BE Civil Final Year Project On Building Analysis and Design Using SAP2000

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF EDUCATIONAL
BUILDING
Submitted by
Gokul Saud (012-058)

Manoj Kafle (012-065)
Oniska Shrestha (012-068)
Priya Shah (012-071)
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Advisor
Prof. Dr. Tek Raj Gyawali
Department of Civil Engineering

NEPAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Affiliated to Pokhara University)
CHANGUNARAYAN, BHAKTAPUR
November, 2016
PREFACE
This project work is a mandatory part of B.E last semester curriculum to enhance the practical use
of theoretical knowledge acquire during four years of course. Our project group has chosen to do
“Structural Analysis and Design of Educational Building”.
The course of “Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure” helped us while designing the structure
in term of safety, economy, stability and efficiency. During the project work, we got experience to
face with problems and get optimal result while designing the structures. This project is also
concerned with safe design from seismic activities. The project is completed with the effort of the
team.
The whole project was completed under the guidance of our dedicated teacher Prof.Dr. Tek Raj
Gyawali. His valuable support is profoundly appreciable.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We have taken lots of efforts for the completion of project on “Analysis and Design of
Educational Building”. However, this report would not have been possible without the kind
support of many personnel. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them.
First of all, we are thankful to Prof. Dr. Tek Raj Gyawali for intellectual guidance for the overall
completion of this proposal. We are also thankful to Asst. Prof. Ajey Khadka and Asst. Prof.
Ram Hari Shrestha for helping us resolving our doubts.
We are extremely grateful to “Department of Civil Engineering” for providing us the opportunity
to learn in the field of RCC building construction.
We also express our gratitude towards all those people who are directly or indirectly involved in
the completion of this report. Nevertheless, we express our gratitude toward our families and
colleagues for their kind co-operation and encouragement.
Gokul Saud (012-058)
Manoj Kafle (012-065)
Oniska Shrestha (012-068)
Priya Shah (012-071)
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List of Abbreviations
Symbols Description
Ac : Area of concrete
Ag : Gross sectional area
Ast : Area of tensile steel
Asc : Area of compression steel
Asv : Area of vertical stirrups
b : width of beam or shorter dimensions of column
bf : Effective width of flange in a T-beam
bw : breadth of web in T-beam
D : effective depth of beam or slab
emin : minimum eccentricity
fck : characteristic compressive strength of concrete
fsc : compressive stress in steel corresponding to strain of 0.002
fst : tensile stress in steel
fy : characteristic yield strength of steel
Ld : development length of bar
L : length of column or span of beam
Lo : anchorage length of bar
lo : distance between points of zero moments
Leff : effective length of beam or column or slab
Mu : factored design moment
Mlim : limiting moment of resistance
Mux : factored design moment along x-x axis
Muy : factored design moment along y-y axis
Muxl : maximum uniaxial moment capacity of the section with axial
load, bending about x – x axis
Muyl : maximum uniaxial moment capacity of the section with axial
load, bending about y –y axis
Mi : moment of inertia of the section
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M : modular ratio
P : Axial load
Pu : factored design axial load
p : percentage of reinforcement
pc : percentage of compression reinforcement
pt : percentage of tension reinforcement
Sv : spacing of vertical stirrups
V : shear force
Vu : factored shear force
Xu : depth of neutral axis at the limit state of collapse
Xumax : maximum depth of neutral axis
Z : lever arm
abc : permissible stress in concrete in bending compression
sc : permissible stress in steel in compression
st : permissible stress in steel in tension
v : nominal shear stress in concrete with shear reinforcement
bd : design bond stress
cmax : maximum shear stress in concrete with shear reinforcement
 : diameter of tor steel bar
Ast, req : required area of tensile steel
Asc, req : required area of compressive steel
Ast, pro : provided area of tensile steel
Asc, pro : provided area of compressive steel
Sv, sp16 : spacing of vertical stirrups from ductility consideration
Sv, DUC : spacing of vertical stirrups from ductility consideration
Sv, prov : provided spacing of vertical stirrups
 : unit weight of soil at site
p : safe bearing capacity of soil at site
Q : Design Lateral Force
R : Response Reduction Factor
Sa/g : Average Response Acceleration Coefficient
Sv : Spacing of Each Bar
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T : Torsional Moment due to Lateral Force
Ta : Fundamental Natural Period of Vibrations
V′ : Additional Shear
VB : Design Seismic Base Shear
W : Seismic Weight of Floor
Xu : Actual Depth of Neutral Axis
Xul : Ultimate Depth of Neutral Axis
Z : Zone Factor
Abbreviations
CM : Center of Mass
D.L : Dead Load
E.Q : Earthquake Load
IS : Indian Standard
L.L : Live Load
RCC : Reinforced Cement Concrete
TMT : Thermo Mechanical Treated
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ABSTRACT
“Structural Analysis and Design of Educational Building” is a final year project as per the
syllabus of the Pokhara University. The theoretical knowledge gained throughout the span of
bachelor’s course is not sufficient for a student who want to pursue his/her career in practical
world. Thus in order to implement the theoretical knowledge, final year project plays a very
crucial role. In this particular project, we have selected an educational building and designed it in
such a way that it can resist not only usual load on the structure but also earthquake loads which
is very important consideration while designing a structure in the current time.
For the completion of this project, first we generated architectural drawings. After that we did
preliminary design of various structural components. Using the results of the preliminary design,
we did structural modelling and analyzed the structure using SAP 2000. The final results of
structural analysis were used for the design purpose. Various load combinations have been used
for the design of structural components. We have not only designed the structural components
but also checked the structure in terms of its safety and serviceability. We have used various
codes for the design of our building. Some of them are IS 875 part-1 and part-2, IS 456: 2000,
SP-16, IS 1893:2002, IS 13920 (1993), etc. After completion of the design, detailed drawings
showing reinforcement and its arrangement were drawn using AutoCAD.
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Background………………………………………………………………….1
1.2 Objective……………………………………………………………………………..2
1.3 Rationale………………………………………………………………………….…..3
1.4 Scope……………………………………………………………………………….....3
1.5 Building Description………………………………………………………………....3
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….….4
2.2 Material………………………………………………………………………..….….5
2.3 Prefabricated panel……………………………………………………………….….7

2.4 Load…………………………………………………………………………………..10
2.5 Design Philosophy……………………………………………………………………11
2.6 Preliminary Design…………………………………………………………………...14
2.7 Structural Analysis…………………………………………………………………..15

2.8 Design of Structural Elements……………………………………………………….16
2.9 Earthquake Resistant Building……………………………………………………...28
Chapter 3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND SEISMIC LOAD CALCULATION

3.1 Preliminary Design……………………………………………………...…...……...31
3.2 Seismic Load Calculation…………………………………………………………...38
3.3 Base Shear Calculation……………………………………………………………...62
Chapter 4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

4.1 Design of Slab……………………………………………………………………….66
4.2 Design of Cantilever Slab…………………………………………………………...73

4.3 Design of Beam……………………………………………………………………..78
4.4 Design of Column…………………………………………………………………..99
4.5 Design of Mat Foundation……………………….………………………………...123
4.6 Design of Basement Wall………………………….……………………………...125

4.7 Design of Lift Wall……………………………….………………………………..132
4.8 Design of Staircase……………………………….……………………………….140

Chapter 5 CONCLUSION……………………………….……………………………...149
APPENDICES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Background

Nepal (28°00′N 84°00′E), being situated at the boundary of two massive tectonic plates viz.,
Indian plate and Eurasian plate, is very prone to earthquake. Technically, as Nepal lies in
active seismic zone V, it faces earthquakes at frequent intervals of time due to the movement
in the major active faults along east-west.
In general Geology, typical lithology of formation of the Kathmandu valley is one of the
large intramontane basin developed in the lesser Himalayas, central Nepal. It consists of a
thick lacustrine and fluvial deposits of fine and coarse sand, sandy loam, peat, sandy silty
clay, carbonaceous clay, sand and gravel, all of which are more or less consolidated. The
maximum thickness of these sediments is over 600 meter in some places. Recent drilling in
these sediments has shown that the subsoil of central part of Kathmandu Valley is very soft
to very dense up to a depth of about 20 meter. According to Departments of Mines and
Geology, Nepal, Kathmandu is highly liquefiable zone, which may experience maximum
ground acceleration of 200 gals to 250 gals, whereas as per Building Department
Memorandum for Multistory Building it must be 360 gals ≈ 0.36g. (Source: Soil test report)
Among the various places of Nepal, Kathmandu valley is one of the most rapidly inhabited
place. With the increasing population of the valley, the demand for shelter is increasing
which is leading to the haphazard construction of buildings. It seems to be necessary that the
construction of such buildings needs to be carried in a planned and controlled way. The
buildings constructed in current time should not only be inhabitable but also should be able
to resist the effects of earthquake saving lives of people in disaster conditions. We have tried
to explain the procedure for design of such building in our project which is explained briefly
below.
‘Structural Analysis and Design of Educational Building’ is a final year project of the civil
engineering subject of Pokhara University. This project tries to explain the entire analysis
and design philosophy and methodology of a building which is not only fit for its intended
purpose but also is earthquake resistant. For the completion of this project, our group has
undertaken college building located at ward no.-4, Chandol, Kathmandu. This project utilizes
our knowledge that we have gained throughout the four years of BE. Its main objective is to
make the students familiar with the practical and technical aspects of the building analysis,
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design and construction as only theoretical knowledge is not enough for working after
completion of BE and we need to have parallel idea of practical aspects as well.
In simple words, analysis is the determination of the reaction of the structural system to the
applied loads. When we apply loads on a structure, it gives reaction in the form of bending
moment, shear force, deflection, support reactions, etc. The process of determination of these
reactions is known as analysis. After knowing these reactions, we formulate a section of the
structure that will sustain that reaction. This process is known as design. This project uses
SAP2000 V18.2.0 software for structural analysis purpose. Various codes have been adapted
for the design of the structure such as IS 456-2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of
Practice, which is an Indian Standard code of practice for general structural use of plain and
reinforced concrete. Similarly, IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 which is Indian Standard Criteria for
Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures has been used for earthquake considerations.
Also, IS 13920-1993 which is Indian Standard for Ductile detailing of Reinforced Concrete
Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces and SP34 which is Indian Standard Handbook on
Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing has been used. Similarly, other codes have also been
used wherever necessary such as for the calculation of live loads and dead loads. Adaptation
of Indian Standard codes became necessary due to the absence of proper Nepal Standard
codes.
Overall, this project is a chance given to us for exposing ourselves to the world of practicality
in the context of analysis and design of buildings. This project is intended to sharpen our
knowledge and abilities that will be helpful when we start working as a professional after the
completion of BE.
1.2 Objectives
The overall objective of this project is to analyze and design a commercial building. The
specific objectives have been given below:
 To analyze the building using approximate methods as well as standard software viz.,
SAP2000.
 To design the structural components of the building on the basis of analysis results.
 To develop detailed drawings of the designed elements showing reinforcement.
 To fulfill the general requirements of the syllabus of Pokhara University.
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1.3 Rationale
The above objectives are necessary to achieve due to the following reasons:
 Analysis of the building helps to know various reactions on the structural components
of the building. The size of the sections and the amount of reinforcement depends on
the magnitude of these reactions
 Design of structural components of the building gives us knowledge of framework
of the building into which the building is to be casted.
 Detailed drawings of the structural components are necessary to know how the
reinforcements is to be placed in the structure.
 This project makes us able to easily undertake similar kind of works in the near
future.
1.4 Scope
This project exposes us to the field of office works that are done beforehand the actual
construction works begin. As stated above, this project covers entire process of analysis and
design of an educational building. The building is designed as an earthquake resistant
structure using IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002. Soil test data has been taken into consideration for
the design of footings. The test was conducted by Material Test Pvt. Ltd. located at Mid-
Baneshwor, Kathmandu. However, due to the shortage of time and resources following
aspects have been omitted:
 Design of sanitary and plumbing works.
 Design of electrical installations.
 Estimation and cost of building.
1.5 Building Description
Building type : Educational Building
Structural system : SMRF with shear wall
Plinth area covered : 439.826 m2
Type of foundation : Mat foundation and piles are provided where needed
No. of storeys :7
Floor height : Basement =3.048 m, other floors = 3.353 m.
Type of sub soil : Medium soil
Seismic zone :V
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Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Building
A building can be defined as an enclosed structure which primarily consists of a
roof and walls constructed over a plot of land and standing more or less in one
place. Building is the first unit of the society and is the primary unit of human
habitation. Buildings serve humans for various purposes such as providing space
for living, safety from adverse weather conditions, security from outside threats,
privacy and many more other purposes. A building should be structurally stable
and should withstand forces acting on it throughout its design life.
April 2015 earthquake killed about 8,857 people, injured 21,952 and made 3.5
million homeless. This raises a serious question on building construction
methodology that was adopted to make such fragile structures in spite of knowing
the probability of earthquake in Nepal. So, it seems that the old technology was
faulty and we need new technology for making our buildings better suited to the
prevailing seismological condition. For this purpose, in this project, we have
replaced the entire brick walls with prefabricated panels. Prefabricated panels
have been discussed later in this section.
2.1.2 Classification of Building
IS 875 (Part 2): 1987 defines following classes of buildings:
i. Residential Buildings
Residential buildings are used for accommodation purposes. They may be
with or without cooking facilities. They include single or multi-family
dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or rooming houses, restaurants,
hostels, dormitories and residential hostels. (IS 875 (Part 2): 1987 Cl.2.2.7)
Educational Buildings
ii. Educational buildings are used for providing education to the students.
They include buildings such as schools, colleges and buildings used for
day care purposes.
iii. Institutional Buildings
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These are buildings which are used for running certain kind of institution
such as buildings used for providing medical care to the needy people,
infants or old age people. They also include buildings such as jails and
prisons. (IS 875 (Part 2): 1987 Cl.2.2.5)
iv. Business Buildings
These include any building or part of a building, which is used for
transaction of business.
v. Office Buildings
The buildings primarily to be used as an office or for office purposes.
vi. Assembly Buildings
These are the buildings where people gather together in a group for
recreation and celebration purposes. They include buildings such as
marriage halls, exhibition halls, gymnasium, clubs, etc. (IS 875 (Part 2):
1987 Cl.2.2.1)
vii. Mercantile Buildings
These buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for display of sale of
merchandise either wholesale or retail, office, shops, storage service
facilities incidental to the sale of merchandise and located in the same
building. (IS 875 (Part 2): 1987 Cl.2.2.6)
viii. Storage Buildings

These buildings are used primarily for the storage o sheltering of goods,
wares or merchandise vehicles and animals, as warehouses, cold storage,
garages, etc. (IS 875 (Part 2): 1987 Cl.2.2.8)
The building selected for this project is an educational building.
2.2 Materials
2.2.1 Introduction
Materials are the key elements for the construction of a building. The output of
the construction depends on the type and quality of material used. It is necessary
that we use proper type of material as per the structural component. The quality
control is also necessary as quality costs more but poor quality costs even more.
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2.2.2 Types of materials
Following types of materials have been used in the building considered for this
project:
i. Concrete
Concrete is an abundantly used building material since a long time ago.
Concrete is a composite mixture of cement, sand and aggregates.
Aggregates are the framework of the concrete and provide strength while
the cement binds the aggregate materials together with the help of reaction
with water. Sand acts as void filler. Angular aggregates are preferred rather
than round aggregates because of their better interlocking. The overall
strength of the concrete depends on the following factors:
 Water-cement ratio.
 Amount and method of curing.
 Type and grade of aggregates.
 Workmanship
Based on the strength obtained in 28 days, concrete is graded as M10,
M15, M20 and so on. For example, compressive strength of M20 concrete
after 28 days is 20 MPa.
Concrete can be prepared either by nominal mix or by concrete mix design:
Nominal Mix
Mix proportions for most commonly used grades of concrete is as shown
in fig. 2.1.
Figure 2.1: Nominal Mix Design Source: myhouseconstruction.com
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Concrete Mix Design
For the higher grades of concrete, the proportion of cement:sand:aggregate
is obtained using concrete mix design. The mix is designed in such a way
that the concrete with required characteristic strength is obtained. As per
IS 456:2000, mix design done earlier, not prior to one year, may be
considered adequate for later work provided there is no change in source
and the quality of the materials.
ii. Reinforcement
Concrete is strong in compression but it is weak in tension. To overcome
this drawback of concrete, concrete is provided with calculated amount of
reinforcement. The reinforcement takes all the tension force and prevents
premature failure of the concrete. Amount of reinforcement provided at a
section depends on the size of the section and magnitude of the reaction to
be resisted. As per IS 456:2000, the reinforcement used for a section shall
be any of the following:
 Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars conforming to IS 432 (Part
1).
 High strength deformed steel bars conforming to IS 1786.
 Hard-drawn steel wire fabric conforming to IS 1566.
 Structural steel conforming to Grade A of IS 2062.
iii. Prefabricated panels
Prefabricated panels consist of a mixture of cement, sand and thermocol
which is sandwiched between two calcium silicate boards. These panels
are extremely light weight and helps in making the structure earthquake
resistant.
2.3 Prefabricated Panel
2.3.1 Introduction
Fabrication can be defined as the process of manufacturing something using
special tools and techniques. Prefabrication is a method of construction where the
parts of a structure are manufactured at factory rather than at the site itself and
these manufactured items are then transported to the site where they are assembled
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accordingly. Prefabricated panel is an alternative to the conventional brick wall
which are manufactured in desired size and thickness at the factory. Nepal is
always under the risk of high magnitude earthquakes. It is a well-known fact that
earthquake doesn’t kill people, failure of the structures does. We cannot make a
perfectly earthquake resistant building that can bear earthquakes of all sizes. So,
there is always a probability of failure of the structure. The properties of
prefabricated panels make them hard to fail and even if they fail there is less
damaging effects as compared to that of brick wall. This gives the superiority of
prefab walls over the conventional brick walls.
2.3.2 Constituents
Prefabricated panels manufactured in Nepal has the following constituents:
i. Calcium Silicate Board
Prefabricated panels consist of two outer 50 mm calcium silicate boards.
The calcium silicate board is manufactured using a fine mixture of cement,
silica, cellulose fibers and filler materials which help in imparting
toughness, durability, heat insulation, moisture resistance etc. Curing of
calcium silicate boards is done using an autoclaving process in which the
ingredients are made to react together under the controlled conditions of
super-heated steam and high pressure.
ii. Cement and thermocol
A mixture of cement, sand, water and thermocol is sandwiched between
two calcium silicate boards. Thermocol is also known as Expandable
Polystyrene (EPS). The mixture of cement, sand and water imparts
strength to the board. EPS provides prefabricated panels their ability
towards heat insulation, moisture resistance, light weight, etc. A typical
section of prefabricated panel is as shown in the figure
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Figure 2.2: Prefab panel section.
2.3.3 Advantages
Prefabricated panel has following advantages:
i. Light weight: The average unit weight of prefab panel is only 8.75 KN/m 3
as compared to that of conventional bricks whose average unit weight is
around 20 KN/m3. Individual prefab panels are joined together using
tongue and groove joint. Due this joint, these panels do not easily fail
during an earthquake. Even if they fail, due to their light weight, they do
not cause much damage. They reduce the size of the sections in the
building and hence make the construction more economical.
ii. Quick and easy installation: Installation of prefab panels is very easy and
quick. It doesn’t take much human resource and hence saves both time and
labour cost
iii. Moisture resistance and heat insulation: Prefab panels have better moisture
resistance and heat insulation capacities as compared to the conventional
bricks.
iv. Fire resistance: Prefab panels have good fire proof properties.
v. Durability: Prefab panels have long life span and provide service
throughout the service life of the building.
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2.4 Load
2.4.1 Introduction
The forces from various sources that act on a structure are called loads. A building
is subjected to various types of loads.
2.4.2 Types of Loads
A building is subjected to following types of loads:
i. Dead Load
Dead loads are examples of gravity loads (act vertically downwards) and
are relatively constant over time. These are known as permanent loads.
Examples of dead loads are weight of the structural elements such as
beams, columns, slabs, etc., well as that of the nonstructural elements such
as floor coverings, false ceilings, sheeting, etc. The dead load of a structure
is known before it is designed.
ii. Live Load
Live loads, or imposed loads, or superimposed loads are those which may
change in position, and magnitude. These are temporary loads of short
duration due directly to the use of structure. The basic loads are nominal
loads and presumed to be those loads that might reasonably be expected.
Examples of live loads are impact loads-caused by the vibration of moving
or movable loads; earth pressure- lateral earth pressure from soil on walls;
water current load-the hydrostatic pressure on structures, etc.
iii. Wind Forces
All exposed structures irrespective of their heights are affected by wind
forces. As wind blows against a structure, it’s surface experiences the
effect of wind forces. For low height structures, it if not that important
except that for the uplift of the light roof system but for tall structures this
may be significant and requires serious consideration.
iv. Seismic Loads
When a structure is subjected to earthquake, it is set in a vibratory motion.
The resistance to this vibration depends on the damping action of the
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buildings. In high risk zones such as Nepal, consideration of this load is
very important.
v. Snow loads
Snow loads are the vertical loads exerted by the snow. They are considered
only in the snow falling areas.
Building considered for this project is assumed to be subjected to
only three kinds of loads viz., dead loads, live loads and seismic loads.
2.4.3 Codal provision
Loads discussed in section 2.2 are calculated using following respective codes:
Code Use
IS 875 (Part-I) 1987 Practice for design loads (other than Earthquake)
for building and structures, dead loads
IS 875 (Part-II) 1987 Practice for design loads (other than Earthquake)
for the building and structures: Part 2 Imposed
load
IS 1893: Part 1: 2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures - Part 1: General Provisions and
Buildings
IS 875 (Part-III) 1987 Practice for Design Loads (Other than
Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures - Part 3:
Wind Loads
IS 875 (Part-IV) : 1987 Practice for design loads (other than Earthquake)
for the building and structures: Part 4 Snow load
2.5 Design Philosophy

