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AP / TELANGANA HISTORY
L1-Satavahanas
Controlled Magadha
Bridge
Saved Deccan from foreign invaders Kingdom
Literary
Inscriptions
Coins
Kanheri Amaravathi
(Maharashtra) (AP)
Bellary
(Karnataka)
Kharavela
Army reached Kannebena and threatened Mushikanagara
Satakarni I vs Kharavela
Fight for the possession of Godavari and Krishna rivers
L 3 – Simukha (Founder)
Queries: www.facebook.com/sriteja.steelframe
Aitreya Brahmana – 1st time mentioned about the
people of Andhra
Megasthanese “Indica” and 13th Major Rock Edict
of Ashoka also mentioned about the people of Andhra
There were many theories related to Satavahana’s origin, place, Varna and Capital:
Origin:
Pratisthanapuram – P.T.Srinivasa Iyengar P T Srinu
Vidarbha – V V Mirashi Meera shampoo
Kannada – Suktankar Kannada Sudhakar : Andhra and Satavahanas were
different and Satavahanas were servants of Andhra
Andhra – Gutty Venkata Rao, K.Gopalachari, A.Smith, Barzes and Barnet
GK AB
Capital:
Administration
Vishwa Amatya
Raja Amatya
Maha - Mahatalwara
Amatya
Satavahana kingdom was was divided into Aharas. Aharas was divided into Vishayas. Vishaya
was divided into villages.
Society
Economy
Religion
Vedic religion
It was developed due to Buddhism. Buddhist stupas, Viharas & Chaityas were built.
Stupa
Amaravathi stupa was a famous stupa in the worl which belongs to Satavahana period
Chaitya
Aramam
If the stupa, Vihara, Chaitya & an educational institution situated at one place it is called
Aramam. For eg. Nandaluru in Cuddapah.
Paintings
Telugu Language
Prakrit
Rulers
Sri Shantamula
Virapurushadatta
Ehuvala Shantamula
For the first time he gave the Sanskrit inscription in South India
His first Sanskrit inscription was Nagarjunakonda inscription
For the first time he built the hindu temples.
He built the temples at Nagarjunakonda.
1. Pushpabhadra Narayana Swamy remple
2. Kartikeya temple
3. Nandikeshwara temple
4. Navagraha temple
5. Hariti temple
Women used to offer bangles to Harits deity for children
During his period, Abhira king Sakasena built Ashtabhuja Narayana Swamy temple at
Nagarjuna konda.
Rudrapurusha data
Buddhism
Right exertion
Mental control Right mindedness
(Chitta)
Right meditation
Intellectual Right resolution
development
(Prajna) Right point of view
He died at Kushinagara at the age of 80 after eating the pork given by chanda
Buddha’s preachings were collected in 3 baskets. Later they were compiled into 3 books called
Tripitakas
1. Sutta pitaka
2. Vinaya pitaka
3. Abhidama pitika
Buddhism in A.P.
2. Buddhagosha
Theravada / Hinayana Buddhist
Wrote Vasuddhimagga (A treatise on Hinayanism), Chullamagga (it mentioned
about the construction of Viharas)
Brought Hinayana books to Nagarjunakonda from Srilanka
IV Place of Buddhism
Nagarjunakonda – Guntur
Amaravathi – Guntur
Bhattiprolu – Guntur
Ghantasala (Krishna)
Jaggayyapeta (Krishna)
Headquater of Uttarasailulu
Mandata sculpture was found here.
Bavikonda (Vizag)
Hinayana place
Sankaram (Vsp)
Salihundam (Srikakulam)
Nelakondapalli (Khammam)
Nandaluru
Jainism
Vardamana mahavira
Founder - Siddhartha
Mother - Trisala (lichchavi princess)
Wife - Yasodha
Daughter - Priyadarsini / Annoja (husband – Jamali)
Place of Birth - Kundagrama (540 B.C.)
Place of Death - Pavapuri ( At Hasti pala’s home)
Clan - jnatrika
Wife – Yasoda
Mother- Trisala
Daughter – Annoja
Father - Siddhartha
Son-in-law - Jamali
Digambaras Swethambaras
Jain Councils
1st council held at Pataliputra under the presidency of Badrabahu & stulabhadra.
Stulabhadra compiled 12 Angamas which were rejected by Badrabahau.
Thus Jainism was splitted into Digambras & Svetambaras.
IInd jain council was held at Vallabhi which was conducted by Maitrikas to compile Jain
literature.
It was headed by Devardagani
Jain literature was composed in Ardhamagadhi language.
Salakapurusha theory, shyadvada belong to Jainism.
Second systematically
• Compilation of 12 angas and 12 upangas
Jainism in A.P.
According to Chamundaraya Jainism was spread in Asmaka kingom (AP + Karnataka) during
the period of Rishabanatha. Asmaka capital was Bodhan.
According to Haribadra’s Avasyaka sutra vardamana mahavira later Jainism spreaded in A.P .
Badrabahu sent some jain monks to A.P . to spread Digambara Jainism.
Patronisers
1. Samprati
2. Satavahanas
3. Chalukyas of Vengi
Kubja Vishnu vardana’s wife Ayyanna Mahadevi built Nedumbi Basadi at Bezawada.
4. Rashtrakutas
5. Early kakatiyas
1. Kondakundacharya
First jain monk in A.P .
Born at konakondla in Anantapur in 41 B.C. (He died in 45 A.D.)
Wrote 84 books in Prakrit
Important among them were
1. Samayasara
2. Pravachanasara
3. Panchastikayasara
These 3 books were combinely known as Prabrutatraya / Trayasara
Jain theory Shyadvada was preached by him
Condemned Abedavada of Diwakara.
Preached Anekantavada.
Founded a sect called Saraswathi Gachcham or Vakra Gachcham
Jain Poets
1. Pampa
Flourished in the court of Arikesari-II of Vemulawada Chalukyas.
Pampa translated Mahabharata into Kannada
Wrote Adipurana & mentioned about the Panchakalyana of Rishibanatha.
2. Jeen vallabha
Brother of Pampa
Built chakriswari Jinalaya at Karkyalagutta in karimnagar
3. Somadeva Suri
Title - shyadvada chala simha
Wrote
1. Yukti chintamani
2. Sannavai Prakarana
3. Yasodhara maharaju charita.
4. Padma kavi
Wrote Jinedra purana
Konakondla
Bodhan
Danavulapadu
Patronized by Rastrakutas
Jinalayas
Jain Tirthas
1. Ramatirtha (Vizianagaram)
2. Bikkavolu (E.G.)
3. Kolanupaka (Nalgonda)
Rulers
Kubjavishnuvardana
Jayasimhavallabha
Indra bhattaraka
Vishnuvardana- II
Kokili Vikramaditya
Vishnuvardana-III
Vijayaditya – I
Vishnuvardana-IV
Vijayaditya – II
Gunaga Vijayaditya
Panduranga gave the famous Addanki inscription. It was the first telugu poetic
inscription.
