EDSENG3: Structure of English Ms. Oharrah Mae Bernardez Officer-in-Charge, College of Education
EDSENG3: Structure of English Ms. Oharrah Mae Bernardez Officer-in-Charge, College of Education
Functions of Nouns 10
Noun Types 11
Article 11
Kinds of Pronouns 17
Preposition 22
Meaning of Preposition 23
Selected Meanings and Uses of Common Prepositions 25
Variation in Use of Preposition 26
Placement of not 80
Yes/No Question 84
How to form yes-no questions 86
Negative Yes/No Question 88
Focused Yes/No Questions 89
Forming Wh-Questions 95
Social Uses of WH-Question 96
Wh- Question Formation 97
Adverbs 101
Types of Adverb 102
Prefixes 111
A Short List of Prefixes 111
Suffixes 111
A Short List of Suffixes 112
The patterns are most easily classified according to the type of verb used:
Verb of being patterns(1,2,3,) use a form of the verb to be as the main verb in
the sentence.
Linking verb patterns (4,5) use one of the linking verbs as the main verb
in the sentence. The linking verb is followed by a noun or adjective
functioning as a subjective complement.
Action verb patterns (6,7,8,9,10,) use one of the many action verbs as the
main verb in the sentence.
Terms used to identify various parts of each sentence pattern include the
following:
NP1, NP2, NP3, etc. = designations for different noun phrase functions
NP1 V- be NP1
4. NP1 + LV + ADJ
5. NP1 + LV + NP1
NOTE: the second NP receives the same numerical designation as the first NP
because the second NP, the subject complement, is the same as the subject
(Joan= Buddhist)
6. NP1 + V-int
NOTE: the second NP, the direct object, receives a different numerical
designation (NP2) because it is not the same as the subject (NP1)
The action verb is followed by an indirect object and then a direct object
NOTE: the indirect object and the direct object each receive a new numerical
designation because each is different from the other and both are different
from the subject.
The action verb is followed by adirect object. The direct object is followed by
an adjective functioning as an objective complement.
The action verb is followed by a direct object. The direct object is followed by a
noun functioning as an objective complement.
Objective complement
NOTE: the second NP, the direct object, receives a different numerical
designation because it is not the same as the subject. The third NP
receives the same numerical designation as the direct object because it is
the same as the direct object.
2. They have an inflection, the plural (es) and the possessive (sometimes called
the offensive) such inflections have nouns abstracts.
added to verbs
{- age} breakage
{- ee} employee
added to adjectives
{- ity} facility
{- ness} happiness
{-cy} advocacy
{-ian} librarian
{-ship} friendship
6. Certain superfixes occasionally identify nouns from other parts of speech as in:
re‘co‘rd and re‘co`rd. These two words are morphemically alike: however, we
identify the stress patern/ /as a noun.
7. Nouns can serve as heads in a noun phrase. As heads they may be preceded
by one or more single-word modifier or both thesmallstudy table in my roomwhich
my father bought.
Functions of Nouns
Predicate noun
Object complements
Noun Types
3. Collective nouns able to take either singular or plural verbs forms, depending
on
ARTICLES:
4 Before a predicate N after a Before superlative and With plural nouns after
be verb if no determiner is before ordinal numbers be.
used ,except ordinal numbers His brothers are
… is a good neighbor used alone (first in her engineers.
batch)
The best cake I have
ever seen
The first person to fly in
space
5 Before few and little to Identification of a class, With institutions and
mean some but not many especially in a practices felt to be
generalization, followed unique.
by a noun, or an Offices open at 7
adjective. o‘clock
The youth is the hope of Dinner is usually late
the future. The physical
challenged.
6 When using proper noun to Beginning of a phrase With the set phrases,
indicate the characteristics containing an appositive usually parts
of the person named.
She is a sister of Teresa. ( a Interpret this item, the Heaven and hell
noun saintly person) one with an illustration.