2.5.1 Introduction
The main aim of the design is to determine the size of the section of the concrete
and amount of reinforcement required for that size. Once the section size has been
fixed, it is checked for its ability to resist the reactions being applied on that
sections. If the resistance is within the permissible limits, the section is said to be
11
passed and if not either the section size or the reinforcement is increased
depending on the structural conditions. All these works are done following certain
rules and those rules are known as design philosophies. Design philosophies have
evolved from past many years and they are continuously getting better and better
with each passing day.
2.5.2 Design Philosophies
Design philosophies which are currently being followed for the construction of
RCC structures are as follows:
i. Working Stress Method
Working stress method considers that both concrete and steel are elastic in
nature and obey Hook’s law (Sharma,2014). It is assumed that steel takes
load only up to yield point. This yield point strength is divided by suitable
factor of safety to obtained factored strength. Similarly, the characteristic
strength of concrete is also divided by factor of safety to obtain factored
strength for concrete. This factor of safety is known as stress factor. Factor
of safety is necessary to account for the poor workmanship, error in
calculations, etc. A structure is said to be safe if working stress ≤ Factored
strength.
Thus, we see that working stress method doesn’t utilize full strength of
steel. This results in the development of uneconomical sections. Due to
these limitations, a new method was developed which is known as ultimate
load method.
ii. Ultimate Load Method
This method takes into account the plastic behavior of concrete and steel.
In this method, the load acting on the structure is multiplied by factor of
safety in order to obtain ultimate load. The structure is designed for
ultimate load and not for the actual load. The factor of safety is known as
load factor. A structure is said to be stable if ultimate load ≤ Strength of
the structure.
As compared to working stress method, this method gives thinner and
more economical sections. However, this method doesn’t consider the
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serviceability requirement of the structure. It means that even if the
structure won’t fail on the application of load but it may show excessive
deflections and cracks. This might make uncomfortable to the inhabitants
of the building. To overcome this a new method known as limit state
method was proposed.
iii. Limit State Method
This method is the combination of both working stress method and
ultimate load method. This method take into account both strength and
serviceability requirements. The acceptable limits of safety and
serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called a limit state
(Sharma, 2014). There are various kinds of limit states but two important
limit states used for the design of the buildings are as follows:
a. Limit state of collapse
This limit state considers that a structure must be able to withstand the
loads acting on it and must not collapse. It is categorized into following
types of limit states:
 Flexure
 Shear and bond
 Torsion
 Compression (Sharma, 2014)
b. Limit state of serviceability
This limit state considers that a structure must be serviceable
throughout its design life. It is categorized into following types of limit
states:
 Deflection
 Cracking
 Vibration
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2.6 Preliminary Design
2.6.1 Introduction
Before we begin actual design process, we need to have rough estimate of the size
of the section which we are going to design. This method of making rough
estimate of the section size is known as preliminary design. Preliminary design is
done using thumb rules that have already been established. Preliminary design is
basically done in order to meet deflection requirements.
The size of the section obtained from preliminary design is checked against the
reaction and section is revised accordingly i.e., increased or decreased. Moreover,
the standard software like SAP 2000 utilize the size of the sections obtained from
preliminary design. Thus preliminary design plays and important role in the design
process.
2.6.2 Preliminary Design of Structural Components
Preliminary design of various structural components is done as follows:
i. Slab
For deflection criteria, from IS 456:2000 Cl. 23.2.1
Shorter span
Effective depth of section (d) =
αβγλδ
Where,
α = Basic value of span to effective depth ratios for spans
up to spans 10m.
β = A factor which accounts for the span greater than 10 m.
λ = A factor used in case of flanged beams.
δ = A factor which is used in case of compression reinforcement.
γ = A factor which depends on the area and the stress of steel for tension
reinforcement.
ϕ
Overall depth, (D) : d + Nominal Cover +
2
Nominal Cover for slab = 15 mm.
ii. Beam
From thumb rule,
14
Span Span
Effective depth of section, (d) = to
12 15
ϕ
Overall depth, (D) : d + Nominal Cover +
2
Nominal Cover for beam = 25 mm.
1 2
Width of beam (b) = D to D
2 3
iii. Column
Preliminary design of critical column is done using following formula:
Pu = 0.4*fck *(Ag- Asc) + 0.67*fy *Asc
Where,
Pu= Total factored load of the building.
fck = Characteristic strength of concrete.
Ag = Gross area of section.
Asc = Area of steel.
fy = Yield strength of steel.
2.7 Structural Analysis
Structural analysis can be defined as the method of finding the result of application of the
loads on a structural system in the form of reactions given by the structural components.
Structural analysis is helpful in finding force, moment and deflection in the structure.
There are various methods of structural analysis such as moment distribution method for
finding the moment in various beams of a structural system. However, nowadays, these
methods have been replaced by software which make analysis work easier and accurate.
Some of the commonly used software are as follows:
 SAP 2000
 STAAD PRO
 ETABS
 SAFE
In this project, SAP 2000 has been used for the purpose of structural analysis.
15
2.8 Design of Structural Elements
2.8.1 Design of Slab
Slab is the structural member of the building. Generally concrete slab are used in
building having flat horizontal surfaces of smaller depth as compared to its span.
Slab is supported by column and beam casted monolithically. It may be
prefabricated or in situ. It carries a gravity loads and lateral loads.
Slab may be simply supported, cantilever or continuous.
Loads: Dead load, Live load and floor finish is considered.
Effective span of slab, L= clear span + effective depth (d)
Or
L= center to center distance between support.
Depth of slab
From deflection criteria, we have,
l
≤αβγδλ (Cl.23-2.1, p.37, IS456:2000)
d
Where,
α= Basic value of span to effective depth ratios for spans up to spans 10m.
β= a factor which accounts for correction in the values of  for spans greater than
10m.
γ= a factors which depends on the stress at service and amount of steel for tension
reinforcement.
Area of cross section of steel required
For fy=415 KN/m3 , fs=0.58* fy*
Area of cross section of steel provided
δ=a factor which depends on the area of compression reinforcement.
λ= a factor for flanged beams which depends on the ratio of web width to flange
width.
(From cl23.2.1 IS456:2000)
a. For span up to 10m:
Simply supported slab 20
Cantilever slab 7
Continuous slab 26
16
b. For a span greater than 10m the above value is multiplied by 10/span except
for cantilever.
c. Depending upon the area and the stress of steel tension and compression
reinforcement, the values are modified by multiplying with the modification
factor.
d. For two-way slab (up to 3.5m) with mild steel reinforcement, the span to
overall depth ratios may be assumed to satisfy the deflection limits up to
3KN/m2.
Simply supported slab 35
Continuous slab 40
e. For high strength deformed bars the values given above should be multiplied
by 0.8, a factor for flanged beams which depends on the ratio of web width to
flange width.
Reinforcement Detailing on Slab:
 Minimum reinforcement is 0.12% for HYSD bars and 0.15% for mild steel
bars.
 Spacing of main steel in a slab shall not exceed 3d or 300mm and 5d or
450mm. (whichever is less).
 The minimum horizontal distance between two parallel main bars shall not
be less than, the diameter o the bar or 5mm more than the nominal
maximum size of coarse aggregate used in concrete.
 The vertical distance between two layer of main reinforcement shall be
more than,15mm or 2/3 rd nominal maximum size of aggregate or
maximum size of bar.
 Diameter of the bar in slab shall not exceed D/8, where D is the total
thickness of slab.
 Usually 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm diameter bar is used.
 Nominal cover for reinforcement is 15mm or 20mm.
 Distribution reinforcement is provided in longer span in one-way slab.
17
 The bent up bar is provided at a distance of l/7 from Centre of supports.
The bar available at upper face should not be more than l/10 from Centre
of support.
One Way Slab
Ratio of longer span to shorter span equal or greater than 2, Ly/Lx ≥2. Load
transferred in only one direction. The depth of the one-way slab is more than the
two-way slab as one-way slab is subjected to maximum bending moment and the
bending moment takes place in the shorter span only.
Design of one-way slab
i. The width of slab is assumed to be 1m.
ii. The depth of slab is assumed on the basis of deflection control criteria.
iii. The main tensile reinforcement is provided along shorter span; transverse
reinforcement or distribution reinforcement is to be provided.
iv. Spacing of the bar is provided.
v. Check for shear, deflection, development length is done as per IS456:
2000.Shear reinforcement is not provided.
Two Way Slab

Ratio of longer to shorter span less than 2, Ly/Lx≤2.Load is transferred in both
directions.
Types of two-way slab
i. Restrained Slabs: The slabs in which the corners are prevented from
lifting are restrained slabs. In these slabs torsion reinforcement is provided
at the edges to prevent from cracking. It is also called slab with corners
held down. When the slabs are prevented from lifting, the slab may be
designed as per cl24.4 IS 456:2000.
The maximum bending moment per unit width in a slab are given by
following equations: Mx = αx w lx 2
My = αy w lx2
Where, αx and αy are the coefficient given by table 26 Cl D.1.1 and 24.4.1
18
w = total load per unit area
lx and ly = length of shorter and longer span respectively
Design
 Slabs are divided in each direction into middle strips and edge
strips. The middle strip being three quarters of the width and each
edge strip one eight of the width.
 Maximum moment calculated above is apply only to a middle
strips.
 Tension reinforcement is provided at middle strip extend in the
lower part of the slab to within 0.25l of a continuous edge or 0.15l
of a discontinuous edge.
 Over the continuous edges of a middle strip, the tension
reinforcement shall extend in the upper part of the slab at the
distance of 0.15l from the support and at least 50 percent shall
extend a distance of 0.3l.
 At the discontinuous edge, the negative moments may arise
depending on the degree of fixity at the edge of the slab but in
general tension reinforcement equal to 50 percent of that provided
at mid-span extending 0.1l into span will be sufficient.
 Torsion reinforcement shall be provided at any corner where slab
is simply supported on both edges meeting at the corners. It shall
consist top and bottom reinforcement each with layers of bars
placed to the sides of the slab and extending from edges to a
minimum distance of one fifth of the shorter span. The area of
reinforcement in each of these four layers shall be three quarters of
the area required for the maximum mid-span moment in the slab.
 Torsion reinforcement equal to half that described above shall be
provided at a corner contained by edges over only one which the
slab is continuous.
19
 Torsion reinforcement needs not to be provided at any corner
contained by edges over both of which the slab is continuous.
ii. Unrestrained Slabs: The slabs in which the corners are not prevented
from lifting are unrestrained slabs. Also called slabs with corners not
held down. It is the simply supported slabs.
Bending moment is given by:
Mx = αx w lx2
My = αy w lx2
Where, αx and αy are the coefficient given by table 27 Cl D-2.1
w = total load per unit area
lx and ly = length of shorter and longer span respectively
2.8.2 Design of Column

Column is the vertical members supporting the beam and slab that transmits the
compressive load.
Types of Column
 Based on Shape:
Rectangular, Square, Circular, Polygon
 Based on Slenderness ratio
Ratio of effective length of a column to a least radius of gyration of its
cross section is Slenderness ratio.
Slenderness ratio ≤12 short column
Slenderness ratio >12 long column
 Based on type of loading:
Axially loaded column
Column subjected to axial load and uniaxial bending
Column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending
 Based on Reinforcement:
Tied column
Circular column
Reinforcement of Column
20
i. Longitudinal Reinforcement:
 Longitudinal bars should be at least 0.8% of gross section of column.
 Longitudinal bars should not exceed 6% of gross section of the column.
 Minimum number of longitudinal bar
Rectangular 4
Circular 6
 Spacing of longitudinal bar should not exceed 300mm.
ii. Transverse Reinforcement
a. Diameter
 Diameter of lateral ties should not be less than 1/4 th of diameter
of longitudinal bar.
 Diameter should not be less than 8mm.
b. Pitch
Pitch of lateral ties should not exceed
 Least of lateral dimension.
 16*diameter of longitudinal bar (small).
 300mm
iii. Helical Reinforcement
a. Diameter
 Diameter of helical bars should not be less than 1/4 th diameter
of largest longitudinal bar.
 Should not be less than 6mm
b. Pitch
 Pitch should not exceed 75mm
 1/6th of core diameter of column
 Nor less than 25mm
 3 times diameter of steel bars
Cover
The nominal cover for a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column shall not be
less than of the following:
 40mm
21
 The diameter of the bar
Minimum Eccentricity
Column is designed for minimum eccentricity given by:
emin = unsupported length(l)/500 +lateral dimension(D) /30
emin ≥ 20mm
Design of Axially Loaded Short Column
When the minimum eccentricity does not exceed the 0.05 times the lateral
dimension, member is designed by using the equation:
Pu =0.4fckAc + 0.67fyAsc
Design steps are as follows:
i. Factored load is taken.
ii. Assuming the suitable percentage of the steel Asc (0.8% to 4%),
calculate Ag, Pu =0.4fck(Ag-Asc) +0.67fyAsc
Where Pu =factored load
Ac =Area of concrete
Asc = Area of reinforcement
Ag = Gross sectional area of the column
iii. Calculating the dimension of column: For square column, Ag =B 2
For rectangular column, Ag =B*D
iv. Provide area of reinforcement (Asc).