Chalukya Bheema
Ammaraju-I
Title – Rajamahendra
Wife – Chamekamba
Capital Vengi was destroyed due to fratricidal war during his period.
Hence, he built a city called Rajamahendravaram & shifted his capital to
Rajamahendravaram
Yuddamalla – II
Ammaraju-II
Danarnava
Vimaladitya
Patronized Jainism
Carved a cave for his guru Trikalayogi Siddhanti at Ramatirtha
Administration
Kingdom was divided into Nadus/Vishayas. There were 30 Nadus. Nadu was divided
into Vishayas. Vishaya was divided into villages.
Society
Religion
Vesara architucture
The mixture of Dravidian / Vimana architecture & Buddhist free carving architecture
is called vesara architecture.
It belongs to chalukyas of Badami.
It was introduced in A.P. by Vengi chalukyas.
Pre-Nannayya period
1. Kanakalekha Kalyanam
2. Shabda Chaandrika
3. Shabda Ratnakaram
4. Vema Bhupala Charita
1. Bhogini dandakam
2. Virabhadra Vijayam
3. Andhra Mahabhagavata
Ibrahim Quli Qutbshah patronized telugu poets & got the title Malkibharama
KAKATIYAS
Magallu inscription of Danarnava for the first time mentioned about the kakatiyas.
Vinukonda vallabha charya’s Kridabhiramam mentioned about the kakati deity.
It also mentioned about the Orugallu city as it was famous for the artists.
Ganapatideva’s sister Mylamba gave Bayyaram tank inscription in which she mentioned
that Kakatiyas got their name from Kakatipura which was ruled by Vennadu / Gundyana.
Kakatiya’s rule in Andhra was known as golden age for sudras.
Rulers
Betharaju – I
Prolaraju- I
Betaraju – II
Title – Vikramachakri
Gave Kazipeta inscriptions.
His general Vaijjiasechi occupied Karimnagar.
Prolaraju-II
Rudradeva / Prataparudra – I
Western chalukyas control over kakatiyas was ended during his period.
He gave Hanmakonda & Ganapamba Ganapavaram inscriptions.
Hanamkonda inscription was written by Achitendra.
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Particularly built Orugallu & partially shifted his capital to Orugallu. Capital was
fully shifted by Ganapatideva.
Married Padmavati & on the eve of it, he dug Rudrasamudra Tank.
Wrote Nitisara in Sanskrit.
Got the title Vidya Bhushana.
Supported Nalagamaraju at the battle of Palnadu in 1182. ( Previous Question)
Ganapatideva (1199-1262)
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Society
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Economy
Kakatiyas gave more importance to the development of agriculture.
That’s why many tanks were dug. For example Pakala, Ramappa, Laknavaram,
Rudrasamudra tank, Jagat Kesari tank etc.
Tax was collected either in the form of cash or kind.
Tax in kind was called Puttukoluchulu
Tax in cash was called Puttipahundi
Tax on prostitutes was known as Ganachari. It was also imposed on beggers.
Tax on cattle rearing was called Pullari.
Gold coins with high value – Madu,Gadyanam
Coins with low value – Kasu,Ruka, Podduga
Important port was Motupalli.
Religion
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He started a new sect called Harihara Aradhana in which both Siva & Vishnu
were worshipped.
Literature
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Musunuri dynasty
There were Muslim invasions on Andhra desa after the end of Kakatiya rule.
75 kings were united under the leadership of Prolaya Nayaka to resist the Muslim
invasions.
It was mentioned in Kaluvacheru inscription of Anatalli (Reddy queen)
Prolayanayaka
Prolayanayaka ousted the Muslims & occupied Godavari & Krishna doab region.
Founded Masunuri dynasty & ruled from Rekhapalli. He got the title Andhra
Bhumandaladhyaksha.
He gave vilasa inscription.
Succeeded by Kapayanayaka.
Titles – Andhra Suratrana / Sultan & Andhra Desadeeshwara
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Velamanayakas
Reddy dynasty
Founder was Prolaya Vemareddy.
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1) Prolaya vemareddy
Capital was Addanki
Built steps for Patalaganga in Srisailam.
3) Anavemareddy
Title – Pratistana Kritistamba
Celebrated Vasanta Utsav every year & got the title Vasantaraya.
Built Champudigudi or Siromantapa at Srisailam
A poet Trilochanacharaya was flourished in his court.
4) Kumaragiri vemareddy
He also celebrated Vasanta Utsavas every year & got the title Karpura
Vasantarajeeyam.
Wrote Vasantarajeeyam.
A dancer Lakumadevi was flourished in his court.
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Kataya Vemareddy
5) Pedakomati Vemareddy
Great poet, title sarvajna.
Wrote Sangeeta Chintamani, Sahitya Chintamani, Srungara deepika.
His court poet & education officer Srinatha wrote....
1. Srungara Naishada
2. Hara Vilasam
3. Kasikhandam
4. Palnati charita
5. Bhimeshwarapuranam
6. ShivaratriMahatyam
Srinatha defeated Dindimabhattu at Mutyalasala competition in Vijayanagara which
was conducted by Devaraya – II of Sangama dynasty.
Impresses by this Devaraya – II performed Kanakabhishekam to Srinatha & gave him
the title Kavisarvabhauma.
Vamana bhatta Bhanudu wrote.
1. Kanakalekha Kalyanam
2. Shabda Chandrika
3. Shabda Ratnakaram
4. Vema Bhupala Charita
Bammera Potana wrote
1. Bhogini dandakam
2. Virabhadra Vijayam
3. Andhra Mahabhagavata
6) Rachavema reddy
Cruel king
Collected delivery / maternity tax.
He was killed by Savaram Ellaiah, a civilian.
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Society
There was a tradition called Ranamkudupu which means having dinner with the blood &
flesh of the enemies.
There was another tradition called Brusapatam which means jumping from the hill of
Srisailam.
People used to offer their body limbs to the Champudi temple.
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Sangama dynasty
It was named after the Harihara-I & Bukka- I’s father Sangama of Mangalanilaya.