Most of pronouns stand for, refer to, or replaces a noun phrase within a text;
hence, they occupy the same position as a noun, or noun phrase does. The word
or words that pronoun stands for are its antecedent or reference.
Kinds of Pronouns
Things to Remember:
1. Animals closely related to people can be referred to by he, him, and his or she,
her and hers.
2. Use it and its to refer to inanimate objects except ships, which are always
referred as she.
3. Countries and schools are sometimes referred matter are sometimes referred
to by she or her.
4. Traditionally, the pronouns he, him, and his have been used for mixed groups
or groups in which the sex is unknown. Many people now object to this use, so
they use both the masculine and feminine forms or the plural forms to avoid the
problem.
Father helped Tony with his project, and he will help my sister and me
with ours tomorrow.
Reflexive Pronouns
1. Use the reflexive pronoun as the object of the verb form or preposition to refer
to the subject of the sentence.
2. The phrase by + self or its emphatic form all by +self means alone or without
any help.
Intensive Pronouns
The intensive form occurs directly after the word it modifies or at the end of the
clause.
Reciprocal Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
Use singular verbs with compound pronouns and use singular pronouns to refer
to them in formal writing.
Relative pronouns
3. Who, whom and whose are used for person while which is use for non-persons.
The guest who came to dinner is the governor.
The book which I bought is the best seller.
6. That, which and whom are the only relative pronouns that can be left out.
7. Who, whom, and whose can be used in both essential and nonessential clauses.
8. That instead of which is used only in essential or restrictive clauses, so do not put
commas around clauses beginning with that.
The poster that won first prize, pleased both the judges and the viewers.
Our car, which has been running for three days, should be brought to the
machine shop for check-up.
10. Relative pronouns used in noun clauses are that, what, whatever, whoever,
whomever, and whichever.
11. Look at the antecedent of who that or which when used as subject to decide
whether the following should be singular or plural.
The farmers who own orchards earn much from their harvest.
Prepositions
Prepositions are notoriously difficult for ESL learners for several reasons.
2. The English preposition is not necessarily realized by a single word. There are
complex forms like because of and in spite of or coalesced forms like into and onto.
3. Certain prepositions co-occur with verbs, adjectives, and nouns to form clusters.
to substitute for to be afraid of
infavor of awareness of
4. English prepositions are polysemous. They bear varied meanings.
Meaning of Prepositions
One entity is for foregrounding while the other serves as background. The former
is the figure and the latter is the landmark. In
Figure landmark
At, on, and in are the basic and most general place prepositions. At denotes
place as a point of reference, on denotes physical contact between the figure
and landmark, and in denotes the enclosure of the trajector in the landmark.
They met at the main gate.
Put the box in the box.
From, off and out of are source prepositions involving the notion of
separation from place.
From denotes separation from a point of orientation, off denotes separation
from contact with line or surface, and out of separation from inside a
landmark.
1. By and with are proximity prepositions, which locate the figure in relation to a
point of orientation marked by the preposition at. By denotes the idea of
connection while with denotes both a point of orientation and the idea of
connection. In its spatial sense, with can occur only with animals nouns as
landmark.
He stood by me in all throughout the campaign.
He rides with me to our place of work.
2. Through and about requires the landmark to the seen as a surface or a
volume and are there positioned in the diagram above next to in. Through
on radio, TV (communication)
Object of a Preposition:
1. A noun (or pronoun) connected into a sentence via a preposition is called the
object of a preposition. These nouns can never be a subject, direct object,
predicate noun. These nouns follow their preposition and always take a case
other than nominative. Prepositions in the following sentences are marked bold
face.
2. Unfortunately, the term Object of a Preposition is very generic and gives very
little information concerning the true function of the noun. When analyzing the
function of a noun, it is more accurate to include the specific function that the
object of that preposition indicates:
Chapter 4: VERBS
A verb can be recognized by means of the following characteristics:
The third person singular –s has the same allomorphs as the noun plural and the
noun possessive.
b. To contrast a situation with an event this happened just after the situation
existed. We use the past continuous to describe the first event and the simple
past to describe the event which occurred after it.