v. Design lateral tie as per IS456:2000.
Design of Column Subjected to the Axial Load and Biaxial Bending
The column subjected to the axial load and biaxial bending is designed by using
the equation (IS456:2000 Cl 39.6) given by
(Mux/Mux1) αn + (Muy/Muy1) αn ≤ 1
Where, Mux and Mux1 are the moments about a and y axes respectively due to
design loads
Muy and Muy1 are the maximum uniaxial moment capacities for an axial load P u
bending about x and y axes respectively.
αn is an exponent whose value depends on Pu/Puz
22
where Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
Pu/Puz αn
≤ 0.2 1
≥0.8 2 (from SP 16)
Design of Long Column
Long column are those columns whose slenderness ratio is greater than 12. The
ultimate strength of a long slender column is less as compared to short column as
it undergoes lateral deflection causing additional secondary moments in the
column. The additional moments is given by Cl 39.7.1
Max = PuD/2000 *(lex /D)2
May = Pub/2000 *(ley/b)2
Where Pu = axial load on the member
lex = effective length wrt to major axis
ley = effective length wrt to minor axis
D = depth of the cross section
b = width of the member
2.8.3 Design of Beam
Beam is the horizontal member which supports the slab.Beam and Slab are
casted on same time.
Types of Beam
 Based on shape:
T Beam
L Beam
 Based on support condition
Fixed beam
Simply supported beam
Continuous beam
Cantilever beam
 Based on reinforcement
i. Singly reinforced beam
23
Longitudinal Reinforcement is provided in the tension zone only.
It resists tensile stresses due bending and shear in beams.
Let us consider,
x=Depth of neutral axis
b=breadth of section
d=effective depth of section
The depth of the neutral axis is obtained by equilibrium,
Force of compression equals to force of tension
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑥 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡x =0.87fyAst/ 0.36fckb
lever arm (z)=d-0.42x
Moment of resistance w.r.t concrete=0.36fckbx *z
Moment of resistance w.r.t steel=0.87fyAst*z
The limiting values of the depth of neutral axis (x m) and limiting
Moment of resistance (Mlim) for different grades of steel and
concrete is given by IS456:2000. When factored moment is less
than limiting moment of resistance than singly reinforced beam is
provided. (Mu<Mlim).
The section can be:
 x <xm =under reinforced section
 x >xm= over reinforced section
 x =xm balanced section
ii. Doubly reinforced beam
Longitudinal Reinforcement is provided in both tension and
compression zone. When the depth of the section is restricted
then doubly reinforced section is provided. When factored
moment is greater than limiting moment of resistance
(Mu>Mlim) than Additional moment is designed.
Mu -Mlim=fsc *Asc (d-d’) (value of fsc from IS 456:2000)
Additional area of tension steel is determined
Ast2=Asc *fsc/0.87fy
Total tension Ast=Ast1+Ast2
24
Beam is designed following the IS456:2000
 Minimum 25mm clear cover is provided.
 Ratio of span to depth is kept between 10to15mm. (As per
Mandatory Thumbs Rule).
 Minimum 12mm diameter bar is provided for longitudinal
reinforcement.
 Shear reinforcement is provided if needed following
SP16.
 Minimum 0.2% bar is to be provided for deflection care.
 Minimum 8mm vertical stirrups are provided.
 Alternate hooks is provided and bent to 135deg.
 Side reinforcement is provided if the depth of web
exceeds 750mm.
 Spacing of the bar should not exceed 300mm.
 Development length is to be checked for bar bending.
 Deflection control is to be checked.
2.8.4 Design of Footing
Footing is lowermost part of the foundation constructed of brickwork, masonry
or concrete for the purpose of distributing load over a large area. Footing is
provided on the basis of nature of the soil.
Types of Footing
 Isolated Footing
 Combined Footing
 Raft or Strap Footing
Footing may be in square or rectangular in shape.
Design of Footing
 Footing is designed to sustain all applied loads moments and forces
coming from the structure and transfer them in the soil safely.
 Safe bearing capacity of the soil should not be exceeded.
 Self-weight of the footing is considered.
 The minimum thickness should be at least 150mm for footing.
25
 Bending moment is to be computed at different sections of the footing.
 Shear is to be considered.
 Critical section for maximum bending moment is taken at the face of the
column.
 Critical section for one-way shear is taken at distance d from face of the
column. (cl.34.2.4 IS456).
 Critical section for two-way shear (Punching shear) is taken at distance
d/2 from face of the column. (cl.31.6 and34.2.4)
 When reinforcement is not provided, should not exceed 𝑘𝑠𝜏𝑐 where
ks=(0.5+𝛽) but not greater than one.(cl.31.6.3 IS456).
 Minimum diameter of main bar should not be less than 10mm.
Clear cover should not be less than the 50mm.
All the forces and moments acting at base of the must be transferred to
the pedestal.
Dowels bar must be checked for proper development length
Dowel bars are usually provided in footing, bent at the ends, and tied to
main footing reinforcement. The diameter of dowel shall not exceed the
diameter of the longitudinal bar in the column by more than 0.15in
2.8.5 Design of Staircase
Staircase is the important component of the Rcc structure. Staircase should be
adequately lighted and properly ventilated.
Stairs is the series of steps suitably arranged for the purpose of connecting
different floors of a building. The location of the stairs in building require
careful consideration for efficient work way.
In Public building, stairs should be centrally located or near main entrance to
provide quick accessibility.
Types of Staircase
 Straight staircase
 Doglegged staircase
 Newel staircase
 Geometrical staircase
26
Technical Terms used in Staircase
 Steps
 Tread
 Riser
 Flight
 Landing
 Nosing
 Winder
 Handrails
 Strings
 Newel
 Baluster
Design of Staircase
i. Width of stair: It should be kept less than 1m.
ii. Steps: Number of steps should not be more than 12 in each flight.
iii. Pitch: Pitch should not be more than 45 deg.
iv. Width of Landing: It should be more than width of the stair.
v. Winders: It should be avoided as possible.
vi. Head Room: It should not be kept less than 2.20m.
vii. Proportion of tread and riser should be kept uniform throughout the stair.
Proportion of Tread and Riser:
 Residential building:
Tread =250mm
Riser =160mm
 Public building:
Tread =300mm
Riser =150mm
viii. Step Proportion
Tread +2*Riser=550 to 600mm
Tread * Riser=450cm
27
Classification of Stairs
i. Stairs spanning horizontally
These stairs are at each side of walls.
Loads
Dead load =1/2 *T*R*25
Dead load on waist slab =b*T*25
Live Load
Floor Finish
ii. Stairs spanning longitudinally
These stairs is supported at top and bottom of flights.
Loads
Self-Weight of Step =1*R/2*25
Self-Weight of waist slab =1*T*25
Self-Weight of plan = 1*T*25((R^2+T^2)/T)
Live load
Floor finish
2.9 Earthquake Resistant Building
Earthquake is the sudden shaking of the ground surface. Earthquake causes the huge loss
of the life and properties due to the collapse of the buildings so to prevent from this
destruction it is necessary to make the building earthquake resistant. Building should be
suitably designed and detailed to ensure stability and strength considering the seismic
effect. Building should be designed with sufficient ductility, deformability and
damageability against the collapse. Weak tensile and shear stress tends to collapse the
building.
To minimize the seismic effect all the walls of the buildings should be properly joined to
the adjacent walls with reinforcement provided against vertical and horizontal direction.
Building should be stiff and strong. Adequate shear wall is to be provided. Shear walls
resist the horizontal loads through the transfer of shear forces.NBC105 and IS1893:2002
is followed for earthquake resistant design.
The horizontal band is used to hold the masonry building in a single unit by tying all
walls together.
28
Commonly used band are:
i. Plinth band: It is provided where soil is soft and uneven.
ii. Lintel band: It is provided over doors and windows.
iii. Roof band: It is provided in flat timber or CGI steel roof.
iv. Gable band: It is provided in pitched and sloped roof.
Band supports the wall loaded in strong direction.
Features for Earthquake Resistant Design
 Building plan should be in regular shape.
 Thickness of load bearing wall should be at least 200mm.
 Location of the door or window from edge of wall should be minimum 600mm.
 Storey height to be kept below 3.2m.
 RCC band should be of minimum thickness 75mm.
 Minimum 8mm diameter bar to be provided in Rcc bands with spacing 150mm
center to center.
 The span between the columns should be small as possible.
 Column should be stronger than beam.
 Column should be connected at each level.
 Cantilever projections should be minimum and their length should not be more
than 3 to 4 feet.
Modern Techniques used for Earthquake Resistant Design
i. Base Isolation: It is the techniques developed to minimize the damage of building due
to the earthquake. Series of bearing pads creates the flexibility between building and
the foundation. It increases the natural period of the structures. Building will move
with an earthquake movement. It is used in low rise building situated in hard soil. Not
suitable for soft soil.
ii. Energy Dissipating Device: It absorbs energy making a displacement of building
tolerable. It is especially used in tall buildings. Damping devices reduces the seismic
energy entering to the building.
Some of the damping devices are as follows:
 Friction Dampers
29
 Metallic Dampers
 Viscoelastic Dampers
 Viscous Dampers
iii. Seismic Retrofitting: Seismic retrofit is the method of modification of existing
structures to enhance their capability to resist earthquakes. If the structure is old and
the poor material has been used in construction, the building can be retrofitted and
make it safe against the seismic activities. It can be used in any type of construction
and is very effective method. In Nepal retrofitting is widely used after massive
earthquake. It comprises of the visual assessment, studying of the seismic forces and
other evaluation of the existing structures. It is the economical and reliable process
against the seismic activities.
30
Chapter 3: PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND SEISMIC LOAD CALCULATION
3.1 Preliminary Design
3.1.1 Preliminary Design of Slab
We know,
Shorter span Shorter span
Effective depth (d)= to
35 42
i. Slab panel A4-B4-B5-A5
Shorter span = 6.2484 m
Taking,
Shorter span
d=
42
6248.4
=
42
= 148.77 mm
10
Overall depth of slab (D) = 148.77 +15+
2
= 168.7714 mm >150mm
Hence, secondary beam is required in this panel.
Providing secondary beam along alphabetic grid.
Now,
Shorter span = 3.1242 mm
Thus,
3124.2
d=
42
= 74.38 mm
10
Overall depth of slab (D) = 74.38+15+
2
= 94.38 mm
Adopt, D = 100mm
10
Thus, d = 100 - 15 - = 80 mm
2
ii. Slab panel B2-C2-C3-B3

Thus,
31
2057
d=
42
= 48.976 mm
10
2
= 68.976 mm
Adopt, D = 100mm
10
Thus, d = 100 - 15 - = 80 mm
2
iii. Slab panel B3-D3-D4-B4

Thus,
6401
d=
42
= 152.4048 mm > 150 mm
Hence, secondary beam is required in this panel. Providing secondary
beam along alphabetic grid.
Now,
Shorter span = 3. 200 m
Thus,
3200
d=
42
= 76.190 mm
10
2
= 96.190 mm
Adopt, D = 100mm
10
Thus, d = 100 - 15 - = 80 mm
2
iv. Slab panel D4-E4-E5-D5

Thus,
4191
d=
42
= 99.786 mm
32
10
2
= 119.786 mm
Adopt, D = 130 mm
10
Thus, d = 130 - 15 - = 110 mm
2
From above calculations, we get,
Overall depth (D) = 130 mm
3.1.2 Preliminary Design of Beam

i. For Numeric grid
Maximum span = 6.401m
Shorter span Shorter span
Effective depth (d)= to
12 15
Taking,
Shorter span
d=
12
6401
=
12
= 533.417 mm
16
Overall depth (D) = 533.417 + 25 +
2
= 566.417 mm
Adopt, D = 575 mm
1 2
2 3
2
= *575
3
= 383.33 mm
Adopt, D= 380 mm
Size of beam along alph3abetic grid = b*D
= (380*575) mm
33
ii. For Alphabetic Grid
Maximum span = 6.553 m
6553
Depth of beam (d) =
13
= 504.077 mm
16
Overall depth (D) = 504.077 + 25 +
2
= 537.077 mm
Adopt, D = 575 mm
Thus, width (b)= 380 mm
Size of the beam along numeric grid = (380*575) mm
iii. Preliminary Design of Secondary beam
Maximum span = 6.553 m
6553
Depth of beam (d) =
20
= 327.65 mm
16
Overall depth (D) = 327.65+ 25 +
2
= 360.65 mm
Adopt, D = 375 mm
1 2
2 3
1
= *375
2
= 187.5 mm
Adopt, b= 200 mm
Size of secondary beam = b*D
= (200*375) mm
34
3.1.3 Preliminary Design of Column
Critical column is as shown below in fig 3.1.
Figure 3.1: Critical Column
Load calculation
Dead Load
Dead load calculation is shown in table 3.1.
Load Type Calculation Value

(KN)
Self-weight of slab 25*0.13*6.325 *6.553 134.705
Self-weight of partition wall 6.325 *6.553*0.44 18.237
Self-weight of floor finish 6.325 *6.553*1 41.448
Self-weight of beam 25*0.575*0.380*6.55+ 25*0.575*0.380*6.33 70.357
Self-weight of column 25*(3.353-0.130)*0.61*0.61 9.139
Total 273.886
Table 3.1: Dead Load Calculation
Live Load
Taking live load = 4 KN/m2
35
Live load calculation is shown in table 3.2.
Floor Calculation Load (KN)

Semi-basement 6.325*6.553*4 165.791
Ground 6.325*6.553*4*0.9 149.212
First 6.325*6.553*4*0.8 132.633
Second 6.325*6.553*4*0.7 116.054
Third 6.325*6.553*4*0.6 99.475
Fourth 6.325*6.553*4*0.6 99.475
Top Floor 6.325*6.553*0.6 99.475
Total 862.115
Table 3.2: Live Load Calculation
Total Load
Total load calculation is shown in table 3.3.
Floor Dead (KN) Live (KN) Total (KN)

Semi-basement 273.886 165.791 439.677
Ground 273.886 149.212 423.098
First 273.886 132.633 406.519
Second 273.886 116.054 389.94
Third 273.886 99.475 373.361
Fourth 273.886 99.475 373.361
Top Floor 273.886 99.475 373.361
Total 2779.317
Table 3..3: Total Load Calculation
Total factored load = 1.5*2779.317

= 4168.975 KN
36
Increasing by 30 % for EQ,
Total load Pu = 1.3*4168.975 = 5419.6675 KN
Now, we have,
Pu = 0.4*fck *(Ag- Asc) + 0.67*fy *Asc
Assuming percentage of steel, p = 4%
Then,
5419.6675*103 = 0.4*25*(Ag-0.04* Ag) + 0.67*500*0.04* Ag
Solving, we get,
Ag =235637.717 mm2
Considering a square column,
Depth (D) = Width (b) = √235637.717 = 485.425 mm
Adopt, size of the column = b*D
= (500*500) mm
3.1.4 Preliminary Design of Staircase
The plan of staircase is as shown below in fig 3. 2:
Figure 3. 2: Staircase Plan
305 305
leffective = + 813+ 3050+ 2032+ = 6200 mm
2 2
We have,
37
leffective
d=
20 to 25
Taking,
leffective
d=
20
6200
=
20
= 310 mm
ϕ
Thus, overall depth, D = d + + 20
2
12
= 310 + + 20
2
= 336 mm
Adopt, D = 340 mm
Thus, d = 314 mm
3.2 Seismic Load Calculation
Note
i. Load Calculation of a Stair
Flight
A typical stair is shown in fig 3.3.
Figure 3.3: Stair
Here,
Tread (T) = 305 mm
Riser (R) = 152 mm
Overall depth (D) = 340 mm
Effective depth (d) = 314 mm
Length of waist slab (l) = √ (R 2 + T2)
38
= √ (0.1522 + 0.3052)
= 0.341 mm
Now,
Area of waist slab = l* D
= 0.341 * 0.340
= 0.116 mm2
1
Area of a step = * R*T
2
1
= * 0.152*0.305
2
= 0.023 mm2
Step finishing load = (R+T) * thickness
= (0.152 + 0.305) * 0.050
= 0.023 mm2
Load per step per meter width = 25 * (0.116 + 0.023) + 0.023 * 24
= 4.027 KN/m
4.027
Load per meter width per meter length = = 13.20 KN/m2
0.305
Live load = 5 KN/m2
Total load per m2 in plan = 13.20 + 5
= 18.20 KN/m2
Load on 1.829 m width of stair = 18.20 * 1.829
= 33.288 KN/m
Total load on flight = 2 *33.288 *3.050
= 203.057 KN
Landing
Self-weight of slab = 0.34 *25 = 8.5 KN/m 2
Floor finishing load = 0.05 *24 = 1.2 KN/m2
Live load = 5 KN/m2
Total load per m2 of plan= (8.5 + 1.2 + 5)
= 14.70 KN/m2
Total weight of landing-1 = 14.70*3.18*1.829
39
= 85.498 KN
Total weight of landing-2 = 14.70*7.95*1.829
= 213.746 KN
Total weight of landing = 46.746 + 116.865
= 299.244 KN
Supporting beams
Self-weight of supporting beams = 2*25 * 0.305 * 0.508 *4.343
= 33.645 KN
Total weight of a staircase=Weight of (Flight +Landing +Supporting beams)
= 203.057 + 299.244 + 33.645
= 535.946 KN
iii. Load Calculation of Lift Wall
For a floor,
Total length of lift wall = 6.325 m
Total thickness of lift wall = 0.230 m
Height of lift wall = 3.353 m
Total load due to lift wall in a floor = 25*6.325 *0.230 *3.353
= 121.944 KN
The dimensions of various components obtained from preliminary design are
given in the table 3.4:
Component b (mm) D (mm)
Slab - 130
Beam Major 380 500
Secondary 200 375
Column 500 500
Table 3.4: Preliminary dimensions
Lump Mass Calculation

3.2.1 Semi Basement
Area Calculation
i. Area of slab
Main slab, Asm = 404.016 m2
40
Cantilever slab, Asc = 4.619 m2
ii. Area of beam
a. Along alphabetic grid
Major Beam
AaB = 16*6.553*0.380
= 39.842 m2
Secondary Beam
No secondary beam.
b. Along numeric grid
Major Beam
AnB = (4*6.248+ 4*6.401 + 8* 4.191 + 2*3.505) *0.380
= 34.631 m2
Secondary Beam
Anb = (3*6.248 + 2*6.401) *0.20
= 6.309 m2
iii. Area of column
Aco = 23*0.5*0.5 = 5.750 m 2
iv. Area of outer wall
Prefab wall, Afw = Total Length*Thickness
= 45.644*0.075
= 3.423 m2
Area after 30% Deduction for openings,
Apw = 2.396 m2
Shear wall, Asw = Total Length*Thickness
= 27.459*0.230
= 6.315 m2
Area after 30% Deduction of for openings,
Asw = 3.934m2
Load Calculation
i. Load due to partition wall = load intensity * slab area
= 0.44 * 404.016
41
= 177.76704 KN
ii. Load due to floor finishing = load intensity * slab area
= 1 * 404.016
= 404.016 KN
Dead load calculation is as shown in the table 3.5.
Dead Load
Unit
S. Area Height Volume Load
Element weight
N. (m2) (m) (m3) (KN)
(KN/m3)
Main 404.016 0.130 52.522 25.000 1313.052
1 Slab Cantilever 4.619 0.130 0.600 25.000 15.012
Beam 25.000
Major 39.842 0.575 22.909 25.000 572.729
Alphabetic grid Secondary - 0.000 25.000 0.000
Major 34.631 0.575 19.913 25.000 497.821
2 Numeric grid Secondary 6.309 0.375 2.366 25.000 59.147
3 Column 5.750 3.071 17.655 25.000 441.384
4 Outer wall Prefab 2.396 2.626 6.470 8.750 56.613
Shear 3.930 2.626 10.318 25.000 257.955
5 Partition wall 8.750 177.767
6 Floor finishing 404.016
7 Staircase 535.946
8 Lift 121.944
Total 4659.162
Figure 3.5: Dead Load Calculation for Semi Basement.
42
Live load calculation has been shown in the table 3.6.
Live Load
Loading
Element Area intensity Load reduced
S. N.
(m2) (KN/m2 (KN) load
1 Seminar Hall 95.60863 3.000 286.826 71.706

2 Car Parking 219.61087 2.500 549.027 137.257
3 Rest room 51.23786 2.000 102.476 25.619
4 Lobby 42.177769 4.000 168.711 84.356
Total 1107.040 318.938
Figure 3.6: Live Load Calculation for Semi-Basement
3.2.2 Ground Floor

Area Calculation
i. Area of slab
ii. Area of beam
Major Beam
AaB= 16*6.553*0.380
= 39.842 m2
Secondary Beam
No secondary beam.
Major Beam
AnB = (4*6.248+ 4*6.401 + 8* 4.191 + 2*3.505) *0.380
= 34.631 m2
Secondary Beam
Anb = (3*6.248 + 2*6.401) *0.20
43
= 6.309 m2
iii. Area of column
Aco = 23*0.5*0.5 = 5.750 m 2
= (3*5.944 + 2*5.639 + 1*5.791 + 3*3.581) *0.075
= 3.423 m2
Apw = 2.396 m2
Shear wall, Asw = Total Length*Thickness
= (1*3.581 + 3*5.944 + 1*3.023) *0.230
= 5.620 m2
Area after 30% Deduction of for openings,
Asw = 3.934m2
Load Calculation
= 0.44 * 402.202
= 176.968 KN

= 1 * 402.202
= 402.202 KN
Dead Load
Unit
Element weight
N. (m2) (m) (m3) (KN)
(KN/m3)
Main 402.202 0.13 52.286 25 1314.343
1 Slab Cantilever 40.192 0.13 5.225 25 173.673
Beam 25
44
Major 39.842 0.575 22.909 25 572.729
Alphabetic grid Secondary - - 0 25 0
2 Major 36.453 0.575 19.913 25 497.821
Numeric grid Secondary 6.309 0.375 2.366 25 59.147
3 Column 5.75 3.223 18.532 25 463.306
Prefab 2.396 2.778 6.656 8.75 58.241
4 Outer wall Shear 3.93 2.778 10.918 25 272.939
7 Staircase 535.946
8 Lift 121.944
Total 4855.034
Table 3.7: Dead Load Calculation of Ground Floor

Live Load
Loading intensity Reduced

Element Area Load
S. N. (KN/m2) Load
(m2) (KN)
(KN)
1 Classroom 174.475 3.000 523.426 130.856
2 Office 32.162 2.500 80.405 20.101
3 Rest room 30.451 2.000 60.903 15.226
Library
Reading room 82.346 3.000 247.039 61.760

4
Stack room 50.388 6.000 302.327 151.164
5 Lobby 88.028 4.000 352.113 176.056
Total 1566.213 555.163

Table 3.8: Live Load Calculation of Ground Floor
45
3.2.3 First Floor
Area Calculation
i. Area of slab
ii. Area of beam
Major Beam
AaB = 16*6.553*0.380
= 39.842 m2
b. Secondary Beam
No secondary beam.
Along numeric grid
Major Beam
AnB = (4*6.248+ 4*6.401 + 8* 4.191 + 2*3.505) *0.380
= 34.631m2
Secondary Beam
Anb = (3*6.248 + 1*6.401) *0.20
= 6.3092 m2
iii. Area of column
Aco = 23*0.5*0.5 = 5.750 m2
= 77.775*0.075
= 5.833 m2
Apw =4.083 m2
Load Calculation
= 0.44 * 394.748
46
= 173.689 KN