Harihara – I
Bukkaraya – I
Harihara-II
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Devaraya-I
Defeated by Ferozshah Bahmani at the battle of Mudgal. It was fought for the sanctity
of Neha, a daughter of goldsmith.
Gave his daughter in marriage to feroz.
On the eve of it he gave Bankapur as dowry to feroz.
Built a dam on Tungabadhra river.
Devaraya-II
Title – Gajabetakara
Greatest king of Sangama dynasty.
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Saluva Dynasty
Saluva Narsimharaya
Annamayya
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Tuluva dynasty
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Atchuta Raya
It was fought at Tallikota village which was situated in between Krishna & Malivahari
rivers.
Aliyaramaraya was killed by Hussaini Nizam shah of Ahmednagar.
This battle was mentioned in Robert Sewel’s ‘The forgotten empire’.
Nilakanta Shastry called it as Rakshastangadi battle.
H.K. Shastry called it as Bannihatti battle.
Sadasivaraya fled to Penukonda after this battle alongwith Tirumalaraya, the brother
of Aliyaramaraya.
Aravidu dynasty
Tirumalaraya
Venkatapatiraya-II (1584-1614)
Venkatapatiraya – III
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Sriranga – III
Society
Religion
Vaishnavism was flourished.
Their worshipping deity was Virupaksha.
Their religious guru was Kasivilasa Kriyasakti.
Literature
Nachana Somana wrote Uttara Harivamsa.
Molla wrote Molla Ramayana & dedicated it to Lord Rama.
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OTHER DYNASTIES WHO RULED IN A.P. IN BETWEEN 1ST & 15TH CENTURY A.D.
Renati Cholas
Capital - Pedacheppali
Founder - Dhanunjaya varma
Greatest king - Kamara choda
Dhanunjay gave first telugu inscription called Kalamalla inscription in 575 A.D.
Vemulawada Chalukyas
Capital - Nindurubohan
Founder - Vinayaditya Yuddamalla
Greatest king - Immari Arikesari / Arikesari-II
Pampa flourished in his court.
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Mudigonda Chalukyas
Capital - Mudigonda
Founder - Kokkiraju
Velanadu Chodas
Capital - Chandavolu
Founder - Gonka - I
Nellore Chodas
Capital - Vikramasimhauram
Founder - Manumasiddhi-I
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BAHMANI – QUTBSHAHIS
Bahmani kingdom
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Humayun, the king was known as Zalim due to his cruel nature.
Gave a title Malik-e-Tujjur to Mohd Gawan.
Mohd Gawan
Mohammad-III appointed Mohd Gawan as his P.M.
He was considered as the greatest P.M. of Bahmanis.
He was executed due to some conspiracies.
Later Mohammad-III also died.
It led to the decision of Bahmani Kingdom into 5 small kingdoms.
Berar
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Contemporary of Akbar.
Her P.M. cum general Malik Ambar introduced guerilla warfare in India.
Ahmednagar was annexed into Mughal empire by Shahjahan in 1633.
Bijapur
Bidar
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Golconda
Qutbshahis (1512-1687)
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After the death of Mohammad-III he declared independence & made Golconda as his
capital.
Built 2 minars Masjid in Golconda.
He was killed by Mohd Hamdani due to the conspiracy of his 3rd son Jamshid Quli
Qutbshah.
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Macca Masjid construction was started during his period. It was completed by
Aurangazed.
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Kancherla Gopanna built Sriram temple are Bhadrachalam with revenue collected
from the Palvancha.
Imprisoned in Golconda fort.
Later he was released.
Palvancha & Sankaragiri villages were given to Bhadrachalam for its maintenance.
Hasan Tanishah’s P.M. was Madanna & general was Akkanna.
Akkanna & Madanna played vital role in forming a coalition of Golconda, Bijapur
& Shivaji against Aurangzed.
Both were killed in 1686.
Aurangzeb personally led the army to Golconda.
One of the Hasam Tanishah’s general Abdullah Bani conspired with Aurangzeb &
opened the east gate of the Golconda fort.
Qutbshahis army was defeated.
Hasan Tanishah was captured & sent to Daulatabad as captive.
On 3rd October 1687, Golconda was annexed into Mughal empire.
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Amoung these three routes first one was the most important land route.
In 1453, Turkey ruler Mohammad-II occupied constantinople and imposed restrictions
on European traders.
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Henry crossed the Gibraltar strait, reached Morocco and safely returned to spain.
Henry established many naval tranining centres. That’s why Henry was given the title
‘The Navigator’.
Barthelomew Diaz tired to discover a sea route to India. He reached southern trip of
Africa. But he could not continue his voyage due to bad weather. Hence he decided to
go back.
While returning Barthelomew Diaz named the southern trip of Africa as ‘Cape of
Storm’.
Later , Portugal- Africian ruler John-II named this cape of storm as ‘Cape of Goodhope’
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Columbus started from Spain to discover a sea route to India. However, he was
misdirected in Atlantic Ocean and reached Carribian island. He named these islands as
West Indies.
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Vascodagama took these spices and sold them in Europe. He got 60 times profit.
He came back to India for the second time in 1502. But, this time zamorin rejected
permission to vascodagama.
Then, Vascodagama declared war against Zamorin and occupied Calicut. Later he
occupied Kochi and settled in Kochi. Finally he died in Kochi in 1524.
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1. Portugese
2. Dutch (Netherlands / Holland)
3. Danes (Denmark)
4. British
5. French
1. Portugese - 1498
2. British - 1600
3. Dutch - 1602
4. Danes - 1616
5. French - 1664
There was the struggle for domination among the five Europeans in which finally British
emerged victorious.
British suppressed Portugese and French and ousted Dutch and Danes from India as
follows:
1. In 1661 , there was a marriage between Portuguese princess Catherine
Briganza and British prince Charles-II. On the eve of it Portuguese gave
Bombay / st David to British as dowry . It led to cordial relations between
British and Portugues. Finally Portuguese settled in Goa, Daman and Diu . (In
1961 , Indian government got Goa, Daman and Diu from Portugese).
Dowry
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2. In 1759 , British governor Robert Clive defeated the Dutch at the battle of
Chinsura or Bidder (West Bengal). With this Dutch left India and moved to
Indonesia.
Dutch
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In 1845 , British Governor General Hardinge-I purchased the places of Danes (serampore and
Trancobar) for Rs. 120 lakhs. With this Danes left India.
Conquest of India
After getting success in domination struggle British started conquering India as follow :
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1. Carnatic (1763)
2. Bengal (1764)
3. Mysore (1799)
4. Maratha (1818)
5. Sindh (1843)
6. Punjab (1849)
7. Avadh (1856)
Dutch
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In 1759 , Dutch were defeated by British at the Battle of Chinsura. With this Dutch
evacuated all their factories in India and moved to Indonesia.