We were standing at the main gate waiting to welcome the guest speaker.
He arrives 20 minutes later.
3. Future Progressive
a. To say something will surely happen because arrangements have been
made.
They will send their students regularly to the University for English
Proficiency Enhancement.
b. To emphasize the duration of a recent event.
EDSENG3: Structure of English
Ms. Oharrah Mae Bernardez
Officer-in-Charge, College of Education Page 29
She‘s been crying bitterly.
3. Operators/Operator verbs
The operators is a verb that has three main functions: 1) It precede the negative
and combines with it when the negative is contracted to –n‘t 2) it is the verb that
moves around the subject to the sentence initial position in yes-no questions; and
3) it is also the verb that appears in the tag phrases of interrogative sentences or
tag questions.
My father will not approve your marriage proposal.
My father won‘t approve your marriage proposal.
Will your father approve my marriage proposal?
Will your father not approve my marriage proposal?
Won‘t your father approve my marriage proposal?
Your father will approve my marriage proposal, won‘t he?
When a clause contains no verb eligible to be an operator, do is introduced.
He attends the graduations ball tonight.
He does attend the graduation ball tonight.
He does not attend the graduation ball tonight.
Does he attend the graduation ball tonight?
He attends the graduation ball tonight, doesn‘t she?
If there are two auxiliary or more auxiliary verbs present in the verb phrase, the
first auxiliary serves as the operator.
He has been reading the Obama autobiography.
He has not been reading the Obama autobiography.
He has been not reading the Obama autobiography.
Has he been reading the Obama autobiography.
He has been reading the Obama autobiography, hasn‘t he?
Voice
The passive voice was limited than the active in that it requires only the transitive
verbs –verbs that have direct objects.
The passive morphology is be… -en, I.e., a form of the be verb + past participle.
Usually in the passive sentences the agent is not mentioned at all, referred to as
the agent less passive. If the agent is mentioned (=agent passive) it appears in a
prepositional phrase marked by the preposition by.
1. A passive contraction emphasizes the result in the impersonal style. This use is
sometimes desirable in scientific and technical writing.
A new strain of malaria was discovered.
When to used the passive a present the greatest challenge to ESL learners.
1. With modals
Paper can be produced from trees.
2. With present perfect
Paper has been produced from trees.
3. With present progressive
Paper is being produced from trees.
4. With pass progressive
Papers were being produced from trees.
5. Will be going to for future
Paper is going to be produced from trees.
2. Some common and proper nouns ending in –s. including –ics and
certain diseases are always conceived as single entity- take a plural
verb.
4. Nouns occurring in sets of two take the singular when the noun pair is
present but take the plural when pair is absent.
7. When we use "a number and a plural non to talk about two or more things,
we usually use a plural verb. We use a singular verb with ―one‖.
9. Authentic operations take the singular verb because they are perceived as
reflecting a single numerical entity on both side of the equation or equal sign.
10. The quantifiers a lot (of), lots of, plenty of take a singular verb. If the
subject noun is noncount by plural verb if the subject head noun is
plural.
11. Traditional grammar states that when used as a subject, noneis always
singular regardless of what follows in a prepositional phrase.
12. traditional grammar maintains that the antecedent of the relative pronoun is
the noun before.
Alice is one of the graduate students who have finished her master‘s
degree in a short period of time.
13. For correlatives either…or, neither… nor, traditional grammars argues for a
proximity rule, I.e, subject-verb agreement should occur with the subject noun
nearest to the verb.
14. A singular noun or pronoun should take a singular verb inflection regardless
of what else occurs between the subject and the verb.
These are verbs which consist of two or three words. They consist of:
1. A verb followed by an adverb;
Go up, split over, push through
1. Transitively
Transitive verbs require an object to complete their meaning.
2. Intransitively
Intransitive verbs cannot have a direct object after them.