= 1 * 394.748
= 394.748 KN
Dead Load
Unit
Element weight
N. (m2) (m) (m3) (KN)
(KN/m3)
Main 394.748 0.130 51.317 25.000 1282.931
1 Slab Cantilever 55.969 0.130 7.276 25.000 181.898
Beam
Major 39.842 0.575 22.909 25.000 572.729
Major 34.631 0.575 19.913 25.000 497.821
3 Column 5.750 3.223 18.532 25.000 463.306
7 Staircase 535.946
8 Lift 121.944
T0tal 4588.908
Table 3.9: Dead Load Calculation of First Floor
47
Live Load

Element Area Load
S. N. (KN/m2 Load
(m2) (KN)
(KN)
1 Office 259.256 2.500 648.141 162.035
2 Rest room 41.019 2.000 82.038 20.509
3 Lobby 150.441 4.000 601.765 300.882
Total 1331.943 483.427
Table 3.10: Live Load Calculation of First Floor
3.2.4 Second Floor

Area Calculation
i. Area of slab
ii. Area of beam
Major Beam
AaB = 16*6.553*0.380
= 39.842 m2
Secondary Beam
No secondary beam.
Major Beam
AnB = (4*6.248+ 4*6.401 + 8* 4.191 + 2*3.505) *0.380
= 34.631 m2
Secondary Beam
Anb = (3*6.248 + 1*6.401) *0.20
= 6.3092 m2
iii. Area of column
48
Aco = 23*0.5*0.5 = 5.750 m 2
=81.229*0.075
= 6.092 m2
Apw = 4.265 m2
Load Calculation
= 0.44 * 371.339
= 163.389 KN

= 1 * 371.339
= 371.339 KN
Dead Load
Unit
S Area Height Volume Load
Element weight
N (m2) (m) (m3) (KN)
(KN/m3)
Main 371.339 0.130 48.274 25.000 1206.851
1 Slab Cantilever 38.121 0.130 4.956 25.000 123.894
Beam
Major 39.842 0.575 22.909 25.000 572.729
Major 34.631 0.575 19.913 25.000 497.821
3 Column 5.750 3.223 18.532 25.000 463.306
49
5 Partition wall 163.389
7 Staircase 535.946
8 Lift 121.944
Total 4425.540
Table 3.11: Dead Load Calculation for Second Floor

Live Load

S. Element Area Load
(KN/m2) Load
N. (m2) (KN)
(KN)
1 Classroom 249.906 3.000 749.719 187.430
2 Office 63.466 2.500 158.666 39.667
3 Rest room 40.898 2.000 81.796 20.449
4 Lobby 55.189 4.000 220.758 110.379
Total 1210.938 357.924
Table 3.12: Live Load Calculation for Second Floor
3.2.5 Third Floor

Area Calculation
i. Area of slab
ii. Area of beam
Major Beam
AaB = 16*6.553*0.380
= 39.842 m2
Secondary Beam
No secondary beam.
50
Major Beam
AnB = (4*6.248+ 4*6.401 + 8* 4.191 + 2*3.505) *0.380
= 34.631 m2
Secondary Beam
Anb = (3*6.248 + 1*6.401) *0.20
= 6.3092 m2
iii. Area of column
Full Length, Aco = 21*0.5*0.5 = 5.250 m2
Up to congregation space, Ac = 2*0.5*0.5 = 0.500 m2
=81.229*0.075
= 6.092 m2
Apw = 4.265 m2
Load Calculation
= 0.44 * 394.654= 173.648 KN
= 1 * 394.654 = 394.654 KN
Dead Load
Unit
Element weight
N (m2) (m) (m3) (KN)
(KN/m3)
Main 394.654 0.130 51.305 25.000 1282.853
1 Slab Cantilever 58.788 0.130 7.642 25.000 191.061
Beam
Major 39.842 0.575 22.909 25.000 572.729
2 Alphabetic grid Secondary - 0.000 25.000 0.000
51
Major 34.631 0.575 19.913 25.000 497.821
Numeric grid Secondary 6.3092 0.375 2.366 25.000 59.149
3 Column Full length 5.250 3.223 16.921 25.000 423.019
Upto cong. space 0.500 1.546 0.773 25.000 19.325
7 Staircase 535.946
8 Lift 121.944
T0tal 4581.093
Table 3.13: Dead Load Calculation for Third Floor.
Live Load
Loading intensity Reduced Load

Element Area Load
S. N. (KN/m2 (KN)
(m2) (KN)
1 Classroom 261.711 3 785.134 196.284

2 Office 54.933 2.500 137.331 34.333
3 Rest room 40.901 2.000 81.803 20.451
4 Lobby 55.201 4.000 220.806 110.403
Congregation 81.390
5 space 40.695 4.000 162.781
Total 1387.855 442.861
Table 3.14: Live Load Calculation for Third Floor
3.2.6 Fourth Floor

Area Calculation
i. Area of slab
52
ii. Area of beam
Major Beam
AaB = 15*6.553*0.380
= 37.352 m2
Secondary Beam
No secondary beam.
iii. Along numeric grid
Major Beam
AnB = (4*6.248+ 4*6.401 + 8* 4.191) *0.380
= 31.967 m2
Secondary Beam
Anb = (3*6.248 + 1*6.401) *0.20
= 6.3092 m2
iii. Area of column
Full Length column, Aco = 19*0.5*0.5 = 4.750 m2
Up to open terrace, Ac = 1*0.5*0.5 = 0.250 m2
=71.119*0.075
= 5.334 m2
Apw = 3.734 m2
v. Area of parapet wall
Apa = Length of wall*thickness
= 16.307*0.05
= 0.815 m2
Load Calculation
53
= 0.44 * 371.703
= 163.549 KN

= 1* 371.703
= 371.703 KN
Dead Load
Unit
Element weight
N (m2) (m) (m3) (KN)
(KN/m3)
Main 371.7 0.130 48.321 25.000 1208.035

1 Slab Cantilever 45.298 0.130 5.889 25.000 147.219
Beam
Major 37.352 0.575 21.477 25.000 536.935
Major 31.967 0.575 18.381 25.000 459.526
3 Column Full length 4.75 3.223 16.921 25.000 382.731
Up to OT 0.25 1.546 0.387 25.000 9.663
6 Parapet wall 0.815 1.000 0.815 8.750 7.13125
8 Staircase 535.946
9 Lift 121.944
Total 4299.797
Table 3.15: Dead Load Calculation for Fourth Floor
54
Live Load
Loading
Element Area intensity Load Reduced
S. N.
(m2) (KN/m2 (KN) Load
(KN)
1 Classroom 497.415
165.805 3.000 124.354
2 Office 59.113 2.500 147.784 36.946
3 Rest room 40.901 2.000 81.803 20.451
4 Lobby 55.100 4.000 220.380 110.200
5 Open Terrace 54.929 1.500 82.393 20.598
Total 1029.795 312.549
Table 3.16: Live Load Calculation for Fourth Floor
3.2.7 Top Floor

Area Calculation
i. Area of slab
ii. Area of beam
Major Beam
AaB = 13*6.553*0.380
= 32.372 m2
Secondary Beam
No secondary beam.
Major Beam
AnB = (4*6.248+ 4*6.401 + 6* 4.191) *0.380
= 28.782 m2
Secondary Beam
55
Anb = (3*6.248 + 1*6.401) *0.20
= 6.3092 m2
iii. Area of column
Full-length column, Aco = 4*0.5*0.5 = 1.000 m2
Half-length column, Ac = 14*0.5*0.5 = 3.500 m2

=71.119*0.075
= 5.334 m2
Apw = 3.734 m2
= 85.039*0.05
= 4.252 m2
Load Calculation
= 0.44 * 340.443/2
= 74.897 KN
= 1* 340.443
= 340.443 KN
Dead Load
Unit
Element weight
N (m2) (m) (m3) (KN)
(KN/m3)
1 Slab Main 340.44 0.130 44.258 25.000 1106.440
56
Beam
Major 32.372 0.575 18.614 25.000 465.348
Major 28.782 0.575 16.550 25.000 413.741
3 Column Full 1 3.223 3.223 25.000 80.500
Half 3.5 1.546 5.411 25.000 135.275
6 Parapet wall 4.252 1.000 4.252 8.750 37.205
7 Staircase 535.946
8 Lift 29.737
Total 3613.977
Table 3.17: Dead Load Calculation for Top Floor
Live Load
Loading
Element Area intensity Load Reduced
S. N.
(m2) (KN/m2 (KN) Load
(KN)
1 Open Terrace 340.443 1.500 510.665 0
Total 510.665 0
Table 3.18: Live Load Calculation for Top Floor
3.2.8 Roof Floor
Area Calculation
i. Area of slab
ii. Area of beam
57
Major Beam
AaB = 2*6.553*0.380
= 4.980 m2
Major Beam
AnB = 2*6.401*0.380
= 4.865 m2
Secondary Beam
Anb = 1*6.401 *0.20
= 1.280 m2
iii. Area of column
Aco = 4*0.5*0.5 = 1.000 m2

=25.908*0.075
= 1.943 m2
Apw = 1.360 m2
= 30.175*0.05
= 1.509 m2
Load Calculation
i. Load due to water tank
Assuming 3 water tanks each of 3000 liters.
Load due to tanks = 3*3000 lt.
= 9000 lt.
= 9000 kg
58
= 88.29 KN
Dead Load
Unit
Area Height Volume Load
SN Element weight
(m2) (m) (m3) (KN)
(KN/m3)
1 Slab Main 56.857 0.130 7.391 25.000 184.785

Beam
Major 4.980 0.575 2.864 25.000 71.588
Major 4.865 0.575 2.797 25.000 69.934
3 Column 1 1.547 1.547 25.000 38.663
6 Parapet wall 1.509 1.000 1.509 8.750 13.204
7 Water tank 88.29
Total 497.190
Table 3.19: Dead Load Calculation of Roof Floor
Live Load
Loading
Element Area intensity Load
S. N.
(m2) (KN/m2 (KN) Reduced Load
(KN)
5 Open Terrace 56.857 0.750 42.643 0.000
42.643 0.000
Figure 3.20: Live Load Calculation for Roof Floor
59
Finally, lump mass is shown in Table 3.21
Dead Load Live Load Total Lump Mass

SN Description (KN) (KN) (KN)
1 Semi-basement 4659.162 318.938 4978.099
2 Ground Floor 4855.033777 555.1630453 5410.197
3 First Floor 4588.908457 483.4269725 5072.335
4 Second Floor 4425.539758 357.9239567 4783.464
5 Third Floor 4581.092988 442.8603024 5023.953
6 Fourth Floor 4299.79683 312.5487882 4612.346
7 Top Floor 3613.976571 0 3613.977
8 Roof Floor 497.1902519 0 497.190
Total 33991.561
Table 3.21: Lump Mass Calculation
60
Lump mass diagram is shown in fig. 3.4.
Figure 3.4: Lump Mass Diagram
61
3.3 Base Shear Calculation
3.3.1 Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient Calculation
i. Time period calculation
We have, from IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 Cl. 7.6.2,
0.09h
Ta =
√d
where,
h = Height of the building in m.
d = Base dimension of the building at the plinth level.
Here,
h = 26.519 m
Along X-direction,
d = 25.044 m
Thus,
0.09*26.519
Tax = = 0.48 sec
√25.044
Along Y-direction,
d = 20.269 m
Thus,
0.09*26.519
Tay = = 0.53 sec
√20.269
ii. Average response acceleration coefficient calculation
For medium soil sites, we have, from IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 Cl. 6.4.5,
Along X-direction,
For Tax = 0.43 sec,
Sa
=2.50
g
Along Y-direction,
For Tay = 0.48 sec,
Sa
=2.50
g
62
iii. Zone factor
From IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 Table 2, for seismic zone V, we have,
Z = 0.36
iv. Importance factor
From IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 Table 6, we have for important service and
community buildings,
I = 1.5
v. Response reduction factor
From IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 Table 7, for special RC moment-resisting
frame (SMRF)
R = 5.0
Now,
Z I Sa
Design horizontal seismic coefficient, A h =
2RG
Along X-direction,
Putting the respective values, we get,
0.36* 1.5*2.50
Ahx = = 0.135
2 *5
Similarly,
Along Y-direction,
Putting the respective values, we get,
0.36* 1.5*2.50
Ahy = = 0.135
2 *5
3.3.2 Base Shear Calculation
As per IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002 Cl. 7.5.3, the total lateral force or design seismic
base shear is given by,
VB = Ah*W
Where,
W= Seismic weight of the building = 33991.561 KN
Along X-direction,
VBx = Ahx*W
63
= 0.135*33991.561
= 4588.860735 KN
Along Y-direction,
VBy = Ahy *W
= 0.135*33991.561
= 4588.860735 KN
3.3.3 Design Storey Shear Calculation
From IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 Cl. 7.7.1, we have,
Wihi2
Qi =
∑Wihi2
Where,
Qi = Design lateral force at floor i.
Wi= Seismic weight at floor i.
hi = Height of the floor measured from base,
Storey shear calculation is shown in table 3.22.
SN Wi hi VBx=VBy Qi
Wihi2
Floor (KN) (m) hi2 Wihi2 ∑Wihi2 (KN) (KN)
1 Semi-basement 4978.099 3.048 9.290 46248.057 0.007 4588.861 30.175
2 Ground Floor 5410.197 6.401 40.973 221670.918 0.032 4588.861 144.632
3 First Floor 5072.335 9.754 95.141 482584.610 0.069 4588.861 314.867
4 Second Floor 4783.464 13.107 171.793 821767.730 0.117 4588.861 536.171
5 Third Floor 5023.953 16.460 270.932 1361147.703 0.194 4588.861 888.095
6 Fourth Floor 4612.346 19.813 392.555 1810599.191 0.257 4588.861 1181.345
7 Top Floor 3613.977 23.166 536.664 1939489.518 0.276 4588.861 1265.441
8 Roof Floor 497.190 26.519 703.257 349652.704 0.050 4588.861 228.135
Total 7033160.431 1 4588.861
Figure 3.22: Storey Shear Calculation.
64
Chapter 4: STRUCTURAL DESIGN
4.1 Design of Slab
Grade of concrete: M20
Grade of steel: Fe415
SN Slab Design Result Remarks

Panel
1. A4- Step 1: Preliminary Depth Calculation Two adjacent
B4- Clear spans, edges
B5- lcx = 2.872 m discontinuous
A5 lcy = 5.639 m
Now,
lcx
Effective depth (d) =
30
2872
=
30
= 95.73 mm
10
Overall depth (D) = 95.73 + 15 +
2
= 115.73 mm
Adopt, D = 120 mm
10 D = 120 mm
Thus, d = 120 -15 -
2
= 100 mm d = 100 mm
Step 2: Effective Span Calculation
Effective spans,
t t 0.385 0.2
lex = lcx + + = 2.872 + +
2 2 2 2
= 3.165 m
Or
d d 0.1 0.1
= lcx + + = 2.872 + +
2 2 2 2
65
= 2.972 m
Taking the minimum value,
i.e., lex = 2.972 m lex = 2.972 m
Similarly,
t t 0.385 0.385
ley = lcy+ + = 5.639 + +
2 2 2 2
= 5.832 m
Or
d d 0.1 0.1
= lcy + + = 5.639 + +
2 2 2 2
= 5.739 m
Taking the minimum value,
i.e., ley = 5.739 m ley = 5.739 m
Now,
ley 5.739
= = 1.93 < 2
lex 2.972
Hence, it must be designed as a two-way slab.
Step 3: Load Calculation
Dead Load (DL)
Self-weight of slab = 25 * 0.120= 3 KN/m2
Floor finishing load = 0.44 KN/m2 IS 875(part 1)
Partition wall load = 1 KN/ m2
Total = 4.44 KN/m2

Live load (LL) = 3 KN/m2 IS 875(part 2)
Total load =DL+LL = 4.44+3= 7.44 KN/m 2 p. 8
Total factored load=1.5*7.44=11.16 KN/m 2
Taking width of slab (b) = 1 m
Thus,
Total load per unit span (w) = 11.16 * 1 w=11.16
= 11.16 KN/m KN/m
66
Step 4: Moment Calculation
We have, IS 456:2000
Mx = αxwlex2 (Along shorter span) Clause D-1.1
My = αy wlex2 (Along longer span)
For αx,
ley 5.739
= = 1.93
lex 2.972
Thus,
αx+ = 0.067 and α x- = 0.089
IS 456:2000
αy+ = 0.035 and αy -= 0.037
Table 26.
For short span,
For Two
Mid-span moment, Mx+= αx+ wlex2
Adjacent
=0.067*11.16*2.9722
Edges
= 6.604 KN-m
Discontinuous
Support moment, Mx- = αx- wlex2
Case
2
= 0.089*11.16*2.972
= 8.773 KN-m
For long span,
Mid-span moment, My+= αy+ wlex2
=0.035*11.16*2.9722
= 3.450 KN-m
Support moment, My- = αy- wlex2
= 0.037*11.16*2.9722
= 3.647 KN-m
Thus,
Mmax = 8.773
Maximum moment, M max = 8.773 KN-m
KN-m
Step 5: Depth Check
We have,
IS SP-16,
Mmax = 0.138*fck* b*d2
Cl.2.3, Table C
8.773*106 = 0.138*20*1000*d2
67
Solving we get,
d = 57 mm < 100 mm (ok)
So, adopt d = 100 mm
10
Overall depth (D) = 100 +15 + d = 100 mm
2
D = 120 mm
= 120 mm
Step 6: Calculation of Area of Steel
a. Along shorter span (edge strip)
Here,
Mx- = 8.773 KN-m
We know,
IS 456:2000
fy *Ast
Mx- =0.87*fy *Ast*(d - )
fck *b Annex
415*Ast G-1.1.b
8.773*106=0.87*415*Ast*(100- )
20*1000
Solving, we get, Astx = 256 mm2
Ast = 256 mm2
π
Using 10 mm ϕ bars Aϕ = * 102
4
= 78.54mm2
1000*Aϕ 1000*78.54
Spacing= = =306 mm
Ast 256
which is less than 5d or 450 mm.
Adopt, spacing = 300 mm
IS 456:2000
0.12 0.12*1000*120
Ast min = bD = Cl. 26.3.3
100 100
=144 mm2
1000*78.54
Ast provided = = 262 mm2 Astx provided =262
300
>144 mm2 mm2
Hence OK.
Thus, provide 10 mm ϕ bars @ 300 mm c/c.
b. Along longer span
Here,
68
ϕ 10
d' = d - = 100 - = 95 mm
2 2
My = 3.647 KN-m
We know,
IS 456:2000
fy *Ast
My=0.87*fy *Ast*(d' - )
fck *b Annex
415*Ast G-1.1.b
3.647*106=0.87*415*Ast*(95- )
20*1000
Solving, we get,
Ast = 109 mm2 Asty =109
π
Using 10 mm ϕ bars, Aϕ = * 102 mm2
4
= 78.54mm2
1000*Aϕ 1000*78.54
Spacing= =
Ast 109
= 721 mm
which is greater than 5d or 450 mm.
Adopt, spacing = 300 mm IS 456:2000
0.12 0.12*1000*120 Cl. 26.3.3
Ast min = bD =
100 100
=144 mm2
1000*78.54
Ast provided = = 262 mm2
300
>144 mm2 Asty provided =262
Hence OK. mm2
Provide 10 mm ϕ bars @ 300 mm c/c.