British
British first factory was built at Machilipatnam in 1611 . It was built by Hippon (He
came by ‘Globe’ ship)
Its permissions was given by Mohammad Quli Qutbshah
Second factory was built at Pulicat in 1621.
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French
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In 1673, Arcot ruler Sher khan Lodi gave Valikondapuram to French officers
Francois Martin & Bellangir-de-Lespinay.
Portugese
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In 1748, after the death of Nizamulmulk, Nazir jung became the nawab of
Hyderabad.
However Nazir jung was opposed by Mujafarjung.
During the same period, Carnatic nawab Anwaruddin was opposed by Chanda
Saheb.
Mujafarjung and Chanda Saheb were supported by French governor Dupleix.
The alliance of Dupleix, Mujafarjung and Chanda Saheb declared a war against
Anwaruddin.
In 1749, Anwaruddin was killed at the battle of Ambur.
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‘Seven year war’ was ended with this treaty. Accordingly third Anglo-carnatic war
was also ended.
French were confined to Pondicherry.
II Conquest of Andhra
After suppressing the french, British conquered Andhra as follows.
1. Machilipatnam
2. Nizampatnam
3. VakalMannar
4. A part of Kondapalli
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Later Nizam Ali gave Guntur to British. In return he got 7 lakh rupees.
Nellore & Chittoor were under the rule of Carnatic nawab Azamuddaulah.
However, he was not having any control over these two regions.
That’why local zamindars used to commit atrocities on the people.
Hence, British Governor General Lord Wellesley annexed Nellore and Chittoor on
the pretext that protecting the local people from atrocities of zimindar.
In the same year, Lord Wellesley merged the Andhra region with the Madras
Presidency state. Thus telugu speaking Andhra people gone under the domination
of tamil speaking people.
a) General administration
British divided the costal region into 5 districts.
1. Ganjam
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2. Visakhapatnam
3. Godavari
4. Krishna
5. Nellore
Ceded Territory had been continued as one district till 1808 its headquarters was
Anantapur.
Ceded Territory district was divided into 4 divisions for administrative purpose.
1. Cuddapah
2. Kambcoastal Andhra
3. Ham
4. Adhoni
5. Harsanahalli
Ceded Territory was splitted into many districts
1808 - Cuddapah, Bellary
1858 - Kurnool
1882 - Anantapur
1911 - Chittoor
In 1794, Collector system was introduced in the costal region.
In 1800, Sir Thomas Munroe was appointed as collector in ceded Territory.
b) Revenue administration
i) Coastal Andhra
ii) Ceded Territory
c) Judicial administration
British established courts at Taluka and district levels.
Madras High court was founded in 1862.
Andhra was under the limits of Madras High court.
Court was divided into civil court & Criminal court.
British introduced the following codes in India
1859 - Civil Procedure code
1860 - Indian Penal code
1861 - Criminal Procedure code
a) Impact on agriculture
British used our agriculture sector for their commercial purpose.
They introduced Tinkathiya system for this purpose.
According to this system every farmer had to produce indigo on 3/20th of his
land.
Indigo ryots were looted by the British.
Many famines were occurred due to commercilisation of Indian agriculture.
Gajula Laxmi Narasusetty published articles regarding these famines in his paper
‘The Crescent’.
He also founded an organistion called ‘Chennapatnam Swadeshi sangam’ in
1852.
b) Impact on artisans
Many industries were established in Britain during the period of Industrialisation.
The products of these industries were dumped into the Indian Market in the
name of ‘Free Trade Policy’.
The products of our artisans lost their demand due to british products.
Thus our artisans were ruined.
The following places were famous for some products during that period.
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eg :
1. Srikakulam - Muslin
2. Machilipatnam - Dying clothes
3. Nellore - towels
4. Eluru - Carpets
5. Kurnool - Blankets
6. Tuni - Long cloths
7. Peddapuram,
Dharmavaram,
Adoni, Bellary - Silk clothes
All these places lost their importance due to British’s free trade policy.
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British engineer
Served as superindent of engineer in Visakhapatanam
Built Dawaleswaram/Godavari Dam in 1852.
1.5 lakh Pounds were spent for the construction of this dam.
Veenam Veeranna played a vital role in the construction of this dam.
Arthur cotton also gave plan for the construction of Krishna dam.
In between 1850-55 Krishna dam was built by Captain ohr.
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Researched on Vemana.
Vemana’s poem style is called ‘Ataveladi’
C.P. Brown calld telugu as ‘Italian of the East’.
Surveyor
Discovered Amaravathi stupa in 1797.
Amaravathi stupa was built during the period of Satavahanas.
Benziman Schulz
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The Mutineers reached Delhi, killed Simon Ripley (The British resident officer) and declared
Bahadurshah-II (Mughal Emperor) as their leader. He was given the title Shahenshah-e-
Hindustan. (Indian Emperor)
Bahadursha-II wrote letters to Indian Princely states for help. However, Majority of princely
states extended their support to British.
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The immediate cause for the revolt was greased cartridges made up Cow and Pig fat.
The cartridges were used in Enfield guns.
The first person to reject these cartridges was Mangal Pandey (Barackpore regiment).
He revolted against the British in the month of March, 1857.
Later Mangal Panday & Jandari Ishwari Panday were hanged.
In the month of April, some 90 sepoys in meerut regiment rejected to use these cartridges.
Immediately they were arrested and 85 sepoys were given 10 years rigorous imprisonment.
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On 8th May, some women scolded the sepoys who came for patrolling in ‘Meerut fair’ for
not reacting the imprisonment of 85 sepoys.
Then Sepoys decided to organize a revolt against British.
On 10th May, Sepoys declared a revolt against British & imprisoned 85 sepoys were
released.
Thus, revolt started from Meerut.
Places of Revolt
1) Delhi
Mutineer - Bakht Khan
Suppressor - Hudson
Initially Nicolson came to Delhi to suppress the revolt. But he was killed by the revolters.
Later Hudson suppressed the revolt
Hudson brutally killed Bahadursha’s wife Zeenat Mahal and his sons except Jeevan Bakht.
Bahadurshah-II and Jeevan Bakht were sent to Rangoon (Burma/Myanmar).
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Suppressor - Campbell.
He was supported by his two trusted generals Tantia Topi and Azeemullah.
Became unpopular after the Massacre of 400 Britishers in Allahabad palace.
British got killing desire to suppress this revolt after this Massacre.