You can see that here, there are two different meanings (or uses) of ―Take off‖.
When take off is transitive it means to remove something (that something is an
object). When take off doesn‘t have an object after it, it is intransitive and can
mean to leave the ground.
Also note that the same phrasal verb, for example take off, can have more than
one meaning (yes, even 7 or 8 different meanings).
A good dictionary will tell you whether a verb is transitive (usually vt. or tr. next to
the verb in dictionaries) or intransitive (vi. or intr.)
A plane took off
Meaning
A two-word verb often has a one word synonym, which is generally more formal.
Here are some examples:
When the object of the following phrasal verbs is a pronoun, the two parts of the
phrasal verb must be separated:
Adjective
Adjective is that it is a word that describes or clarifies a noun.
It describes nouns by giving some information about an object‘s size, shape,
age, color, origin or material.
coffee table
pool hall
hunting cabin
baseball player
Types of Adjectives
Articles
There are only three articles, and all of them are adjectives: a,
an, and the. Because they are used to discuss non-specific things and
people, a and an are called indefinite articles. For example:
I‘d like a
Let‘s go on an
Possessive Adjectives
It shows possession. They describe to whom a thing belongs. Some of the most
common possessive adjectives include:
My — Belonging to me
His — Belonging to him
Her — Belonging to her
Their — Belonging to them
Your — Belonging to you
Our — Belonging to us
All these adjectives, except the word his, can only be used before a noun. You
can‘t just say ―That‘s my,‖ you have to say ―That‘s my pen.‖ When you want to
leave off the noun or pronoun being modified, use these possessive adjectives
instead:
Mine
His
Hers
Theirs
Yours
Ours
For example, even though saying ―That‘s my‖ is incorrect, saying ―That‘s mine‖ is
perfectly fine.
―Whose dog is that?‖ ―He‘s mine. That‘s my dog.‖
Demonstrative Adjectives
EDSENG3: Structure of English
Ms. Oharrah Mae Bernardez
Officer-in-Charge, College of Education Page 44
Like the article the, demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate or demonstrate
specific people, animals, or things. These, those, this and that are
demonstrative adjectives.
Be careful, because some adjectives that appear in a series are not coordinate.
In the phrase green delivery truck, the words green and delivery are not
separated by a comma because green modifies the phrase delivery truck.
To eliminate confusion when determining whether a pair or group of adjectives is
coordinate, just insert the word and between them. If and works, then the
adjectives are coordinate and need to be separated with a comma.
Numbers Adjectives
When they‘re used in sentences, numbers are almost always adjectives. You can
tell that a number is an adjective when it answers the question ―How many?‖
Indefinite Adjectives
Like the articles a and an, indefinite adjectives are used to discuss non-specific
things. You might recognize them, since they‘re formed from indefinite pronouns.
The most common indefinite adjectives are any, many, no, several, and few.
Positive adjective
Is a normal adjective that‘s used to describe, not compare.
―This is good soup‖ and ―I am funny.‖
Superlative adjective
Is an adjective that‘s used to compare three or more things, or to state that
something is the most.
―This is the best soup in the whole world‖ or ―I am the funniest out
of all the other bloggers.‖
The gas company will discontinue our service unless we pay our
bills by Friday.
Non-Restrictive Adjectives
Edgar Allan Poe, who wrote "The Raven," is a great American poet.
Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony until 1898, when it was ceded to the
United States.
2. Polarity
It refers to positive and negative contrasts in a language.
Adjectives with positive polarity are unmarked forms because they are used
more frequently in a given language, learned earlier by children and used in
neural contexts. Adjectives or negative polarity are marked. Then are less
frequently used.
3. Gradability
Adjectives can be placed in continuum of intensity, with the intensity increasing
and decreasing depending on the intensifier chosen.
Compound sentence: The boys sang and the girls danced last night.
Compound subject: The teacher and the student will join the parade.