Step 7: Design of Main Reinforcement
From calculation of Step 6, Use 10 mm ϕ
 Short span: Provide 10 mm ϕ bars @ 300 bars @ 300
mm c/ with alternate bent up. mm c/c along
 Long span: Provide 10 mm ϕ bars @ 300 both short and
mm c/c with alternate bent up. long span with

alternate bent
up.
69
Step 8: Check for shear
Here,
w*lcx
Shear force along short span, Vu =
2
11.16*2.872
=
2
Vu=16.026
=16.026 KN
KN
Vu
Nominal shear stress, τv =
bd
16026
=
1000*100
= 0.16 N/mm2
100Ast
Percentage of steel, pt =
bd
100*262/2
=
1000*100
= 0.131%
For pt = 0.131% and M20 concrete,
τc = 0.28 N/mm2 IS 456:2000
Table 19
For 120 mm thickness of slab, K = 1.30

Thus, IS 456:2000
Modified shear stress, τc' = 0.28*1.30 Cl. 40.2.1.1
= 0.364 N/mm2
which is greater than τv.
Hence, shear reinforcement is not required. Safe in shear.
Step 9: Check for Deflection Control

Here,
lex 2972
( )provided = = 29.72
d 100
lex
( ) = αβγδλ
d max
where,
70
α = 0.8*40 = 32 IS 456:2000
β=1 Cl. 24.1
δ=1
λ=1 IS 456:2000
For γ, Cl. 23.2.1
100Ast
We have, pt =
bd
100*262
=
1000*100
= 0.262%
And,
fs = 0.58*fy*(Ast required/Ast provided)
191
= 0.58*415*
262
= 176MPa
Thus,
γ = 1.95
Thus,
lex lex
( )max = 32*1.95 = 62.4 > ( )provided
d d Safe in
Hence OK. deflection.
Step 10: Check for Development Length
Here,
fy *Ast/2
M1 = 0.87*fy *Ast/2*(d - )
fck *b
415*262/2
= 0.87*415*262/2*(100 – )
20*1000
= 4.60*106 N-mm
V = 16026 N
We have,
0.87*fy *ϕ
Ld =
1.6*4* τ bd
71
Where,
τ bd = 1.2 N/mm2 for M20 concrete. IS 456:2000
0.87*415*ϕ Cl. 26.2.1.1
Ld =
1.6*4*1.2
= 47ϕ
Again,
M1
Ld ≤ 1.3* + Lo
V
IS 456:2000
4.60*106
47ϕ ≤ 1.3* + 16ϕ Cl. 26.2.3.3
16026
Solving, we get, Safe in
ϕ ≤ 12 mm development
Hence OK. length
Step 11: Design of Torsion Reinforcement

Torsion reinforcement is designed as per stated in
IS 456:2000 Cl. D-1.8 and D-1.9.
4.2 Design of Cantilever Slab
Grade of steel: Fe 415
SN Slab Design Result Remarks

Panel
1. A4- Step 1: Preliminary Depth Calculation
B4-
B5- Clear spans, lc = 0.457 m
A5 Now,
lc
Effective depth (d) =
30
457
=
10
= 45.7 mm
10
Overall depth (D) = 45.7+ 15 +
2
= 65.7 mm
Adopt, D = 100 mm D = 80 mm
10
Thus, d = 100 -15 -
2
= 80 mm d = 80 mm
72
Step 2: Effective Span Calculation
Effective span,
d 0.08
le= lc + = 0.457+ = 0.497 m
2 2 le = 0.497 m
Dead Load (DL) IS 875(part 1)

Self-weight of slab = 25 * 0.1= 2.5 KN/m2
Floor finishing load =1 KN/m2
Partition wall load = 0.44 KN/ m2
Total = 3.94 KN/m2 IS 875(part 2)

Live load (LL) = 3 KN/m2 p. 8
Total load =DL+LL =3.94 + 3=6.94 KN/m2
Total factored load 1.5*6.94 = 10.41KN/m2
Taking width of slab (b) = 1 m
Thus,
Total load per unit span (w) = 10.41 * 1
= 10.41 KN/m w=10.41 KN/m
Step 4: Moment Calculation
We have,
Factored moment,
wle2
Mu =
8
10.41* 0.4972
=
8
= 0.321 KN-m Mu = 0.321
Step 5: Depth Check KN-m
We have, IS SP-16,
Mmax = 0.138*fck* b*d2 Cl.2.3, Table C
0.321 *106 = 0.138*20*1000*d2
Solving we get,
d = 10.78 mm < 80 mm (ok)
So, adopt d = 80 mm
10
Overall depth (D) = 80 +15 +
2 d = 80 mm
= 100 mm D = 100 mm
a. Main reinforcement
Here,
Mu= 0.321 KN-m IS 456:2000
We know, Annex
fy *Ast G-1.1. b
Mu =0.87*fy *Ast*(d - )
fck *b
73
415*Ast
0.321*106=0.87*415*Ast*(80- )
20*1000
Solving, we get,
Ast = 12 mm2 Astx=12
mm2
π
4
= 78.54mm2
1000*Aϕ 1000*78.54
Spacing= =
Ast 12
IS 456:2000
= 6545 mm
Cl. 26.3.3
which is greater than 3d or 300 mm.
Thus, spacing = 300 mm
0.12 0.12*1000*100
Ast min = bD =
100 100
IS 456:2000
=120 mm2
1000*78.54 Astx provided
300 =262mm2
>120 mm2
Hence OK.
Thus, provide 10 mm ϕ bars @ 300 mm c/c
bending alternate bars.
b. Distribution reinforcement
Distribution steel = 0.15% of X-sectional
area
0.15
= *1000 * 100
100 Asty=150
= 150 mm2 mm2
π
4
= 28.3 mm2
1000*Aϕ 1000*28.3
Spacing= =
Ast 150
= 188 mm
which is less than 5d or 450 mm.

Thus, spacing = 150mm
Asty provided
1000*28.3 =189 mm2
150
Thus, provide 6 mm ϕ bars @ 150 mm c/c in

longer direction.
74
Step 7: Design of Reinforcement Short span:
From calculation of Step 6, 10 mm ϕ bars
 Provide 10 mm ϕ bars @ 300 mm c/c along @ 300 mm c/c
short span with alternate bent up. Long span:
 Provide 6 mm ϕ bars @ 150 mm c/c along 6 mm ϕ bars
long span. @ 150 mm c/c
Here,
w*lcx
Shear force along short span, Vu =
2
10.41*0.457
= Vu=2.379
2
=2.379 KN KN
Vu
bd
2379
=
1000*80
=0.029 N/mm2
100Ast
bd
100*262/2
=
1000*80
= 0.16%

τc = 0.29 N/mm2
IS 456:2000
Table 19
For 120 mm thickness of slab, K = 1.30
Thus,
IS 456:2000
Modified shear stress, τc' = 0.29*1.30
Cl. 40.2.1.1
= 37.7 N/mm2
which is greater than τv.
Safe in shear.
Hence, shear reinforcement is not required.
Here,
lex 497
( )provided = = 6.21
d 80
lex IS 456:2000
( ) max = αβγδλ
d
75
where, Cl. 24.1
α = 26
β=1 IS 456:2000
δ=1 Cl. 23.2.1
λ=1
For γ,
100Ast
We have, pt =
bd
100*262
=
1000*80
= 0.32%
And,
13
= 0.58*415*
262
= 12 MPa
Thus,
γ=2
Thus,
lex lex
( )max = 26*2= 52 > ( )provided
d d
Hence OK. Safe in
deflection.
Here,
fy *Ast/2
M1 = 0.87*fy *Ast/2*(d - )
fck *b
415*262/2
= 0.87*415*262/2*(80 – )
20*1000
= 3.66*106 N-mm
V = 2379 N
We have,
0.87*fy *ϕ
Ld =
1.6*4* τ bd
Where,
τ bd = 1.2 N/mm2 for M20 concrete.
IS 456:2000
0.87*415*ϕ
Ld = Cl. 26.2.1.1
1.6*4*1.2
= 47ϕ
Again,
76
M1
Ld ≤ 1.3* + Lo
V IS 456:2000
3.66*106 Cl. 26.2.3.3
47ϕ ≤ 1.3* + 16ϕ
2379
Solving, we get,
ϕ ≤ 64 mm
Hence OK. Safe in
development
length
77
4.3 Design of Beam
SN Beam Design Result Remarks

1. B4- Step 1: Design Information Edge-span
B5 Known,
Breadth (b) = 380 mm
Depth (D) = 575 mm
Effective depth (d') = 40 mm
Support width (t) = 500 mm
Clear span (lc) = 5.944 m Mu= 426.772
Design moment (Mu) = 426.772KN-m KN-m From Sap
Design shear force (Vu ) = 264.483KN Vu= 264.483 Analysis
Step 2: Effective Span and Depth Calculation KN
Effective depth (d) = D - d'
= 575 – 40
= 535 mm d = 535 mm
t t
Effective span, (le) = lc + +
2 2
0.5 0.5
= 5.944+ +
2 2
= 6.444 m
Or
d d
Effective span, le = lc + +
2 2
0.535 0.535
= 5.944 + +
2 2
= 6.479 m le = 6.444 m
Taking minimum value, le=6.444 m
78
Step 3: Moment Capacity Calculation
For Fe 500,
Mu-lim= 0.133*fck *b*d2 IS SP-16,
= 0.133*25*380*535 2 Mu-lim= Cl.2.3, Table C
= 361.645 KN-m< Mu 361.645KN-m
Hence, it must be designed as a doubly reinforced
beam.
Mu2 = Mu - Mu-lim
= 426.772 - 361.645 Mu2 =
= 65.127KN-m 65.127KN-m
Also,
For Fe 500, xu-max = 0.46*d
= 0.46*535 xu-max = IS SP-16,
= 246.1mm 246.1mm Cl.2.2, Table B
Step4: Calculation of Area of Steel
a. Tension Steel
For Ast-1,
(
Mu-lim=0.87*fy *Ast* d -0.42*xu-max )
IS 456:2000,
(
361.645*106 = 0.87*500*Ast* 535–0.42*246.1 ) Annex G
Ast-1 =
Solving, we get
1926.076mm2
Ast-1 = 1926.076mm2
For Ast-2,
(
Mu2 =0.87*fy *Ast* d - d' )
(
65.127 *106 = 0.87*500*Ast* 535–40 )
Ast-2 =
Solving, we get
302.459mm2
Ast-2 = 302.459mm2
Total tension steel, Ast = Ast-1 + Ast-2
79
Ast required = 1926.076+ 302.459 Ast required=
= 2228.535mm2 2228.535mm2
π
Using 20 mm ϕ barsAϕ = * 202
4
= 314mm2
2228.535
No. of bars required = = 7.09
314
No. of bars=8
Provide 8 number of bars.
Ast provided =
Ast provided =8*314 = 2512 mm2
2512mm2
Minimum reinforcement,
IS 456:2000, Cl.
Ao 0.85
= 26.5.1.1
b*d fy
Ao 0.85
=
380*535 500
Ao = 345.61 mm2<Ast provided
Maximum reinforcement,
4 4*380*575 IS 456:2000, Cl.
Ast max= bD = = 8740 mm2
100 100
26.5.1.2
>Ast provided
b. Compression Steel
d' 40
For, = = 0.075, we get
d 535
fsc= 418 N/mm2 fsc = 418 N/mm2 IS 456:2000,
Annex G
(
Mu2 = Asc *fsc * d - d' ) G-1.2
65.127 *106= Asc *418*(535-40)
Solving, we get Asc-required =
Asc required = 314.760 mm2 314.760 mm2
π
4
= 314mm2
314.760
No. of bars required = =1
314
80
Provide 4 number of bars. No. of bars=4
Asc provided =4*314 =1256 mm2 Asc provided =
Step 5: Design of Main Reinforcement 1256 mm2
From calculation of Step 4,
 Provide 8– 20 mm bars in tension region.
 Provide 4– 20 mm bars in compression
region.
Here,
Vu
bd
264483
=
535*380
τv = 1.30
= 1.30 N/mm2
N/mm2
For M25, τc-max = 3.1 N/mm2 > τv(OK)
IS 456:2000,
Table 20
100Ast-provided
bd
100*2512
=
380*535
= 1.24%
For pt = 1.24% and M25 concrete, τc = 0.70

τc = 0.70 N/mm2<τv N/mm2
Hence, shear reinforcement should be provided. IS 456:2000,
Using 2-legged 10 mm ϕ vertical stirrups. Table 19
Now,
Vus = (τv -τc) *b*d
= (1.30-0.70) *380*535
= 121980 N
For vertical stirrups,
81
π
Asv= 2* *102= 157 mm2
4
0.87*fy *Asv *d
Vus =
Sv
0.87*415*157*535
121980=
Sv
Solving, we get, IS 456:2000, Cl.
Sv= 248.62 mm 40.4
which is greater than 0.25*d (=133 mm).
Thus, provide 2 legged 10 mm ϕ bars @ 100 mm
c/c up to distance 2d (=1070 mm) Sv = 100 mm
Here,
le 6444
( )provided= = 12.04
d 535
lex
( ) = αβγδλ
d max
IS 456:2000, Cl.
where,
23.2.1
α = 20
β=1
λ=1
For γ,
We have, pt = 1.54%
And,
2228.535
= 0.58*500* IS 456:2000, Cl.
2512
= 257.28 MPa Fig. 4
Thus,
γ = 0.8
Forδ,
82
100*Asc-provided
We have pc % =
b*d
100*1256
=
380*535
= 0.618 %
Thus,
δ= 1.18
IS 456:2000, Cl.
Thus,
Fig. 5
lex lex
( )max = 20*0.8*1.18= 18.88 > ( )provided Safe in
d d

Here,
fy *Ast
M1 = 0.87*fy *Ast*(d - )
fck *b
500*2512
= 0.87*500*2512*(535 – )
25*380
= 440*106 N-mm
V = 264483 N
We have,
0.87*fy *ϕ
Ld = IS 456:2000
1.6*4* τ bd
Where, Cl. 26.2.1.1

0.87*500*ϕ
Ld =
1.6*4*1.4
= 48.55ϕ
Again,
M1 IS 456:2000
Ld ≤ 1.3* + Lo
V
Cl. 26.2.3.3
440*106
48.55ϕ ≤ 1.3* + 16ϕ
264483
Solving, we get,
83
ϕ ≤ 66.54 mm Safe in
Hence OK. development
length.
Step 1: Design Information
Known, Mid-span
Depth (D) = 575 mm
Clear span (lc) = 5.639 m Mu=
Design moment (Mu) =96.285 KN-m 96.2851KN-m From Sap
Design shear force (Vu ) = 171.566 KN Vu= Analysis
Step 2: Effective Span and Depth Calculation 171.566KN
= 575 – 40
= 535 mm d = 535 mm
t t
2 2
0.5 0.5
= 5.944 + +
2 2
= 6.444 m
Or
d d
2 2
0.535 0.535
= 5.944 + +
2 2
= 6.479 m
Taking minimum value, le=6.444 m le = 6.444 m

For Fe 500,
84
= 0.133*25*380*535 2 Mu-lim= Cl.2.3, Table C
= 361.645 KN-m>Mu 361.645KN-m
Hence, it must be designed as a singly reinforced
beam.
Step4: Calculation of Area of Steel
Tension Steel
For Ast
(
IS 456:2000,
(
96.285*106 = 0.87*500*Ast* 535–0.42*246.1 ) Annex G
Ast= 512.80 mm2

Ast-=512.80
π
Using 20 mm ϕ bars, Aϕ = * 202 mm2
4
= 314 mm2
512.80
314
Ast provided =2*314= 628 mm2 Ast provided = 628
Minimum reinforcement, mm2
Ao 0.85
=
b*d fy
Ao 0.85
=
380*535 500
4 4*380*575
100 100
>Ast provided
85
Here,
Vu
bd
171.566
=
535*380
τv = 0.84
= 0.84 N/mm2
N/mm2 IS 456:2000,
For M25, τc-max = 3.1 N/mm2 > τv(OK)
Table 20
100Ast-provided
bd
100*603
=
380*535
= 0.296%
For pt = 0.296 % and M25 concrete,
τc = 0.38 N/mm2<τv τc = 0.38 IS 456:2000,
Hence, shear reinforcement should be provided. N/mm2 Table 19
Using 2-legged 10 mm ϕ vertical stirrups.
Now,
= (0.84-0.38) *380*535
= 93518 N
π
Asv= 2* *102= 157 mm2
4
0.87*fy *Asv *d
Vus =
Sv
0.87*415*157*535
93518=
Sv
Solving, we get, IS 456:2000, Cl.
Sv= 324.28 mm 40.4
which is greater than 0.5*d (=267.7).
86
c/c. Sv = 250 mm
Here,
le 6444
( )provided= = 12.04
d 535
lex
( ) = αβγδλ
d max
where,
α = 20
IS 456:2000, Cl.
β=1
23.2.1
λ=1
For γ,
We have, pt = 1.08%
And,
1926.07
= 0.58*500*
2198
= 210.92MPa
Thus,
γ = 1.1 IS 456:2000, Cl.
δ= 1 Fig. 4
Thus,
lex lex
( )max = 20*1.1*1 = 22>( )provided
d d Safe in
Here,
fy *Ast
M1 = 0.87*fy *Ast*(d - )
fck *b
500*603
= 0.87*500*2198*(535 – )
25*380
87
= 400.92 N-mm
V = 171566N
We have, IS 456:2000
0.87*fy *ϕ Cl. 26.2.1.1
Ld =
1.6*4* τ bd
Where,
0.87*500*ϕ
Ld=
1.6*4*1.4
= 48.55ϕ
Again,
IS 456:2000
M1
Ld ≤ 1.3* + Lo Cl. 26.2.1.1
V
400.92*106
48.55ϕ ≤ 1.3* + 16ϕ
171566
Solving, we get, Safe in
ϕ ≤93.32 mm development
length
Hence OK.
2 5A- Step 1: Design Information

5B Known, Edge-span
Depth (D) = 575 mm
Clear span (lc) = 5.639m Mu= 394.172 From Sap
Design moment (Mu) = 394.172 KN-m KN-m Analysis
Design shear force (Vu ) = 251.969 KN Vu= 251.969
Step 2: Effective Span and Depth Calculation KN
88
= 575 – 40
= 535 mm d = 535 mm
t t
2 2
0.5 0.5
= 5.639+ +
2 2
= 6.139 m
Or
d d
2 2
0.535 0.535
= 5.639+ +
2 2
= 6.174 m
Taking minimum value, le=6.139 m le = 6.139m
For Fe 500,
= 0.133*25*380*535 2 Mu-lim= Cl.2.3, Table C
= 361.645 KN-m < Mu 361.645KN-m
Hence, it must be designed as a doubly reinforced
beam.
Mu2 = Mu - Mu-lim
= 394.172 - 361.645
= 32.527 KN-m Mu2 = 32.527
Also, KN-m IS SP-16,
For Fe 500, xu-max = 0.46*d Cl.2.2, Table B
= 0.46*535 xu-max =
= 246.1 mm 246.1mm
a. Tension Steel
For Ast-1,
89
IS 456:2000,
(
Annex G
(
361.645*106 = 0.87*500*Ast* 535–0.42*246.1 )
Solving, we get
Ast-1 =
2
Ast-1 = 1926.076 mm
1926.076mm2
For Ast-2,
(
Mu2 =0.87*fy *Ast* d - d' )
32.527*106 = 0.87*500*Ast* 535–40 ( )
Solving, we get
Ast-2 = 151.060
Ast-2 = 151.060 mm2
mm2
Total tension steel, Ast = Ast-1 + Ast-2
Ast required = 1926.076 + 151.060
Ast required=
= 2077.136 mm2
2077.136 mm2
π
4
= 314 mm2
2077.136
314
Ast provided =7*314 = 2198 mm2 Ast provided =
Minimum reinforcement, 2198 mm2 IS 456:2000, Cl.
Ao 0.85 26.5.1.1
=
b*d fy
Ao 0.85
=
380*535 500
4 4*380*575 IS 456:2000, Cl.
100 100 26.5.1.2
>Ast provided
90
b. Compression Steel
d' 40
For, = = 0.075, we get
d 535
IS 456:2000,
fsc= 418 N/mm2
Annex G
(
Mu2 = Asc *fsc * d - d' ) fsc = 418 N/mm2 G-1.2
32.527 *106= Asc *418*(535-40)