British sent General Campbell as Commander – in – Chief of India.
Campbell ruthless suppressed the revolt with the help of Gorkha regiment.
Nanasaheb escaped to Nepal.
Tantia Topi moved to Central India and fought from his friend Mansingh’s house.
However Mansingh cheated his friend Tantia Topi and informed the British .
Immediately British arrested Tantia Topi & he was hunged .
3) Lucknow (Capital of Avadh)
Revolter - Begum Hazrat Mahal.
Suppressor - Campbell.
He declared her infant son Bilzis Khader as the ruler of Avadh and proclaimed a revolt
against British.
British general Henry Lawrance was killed in Avadh.
Later Inglis, Havlock, Neil etc came to Avadh to suppress the revolt. But they failed.
Finally Campbell suppressed the revolt.
He killed 1,50,000 people in Kanpur & Lucknow.
4) Jhancy (UP)
Revolter - Laxmi Bhai
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Suppressor - Gen.Hugrose.
Laxmi Bhai was the wife / widow of Sri Gangadhar Rao.
Laxmi Bhai occupied Gwalior with the help of Afghan Pathans and guerilla forces sent
by Tantia Topi.
Later Laxmi Bhai was killed
Gangadhar rao’s adopted son was Damodhar rao.
5) Arrah / Jagadishpur (Bihar)
Revolter - Kunwar Singh
Suppressor - Taylor & Eyre.
He was the zamindar of Arrah.
He was removed from the Zamindari post. Hence, he organized the revolt.
He was killed by Taylor & Eyre.
Later his brother Amarsingh became Zamindar of Arrah.
6) Faizabad (UP)
Revolter - Maulvi Ahmadullah
Suppressor - Jagannath Singh
Mouli Ahmadullah came from Chennai & organized a revolt in Faizabad.
But he was suppresses by Jagannath singh was rewarded with 50000/- rupee by British.
1. According to 1858 Government of India Act British East Company rule was
abolished in India. India was declared as part and parcel of British empire. It was
declared by Lord Canning at Allahabad Darbar
2. Council of India was formed with 15 members at London to rule India.
3. In India, Governor General designation was changed as GG Cum Viceroy.
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4. British thought that Muslims were the responsible for this revolt. That’s why British
introduced anti Muslim policies.
5. British decided not to involve in the social traditions of India.
6. British army was reorganized in India.
7. Unity among the intellectuals.
Impact on Andhra
1. Parlakimidi
It was situated in Ganjam district. At present it is situated in Gajapati district of
Orissa.
Savara tribe lives in Parlakimidi
Radha Krishna Dandasena organized a revolt in Parlakimidi
He was suppressed and hanged by Captain Wilson Nolt.
2. Errannagudem / Godavari Agency
Revolter - Korukonda Subba Reddy
Suppressor - Shankar swamy (Buttaigudem Munsab)
3. Cuddapah
Revolter - Shaik Peer Saheb
He decleared Jihad (Holy war) against British.
He was arrested.
4. Visakhapatnam
Revolters demanded to name Visakhapatnam as Mohammad Patnam.
5. Jaggayyapeta
Revolters looted the Treasury at Jaggayyapeta.
Impact on Hyderabad
There was anti British feeling in Hyderabad much before the beginning of 1857
revolt.
The following are the main causes for the anti british feeling.
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1. 1800 - The Hyderabad people for the first time showed their discontent
when Nizam Ali gave Rayalaseema/Ceded Territory to British.
2. 1839 - Wahabi Movement . It was organized by Mubari Zuddaulah.
3. 1853 - Giving of Berar, Rayachur and Osmanabad to British according to
Berar treaty was opposed and condemned by the people condemned by
the people of Hyderabad.
At the time of beginning of 1857 revolt on 10th may at Meerut the Hyderabad
Nawab was Nasiruddaulah. Within a week he died & he was succeeded by Afzal
uddaulah.
Afzal Uddaulah extended his support to Britih at the suggestion of his diwan/Prime
minister Salarjung-I (Mir Turab Ali Khan).
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5. Adilabad - RamjiGond
6. Nirmal - Rohilla Pithuri
7. Golconda - Chinta Bhupati, Sanyasi Bhupat
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There were so many blindfold practices in India in the beginning of the 19th century like
Sati, Idol worship, Child marriages etc.
The Movements which had been organized against these social oddities / blindfold
practices were known as socio-cultural awakening movements.
Rajaram Mohan Roy was the first person to organize movements against these practices
That’s why, the period between his birth and death (1848-1919) is called socio-cultural
awakening period in Andhra.
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1. Western education
It was first provided by Christian Missionaries.
First Christian Missionary was London Missionary society (1805, Jammalamadugu in
cuddapah)
First School in Andhra was Reverend Noble – Church Missionary School. (1843,
Machilipatnam)
2. News Paper
The first news paper in Telugu was Satyadata. It was published by Bellary Christian
Missionary to propagate Christianity.
Tatvabodini was published by Madras Veda Samaj for the propagation of Hinduism.
The other newspapers were
1. Hindu Reformer - Butchaiah Pantulu
2. Janana - Rayasam Venkata Sivudu
3. Andhra Prakasika - AP Parthasarathi Naidu
It was the first Political weekly in Andhra
4. Krishna - Konda Venkatappaiah Patrika (1902)
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3. Organisations
a) Madras Native Association
b) Madras Mahajana Sabha
c) Brahma Samaj
d) Theosophical Society
It used to demand reforms from the British
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3) Brahma Samaj
It was founded by Rajaram Mohan Roy in 1828 at Calcutta.
The Main objectives of Brahma Samaj were
1. Monotheism
2. No idol worship
Its branch was established at Rajahmundry in 1878.
K. Veeresalingam, Raghupati Venkataratnam Naidu, Desiraju Peda bapaiah joined in
Brahma Samaj & spreader its objectives.
These three reforms were known as “Trinity of Brahma Samaj” in Andhra.
4) Theosophical Society
It was founded by H.P . Blavatsky, & H.S. Olcot at Newyork in 1875.
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Later Madan Mohan Malavya converted this school as Boneras Hindu University
She published New India & Common Weal.
Her adopted son Jiddu Krishna Murthy wrote ‘At the feet of the Master’.
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5) Dams
Godavari dam was built in between 1847-52 & Krishna dam was built in between 1850-
55.
Irrigation facilities were provided through these dams.
Hence, there was huge production.
It led to the development of trade.
Thus, Krishna – Godavari region became very rich.
6) British trade
The important places of British in the eastern costal were Calcutta & Madras.