1. Ellipsis: Omission or elision on the first verb phrase in the second and adding the
word too or either (for uninverted forms), and so or neither (for inverted forms).
Affirmative forms
My friends like to read storybooks and I, too. (uninverted)
A horse runs fast, and so does an ostrich. (Inverted)
Negative forms
Donna can‘t climb a tree, and his little brother can‘t either. (uninverted)
Ducks can‘t fly high, and neither can chickens. (Inverted)
2. Use of pro-forms, I.e the substitution of pronoun for a repeated noun.
Luis plays the guitar and he plays the harp, too.
3. Complex and correlative conjunctions like both… and…
My father is both kind and sincere.
Other that and simple coordinating conjunction include: for, nor, but, or, yet, and
so. Note the following examples.
Other forms of correlative conjunction are either… or, not only… but also, and
either…nor. These pairs are used together.
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
Examples:
Examples:
Marge was late for work and she received a cut in pay. (Very loose)
EDSENG3: Structure of English
Ms. Oharrah Mae Bernardez
Officer-in-Charge, College of Education Page 52
Marge was late for work, so she received a cut in pay. (Loose)
Examples:
SUBORDINATION
Sentence combining
Subordinating Conjunctions
Purpose They had to extend the session in order to discuss all concerns
raised.
Manner Is she often rude and cross like she‘s been this past week?
Relative Clauses
As in that unless
If than
Inasmuch as that
Subordinating conjunctions also join two clauses together, but in doing so, they
make one clause dependent (or subordinate) upon the other
Examples:
Both are independent clauses,
It is raining simple sentence.
We have an umbrella
OR
Chapter 8: Negation
Negation at the Lexical or word level can simplybuse the negative affix. For
example:
Untidy untidily
impossible impossibly
inadequate inadequately
illegaly illegally
dishonest dishonestly
atypical atypically
Determining which affix to use is not always predictable. I however, the choice of
Im-, In-, Il- or Ir- is phonologically conditioned by the constant which follows it.
i.e., Im- is used if the following consonant is verbal (b, p, m), Il- goes with a stem
They preschoolers can neither read nor write, nor can they comprehend
do mathematical computations yet.
At the sentence level, not or its contractionn't is the main negative. This applies
to different sentence types
No and not are negative substitutes. No can be a negative substitute for a whole
sentence while not for a subordinate clause.
Placement of not
1.) Not usually follows the verb whether functions as a main verb (copula) or an
auxiliary/helping verb.
2.) Other than be, not follows the auxiliary verb if one is present or the first
auxiliary (modal, phrasal modal, or have) I, there are two or more.
The principal must not have been joking when he said that.
3.) With other main verbs, a do-verb is introduced before negation take place.
The cold swims in the pool. The child does swim in the pool.
In English, there are several instances where not can grammatically negate the
subject of a sentence.
b. Not many discus throwers can claim to have accomplished such a feat.
The question one might be prone to ask is, can all noun phrases be negated with
not ? Negation of the subject of a sentence with not is not syntactically valid if the
subject does not contain a quantified noun phrase1 . Thus, a sentence such as
*Not Salome came to the party is ungrammatical, whereas we have seen in (1)
above that several sentences with quantified noun phrases are in fact
grammatical. However, not all sentences containing not modifying a quantified
noun phrase subject are grammatical. Consider the following examples in (2):
Now one may ask, exactly which quantified noun phrases can not negate?
Several researchers who have studied the general topic of negation have
commented on the fact that every x can be negated by not, and yet *not some x
is ungrammatical. Horn (1989) discusses the work of many linguists and
philosophers on this topic, most importantly Jespersen (1917, 1924), Sapir
(1930), Carden (1972), and Horn (1972), each of whom focus on the every/some
distinction. Within the realm of logic, it is quite easy to overlook other quantifiers
and focus on the distinctions between every and some. However, these analyses
do not take into consideration the full breadth of the issue for natural language.
The following table displays the behavior of not with different kinds of noun
phrases.