Solving, we get
Asc-required =
Asc required = 157.204 mm2
157.204 mm2
π
Using 20 mm ϕ bars, Aϕ = * 202
4
= 314 mm2
157.204
314 No. of bars=4
Provide 4number of bars. Asc provided =
Asc provided =4*314 = 402 mm2 1256 mm2
 Provide 4– 20 mm bars in compression
region.
Here,
Vu
bd
251969
=
535*380
τv = 1.24 IS 456:2000,
= 1.24 N/mm2
N/mm2 Table 20
For M25, τc-max = 3.1 N/mm2>τv (OK)
100Ast-provided
bd
100*2512
=
380*535
91
= 1.24%
τc = 0.70 N/mm2<τv τc = 0.70 IS 456:2000,
Hence, shear reinforcement should be provided. N/mm2 Table 19
Now,
= (1.24-0.70) *380*535
= 109782N
π
Asv= 2* *102= 157 mm2
4
0.87*fy *Asv *d
Vus =
Sv
IS 456:2000, Cl.
0.87*415*157*535
109782= 40.4
Sv
Solving, we get,
Sv= 276.24 mm
which is greater than 0.25*d (=134 mm).
c/c. Sv = 100 mm

Here,
le 6139
( )provided = = 11.47
d 535
lex IS 456:2000, Cl.
( ) = αβγδλ
d max
23.2.1
where,
α = 20
β=1
λ=1
For γ,
92
We have, pt = 1.24 %
And,
fs = 0.58*fy*(Ast required/Ast provided) IS 456:2000, Cl.
2228.535 Fig. 4
= 0.58*500*
2512
= 257.27 MPa
Thus,
γ = 0.8
Forδ,
100*Asc-provided
We have pc % =
b*d
100*1256
=
380*535
= 0.618 %
Thus,
δ = 1.18 IS 456:2000, Cl.
Thus, Fig. 5
lex lex
( ) = 20*0.8*1.18 = 1888 > ( )provided
d max d Safe in
Here,
fy *Ast
M1 = 0.87*fy *Ast*(d - )
fck *b
500*2198
= 0.87*500*2198*(535 – )
25*380
= 440*106 N-mm
V = 251969 N
We have,
0.87*fy *ϕ IS 456:2000
Ld =
1.6*4* τ bd Cl. 26.2.1.1
Where,
93
0.87*500*ϕ
Ld =
1.6*4*1.4
= 48.55ϕ
Again,
M1
Ld ≤ 1.3* + Lo
V
IS 456:2000
440*106
48.55ϕ ≤ 1.3* + 16ϕ Cl. 26.2.3.3
251969
Solving, we get,
ϕ ≤ 69.74 mm
Hence OK.

Known,
Breadth (b) = 380 mm Mid-span
Depth (D) = 575 mm
Clear span (lc) = 5.639 m
Design moment (Mu) = 93.476 KN-m From Sap
Design shear force (Vu ) = 135.781 KN Mu= 93.476 Analysis
Step 2: Effective Span and Depth Calculation KN-m
Effective depth (d) = D - d' Vu= 135.781
= 575 – 40 KN
= 535 mm
t t
2 2
0.5 0.5
= 5.639+ +
2 2
= 6.139 m
Or
94
d d
2 2
0.535 0.535
= 5.639+ +
2 2
= 6.174 m
Taking minimum value, le=6.139 m
le=6.139 m
For Fe 500,
Mu-lim= 0.133*fck *b*d2
IS SP-16,
= 0.133*25*380*535 2
Cl.2.3, Table C
= 361.645 KN-m >Mu
Mu-lim =
Hence, it must be designed as singly reinforced
361.645 KN-m
beam.
Also,
For Fe 500, xu-max = 0.46*d
= 0.46*535
= 246.1 mm
xu-max =
246.1mm
. Tension Steel
For Ast
(
IS 456:2000,
93.476 *106 (
= 0.87*500*Ast* 535–0.42*246.1 ) Annex G
Solving, we get
Ast = 497.841mm2
π Ast required=
Using 20 mm ϕ bars, Aϕ = * 202
4 497.841mm2
= 314 mm2
497.84
314
Provide 2 number of bars.
95
Ast provided =2*314 = 628 mm2 No. of bars=2
Minimum reinforcement, Ast provided = 628
Ao 0.85 mm2
=
b*d fy
Ao 0.85
=
380*535 500
4 4*380*575
100 100
>Ast provided
 Provide 2–20 mm bars in tension region.
Here,
Vu
bd
135781
=
535*380
= 0.66 N/mm2
τv = 0.66
For M25, τc-max = 3.1 N/mm2>τv (OK)
N/mm2 IS 456:2000,
Table 20
100Ast-provided
bd
100*603
=
380*535
= 0.5%
τc = 0.39 N/mm2<τv IS 456:2000,
Hence, shear reinforcement should be provided. τc = 0.39N/mm2 Table 19
Now,
96
= (0.66-0.39) *380*535
= 54891N
π
Asv= 2* *102= 157 mm2
4
0.87*fy *Asv *d
Vus = IS 456:2000, Cl.
Sv
40.4
0.87*415*157*535
54891=
Sv
Solving, we get,
Sv= 552.48 mm
which is greater than 0.5*d (=267.5).
c/c.
Step 9: Check for Deflection Control Sv = 250 mm
Here,
le 6139
( )provided = = 11.47
d 535
lex
( ) = αβγδλ
d max
IS 456:2000, Cl.
where,
23.2.1
α = 20
β=1
λ=1
For γ,
We have, pt = 0.3 %
And,
497.841
= 0.58*500*
628
=229.89 MPa
97
Thus,
γ = 1.5 IS 456:2000, Cl.
δ=1 Fig. 4
Thus,
lex lex
( )max = 20*1.5*1 = 30> ( )provided
d d
Safe in
Hence OK.
deflection.
Here,
fy *Ast
M1 = 0.87*fy *Ast*(d - )
fck *b
500*603
= 0.87*500*628*(535 – )
25*380
= 137.121KN-m
V = 135781 N
We have,
0.87*fy *ϕ
Ld =
1.6*4* τ bd
Where,
0.87*500*ϕ
Ld =
1.6*4*1.4
IS 456:2000
Cl. 26.2.1.1
= 48.55ϕ
Again,
M1
Ld ≤ 1.3* + Lo
V
137.12*106
48.55ϕ ≤ 1.3* + 16ϕ
135781 Safe in
Solving, we get, development
ϕ ≤ 40.332 mm length.
Hence OK.
98
4.4 Design of Column
SN Column Design Result Remarks

1. Label Design Data
122 Size of column (b*D) = 500mm*500mm
Unsupported length (L) = 3.048 m
Effective length (Le) = 0.65*L IS 456:2000
= 0.65*3.048 Table 28
=1.981m Le = =1.981m
Assume effective cover (d') = 50 mm.
Le 1981
Slenderness ratio (λ) = = = 3.962 <12
b 500
Hence, it should be designed as short column.
Let us assume that the section is symmetrically
reinforced.
Design of Column
A. Load Combination: 1.5 (DL+LL)
Known,
From SAP
Axial load (Pu) = 4336.158 KN
analysis
X-axis moment (Mux) = 7.588 KN-m
Y-axis moment (Muy) = 9.391 KN-m
Minimum eccentricities,
L D 3048 500
ex = + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
L b 3048 500
ey= + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
Moment due to eccentricities,
Mux = Pu * ex = 4336.158*0.02276 = 98.691 KN-m
Muy = Pu * ey = 4336.158*0.02276 = 98.691 KN-m
99
Thus,
Design moments are: Mux =
Mux = 98.691 KN-m 68.556KN-m
Muy = 98.691 KN-m Muy =
Step 2: Moment Capacity Calculation 68.556KN-m
Assume percentage of steel, p = 2.42 %, then
p 2.42
= =0.0968
fck 25
d' 50
= = 0.1
D 500
Moment capacity of the section will be same in
both the direction because of its symmetry in size
and reinforcement.
Pu 4336158
= = 0.694
fck *b*D 25*500*500
Now, from chart-48 of SP-16, we get
Mu SP-16
= 0.0452
fck *b*D2 Chart 48
Now,
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.0452*fck*b*D2
= 0.0452*25*500*500 2 Mux1 = Muy1 =
= 141.25 KN-m 141.25 KN-m
Step 3: Calculation of α n
Ac = Ag - Asc = 5002-0.0242*5002 = 243950 mm2
Puz = 0.45*fck *Ac + 0.75*fy *Asc IS 456:2000
= 0.45*25*243950+ 0.75*500*0.0242*500 2 Cl. 39.6
= 5013.188 KN
Pu 4336.158
Now, = = 0.865
Puz 5013.188
Thus,
αn = 2
Step 4: Check for Strength
100
αn αn
Mux Mux IS 456:2000
+ ≤1
Mux1 Mux1
Cl. 39.6
Putting the values, we get,

2 2
98.691 98.691
+ = 0.98 <1 (OK)
141.25 141.25
B. Load Combination: 1.5 (DL+EQx)

Known,
From SAP
Axial load (Pu) =3012.130 KN
analysis
L D 3048 500
ex = + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
L b 3048 500
ey= + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
Mux = Pu * ex = 3012.130*0.02276 = 68.556KN-m
Muy = Pu * ey = 3012.130*0.02276 = 68.556KN-m
Thus,
Design moments are: Mux =
Mux = 68.556 KN-m 68.556KN-m
Muy = 68.556 KN-m Muy =
Step 2: Moment Capacity Calculation 68.556KN-m
Assume percentage of steel, p = 1%, then
p 1
= =0.040
fck 25
101
d' 50
= = 0.1
D 500
and reinforcement.
Pu 3012130
= = 0.482
fck *b*D 25*500*500
SP-16
Chart 48
Mu
= 0.055
fck *b*D2
Now,
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.055*fck*b*D2 Mux1 = Muy1 =
= 0.055*25*500*500 2 171.875 KN-m
= 171.875 KN-m
Ac = Ag - Asc = 5002-0.01*5002 = 247500 mm2
Puz = 0.45*fck *Ac + 0.75*fy *Asc
= 0.45*25*247500+ 0.75*500*0.01*500 2
= 3721.875 KN
Pu 3012130
Now, = = 0.809
Puz 3721.875
Thus, αn = 2
αn = 2
Step 4: Check for Strength IS 456:2000
αn αn Cl. 39.6
Mux Mux
+ ≤1
Mux1 Mux1

2 2
68.556 68.556
+ = 0.318<1 (OK)
171.875 171.875
102
C. Load Combination: 1.5 (DL-EQx)
Known, From SAP
Axial load (Pu) = 2914.392 KN analysis
L D 3048 500
ex = + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
L b 3048 500
ey= + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
Mux = Pu * ex = 2914.392 *0.02276 = 66.332 KN-m
Muy = Pu * ey = 2914.392 *0.02276 = 66.332 KN-m
Thus,
Mux = 66.332
Design moments are:
KN-m
Mux = 66.332 KN-m
Muy = 66.332
Muy = 66.332 KN-m
KN-m
Assume percentage of steel, p = 1 %, then
p 1
= =0.040
fck 25
d' 50
= = 0.1
D 500
and reinforcement.
Pu 2914392
= = 0.466
fck *b*D 25*500*500
SP-16
Mu
= 0.055 Chart 48
fck *b*D2
103
Now,
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.055*fck*b*D2 Mux1 = Muy1 =
= 0.055*25*500*500 2 171.875 KN-m
= 171.875 KN-m
Ac = Ag - Asc = 5002-0.01*5002 = 247500 mm2 IS 456:2000
Puz = 0.45*fck *Ac + 0.75*fy *Asc Cl. 39.6
= 0.45*25*247500+ 0.75*500*0.01*500 2
= 3721.875 KN
Pu 2914.392
Now, = = 0.783
Puz 3721.875
Thus,
αn = 1.972
αn = 1.972
IS 456:2000
αn αn
Cl. 39.6
Mux Mux
+ ≤1
Mux1 Mux1

1.972 1.972
66.332 66.332
+ 0.306<1 (OK)
171.875 171.875
D. Load Combination: 1.5 (DL+EQy)

Known,
Axial load (Pu) =2993.841 KN From SAP
X-axis moment (Mux) = 28.6979 KN-m analysis

L D 3048 500
ex = + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
104
L b 3048 500
ey= + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
Mux = Pu * ex = 2993.841*0.02276 = 68.140 KN-m
Muy = Pu * ey = 2993.841*0.02276 = 68.140 KN-m
Thus,
Mux =
Design moments are:
79.843KN-m
Mux = 68.140 KN-m
Muy =
Muy = 68.140 KN-m
79.843KN-m
p 1
= =0.040
fck 25
d' 50
= = 0.1
D 500
and reinforcement.
Pu 2993.841
= = 0.479
fck *b*D 25*500*500
Now, from chart-48 of SP-16, we get SP-16
Mu Chart 48
= 0.050
fck *b*D2
Now,
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.050*fck*b*D2
Mux1 = Muy1 =
= 0.050*25*500*500 2
156.250 KN-m
= 156.250 KN-m
IS 456:2000
Ac = Ag - Asc = 5002-0.01*5002 = 247500 mm2
Cl. 39.6
Puz = 0.45*fck *Ac + 0.75*fy *Asc
= 0.45*25*247500+ 0.75*500*0.01*500 2
= 3721.875 KN
105
Pu 2993.841
Now, = = 0.804
Puz 3721.875
Thus,
αn = 2
αn = 2
IS 456:2000
Step 4: Check for Strength Cl. 39.6
αn αn
Mux Mux
+ ≤1
Mux1 Mux1

2 2
68.139 68.139
+ = 0.380<1 (OK)
156.250 156.250
E. Load Combination: 1.5 (DL-EQy)

From SAP
Known,
analysis
L D 3048 500
ex = + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
L b 3048 500
ey= + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
Mux = Pu * ex = 2932.681 *0.02276 = 66.748 KN-m
Muy = Pu * ey = 2932.681 *0.02276 = 66.748 KN-m
Thus,
Mux = 66.748
Design moments are:
KN-m
Mux =66.748 KN-m
106
Muy = 66.748 KN-m Muy = 66.748
Step 2: Moment Capacity Calculation KN-m
p 1
= =0.040
fck 25
d' 50
= = 0.1
D 500
and reinforcement.
Pu 2932681
= = 0.469
fck *b*D 25*500*500
Now, from chart-48 of SP-16, we get SP-16
Mu Chart 48
= 0.055
fck *b*D2
Now,
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.055*fck*b*D2
= 0.055*25*500*500 2 Mux1 = Muy1 =
= 171.875 KN-m 171.875 KN-m
Ac = Ag - Asc = 5002-0.01*5002 = 247500 mm2 IS 456:2000
= 0.45*25*247500+ 0.75*500*0.01*500 2
= 3721.875 KN
Pu 2932.681
Now, = = 0.788
Puz 3721.875
Thus,
αn = 1.980
αn = 1.980
IS 456:2000
αn αn
Cl. 39.6
Mux Mux
+ ≤1
Mux1 Mux1
107
1.98 1.98
65.681 65.681
+ 0.307<1 (OK)
171.875 171.875
F. Load Combination: 1.2 (DL+LL+EQx)

Known,
Axial load (Pu) = 3508.022 KN From SAP
L D 3048 500
ex = + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
L b 3048 500
ey= + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
Mux = Pu * ex = 3508.022 *0.02276 = 79.843 KN-m
Muy = Pu * ey = 3508.022 *0.02276 = 79.843 KN-m
Thus,
Design moments are: Mux = 79.843
Mux = 79.843 KN-m KN-m
Muy = 79.843 KN-m Muy = 79.843

p 1
= =0.040
fck 25
d' 50
= = 0.1
D 500
108
and reinforcement.
Pu 3508022
= = 0.040
fck *b*D 25*500*500
SP-16
Mu
= 0.07 Chart 48
fck *b*D2
Now,
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.07*fck*b*D 2
= 0.07*25*500*500 2
Mux1 = Muy1 =
= 218.750 KN-m
218.750 KN-m
Ac = Ag - Asc = 5002-0.01*5002 = 247500 mm2
IS 456:2000
Puz = 0.45*fck *Ac + 0.75*fy *Asc
Cl. 39.6
= 0.45*25*247500+ 0.75*500*0.01*500 2
= 3721.875 KN
Pu 3508.022
Now, = = 0.943
Puz 3721.875
Thus,
αn = 2 αn = 2

αn αn Cl. 39.6
Mux Mux
+ ≤1
Mux1 Mux1

2 2
79.843 79.843
+ = 0.266<1 (OK)
218.750 218.750
109
G. Load Combination: 1.2 (DL+LL-EQx)
Known,
Axial load (Pu) = 3429.831 KN From SAP
L D 3048 500
ex = + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
L b 3048 500
ey= + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
Mux = Pu * ex = 3429.831 *0.02276 = 78.063 KN-m
Muy = Pu * ey = 3429.831 *0.02276 = 78.063 KN-m
Thus,
Design moments are:
Mux = 78.063
Mux = 78.063 KN-m
KN-m
Muy = 78.063 KN-m
Muy = 78.063
KN-m
p 1.5
= =0.060
fck 25
d' 50
= = 0.1
D 500
and reinforcement.
Pu 3429831
= = 0.549
fck *b*D 25*500*500
SP-16
Mu
= 0.055 Chart 48
fck *b*D2
110
Now,
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.055*fck*b*D2
= 0.055*25*500*500 2 Mux1 = Muy1 =
= 171.875 KN-m 171.875 KN-m
Step 3: Calculation of αn IS 456:2000
Ac = Ag - Asc = 5002-0.0125*5002 = 246250 mm2 Cl. 39.6
Puz = 0.45*fck *Ac + 0.75*fy *Asc
= 0.45*25*246250+ 0.75*500*0.0125*500 2
= 4176.563 KN
Pu 3429.831
Now, = = 0.821
Puz 4176.563
Thus,
αn = 2
αn = 2

αn αn
Cl. 39.6
Mux Mux
+ ≤1
Mux1 Mux1

2 2
78.063 78.063
+ = 0.413<1 (OK)
171.875 171.875
H. Load Combination: 1.2 (DL+LL+EQy)

From SAP
Known,
analysis
111
L D 3048 500
ex = + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
L b 3048 500
ey= + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
Mux = Pu * ex = 3493.391 *0.02276 = 79.510 KN-m
Muy = Pu * ey = 3493.391 *0.02276 = 79.510 KN-m
Thus,
Mux = 79.510
Design moments are:
KN-m
Mux = 79.510 KN-m
Muy = 79.510
Muy = 79.510 KN-m
KN-m
p 1.75
= =0.070
fck 25
d' 50
= = 0.1
D 500
and reinforcement.
Pu 3493391
= = 0.559
fck *b*D 25*500*500
SP-16
Chart 48
Mu
= 0.055
fck *b*D2
Now,
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.050*fck*b*D2
= 0.055*25*500*500 2
= 156.250 KN-m Mux1 = Muy1 =
Step 3: Calculation of α n 156.250 KN-m
Ac = Ag - Asc = 5002-0.0175*5002 = 245625 mm2 IS 456:2000
112
= 0.45*25*245625+ 0.75*500*0.0175*500 2
= 4403.906 KN
Pu 3493.391
Now, = = 0.793
Puz 4403.906
Thus,
αn = 1.989
αn = 1.989
αn αn
Cl. 39.6
Mux Mux
+ ≤1
Mux1 Mux1