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7) Dramas
Dharmavarapu Krishnamacharyulu was the first person in Andhra to show the social
problems to the people through dramas.
Nazar was a great Burra katha artist.
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1. Mamidi Venkayya
Condemned Brahamanical domination.
Performed Upanayana to his children.
2. Enugula Veeraswamy
Worked as a translator in Madras court.
Condemned idol worship.
Founded Hindu literary society.
Encouraged women education.
Komaleshwara Srinivasa Pillai gave 10000 rupees to him for the development of women
education.
He wrote Kasiyatra charita.
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Titles :
News papers
1) Vivekavardhini - 1874
2) Hasyasanjeevini - 1876
3) Satihitabodini - 1883
4) Satya Samvardini - 1891
5) Telugu Janana - 1904
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Books
1. AbhignaShakuntalam (Kalidasa’s)
2. MalaviKagnimitram (Kalidasa’s)
3. Ratnavalli (Harshavardhana’s)
4. Panchatantra (Vishnu sharma’s)
Establishments / Organisation
1874 - Dowlaiswaram girls school (1st girls school in Andhra. Its first principle was Malladi
Achchanna shastry)
1878 - Social reform Society, Brahma Samaj / Prathana samaj branch are Rajahmundry.
List of Veeresalingam :
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He died on 27th May, 1919 at Komarraju Laxmana Rao’s house called Vedanivas in
Madras.
He highlighted the Lord Wallace’s corrupt particles through his paper Vivekavardhini
During that period prostitution was socialized. It had special recognition in the villages.
There was lot of popularity for Nach/Bhogamelas (Recording dance)
He condemned them through his paper Vivekavardini
Women Empowerment
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Titles :-
1. Brahmarshi
2. Kulapati
3. Abhinava Socratis
4. Knighthood/Sir
Papers :-
1. Brahma Prakasika
2. Fellow worker
3. People’s friend
Books :-
1. Social reform
Organisation :
Desiraju Pedabapaiah
Organisation
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Title :-
Books :-
1. Kanyashulkam
2. Mutyala Saralu
3. Puttadibomma Poornamma.
4. Diddubatu
5. Visakha Chalukyula chrita
6. Pusapati Gajapatulu charita
7. Kalinga charita
Born at Rayavaram in Visakhapatnam district.
Flourished in the court of Vizianagaram Zamindar Ananda Gajapati.
Condemned idol worship, child marriages and caste discrimination.
Kanyashulkam drama was first staged at Vizianagaram in 1893.
Jayanti Ramayya
Paper :
Book :
Organisation:
Vavilla Ramaswamy
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Titles :
Papers :-
1. Deshamath (weekly)
2. Manohara (Monthly)
Books :-
1. Hemalatha
2. Ahalyabhai
3. Ramachandra vijayam
4. Karpura Manjari
5. Krishnaveni
6. Saundary tilakam
7. Gayopakhyanam (drama)
8. Navvulagani
9. Sita Parinayam (drama)
10. Draupati Parinayam (drama)
Condemned caste discrimination.
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Organisations :
Konda venkatappaiah
Title : Desabhakta
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Paper : Krishnapatrika
Books : Andhrodyamam
Srusti Vicharam
Autobiography – Venkatappayya.
Title :-
Books :
1. Hinduyugam
2. Mohammadiya yugam
3. Vijnana Sarwaswam
4. Shivaji history
Organisation :-
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Gidigu Rammurthy
Titles:
News Paper :
1. Telugu
Books :
1. Gadya Chintamani
2. Balakaviisharanyam
3. Vyasa Manjari
4. A Memorandum on Modern telugu.
Born at Parvatalapeta, Parlakimidi.
Fight for the upliftment of Savara tribe.
Designed a script for the savara language.
Prepared dictionaries from telugu to savara & Savara to telugu.
Title : Kaviraju
Books : Khooni
Sutapuranam
Shambhookavadha
He was an atheist
Condemned yagas, Yajnas & Castes.
Also participated in national movment.
His following song became very famous..
“Veeragandam Techinamu Veerulevaro telupudi”
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CHATURVARNA SYSTEM WAS INTRODUCED BY Aryans in India in the later Vedic period
(1000-600BC).
For the first time Chaturvarna system was mentioned in Purushukta, the 10th Mandala
of Rig-Veda.
According to it
Brahmana was born from the mouth of Brahma
Kshatriya was born from the shoulders of Brahma.
Vyshya was born from the foot of Brahma.
Sudras have to serve the above 3 Varnas.
Panchama caste was created from Sudras and they were treated as untouchables.
In the beginning of the 19th century some dalit leaders started fighting for the rights of
dalits.
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1) Gujarat :
1. Karsandas Mulji published Satya Prakash
2) Maharastra
1. Balashastry Jambekar published Darpan
2. Tadoba Panduranga Tarkad founded Paramahamsa Mandali.
3. Gopala Hari Deshmukh (title – Lokahitavadi)
4. Jyotibha Phule
(title - Mahatma, book – Gulamgiri, Org – Satyashodakasmaj)
5. B.R. Ambedkar
Titles :-
1. Messahger of dalits
2. Modern Manu
Papers :-
1. Moknayak,
2. Bahiskrit Bharat
Books :-
Organation :-
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3) Andhra
1. Madiri Bhagyareddy varma
2. Jala Rangaswamy
4) Tamilnadu
1. E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker (Title : Periyar)
5) Kerala
1. Sri Narayana garu
(book : Jatimimasa)
he belongs to Ezhuva caste
2. TK Madhavan, Keshava Menon – Organised Vaikom Satyagraha
3. K. Kelappan - Organised Guruvayur movement.
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News Paper
1. Jai bheem
2. Veera Bharati
Books :
Organisation :
Undru Tataiah
M.L. Adaiah
Vemula Kurmaiah
INC, Communist Party & B.R. Ambedkar fought for the upliftment of dalits during this
period.
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Started a paper called Harijan & founded All India Depressed Class Association.
Organized a temple entry movement at Siddhantam village in Krishna district in 1933.
Communist Party :
It founded ‘coolie Sangh’ & tried to uplift the dalit labour & workers.
B.R Ambedkar
Titles :
1. Messanger of dalit
2. Father if Indian Constitution
3. Modern Manu
4. Baba Saheb
Papers :
1. Mook Nayak
2. Bahishkrit Bharat
Books :
Organisation :
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Indian Government and communist party tried to uplift the dalits during this period.
Indian Government gave importance to Land reforms & Communists party demanded
for tenancy reforms.
Dalit leader decided to fight for their rights under their own leadership.