TABLE 1
1. Not every company expects to report 10. *Not each citizen files a tax
return. increased earnings.
will be so auspicious.
supposed to be.
5. Not many people came to the meeting 12. *Not several people came to
the last week. meeting last week.
7. Not more than half of the team showed 13. *Not most of the team
showed up last up last Friday.
Friday.
8. Not more than 200 people attended the 14. *Not few people left.
9. Not less than one million people 16. *Not the man walked into the
store.
enjoy listening to ABBA Gold every day. 17. *Not John came on time.
Additionally, other semantic groupings Barwise & Cooper adopt, such as some/a and
many/several, also fail to hold in terms of their ability to be negated. Perhaps most
intriguing is the fact that more than half x can be negated, while not most x is
ungrammatical.
YES/NO QUESTIONS
YES/NO QUESTIONS a,e often defined as questions for which either "yes" or
"no" is the expected answer. That are produced with a rising intonation.
Yes/No questions are formed by inverting the subject and the operator.
She loves(does love) to read opinion columns. Does she love to read
opinion columns?
2
Lucy is your 3 cousin3
2
She can speak 3 fluently3
Yes/no questions usually take short answers using the operator. The operator is
italicized below.
{*Yes, she's.
{Yes, I can.
{No, I can't.
{Yes, we are.
{No, we aren't.
{Yes, it does.
{No, it doesn't.
If the sentence contains more that on auxiliary verb, the short answer may also
contain an auxiliary verb. In addition to the operator.
Types of questions
Yes or no questions
Wh questions
Yes-no questions
Examples:
The rules
1. If the main verb of the sentence is "to be", simply invert the subject and
the verb to be:
Examples:
Examples:
She has done the housework. — Has she done the housework
Nancy has been working all night long. — Has Nancy been working
all night long?
3. If the sentence includes a verb which is not the verb "to be" and doesn't
include a helping (auxiliary) verb, the transformation is more complex.
do if the subject is the first person singular, second person singular, first
person plural, second person plural and third person plural (I, you, we,
they)
Examples:
does if the subject is the third person singular (he, she, it).
Examples:
b.If the verb is in the past tense, add did and put the main verb in
its base form:
Examples:
Semantics problems may arise for many ESL learners who react to a negative
yes/no question in a literal manner in their language. This means that they agree
or ree with the form of the rs/no questions thus causing miscommunication.
While neutral yes/no questions, as in the preceding causes, query on the whole
state, activities or event, this query can be more focused sometimes.
Does Alex plan a foreign trip with Melly? (Or did someone else?)
Does Alex plan a foreign trip with Melly? (Or did he only suggest?)
Does Alex plan a foreign trip with Melly? (Or is it something else?)
Does Alex plan a foreign trip with Melly? (Or is it with someone else?)
The focused sentence element gets the primary sboos as shown above.
Some and Any can both occur with different question types depending on it's a
meaning.
Is there no relief? {
7.) Complaints: Have you ever tried using this gadget at all?
Chapter 9: WH-QUESTIONS
Liza bought a beautiful house for her parents before she went to Canada.
Verb phrase: What did Liza do when she came home? (She bought
a beautiful house.)
Forming Wh-Questions
A modal (e.g., car) cannot be placed by do, dies or did. The do-verb
replaces the main verb
Certain fixed formulaic WH-Questions serve social functions (Croce Murcia and
Larsen Freeman 2001)
Making suggestions: Why don't you seek advice? How about a trip?
Look at these five wh- questions. What information is being sought? How are
the questions formed--and how are they alike or different from each other in their
formation? Analyze each for subject and predicate.
What do you see in example #1? The subject is who, and the predicate is
everything else. The question is formed by putting the wh- word who into the
subject position. The question is about the subject of the sentence. The speaker
knows everything--someone plans to take SLA this summer, but doesn't know
who.
