Chinese Civilization
Chinese Civilization
CIVILIZATIO
N
INTRODUCTION
China is one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations that began
around 1500 BC.
There are three main rivers :
1. Yellow river in the north
2. Yangtze river in south
3. Pearl River
These rivers rise in the mountains of Tibet and flow eastward across
China.
The basins of those rivers are separated in the west by mountains,
which gave way to hills and finally disappear altogether in the flat
country near the coast.
China has lot of mountains, forests and tracts of jungle that make it to
be isolated from others. However, it is not completely tp be sealed off.
For many centuries, esp. 7th -14 AD China was the world’s most
advanced civilization.
YELLOW
RIVER
YANGTZE
RIVER
DYNASTIES
SHANG DYNASTY
ZHOU/ CHOU DYNASTY
QIN DYNASTY
HAN DYNASTY
SUI DYNASTY
TANG DYNASTY
SONG/SONG DYNASTY
YUAN DYNASTY
MING DYNASTY
THE SHANG
DYNASTY
1523-1027 B.C
The history of the Han Chinese ethnic group is closely tied to that of
China. Han Chinese trace their ancestry back to the Huaxia, people who
lived along the Yellow River in northern China.
The reign of the Han Dynasty, lasting 400 years, is commonly
considered within China to be one of the greatest periods in the entire
history of China.
The Han empire began in 206 B.C. when Liu Pang, prince of Han,
defeated the Qin army in the valley of Wei. The defeat was part of a
larger rebellion that began after the First Emporer's death. The people
were dissatisfied with the tyranny of the Qin leaders and their Legalist
form of government.
There was a period of great military expansion. It expanded beyond the
borders of Vietnam and Korea. The expansion also led to trade with the
people of inner Asia. Thereafter, the Silk Road was developed.
To make sure travel was safe, the army took control of parts of North
Vietnam and North Korea.
To assure peace with the non-
Chinese people along the route, a
mutual system of tribute was
Cont.
established.
The non-Chinese people
symbolically acknowledged that
the Chinese were superior and paid
them tribute; the Chinese in return
gave them gifts and ties which
strengthened the culture by inter-
marriages of the ruling class.
The success of the Han kept their
dynasty going for nearly four
hundred years. With a growing
population, increased wealth, and
huge numbers of allies (and
enemies), the Han lost control of
their society.
Corruption ran rampant in the
highest levels of authority as public
happiness waned.
The dynasty collapsed in 220 AD.
This period was called the Era of
Disunity.
WRITING
WRITING SYSTEM
The singular aspect of Shang
WRITING civilization is their invention of
writing. Almost all the written
SYSTEM records of the Shang have
disappeared, for the court
records were kept on strips of
bamboo.
The writing system was
originally pictographic, that is,
words were represented by
pictures that fairly closely
resembled the meaning of the
word. The picture for "sun," for
instance, looked much like the
sun.
This pictographic writing
eventually developed into the
more complex ideographic
writing that we are more
familiar with.
The basic principles
behind Chinese writing
have remained
unchanged for
thousands of years. Cont.
Each character consists
of a number of strokes
or lines set inside an
imaginary square.
Chinese is an extremely
ancient system of
writing. What is even
more amazing that it
only went through
relatively small amount
of change through its
3500 years of evolution,
which can be divided
into several major
stages: Jiaguwen, or
Oracle Bone Script,
Dazhuan, or Greater
Seal, Xiaozhuan, or
Lesser Seal, Lishu, or
ORACLE BONE
Oracle bones provide us
with one of the earliest
examples of writing in
Ancient China. They also
have given historians useful
information about the
Shang dynasty.
Oracle bones were usually
made from the shoulder
blades of oxen, or
sometimes the shell of a
tortoise was used. They
were used to divine the
future like leadership,
harvest, weather etc.
Thousands of bones from
the Shang dynasty have
been unearthed with writing
on them.
Many of the characters on
these bones still exist (in a
slightly altered state) today.
CHINESE
SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS
CONFUCIONISM
TAOISM
LEGALISM
Confucianism means “the
CONFUCIANISM
school of the scholars” or “less
accurately”. It brought the most
profound impact on China.
A teacher named Kangzi or
K’ung Fu-tsu was called
“Confucius” in the 6th and 5th
centuries, taught the beginnings
of a system of thought and
behavior that developed into a
sophisticated ethico-religious
tradition.
In this system, human beings
are understood as essentially
human beings, and human
fulfillment involves perfecting
the moral nature of both the
individual and society.
Cont.
He also considered that the
family is the basic unit of
society
After he died, his teaching were
propagated by his followers
and entered the current of
intellectual debates.
In the 2nd century, Confucianism
was adopted by the Han
dynasty as the intellectual basis
for its system of government
and its educational program for
training officials.
Taoism means the way or the road.
In the 6th century, Lao-Tzu was the
person who founded this school of
TAOISM thought. Taoism was concerned
with direct experience of universe,
accepting things as they are not
setting the standard of morality and
not labeling things as good or bad.
Taoism argued that political
authority cannot bestow peace and
order if it restricts itself to the rules
and custom of society.
The only effective social control
stems, according to him from
adherence to the ultimate nature of
reality.
According to Taoist, people could
be happy only if they abandoned
the world and reverted to nature,
living simply and alone.
Taoist were convinced that
government could do most
for people by doing as little
as possible.
He argued that public work
Cont.
and services, from road
building to law courts, led
to higher taxes which in
turn led to unhappiness.
Taoist, argued that the
fewer law and rules are
better.
Taoism was most popular
among the rulers and
ministers who actually
governed the Chinese
society because the religion
gave them a way if coping
with the extreme pressures
with they faced.
Later, Taoism became a
philosophy of consolation.
The elite often adopted
Taoism for consolation (to
make felt of unhappy or
disappointed became less.
Legalism was founded by Han Fei-
Tzu and Li Ssu, and they both were
heavily influenced by Taoism.
LEGALISM They were pragmatic realists who
thought that the state should
possess as much power as possible
and extend it relentlessly.
Their ideal state was authoritarian :
the sensible ruler, in their view
should root cut all intellectual and
all competing political ideas. The
people should be treated but not to
be educated.
Legalism was ruthless in its
approach to the problems of the
government.
Legalism was realistic and offered
Chinese rulers practical solutions
to the problems of governing large
population over great distance.
Both founders were high officials
in a position to put legalist theories
into practice.
CHINESE CONTRIBUTIONS
DYNASTY SHANG
DYNASTY ZHOU
DYNASTY QIN
DYNASTY HAN
THE SHANG DYNASTY
1523-1027 B.C
Writing system.
Ceramic production.
Bronze objects.
High-quality silk fabric.
The Shang people also made significant progress in
medicine, mathematic, transportation and astronomy.
During this period, important events were recorded on
tortoise shell and animal bone using Oracle Script, which is
the oldest known Chinese form of written communication.
THE ZHOU DYNASTY
1027-221 B.C
Paper invented.
Silk Road.
Compass.