Krishna Madiga, Katti Padmarao, Jupudi Prabhakar etc have been fighting for the
upliftment of dalits.
In 1989, India Government brought the famous prevention of SC, ST Atrocities Act.
Dalit Poets
1. Gurram Jashuva
The first dalit poet in telugu
He wrote
1. Frdousi , Christu Charita
2. Mumtajmahal, Gabbilam
3. Kandishikulam , Nagarjuna sagar.
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Bhoyi Beemanna
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In 1920’s elections Justice Party won 63 seats and formed the government in Madras
Presidency under the leadership of Subbarayulu Settiyar.
He introduced many reforms.
But, he resigned in 1921 due to his ill health.
P. Ramarayaningar / Rajara maniyam became the chief minister. He also introduced
many reforms which were not successful.
In 1921 lections Justice Party won only 44 seats. Against Ramarayaningar became chief
minister.
In 1926 elections Justice Party could manage to win only 21 seats. Hence, it lost the
power.
It supported C. Subbarayan as chief minister.
In 1929, E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker(EVR) organized self respect movement and earned
the Brahmins.
He rejected Ramayana & Mahabharata & called them as Vidhutulai news papers.
In 1937 elections INC won & C. Rajaji became the chief minister of Madras Presidency
In 1938, EVR organized anti Hindi & anti-Hindu movement.
In 1938, he demanded a separate country for the Dravidians in Salem meet/
In 1940, he released a map and named the Dravida country as Dravidanadu.
In 1940, he supported Jinnah’s Pakistan demand.
In 1941, Jinnaha supported the Dravidanadu demand and named it as Dravidistan.
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After Chinese aggression in 1962 Tamils withdrew their separate country demand.
Thus self respect movement was ended.
After Annadurai’s death Karunanidhi became DMK Chief. However, M.G.Ramachandran
opposed him
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National movement was started with the establishment of INC (Indian National
Congress) in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume.
The National movement inbetween 1885 and 1947 may be seen as follows
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The first person in Andhra to spread National feelings was Gajula Laxmi Narasusetty.
In between 1885 and 1905 there was no active participation Andhra people in the
national movement.
First INC session was held at Bombay inbetween 28th -31 st December 1885. Its
president was W.C. Benerjee.
72 members participated in this session.
P. Anandacharayulu, Rangaiah Naidu, Keshav Pillai etc participated in this session.
2nd INC session was held at Calcutta under presidency of Dadabhai Navroji.
Vandematram Movement
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First he gave the speeches at vizinagaram and Visakapatanam which were organized by
Bhupati Raju.
Bipin Cgandra’s Kakinada speech was organized by V.Purnaiah.
Machilipatnam speech
District Medical officer captain Camp had between kompella Krishna rao for giving
slogan vandematram.
It led to tense situation in Kakinada.
Collector J.A. Cummings mobilished military forces from Rajahmundry to Kakinada.
Later, forces were withdrawn at the request of Raghupati venkataratnam Naidu.
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It is situated in Guntur
Chennappa Reddy was responsible for the tense situation in Kotappakonda which took
lives of 14 people. Later he was given death sentence.
He was the only person in India to receive death sentence during the period of
vandemataram movement.
Allegations were made against the following three people for planting a bomb to blast
the Howrah passenger train.
1. Chukkapalli Ramaiah
2. Lakkaraju Basavaiah
3. K. Venkatarayudu.
Trail was conducted on the above tree based on the testimony given by Y. Jagganna.
Tanguturi Prakasam argued infavour of the above three got them released from this
case.
Swadeshi movement
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G.G Hardinge-II organized ‘Delhi Darbar’ in 1911 in the eve of visit of British emprer
George-V & his wife Mary to India.
George-V declared
1. Shifting of cvapital from Calcutta to Delhi.
2. Abolition of Bengal partitions.
Thus Vandemataram movement was totally ended with this official decleration.
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1. Rowlat Act
2. Jalianwalabagh incident
3. Khilafat movement
Rowlat Act
The main objective of this Act was to imprision the national leadears without trial.
It came into force in March, 1919
It was also called Black Act.
Gandhiji asked the people to observe hartal on 6th April against this act.
Rowlat act was opposed by Saifuddin Kitchlew and satyapal in Amritar.
Both were arrested.
Punjab governor Michael O’Dyer handed over Amritsar to Gen.Dyer.
General Dyer imposed restrictions on the meetings.
However, Amristar people dis obey his prohibitary orders and gathered at
Jalianwalabagh on 13th April to condemn the arrest of their leaders.
While Hansraj delivering his speech, General Dyer reached Jalianwala bagh and ordered
for firing without giving any fore warnings.
Firing lasted for 10 minutes & around 1000 people were killed.
Immediately after listening this news Rabindranath Tagore renounced his
Sir/Knighthood title which was given by British.
INC demanded for stern
action against General Dyer.
Then, British government appointed Hunter Commission to enquire into the incient.
Hunter commission gave cleanchit to Genaral Dyer.
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3.Khilafat Movement
After the completion of the first world war Britishers abolished the Khalifa post in
Turkey.
Immediately Muslims in the world organized movements to reinstate the position of
Khalifa, This movement in India was known as Khilafat moment.
It was started by Ali Brothers.
Hasrat Mohani, Maulana Ajad joined in this movement.
Later, Gandhiji became the president of Khilafat movement in India.
Khilafat movement had been organized on par with the non cooperation movement.
Khilafat movement was ended with the declearation Mustafa Kamal Pasha of Turkey.
Non-cooperation Movement
Due to incidents that took place in 1919 there was total anti British feeling in India.
Gandhiji declared to launch non cooperation movement (NCM).
Gandhiji started NCM on 1st August, 1920.
Gandhiji’s NCM was adopted in Nagpur INC session under the presidency of
Vijayaraghavachary in 1920.
NCM was divided into 4 stages.
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AICC meet was organized at Vijayawada under the presidency of Gandhiji on 31st March
& 1st April 1921.
The place of meeting was named Gandhinagar.
Invitation committee chairman was Addepati Ramaseshaiah.
Duggirala Gopala Krishnaiah formed a voluntary force called “Ramadandu”
Pingali Venkaiah designed tricolored Indian national flag and handed over it to Gandhiji
in this meet.
Some songs were sung
1. Dandalu Dandalu Bharatamata - Rajahmundry Kesari samaj
2. Mahatma Gandhi Darshaname Mahapunyam - Ramachandrapuram Group.
In this meet, Gandhiji’s speech was translated into telugu by Ayyadevara Kaleshwar
Rao.
