ATTEST:
By: _________________________________
(print name)
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
By: _________________________________
(print name)
A-39
Task 3
Worksheet 8.1
Create anAdoption
Example OutreachResolution
Strategy
APA. 1998. Planning for Post-Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction. Planning Advisory Service (PAS) Report 483/484, http://www.
fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1558 (Chapters 3, 4, and 5). Complete copies may also be ordered through
the APA Planners Book Service (http://www.planning.org/apastore/).
“Benefit-Cost Analysis,” Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), December 2011, http://www.fema.gov/
government/grant/bca.shtm.
“Choosing a Consultant,” a revised and edited excerpt from Selecting and Retaining a Planning Consultant: RFPs, RFQs, Contracts,
and Project Management by Eric Damian Kelly, FAICP. APA, 1993, http://www.planning.org/consultants/choosing/.
FEMA. 2003. Bringing the Plan to Life: Implementing the Hazard Mitigation Plan: State and Local Mitigation Planning How-To
Guide. FEMA 386-4. August 2003, http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1887.
FEMA. 2003. Building a Disaster-Resistant University. FEMA 443. August 2003, http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.
do?id=1565.
FEMA. 2005. Building Partnerships to Reduce Hazard Risks: Tips for Community Officials, Colleges and Universities. FEMA L-265. March
2005, http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1682.
FEMA. 2011. Comprehensive Preparedness Guide (CPG) 201: Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Guide. First Edition,
April 2012. http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=5823.
FEMA. 2003. Developing the Mitigation Plan: Identifying Mitigation Actions and Implementation Strategies: State and Local Mitigation
Planning How-To Guide. FEMA 386-3. April 2003, http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1886.
FEMA. 2002. Getting Started: Building Support for Mitigation Planning: State and Local Mitigation Planning How-To Guide.
FEMA 386-1. September 2002, http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1867.
FEMA. 2005. Integrating Historic Property and Cultural Resource Considerations into Hazard Mitigation Planning: State and Local
Mitigation Planning How-To Guide. FEMA 386-6. May 2005, http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.
do?id=1892.
FEMA. 2003. Integrating Manmade Hazards into Mitigation Planning: State and Local Mitigation Planning How-To Guide.
FEMA 386-7. September 2003, http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1915.
FEMA. 2011. Local Mitigation Plan Review Guide. October 2011. http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=4988.
FEMA. 2006. Multi-Jurisdictional Mitigation Planning: State and Local Mitigation Planning How-To Guide. FEMA 386-8.
August 2006, http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1905.
FEMA. 2007. National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Community Rating System (CRS) Coordinator’s Manual. FIA-15/2007, http://
www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=2434 (also see draft copy of the new CRS Coordinator’s Manual at http://
www.crs2012.org).
C-1
Appendix C
Additional Resources
FEMA. 2000. Planning for a Sustainable Future: The Link Between Hazard Mitigation and Livability. FEMA 364. September 2000,
http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1541.
FEMA. 2000. Rebuilding for a More Sustainable Future: An Operational Framework. FEMA 365. November 2000, http://www.
fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1429.
FEMA. 2001. Understanding Your Risks: Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses: State and Local Mitigation Planning How-To
Guide. FEMA 386-2. August 2001, http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1880.
FEMA. 2008. Using the Hazard Mitigation Plan to Prepare Successful Mitigation Projects: State and Local Mitigation Planning How-
To Guide. FEMA 386-9. August 2008, http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3388.
Godschalk, David R. 2009. “Safe Growth Audits,” Zoning Practice, Issue Number 10, October 2009. APA, http://
www.planning.org/zoningpractice/open/pdf/oct09.pdf.
“Hazus: FEMA’s Methodology for Estimating Potential Losses from Disasters,” FEMA, March 2012, http://www.
fema.gov/hazus/.
“Mitigation Planning Laws, Regulations, and Guidance,” FEMA, October 2011, http://www.fema.gov/preparedness.
“Mitigation Planning for Local and Tribal Communities,” FEMA IS-318 (Interactive Web-based Course), December
2011, http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/is318.asp.