1.989 1.989
79.510 79.510
+ = 0.522<1 (OK)
156.250 156.250
I. Load Combination: 1.2 (DL+LL-EQy)

Known,
From SAP
analysis
L D 3048 500
ex = + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
L b 3048 500
ey= + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
Mux = Pu * ex = 3444.462 *0.02276 = 78.396 KN-m
Muy = Pu * ey = 3444.462 *0.02276 = 78.396 KN-m
Thus,
Design moments are:
113
Mux = 78.396 KN-m Mux = 78.396
Muy = 78.396 KN-m KN-m
Step 2: Moment Capacity Calculation Muy = 78.396
Assume percentage of steel, p = 1.50 %, then KN-m
p 1.50
= =0.06
fck 25
d' 50
= = 0.1
D 500
SP-16
and reinforcement.
Chart 48
Pu 3444462
= = 0.551
fck *b*D 25*500*500
Mu
= 0.045
fck *b*D2
Now,
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.045*fck*b*D2
= 0.045*25*500*500 2 Mux1 = Muy1 =
= 140.625 KN-m 140.625 KN-m
Ac = Ag - Asc = 5002-0.015*5002 = 246250 mm2 IS 456:2000
2
= 0.45*25*246250+ 0.75*500*0.015*500
= 4176.563 KN
Pu 3444.462
Now, = = 0.825
Puz 4176.563
Thus,
αn = 2
αn = 2
114
αn αn IS 456:2000
Mux Mux Cl. 39.6
+ ≤1
Mux1 Mux1

2 2
78.396 78.396
+ = 0.622<1 (OK)
140.625 140.625
J. Load Combination: 0.9 DL+1.5 EQx

Step 1: Design Information From SAP
Known, analysis
L D 3048 500
ex = + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
L b 3048 500
ey= + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
Mux = Pu * ex = 1826.826 *0.02276 = 41.579 KN-m
Muy = Pu * ey = 1826.826 *0.02276 = 41.579 KN-m
Thus,
Muy = 41.579 KN-m Muy = 41.579
115
p 0.8
= =0.032
fck 25
d' 50
= = 0.1
D 500
and reinforcement.
SP-16
Pu 1826826
= = 0.292 Chart 48
fck *b*D 25*500*500
Mu
= 0.075
fck *b*D2
Now,
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.075*fck*b*D2
= 0.075*25*500*500 2 Mux1 = Muy1 =
= 234.375 KN-m 234.375 KN-m
Step 3: Calculation of αn
Ac = Ag - Asc = 5002-0.008*5002 = 248000 mm2 IS 456:2000
= 0.45*25*248000+ 0.75*500*0.008*500 2
= 3540 KN
Pu 1826.826
Now, = = 0.516
Puz 3540
Thus,
αn = 1.527
αn = 1.527
αn αn
IS 456:2000
Mux Mux
+ ≤1 Cl. 39.6
Mux1 Mux1
116
1.527 1.527
41.579 41.579
+ = 0.143<1 (OK)
234.375 234.375
K. Load Combination: 0.9 DL-1.5 EQx

Known, From SAP
Axial load (Pu) = 1729.087 KN analysis
L D 3048 500
ex = + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
L b 3048 500
ey= + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
Mux = Pu * ex = 1729.087 *0.02276 = 39.354 KN-m
Muy = Pu * ey = 1729.087 *0.02276 = 39.354 KN-m
Thus,
Muy = 39.354 KN-m Muy = 39.354

p 0.8
= =0.032
fck 25
d' 50
= = 0.1
D 500
and reinforcement.
117
Pu 1729087
= = 0.277
fck *b*D 25*500*500
SP-16
Mu
= 0.075 Chart 48
fck *b*D2
Now,
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.075*fck*b*D2
Mux1 = Muy1 =
= 0.075*25*500*500 2
234.375 KN-m
= 234.375 KN-m
IS 456:2000
Ac = Ag - Asc = 5002-0.008*5002 = 248000 mm2
Cl. 39.6
Puz = 0.45*fck *Ac + 0.75*fy *Asc
= 0.45*25*248000+ 0.75*500*0.008*500 2
= 3540 KN
Pu 1729.087
Now, = = 0.488
Puz 3540
Thus,
αn = 1.481 αn = 1.481

αn αn IS 456:2000
Mux Mux Cl. 39.6
+ ≤1
Mux1 Mux1

1.481 1.481
39.354 39.354
+ = 0.142<1 (OK)
234.375 234.375
118
L. Load Combination: 0.9 DL+1.5 EQy
Known, From SAP
Axial load (Pu) =1808.537 KN analysis
L D 3048 500
ex = + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
L b 3048 500
ey= + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
Mux = Pu * ex = 1808.537 *0.02276 = 41.162 KN-m
Muy = Pu * ey = 1808.537 *0.02276 = 41.162 KN-m
Thus,
Design moments are:
Mux = 41.162
Mux = 41.162 KN-m
KN-m
Muy = 41.162 KN-m
Muy = 41.162
KN-m
p 0.8
= =0.032
fck 25
d' 50
= = 0.1
D 500
and reinforcement.
Pu 1808537
= = 0.289
fck *b*D 25*500*500
SP-16
Mu
= 0.075 Chart 48
fck *b*D2
119
Now,
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.075*fck*b*D2
= 0.075*25*500*500 2 Mux1 = Muy1 =
= 234.375 KN-m 234.375 KN-m
Ac = Ag - Asc = 5002-0.008*5002 = 248000 mm2 IS 456:2000
= 0.45*25*248000+ 0.75*500*0.008*500 2
= 3540 KN
Pu 1808.537
Now, = = 0.511
Puz 3540
Thus,
αn = 1.518
αn = 1.518
IS 456:2000
αn αn
Cl. 39.6
Mux Mux
+ ≤1
Mux1 Mux1

1.518 1.518
41.162 39.354
+ = 0.143<1 (OK)
234.375 234.375
M. Load Combination: 0.9 DL-1.5 EQy

Known,
From SAP
analysis
120
L D 3048 500
ex = + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
L b 3048 500
ey= + = + = 22.76 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
Mux = Pu * ex = 1747.376 *0.02276 = 39.770 KN-m
Muy = Pu * ey = 1747.376 *0.02276 = 39.770 KN-m
Thus,
Design moments are:
Mux = 39.770
Mux = 39.770 KN-m
KN-m
Muy = 39.770 KN-m
Muy = 39.770
KN-m
p 0.8
= =0.032
fck 25
d' 50
= = 0.1
D 500
and reinforcement.
Pu 1747376
= = 0.280
fck *b*D 25*500*500
SP-16
Mu
= 0.075 Chart 48
fck *b*D2
Now,
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.075*fck*b*D2
= 0.075*25*500*500 2
= 234.375 KN-m Mux1 = Muy1 =
Step 3: Calculation of αn 234.375 KN-m
Ac = Ag - Asc = 5002-0.008*5002 = 248000 mm2

Puz = 0.45*fck *Ac + 0.75*fy *Asc IS 456:2000
Cl. 39.6
121
= 0.45*25*248000+ 0.75*500*0.008*500 2
= 3540 KN
Pu 1747.376
Now, = = 0.494
Puz 3540
Thus,
αn = 1.489
αn = 1.489
αn αn
Cl. 39.6
Mux Mux
+ ≤1
Mux1 Mux1

1.489 1.489
39.770 39.770
+ = 0.143<1 (OK)
234.375 234.375
Design of Reinforcement
Based on above design, let us adopt the percentage
of reinforcement as p = 2.42 % from load
combination 1.5(DL + LL).
Thus, area of reinforcement = 0.0242*500 2
= 6050 mm2
Provide, 8-25 mm ϕ bars and 8-20 mm ϕ bars. Asc required =
Thus, Asc provided = 6441 mm2 6050 mm2
Design of Lateral Reinforcement Asc provided =
IS
Diameter of ties should not be less than 6441 mm2
13920:1993
 0.025*25= 6.25 mm
Cl.7.3.3
 6 mm
Thus, providing 8 mm ϕ ties.
Pitch of lateral reinforcement should not be greater
than
122
 Least lateral dimension = 500 mm IS
 16*25 = 400 mm 13920:1993
 300 mm Cl.7.4.8
Thus, provide 8 mm ϕ ties @ 300 mm c/c.
123
4.5 Design of Mat Foundation
Known,
 Column size: 500*500mm
 Safe bearing capacity of the soil: 191KN/m2
 Grade of Concrete: M25
 Grade of Steel: fe415
 Total load: 26603.11KN
 Total area of building: 413.464m2
Now,
C.G of load along grid A-A = (616.977 + 1058.528+1088.036 + 786.575)
*6.2482+(1032.068 + 2540.474+2890.722 +1099.036) *8.3058+716.087*12.6492 +
(695.78+2487.89+2488.158+913.711) *16.8402 +(618.336 + 1807.821 + 1801.094 +
819.346) * 21.0312 / 26603.11
= 11.693m
Similarly,
C.G along grid 1-1 =12.09m
C.G of foundation along x-axis = 10.5156m
C.G of foundation along y-axis = 9.8298m
Calculation of eccentricity: ex = 10.5156 - 11.693= -1.1774m
ey = 12.09 - 9.829= 2.260m
Calculation of moment due to eccentricity
Adding 10% for self-weight of foundation =1.1*26603.11= 29263.421KN
Mx = Pu * ex = 29263.421*1.1774 = 34454.421KN-m
My = Pu * ey = 29263.42*2.602 = 76143.421KN-m
Calculation of moment of inertia
Ixx= bd3/12= 21.0312*19.6596 3/12 = 13317.01m4
Iyy= db3/12 = 19.6596*21.0312 3/12 = 15240.02m4
Calculation of compressive and flexural stress
fc = Pu /A=29263.42/413.464 = 70.776KN/m 2
124
fy = (My/Iy)*x =(76143.421/15240.02)*10.688=53.4KN/m2
fx= (Mx/I x)*y =(34454.421/13317.01)*9.9813=25.75KN/m2
Calculation of soil pressure at different points
Soil pressure at different points is given by formula,
𝑄 𝑀𝑥 𝑀𝑦
q= ± ∗Y± ∗X
𝐴 𝐼𝑥 𝐼𝑦
= fc ± fy ± fx
Stress at column F-1 = 70.766 + 53.4 + 25.75 = 149.916 KN/m2 < 191KN/m2 (OK)
Stress at column A-1 =70.766 + 53.4 - 25.75 = 98.416 KN/m2
Stress at column A-4= 70.766 - 53.4 - 25.75 = -8.384KN/m2
Stress at column 5-4 = 70.766 - 53.4 + 25.75 = 43.116KN/m2
Maximum bending moment = 149.916*(6.5532) 2 *10 = 643.80KN/m2
Calculation of the depth of footing which is governed by two-way shear analysis here,
column F1, C1 considered as critical column.
Shear strength of concrete for M25 grade concrete ԏc’ = 0.25*(fck)1/2
= 0.25*(25)1/2
= 1.25N/mm2
i. For corner column F-1
Perimeter bo=2(0.5d+500) =d+1000mm
ԏv =Vu/bod 1.25=1.5*584.72*1000/(0.5d+500) d
d=785.81mm
ii. For center column C1
Perimeter bo=2(0.5d+500) +(d+304.8)
ԏv =Vu/bod
1.25 = 1.5*1032.068*1000/(2(0.5d+500) +(d+304.8)) d
d= 525.649mm
Adopt d=785mm
Effective cover 50mm
Overall depth = 785+50mm+ Ф/2
=785+50+20/2
=845mm
125
Reinforcement in the long directions is given by,
BM=0.87fyAst(d-fyAst/fckb)
643.8*106=0.87*415*Ast(845-415Ast/25*1000)
Ast-req = 2205.79mm2
Ast-min = 0.12%bD
= 0.0012*1000*845
=1014mm2 <2205.79mm2 OK
Provide 20mm dias bar @140mm c/c spacing at top and bottom both
direction.
4.6 Design of Basement Wall

Lateral load calculation
i. Height of shear wall to be considered is depicted below.
Height of ground floor above semi-basement = 3.352
Height of wall to be considered = 3.353-depth of beam (beam section=400*575)
=3.352-0.575
=2.78m
Height of semi-basement floor above basement=3.353m

Height of wall to be considered =3.352-depth of beam
=3.352-0.575
=2.78m
Height of basement above raft foundation=3.054m

Height of wall to be considered = 3.054-depth of beam
=3.054-0.575 = 2.47m
ii. Design constants

Angle of internal friction of the soil,  = 350 (max=400 &min=300)
Unit weight of soil, γ=17KN/m3 (γsat=18 KN/m3 to 20 KN/m3 & γd=13 KN/m3 to 16
KN/m3
126
1  sin  1  sin 35
Ka    0.27
1  sin  1  sin 35
iii. Lateral load calculation
A A
2.78m Ground floor
B E B
2.78m semi-basement floor
C F G C
2.47m Basement floor
D H I D
At level A-A
Pressure due to overburden of soil=0
At level B-B
Lateral Pressure due to overburden of soil (BE)= Ka * γ*H1
= 0.27*17*2.78
=12.76 KN/m2
At level C-C
Lateral Pressure due to overburden of soil(CF)= Ka * γ*H2+ Ka * γ*H1
= 0.27*17*2.78+0.27*17*2.78
= 25.52 KN/m2
At level D-D
Lateral Pressure due to overburden of soil (DI) = Ka * γ*H3+ Ka * γ*H1+ Ka * γ*H2
=0.27*17*2.47+0.27*17*2.78+0.27*17*2.78
=36.8577 KN/m2
iv. Determination of point of application of lateral forces

127
 ground floor
Active lateral force is acted at a distance 2.78/3=0.92 from base of the wall
of that floor
 semi-basement
2.78 2.78 2.78
17.736 * (2.78  )  35.47 *  17.736 *
h= 3 2 3
70.895
=1.82m
Active lateral force is acted at a distance 1.82 from base of the wall of
Semi-basement floor
 Basement floor
17.736 * 6.17  35.47 * 3.86  17.736 * 3.39  63.03 *1.23  13.99 * 0.82
h=
155.841
=2.53
Active lateral force is acted at a distance 2.53m from base of the wall of
Basement floor
Design
Unit weight of soil, γ=17KN/m3
Angle of internal friction of the soil,  = 350
Ka=0.27
Step 1: Design constants
Height of share wall=2.78m
Unit weight of soil, γ=17KN/m3
Angle of internal friction of the soil,  = 350
Ka=0.27
Step 2: Moment calculation
Lateral load due to soil pressure =12.76KN/m
Characteristic Bending moment at the base of wall ,
128
Since, weight of wall gives insignificant moment, so this Can be neglected in the
design.
Bending moment = 17.7364*2.78/3
=11.82KNn
Designed moment =1.5*11.82
=17.73KNm
Step 3: Approximate design of section
Let, effective depth of wall=d
B.M= 0.136 ƒckbd2

17.73*106=0.136*20*1000*d2
d=80.80
Let Clear cover is 30mm & bar is 20mm-Ф
Now, overall depth( D ) = 80.80+30+10
=120.804
Take, D=120mm
Effective depth of wall(d) =120-30-10
=80mm
Step: 4 Calculation of main steel reinforcement

We have,
bdfck  
Ast = 1  1  4.6 M2 
2* fy  f ck bd 

1000 * 80 * 20  4.6 *17.73 *10 6 


Ast = 1 1
2 x 415  20 *1000 * 80 2 
 
=766.55mm2
But,
Min. Ast = 0.0012*b*D
129
= 0.0012*1000*120
=144mm2<Ast
Maximum dia. Of bar to be provided =120/8
=15 mm
Providing, 16mm diameter of bar for spacing of bar,

 * 16 2 *1000
S=
4 * 766 .55
=262.32mm
Provide, 16mm-Ф bar @270 mm c/c
So, Provided Ast = 201.06x1000/270 = 744.67 mm2
100 * Ast
Pt =
b*d
100 * 744.67
=
1000 * 80
= 0.93
Max. Spacing = 3d = 3x80 = 240 mm
Provide nominal vertical reinforcement 8mmФ@250mm c/c at the front face.

The critical section for shear strength is taken at a distance of ‘d ’ from the face of
support .Thus , critical section is at d = 0.08 m from the top of mat foundation. i.e. at
(2.78- 0.08) = 2.7 m below the top edge of wall.
Shear force at critical section is,
Vu = 1.5*Ka x γ x Z2/2)
= 1.5x 0.27x17x2.7 2/2)
= 24.541 KN
Vu
Nominal shear stress ,  u  
bd
130
24.541 *1000
 
1000 * 80
=0.30
100 * Ast
And, Pt = b * d
100 * 766.55
=
1000 * 80
=0.96
After interpolation,
Permissible shear stress, τc = 0.61 N/mm2
τc> τu , Hence safe.
Step 6: Check for deflection

Leff = 2.78+d = 2.88 m
Allowable deflection = leff/250 = 2880/250 = 11.52 mm
p s l 4 eff p a l 4 eff
Actual Deflection = 
8EI 30EI
2880 4 x12  24.541 

= 0   =58.98 mm
1000 x80 x5000 20 
3
30 
Which is less than allowable deflection, hence safe.
Step 7: Calculation of horizontal reinforcement steel
Area of horizontal reinforcement = 0.002Dh
= 0.002x120x2880 = 691.2 mm 2
As the temperature change occurs at front face of basement wall, 2/3 of horizontal
reinforcement is provided at front face and 1/3 of horizontal reinforcement is provided
in inner face.
Front face Horizontal Reinforcement steel,
= 2/3x691.2= 463.104mm2
Providing 12mm-Ф bar

No. of bar required, N = 463.104/113 = 4.08~5 nos.
131
Spacing = (h-clear cover at both sides- Ф)/(N-1)
= (2780-30-12)/(5-1) = 684.5 mm
Provide 12mm-Ф bar @ 650 mm c/c

Inner face Horizontal Reinforcement steel,
= 1/3*= 228.03 mm2
Providing 8mm-Ф bar

No. of bar required, N = 228.03/50.27 = 5 nos.
Spacing = (h-clear cover at both sides- Ф)/(N-1)
= (2780-30-12)/(5-1) = 684.5 mm
Provide 8mm-Ф bar @ 680 mm c/c

Max. spacing = 3d = 3x80 = 240 mm or 450mm
So, provide 8mm-Ф bar @ 450 mm c/c
Step 8: Curtailment of Reinforcement
No bars can be curtailed in less than Ld distance from
the bottom of stem ,
s  0.87 x 415 x12
Ld = = = 564.14mm
1.6x 4x bd 1.6 x 4 x1.2
The curtailment of bars can be done in two layers 1/3
and 2/3 heights of the stem above the base.
Let us curtail bars at 1/3 distance i.e. h/3=926.67 mm from base
Lateral load due to soil pressure ,
Pa = Ka x γ x h2/2*(2780-926.67)mm
= 0.27x17x1.8532/2
= 7.501KN/m
Characteristic Bending moment at the base of wall is,
Mc = Pa x h/3
=7.501*1.853/3
=4.63 KNm
Design Moment , M = 1.5Mc
132
= 1.5*4.63 = 6.95KN-m
Since this moment is less than half of the moment at base of stem, spacing of
vertical reinforcement are doubled from 2530 mm from the base of the wall.
Providing 16mm-Ф bar @540 mm c/c
Above 2530 mm from base.
133
4.7 Design of Lift Wall
2.43 m
0.765 m 0.9m 0.765m
a) Dimension of lift wall