What do you see in example #2? The subject is what, and the predicate is
everything else. The question is about the subject of the sentence: something
What about example #3? The subject of the sentence is John. The predicate is
will ask someone for information about summer courses. The total sentence that
lies behind the question: John will ask someone for information about summer
courses. The unknown information is the direct object of the verb will ask. The
formation gets more complicated in this situation:
Step #1 Insert the wh- word into the sentence: John will ask who for information
about summer courses?
Step #2 Move the wh- word to the beginning of the sentence: Who John will ask
for information about summer courses?
Step #3 Move the operator in front of the subject: Who will John ask for
information about summer courses?
Why didn't I use whom? That's super formal and unlikely to be used in asking a
question like this one. In fact, it's a bit hard to imagine any native speaker or truly
fluent NNS using whom in this type of question.
What about example #4? The subject of the sentence is we. The predicate is
can register for graduation some time. The whole sentence that lies behind the
question: We can register for graduation some time. The question is about the
adverbial of time. The speaker knows everything but the time/date. Again, the
formation is more complicated than in examples #1 and #2; the process is the
same as for example #3.
Step #1 Insert the wh- word into the sentence: We can register for graduation
when?
Step #3 Move the operator in front of the subject: When can we register for
graduation?
What about example #5? The subject of the sentence is we. The predicate is go
somewhere to register for graduation. The question is about the adverbial of
location/place. The whole sentence that lies behind the question: We go
somewhere to register for graduation. For this example, the process in examples
#3 and #4 is followed but with another complication because of the missing
operator.
Step #1 Insert the wh- word into the sentence: We go where to register for
graduation?
Step #2 Move the wh- word to the beginning of the sentence: Where we go to
register for graduation?
Step #3b: Move the operator in front of the subject: Where do we go to register
for graduation?
1. Wh- questions are formed by inserting a wh- word into a sentence in the place
of missing information.
4. Wh- questions about the subject of a sentence just insert who or what and
keep the same word order.
5. Wh- questions about anything in the predicate insert a wh- word and then
manipulate the word order by moving that wh- word to the beginning and moving
the operator in front of the subject.
6. If there's no operator in the verb phrase, then one has to be added. Like yes-
no questions and negatives with not in the verb phrase, wh- questions that need
to add an operator use do/does/did.
7. Wh- questions about subjects are simplier than wh- questions about the
predicate. The word order is simplier; only two word are needed--who or what.
8. Wh- questions about anything in the predicate are more complicated than wh-
questions about subjects. The syntax requires not just insertion of the wh- word
but also manipulation of the word order. More words are needed, too: who, what,
when, where, why, and others.
ADVERBS
Adverbs modify or change the meaning of the other words such as verbs,
adjectives, another adverb, or even a whole sentence.
Word:
2.) Prefix s-
Types of Adverbs
2.) Adverbs of relative time Can be used with all senses as meaning
permits
Here we put only makes a big change in the meaning or a clause. To illustrate:
1.) Only hr (no one else) invited Alex to join the team this year.
3.) He invited only Alex (no one but Alex) to join the team this year.
4.) He invited Alex only to join the team this year. (To join not to do
anything else)
5.) He invited Alex to join the tram only this year. (Before the adverb of
time, only means as recently as or at no other time.
Example:
A. I am working now.
A. Adverb of Time.
C. Adverb of Manner.
D. Adverb of Degree.
E. Adverb of frequency.
An adverb which states the amount or how much of a job, the act or event
occurs.
1) an adverb of quantity.
Andi always drinks milk every night. (Andi always drink milk
every night).
2) adverb of number.
Usually to determine the adverb of our number asking the question with
the word ―how many times‖ (how many times).
G. Interrogative adverb.
example:
H. Relative adverb.
Conditions of Adverbials
At some adverbials are fixed in their positions in the sentence, other are
movable. They can occur in sentence initially, medially, or finally.
Sentence -medial: We, doubtlessly, must conclude that the findings are
correct.
Set of adverbials.
(reason)
Suffix
Suffixes are added to the end of an existing word.