SOCIOLOGY AND

ANTHROPOLOGY
Prepared by: Ms Michelle Jane D. Marfa
What is SOCIOLOGY?
• Comes from the Greek
word:
• socius – groups or partner
• logos –study of

• Sociology deals with the

study of groups
• The word “sociology” was
first used by Auguste
Comte
According to Joseph H. Fitcher,

“sociology is the scientific

study of patterned, shared
behavior”
According to Rodney Stark,
“Sociology deals with the study of
patterns and processes of
human relations”
• Microsociology
• Macrosociology
Is SOCIOLOGY a science?
According to Lundberg (1939),
“Sociology is a scientific
knowledge and it has theories
that are based on scientific
investigations and observations
and not on speculations”
AREAS OF SOCIOLOGY
1. Social organization
2. Social psychology
3. Social change and Social distribution
4. Human ecology
5. Population or demography
6. Sociological theory and method
7. Applied sociology
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
• studies the various
social institutions,
social stratification,
ethnic groups and
relations, etc.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
• studies the human
nature as an outcome
of group life, social
attitudes, collective
behaviour, and
personality formation.
SOCIAL CHANGE AND
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION
• studies the change in culture and social
relations and the disruption that may
occur in the society.
HUMAN ECOLOGY
• studies the nature and
behaviour of given
population and its
relationships to the
group’s present social
institutions.
POPULATION OR
DEMOGRAPHY
• studies the population number as they
influence the economic, political, and
social system.
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY
AND METHOD
• concerned with the
applicability and
usefulness of the
principles and theories
as bases for the
regulation of man’s social
environment.
APPLIED SOCIOLOGY
• utilizes the finding
and pure sociological
research in various
fields.
WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY?
Comes from 2 Greek words:
Anthropos – “man”
Logos – “study”
Anthropology is a discipline of
infinite curiosity about human
beings.

Anthropology has been defined as that branch of knowledge which deals with the
scientific study of man, his/her works, body, behaviour, and value in time and space. It
is the scientific study of physical, social, and cultural development and behaviour of
human beings ever since their appearance on earth.
BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY
1. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
2. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
3. ARCHAEOLOGY
4. LINGUISTICS
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
• It deals with man’s biological foundations, race evolution,
racial classifications and differentiation.
• Subdisciplines of physical anthropology:
• Racial History – study of the nature of races
• Paleontology – deals with the origin of man
• Human Genetics – study of various ways of inheritance that take
place in man.
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
• Deals with one or most significant and
revolutionary concepts in social sciences
– the concept of culture.
• Subdivisions of Cultural Anthropology:
• Ethnography – the pure description of the
culture of a people or an ethnic group
• Ethnology – the analysis, comparison, and
contrast of cultures of people.
• Social Anthropology – evolves
generalizations about social life and conduct
based on the ethnography and ethnology of
culture under study.
LINGUISTICS
•Refers to the systematic study of
recorded and unrecorded languages all
over the world.
ARCHAEOLOGY
• Study of man’s culture and society in the past
as far back as prehistoric times, that is, many
million years ago.
•Fossils – remnants of the
past that have organic life.
•Artifacts – man-made and
man-conceived remains of
pre-historic times.
 STATUS OF
ARCHAEOLOGY
IN THE
PHILIPPINES
BEFORE 1926, THERE WERE ONLY TWO IMPORTANT
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE PHILIPPINES:
1881
•Alfred Marche, a Frenchman
•Undertookthe 1st archaeological
work in Marinduque, and then
other sites in the Philippines
•Most of his collection are now in
Musee de I’Homme in Paris,
some in Madrid.
BEFORE 1926, THERE WERE ONLY TWO IMPORTANT
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE PHILIPPINES:
BETWEEN 1922-1925
• Carl Guthe of the University of Michigan
• Excavation sites were in Palawan, Bohol, Northern
Mindanao, and other places in the Philippines.
• It was more systematic compare to Marche
• “to collect China ceramics
exported in the Philippines
from China that would aid
the reconstruction of the
Philippine-Chinese
relationship.”
The collections were not locally
accessible. It was easy for the
artifacts to be bought out of
country because we do not have
any policy or regulations
governing the disposition of
such valuable objects.
RELATIONSHIP OF ANTHROPOLOGY
WITH OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES:
1. PSYCHOLOGY
2. HISTORY
3. ECONOMICS
4. POLITICAL SCIENCE
5. SOCIOLOGY
 PSYCHOLOGY
•concentrates on the
processes occurring
within an individual. It
may be defined as
the study of human
behaviour.
HISTORY

•a social science
that focuses on
the study of the
past.
 ECONOMICS
•the study of a single
social institution. It
concentrates on
production,
distribution, and
allocation of material
goods and services of
a society.
POLITICAL SCIENCE

•focuses in the
study of politics
or government.
METHODS OF
INQUIRY IN TWO
SCIENCES
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
REQUIRE THE FOLLOWING:
1. EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION
2. OBJECTIVITY
3. ETHNICAL NEUTRALITY
4. SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION
EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION
• It means that the knowledge must be obtained
through experience or observation.
• The findings of scientific investigations are
capable of being tested to see whether they are
supported or contradicted by discipline and
scientific observations
 OBJECTIVITY
• It means that in sociological and anthropological
investigations, data must be presented,
analysed, and interpreted independently of
researcher’s own beliefs and value judgments.
• Is the ability of the researcher to give an account
of things as they are and not what they ought to
be.
ETHNICAL NEUTRALITY
• It is related to objectivity.
• One must remain neutral in the interpretation of
one’s findings, without being influenced by
his/her value of judgments or convictions about
his/her own group or of himself/herself.
 SOCIOLOGICAL
IMAGINATION
• It is the set of the mind that enables the
individual to examine his own experiences by
locating himself in the period in which lives and
studying the events in his personal life against
events in the society.
THE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION IN
BOTH SCIENCES FOLLOWS CERTAIN
STANDARD PROCEDURES:
1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE
PROBLEM
2. GATHERING THE DATA
3. ANALYSIS OF DATA
1. IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM
• The problem is represented by the gap
between what is actually exists and what
ought to exist in a given social situation.
 2. GATHERING THE DATA
• In order to meet the
fundamental aim of
sociological and
anthropological inquiry, a
sample of population is
needed to represent the
whole as accurately as
possible.
 Techniques for data
gathering are chosen.
These Techniques be:
OBSERVATION
It makes use of
different senses
to study a social
phenomenon or
group of
persons.
PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
Involves
staying and
living in the
community
being studied.
INTERVIEW
a conversation
where questions
are asked and
answers are
given
HISTORICAL METHOD
It may be applied
when the researcher is
in need of background
information about past
events of the people of
social phenomena.
COMPARATIVE METHOD
It involves noting
the similarities and
differences
between societies
with regard to
particular aspects.
ARCHIVAL RESEARCH

It utilizes old
records and
documents kept
in archives.
CONTENT ANALYSIS
A systematic
technique for
analysing
message context
and message
handing.
3. ANALYSIS OF DATA
• From the data collected, the researcher
makes inferences about certain social
phenomena.
• From these inferences and conclusion,
recommendations are given.
RELEVANCE OF
SOCIOLOGY AND
ANTHROPOLOGY
1. It introduces us to various concepts and
principles vital in our understanding of culture
and society.
2. We are able to see ourselves as part of a larger
social pattern
3. It makes us understand better why people of
different groups and behave the way they do.
4. It gives insight that our group is different from
others.
5. It is helpful in promoting inter-ethnic and
cultural understanding.
END .