Length of lift wall=2.43m
Thickness of shear wall=0.23m
C/C distance of the wall=2.43-0.23/2
=2.315 mm
b) Load calculation
Total sectional area of wall
=2.43*2*0.23+(2.43-0.23*2-0.9)*0.23+(2.43-0.23*2)*0.23
=1.817m2
 For basement floor=1.52*1.817*25
=57.91 KN
 For semi-basement=3.2*1.817*25
=145.36KN
 For ground floor to fourth floor=3.353*1.817*25
=152.31KN
 For top floor=1.676*1.817*25
=76.151KN
134
Total =1040.771
c) Lateral load calculation for lift
Base shear (vb) =Ah*w
We have already calculated the value of Ah=0.135
So, base shear(Vb)=1040.971*0.135
=140.53 KN
Finally, storey shear can be calculated as below
Wi * hi * hi
Qi = * Vb
 Wi * hi * hi
And distribution of storey shear and moment calculation for lift wall is given
below in table 4.1.
SN Floor Wi(KN) hi(m) hi2 Wihi2 Vb Qi Moment
1 Basement 57.91 0 0 0 140.53 0 2655.25
Semi-
2 basement 145.36 3.048 9.29 1350.39 140.53 0.9978994 2138.34
3 Ground Floor 152.31 6.401 40.973 6240.6 140.53 34.145845 1151.35
4 First Floor 152.31 9.754 95.141 14490.9 140.53 10.708343 1119.06
5 Second Floor 152.31 13.107 171.793 26165.8 140.53 19.335705 702.45
6 Third Floor 152.31 16.46 270.932 41265.7 140.53 30.494032 350.66
7 Fourth Floor 152.31 19.813 392.555 59790.1 140.53 44.182985 101.26
8 Top Floor 76.15 23.166 536.664 40867 140.53 30.199413 0
9 Roof Floor 0 26.519 703.257 0 140.53 0 0
Table 4.1: Storey Shear and Moment Calculation
135
Design
Grade of steel=Fe 500
Concrete of grade=M20
Design Result Remarks
Step 1: Known data

Length of lift wall=2.315m
Breadth of lift wall=2.315
Floor height=3.353
Assumed wall thickness=0.23m
Step 2: check for slenderness ration
Effective height of wall, Heff=0.75*H IS456:2000
=0.75*3.353 CL.32.2.4 a
Heff=2.51m
=2.51m
Slenderness ratio= Heff/t
IS456:2000
=2.51/0.23 CL.32.2.3
=10.91<30
Step 3: Minimum eccentricity
IS456:2000
emin=0.05**t
CL.32.2.2
=0.05*230
emin=11.5mm
=11.5mm
Step 4: Additional eccentricity
136
IS456:2000
ea=H2eff/2500*t CL.32.2.5
=25102/2500*230
ea=10.95mm
=10.95mm
Step 5: Ultimate load carrying capacity
Ultimate load carrying capacity per unit length

of wall is
Puw=0.3*(t-1.2*emin-2ea)*Fck
IS456:2000
=0.3*(230-1.2*11.5-2*10.95)*20
Puw=1165.8N/m CL.32.2.5
=1165.8N/mm m
Total capacity of wall=1165.8*2315
=2698.82N
Step 6: calculation of main vertical

reinforcement
Dia of
Assume clear cover = 20mm bar=12mm
Using 12mm dia. Bar
Effective cover=(d’)=26mm
Step 6.a. when lateral acting along X-axis
Mu=1421.21
2655 .26
Mu = =1327.625 KN-m KN-m
2
Vu=80.635KN
140.53
Vu= =70.265KN Pu=597.81
2
1040 .771 KN
Pu = =520.3858125 KN
2
137
Mu 1327 .63 * 10 6 Sp16, chart 31
= =0.05
Fck * b * d 2 20 * 230 * 2315 2
Pu 520.38 * 10 3 Sp16, chart 31

= =0.048
Fck * b * d 20 * 230 * 2315
P Sp16, chart 31
= 0.02
Fck
P=0.02*20=0.4% P=0.4% IS456-2000

CL.32.5.a
Minimum Ast=0.12% of bD<0.4%
Now, Ast=0.004*230*2315
Ast=2129.8 mm2
=2129.8mm2
Area of 12mm bar=113mm2

2129 .8
No.of bars= =19
113 IS456-2000
2315  40  12 Spacing=130m CL.32.5.b
Spacing of bar= =130mm
19 - 1 m
Check for spacing
spacing of vertical reinforcement at least of 3*t
=3*230=690
But,
To take account of the reversal effect, provide Use 12mm dia.
12mm dia. Bars @130mm c/c on the both faces Bar, @130mm
of wall. c/c
Step 6.b. when lateral acting along X-axis
138
2655 .26 Mu =1327.63
Mu = =1327.63 KN-m
2
KN-m
140.53
Vu= =70.265 KN Vu =70.265 KN
2
Pu =520.385
1040 .771
Pu = =520.385 KN
2 KN
Mu 1327 .63 * 10 6 Sp16, chart 31

= =0.05
Fck * b * d 2 20 * 230 * 2315 2
Pu 520.38 * 10 3 Sp16, chart 31

= =0.048
Fck * b * d 20 * 230 * 2315
P Sp16, chart 31
= 0.02
Fck
P=0.02*20=0.4%
Minimum Ast=0.12% of bD<0.4% IS 456-2000
Now, Ast=0.004*230*2315 CL.32.5.a
=2129.8 mm2
Ast =2129.8
2
Area of 12mm bar=113mm mm2
2129 .8
No.of bars= =19
113
2315  40  12 Spacing=130
Spacing of bar= =130mm
19 - 1
mm
Check for spacing
spacing of vertical reinforcement at least of 3*t
=3*230=690
But,
Use 12mm dia.
To take account of the reversal effect, provide IS456-2000
Bar, @130mm
CL.32.5.b
12mm dia. Bars @130mm c/c on the both faces c/c
of wall
Step 7: calculation of horizontal
reinforcement 139
Area of horizontal reinforcement
IS456:2000
=0.2% of bH CL.32.5.a
=0.002*230*3353
=1542.38mm2 Ah,st=1542.38
Provide 12mm dia. Bar mm2
1542 .38
No. of bars= =14
113
3353
Spacing of bars, S= =257.93mm
14  1
To take account at reversal effect provide 12mm

Provide 12mm
dia. Bar @260mm c/c on both sides
dia of bar,
Step 8.a.: check for shear @260mm c/c
When lateral load is acting along X-

IS456-2000
direction
v CL.32.4.2
Nominal shear stress=
t*d
Vu
v =
t * 0.8 * d
80.635 * 10 3
=
230 * 0.8 * 2315  v = 0.1891
=0.1891 N/mm2
N/mm2
For Allowable shear stress IS456-2000
CL.32.4.2.1
 allow =0.17Fck=3.4 N/mm2>  v
H w 3353
= =1.44>1(high wall)
L w 2315
IS456-2000
140
 cw should be lesser of CL.32.4.3.a
Hw
 cw = (3  ) * K 1 * Fck
Lw
=(3-44)*0.2* 20
 cw =1.39 IS456-2000
2
=1.39 N/mm CL.32.4.3.b
N/mm2
HW
1
lW
 cw =K2* Fck *( )
HW
1
LW
1.44  1
=0.045* 20 *( )
1.44  1
=1.11 N/mm2
IS456-2000
 cw =1.11
But, CL.32.4.3.b
N/mm2
Not less than 0.15* Fck =0.67
 cw =1.11N/mm2 >  v Hence,safe in

shear
Step 8.b.: check for shear IS456-2000
When lateral load is acting along Y- CL.32.4.2

direction
v
Nominal shear stress=
t*d
Vu
v = IS456-2000
t * 0.8 * d
CL.32.4.2.1
80.635 * 10 3
=
230 * 0.8 * 2315
=0.1891N/mm2
 v = 0.1891 IS456-2000
For Allowable shear stress
N/mm2 CL.32.4.3.a
 allow =0.17Fck=3.4N/mm >  v 2
141
H w 3353  allow =3.4N/mm2
= =1.44>1(high wall)
L w 2315
 cw should be lesser of IS456-2000

CL.32.4.3.b
H
 cw = (3  w ) * K 1 * Fck
Lw
=(3-1.44)*0.2* 20
=1.39 N/mm2
 cw =1.39
HW
1 N/mm2
lW
 cw = K2* Fck *( )
HW
1
LW
1.44  1
=0.045* 20 *( )
1.44  1
=1.11N/mm2
But,
 cw = 1.11
Not less than 0.15* Fck =0.67
N/mm2
 cw =1.11N/mm2 >  v
Hence, safe in
shear
142
4.8 Design of Staircase
DESIGN OF STAIRCASE:
Grade of steel: fe 415
SN Design Result Remarks
305 305
leffective = + 813+ 3050+ 2032+ = 6200
2 2
mm
We have,
leffective
d=
20 to 25
Taking,
leffective
d=
20
6200
=
20
= 310 mm
143
ϕ
Thus, overall depth, D = d + + 20
2
12
= 310 + + 20
2
= 336 mm
D=340mm
Adopt, D = 340 mm
d=314mm
Thus, d = 314 mm
1. Stair
Length of waist slab (l) = √ (R 2 + T2)

= √ (0.1522 + 0.3052)
= 0.341 mm
Now,
Area of waist slab = l* D
= 0.341 * 0.340
= 0.116 mm2
Area of a step = 1/2 * R*T
= 1/2* 0.152*0.305
= 0.023 mm2
Step finishing load = (R+T) * thickness
= (0.152 + 0.305) *
0.050
= 0.023 mm2
Load per step per meter width = 25 * (0.116 +
0.023) + 0.023 * 24
= 4.027 KN/m
144
4.027
Load per meter width per meter length =
0.305
= 13.20 KN/m2
Live load = 5 KN/m2
Total load per m2 in plan = 13.20 + 5
= 18.20 KN/m2
Load on 1.829 m width of stair = 18.20 * 1.829
= 33.288 KN/m
Factored load =33.288*1.5
= 49.932KN/m
2. Landing
Self-weight of slab = 0.34 *25 = 8.5 KN/m2
Floor finishing load = 0.05 *24 = 1.2 KN/m2
Live load = 5 KN/m2
Total load per m2 of plan= (8.5 + 1.2 +5)
= 14.70 KN/m
Load on 1.829m width of stair=14.70*1.829
= 26.886KN/m
Factored Load = 26.886 *1.5

=40.329KN/m
Step 2: Design Moment

Reaction at supports A and B,
Moment at end of support A,
40.329*0.96652/2+49.317*3.050*(3.050/2+0.966
5)+40.329*2.1845*(2.1845/2
+3.050+0.9665)=RB*6.2
Solving we get,
RB=136.829KN
Now,
145
RA+RB=22.05*0.9665+49.317*3.050+22.05*2.1
85
Solving we get,
RA=140.664KN
Here, Let Maximum BM occurs at distance x
from the support A,
140.664-22.05*0.9665-49.9317*(x-0.9665) =0
Solving we get,
x=3.002mm
Moment at x, MX=140.664*3.002-
40.329*0.9665*(3.002-0.9665/2)
Mx=220.65KNm
Step 3: Depth Check
Let, Mlim=0.138*fck*b*d2
220.65*106 =0.138*25*18*d2
Solving we get,
dcal = 186.99<314mm (ok)
Step 4: Main Reinforcement

Mlim= 0.87*fy *Ast*(d - fy *Ast/fck *b)
220.65*106= 0.87*415*Ast*(314-
415*Ast/25*1829)
Solving we get
Ast req= 2070.15mm2
Provide 12mm dia bar
Aϕ= π*122/4
146
= 113.09mm2
Spacing = 113.09*1829/2070.5
= 99.9mm Provide 19-

12mm dia of
Number of bar =2070.15/113.09
bar @100mm
= 19 c/c
Astprov= 19*113.09 =2148.84mm2> Ast req (ok)
Provide 19-12mm dia bar @c/c 100mm

Distribution Bar =0.12% of bD
=0.0012 * 1829*340
= 746.232mm2
Provide 10mm dia bar
Spacing = 78.5/746.232 * 1829

Provide
= 192.4mm 10mm dia bar
@ c/c 200mm
Provide 10mm dia bar @ c/c 200mm
Step 4:Check for shear

Maximum Shear force Vu=140.664KN
Vu
Nominal shear stress , τv =
bd
140.664*103
=
1829*314
= 0.24N/mm2
Maximum shear stress, ԏcmax for M25 concrete
=3.1N/mm2
100Ast
%p =
bd
= 100*2148.84/1829*314
147
= 0.37%
Now for 0.38% M25 concrete τc = 0.43N/mm2
Modified Shear τc' = k * τc
For depth more than 300mm k=1 Safe in shear
=1*0.43
=0.43N/mm2
τV < ԏcmax , τc'> τv (ok)
Step 5: Development Length
0.87*fy*ϕ
Ld=
1.6*4* τ bd
For M25 concrete τ bd =1.4N/mm2
Ld.=0.87*415*12/1.6*4*1.4
=483.549mm
Provide 500mm length of bar.
Step 6: Sesign of Landing Slab
Effective span =1.829+0.254+1.829+0.310
= 4.222m
Width =1.829m
Total load =14.70*1.5*1.829*4.222
= 170.27KN
Reaction from one
flight=49.317*3.050*(3.050/2)
+40.329*2.1845*(2.1845/2)/6.2
= 52.97KN
Load transferred from two flight=52.97*2
=105.94KN
Total load = 170.27+105.94
= 276.21KN
Maximum Bending Moment,Mu = WL/8
= 276.21*4.222/8
= 145.76KNm
148
Maximum shear force, Vu = W/2
= 276.21/2
= 138.105KN
Area of Steel:
BM =0.87*fy *Ast*(d - fy *Ast/fck *b)
145.6*106 =0.87*415*Ast*(314-
415*Ast/25*1829)
Ast req = 1337.405mm2
Spacing =113.09*1829/1337.405
Provide 11-
= 154.65mm 12mm dia bar
@155mm c/c
Number of bar = 1337.405/113.09 = 11
Astprov= 11*113.09= 1243.99mm2> Ast req (ok)
Provide 11-12mm dia @c/c 155mm
Step 7: Check for Shear
Vu = 138.105KN
Vu
Nominal Shear Stress , τv =
bd
= 138.105*103/1829*314
= 0.24N/mm2
Maximum shear stress , ԏcmax for M25 concrete
=3.1N/mm2
100Ast
%p =
bd
s= 100*1243.99/1829*314
= 0.21%
Now, for 0.24% steel τc= 0.33N/mm2
149
Modified Shear τc' = k * τc
For depth more than 300mm k=1
τc' = k * τc Safe in shear
= 1* 0.33
= 0.33N/mm2
τV < τc' (ok)
Step 8: Development Length
0.87*fy*ϕ
Ld=
1.6*4* τ bd
For M25 concrete τbd =1.4N/mm2
Ld.=0.87*415*12/1.6*4*1.4
=483.549mm
Provide 500mm length of bar.
150
Chapter 5: CONCLUSION
The project work entitled “STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF EDUCATIONAL

BUILDING” was carried out and the design of elements were done using limit state design
philosophy which is economic, safe and reliable. The detailing of structure was done as per IS and
IS seismic codes. The Software used in this project was SAP Version 2016.
This project work has mainly focused towards the structural analysis and design. Nevertheless, the
attempts have been made in the architectural planning and for the presentation of the analysis and
design results in the tabular form with necessary drawing and details. Moreover, project has indeed
widened our perspective and acquainted us on how to perceive and counteract the worst possible
difficulties regarding the analysis and design of multistoried structures. This project also work
enables us to use the different design codes whenever required in the design procedures.
With detailed design and analysis done precisely, the project has been deemed as feasible for the
real construction of the sites. Last but not the least we hope this project work will prove to be much
useful to us in our career and hope that this report will be fruitful for the future guidance and
reference also.
151
APPENDIX-I: Structural Model
3D Model
3D Model
Bending Moment Diagram
Shear Force Diagram
Axial Force Diagram
APPENDICES
APPENDIX-II: Architectural Drawing
APPENDIX-III: Slab Detailing
APPENDIX-IV: Beam Detailing
APPENDIX-V: Column Detailing
APPENDIX-VI: Shear Wall
APPENDIX-VII: Foundation Detailing
APPENDIX-IX: Staircase Detailing
APPENDIX-VIII: LIFT WALL Detailing

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF EDUCATIONAL

Gokul Saud (012-058)

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Department of Civil Engineering

Oniska Shrestha (012-068)

Priya Shah (012-071)

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.3 Prefabricated panel……………………………………………………………….….7

2.5 Design Philosophy……………………………………………………………………11

2.6 Preliminary Design…………………………………………………………………...14

2.7 Structural Analysis…………………………………………………………………..15

Chapter 3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND SEISMIC LOAD CALCULATION

3.3 Base Shear Calculation……………………………………………………………...62

Chapter 4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

4.2 Design of Cantilever Slab…………………………………………………………...73

4.6 Design of Basement Wall………………………….……………………………...125

4.8 Design of Staircase……………………………….……………………………….140

1.1 General Background

viii. Storage Buildings

Figure 2.1: Nominal Mix Design Source: myhouseconstruction.com

2.5 Design Philosophy

Two Way Slab

w = total load per unit area

lx and ly = length of shorter and longer span respectively

2.8.2 Design of Column

For rectangular column, Ag =B*D

iv. Provide area of reinforcement (Asc).

Modern Techniques used for Earthquake Resistant Design

ii. Slab panel B2-C2-C3-B3

iii. Slab panel B3-D3-D4-B4

iv. Slab panel D4-E4-E5-D5

From above calculations, we get,

Overall depth (D) = 130 mm

3.1.2 Preliminary Design of Beam

Figure 3.1: Critical Column

Dead load calculation is shown in table 3.1.

Load Type Calculation Value

Self-weight of column 25*(3.353-0.130)*0.61*0.61 9.139

Table 3.1: Dead Load Calculation

Floor Calculation Load (KN)

Ground 6.325*6.553*4*0.9 149.212

First 6.325*6.553*4*0.8 132.633

Second 6.325*6.553*4*0.7 116.054

Third 6.325*6.553*4*0.6 99.475

Fourth 6.325*6.553*4*0.6 99.475

Top Floor 6.325*6.553*0.6 99.475

Table 3.2: Live Load Calculation

Floor Dead (KN) Live (KN) Total (KN)

Ground 273.886 149.212 423.098

First 273.886 132.633 406.519

Second 273.886 116.054 389.94

Third 273.886 99.475 373.361

Fourth 273.886 99.475 373.361

Top Floor 273.886 99.475 373.361

Total factored load = 1.5*2779.317

Figure 3. 2: Staircase Plan

Figure 3.3: Stair

Lump Mass Calculation

1 Seminar Hall 95.60863 3.000 286.826 71.706

3.2.2 Ground Floor

ii. Load due to floor finishing = load intensity * slab area

Live load calculation has been shown in the table 3.8.

Loading intensity Reduced

Self-weight of column 25(3.353-0.130)0.61*0.61 9.139

Ground 6.3256.5534*0.9 149.212

First 6.3256.5534*0.8 132.633

Second 6.3256.5534*0.7 116.054

Third 6.3256.5534*0.6 99.475

Fourth 6.3256.5534*0.6 99.475

Top Floor 6.3256.5530.6 99.475