Example: Determination of Loads On A Building Envelope
Example: Determination of Loads On A Building Envelope
,00
7,30
72
5,988
0
7,2
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[m]
30,00
Basic data
1 Wind loads
Basic values
Determination of basic wind velocity:
EN 1991-1-4
vb = cdir × cseason × vb,0 § 4.2
Where: vb basic wind velocity
cdir directional factor
cseason seasonal factor
vb,0 fundamental value of the basic wind velocity
2 § 4.5
eq. 4.10
where: ρ air = 1,25 kg/m³ (air density)
1
⇒ qb = × 1,25 × 26 2 = 422,5 N/m²
2
Peak pressure
§4.3.2
zmin is the minimum height Table 4.1
zmax is to be taken as 200 m
Calculation of Iv(z)
Iv(z) turbulence intensity
kI EN 1991-1-4
Iv = for z min ≤ z ≤ z max
c o ( z ) × ln( z / z 0 ) §4.4 eq. 4.7
I v = I v ( z min ) for z < z min
Where: kI is the turbulence factor recommended value for kI is 1,0
z = 7,30 m
so: zmin < z < zmax
⎡ ⎤ 1
× × ρ × vb 2 × (k r × ln( z / z0 ) ) 2
7kI
qp (z) = ⎢1 + ⎥ 2
Corrigendum
⎣ co ( z ) × ln( z / z0 ) ⎦
wind profile
squared gust factor basic pressure
Created on Wednesday, August 18, 2010
Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
⎡ 7 ⎤ 1
qp (7 ,30) = ⎢1 + ⎥ × × 1,25 × 26 2
⎣ ln (7 ,30 / 0,05) ⎦ 2
2
⎛ ⎛ 0 ,05 ⎞
0 ,07
⎞
× ⎜ 0,19 × ⎜ ⎟ × ln (7 ,30 / 0,05) ⎟
⎜ ⎝ 0 ,05 ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎡ 7 ⎤
= ⎢1 + ⎥ × 422,5 × 0,947 2 ×10 −3 = 0,911 kN/m²
⎣ ln(7 ,30 / 0,05) ⎦
1) upwind face
G: cpe = - 1,2 2) downwind face
H: cpe = - 0,6
I: cpe = - 0,6
J: cpe = 0,2 / - 0,6
⇒ cpe = - 0,6
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D: c pe = 0,7 E: c pe = -0,3
The internal pressure coefficient depends on the size and distribution of the
openings in the building envelope.
Within this example it is not possible to estimate the permeability and EN 1991-1-4
opening ratio of the building. So cpi should be taken as the more onerous of § 7.2.9 (6)
+ 0,2 and – 0,3. In this case cpi is unfavorable when cpi is taken to + 0,2. Note 2
Wind loads
The wind loadings per unit length w (in kN/m) for an internal frame are
calculated using the influence width (spacing) s = 7,20 m:
w = (cpe + cpi) × qp × s
Internal and external pressures are considered to act at the same time. The EN 1991-1-4
worst combination of external and internal pressures are to be considered for § 7.2.9
every combination of possible openings and other leakage paths.
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D: w = 4,59 E: w = 3,28
2 Snow loads
General
Snow loads on the roof should be determined as follows:
EN 1991-1-3
s = μi × ce × cz × sk §5.2.2 eq.5.1
where: μi is the roof shape coefficient
ce is the exposure coefficient, usually taken as 1,0
ct is the thermal coefficient, set to 1,0 for normal situations
sk is the characteristic value of ground snow load for the
relevant altitude
snow load on the roof taking into account effects caused by non-drifted and
drifted snow load arrangements.
EN 1991-1-3
The roof shape coefficient depends on the roof angle. §5.3
0° ≤ α ≤ 30° ⇒ μ1 = 0,8 Table 5.1
7,30
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
30,00 [m]
Created on Wednesday, August 18, 2010