The decision taken in this meet were implemented in the IInd stage. They were
1. Collection of one crore Tilak fund.
2. Recruiting one crore Satyagrah is in the NCM
3. Establishing 20 lakh charkhas
4. Fight against arrack.
Gandhiji started collecting Tilak fund in Vijayawada.
Yamini Poornatilkam, a prostitute gave her entire property to Gandhiji.
Maganti Annapoornamma gave her entire jewellery to Gandhiji.
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Subhas Chandra Bose - sprinkling cols water on the spirits of the people.
C.R. Das & Motilal Nehru wanted to enter legislative council. But, Gandhiji rejected
council entry.
In December 1922, C.R. Das introduced council entry resolution at Gaya INC session. But
it was set aside.
Immediately C.R.Das & Motilal Nehru declared the establishment of Swaraj party.
Swaraj Party participated in the 1923 elections & won 40% seats nationwide.
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It entered central legislative council. Vithalbhai Patel became the speaker of the house.
Simon Commision
Swaraj Party demanded to review the 1919 Act and to provide more constitutional
powers to Indian.
Initially British government sent Muddiman committee in 1924. But, it was withdrawn
immediately.
Later, Simon Commission (1+6) was appointed in November 1927 to review the 1919
Act. It was also known as White commission or Indian statutory commission.
There was no Indian in this commission.
Hence, INC decided to boycott Simon Commission. This resolution was passes in Madras
INC session under the presidency of M.A. Ansari in December, 1927.
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Tanguturi Prakasam was given the title of Andhra Kesari during the period of this
movement.
Lalalajpat Rai was beaten to death by Saunders at Lahore.
In Andhra, Anti Simon commission committee was formed under the presidency of S.
Satyamurty.
Bulusu Sambamurty toured entire Andhra and gave call to boycott Simon Commission.
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He founded Andhra Rashtra Sampurna Swaraj league party. Its president was B.
Sambamurthy and secretary was Tenneti Vishwanatham.
Madduri Annapurnaiah published ‘Congress’ paper & wrote against Simon Commission.
Nadimpalli Narsimharao organized Simon Goback movement at Guntur.
Ayyadevara Kaleshwar Rao handed over a letter mentioning SIMON GO BACK to Simon
at Vijayawada Railway station.
Simon returned to London & explained the Indian situation to Birkenhead, the British
secretary of state.
Birkenhead challenged INC to draft a constitution which should be acceptable to all the
Indians.
Talking this challenge seriously INC appointed a committee under the presidency of
Motilal Nehru to draft the framework of Indian constitution. Mothilal Nehru drafted the
framework of Indian constitution with the help of Subhas Chandrabose, K.N. Katju, Tej
Bahadur Sapru etc.
It was submitted to INC. It was popularity known as Nehru Report.
Nehru report was discussed at Calcutta INC Session in December 1928.
Based on this, INC gave one year ultimatum to British to award self rule to India.
But, there was no response from the British.
Hence in December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru INC passed 3
resolutions at Lahore INC session.
1. Poorna Swaraj
2. Celebrating the independence day on 26th January every year.
3. Organizing Civil Disobedience movement.
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Under the leadership of Konda Venkatappaiah Andhra team participated in the Lahore
INC session, met Gandhiji & got the awareness regarding the CDM which was going to be
started soon.
Jawaharalal Nehru hoisted the national flag on the banks of Ravi river at Lahore on 26th
January, 1930,
Thota Narsaiah hoisted our tricolored flag at Machilipatnam.
Gandhiji issued ’11 demands ultimation’ to G.G Irwin which was rejected.
Then, Gandhiji decided to launch CDM by first breaking salt laws.
Gandhiji started on foot with 78 members from Sabarmati Ashram on 12th March, 1930
to break salt laws at Dandi.
The only telugu person amoung these 78 members was Yerneni Subramanyam.
Gandhiji reached Dandi and broke Salt laws on 6th April, 1930
With this, CDM was started in India.
On the eve of this Gandhiji declared Abbas Tyabji as the first Satyagrahi & Sarojini
Naidu as the Second Satyagrahi
The following movements were organized in India.
1. NWFR(north west frontier region):
1. Machilipatnam
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2. Vizag, Bhimili -
Tenneti Vishwanatham
3. Kallingi/chollingi -
Balusu Sambamurthy
4. Guntur -
Konda venkatappaiah,
Unnava Laxminarayana
Ruknini Laxmipati
5. Mypadu (Nellore)
Bomma Seshareddy,
Bezawada Gopala reddy,
N.Fakir.
6. Rayalaseema -
Kalluri subbarao
(Grand old man of Rayalaseema)
The following songs became popular.
1. Veeragandam Techchinamu Veerulevaro telupudi - Tripuraneni
Ramaswamy
chowdhury
2. Kallu Monadoi - Gollapudi
Sitarama shastry
3. Bardoli satyagraha vijayam Bharat Swarajya yuddham - Maduganti
Jagganna.
Encouraged to use Swadeshi goods.
Brutally attacked by Mustafa Ali, local circle inspector.
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Hence, Bhayankara chari decided to take revenge. He was the founder of “Ujjivan
Bharat Sammelan”.
He tried to kill Mustafa Ali by attacking with bomb.
But, his attempt was failed, he was caught & sent to Andaman Nicobar Jail.
Discontinuation of CDM
3 round table conferences (RTC) were organized at London on the advise of Simon.
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Simon Commission report was discussed & the frame work of 1935 Act was completed.
There was no impact of second round of CDM inbetween 1932 & 34.
In Andhra, the following books were written
1. Bharat Swarajya Yuddham - Jagannadh shastry
2. Navayuga Gandhi - Damaraju Pundari Kakshudu
3. Purva Swataratnam - Kani Venkataratnam
In 1933, Gandhiji toured entire India and tried to uplift the depressed class people or
Harijans.
He published Harijan journal.
He called depressed class people as Harijans (children of God)
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On the eve of it Gandhiji decleared Acharaya Vinobha Bhave as first Satyagrahi &
Jawarharlal Nehru as IInd Satyagrahi.
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With the release the Gandhiji from the Aghakhan palace the Quit India Movement
was declined.
British suggested Gandhiji to create a peaceful atmosphere to from provisional
government.
Gandhiji met Jinnah. But Gandhiji – Jinnah talks were failed.
It Suggested
1. INC would form the government which should be supported by Muslim
League.
2. In return, a plebiscite would be conducted in the Muslim Majority areas. If
they opt for separate nation they would be given autonomous state.
INC & Muslim league rejected this plan.
Gandhiji alone supported this plan.
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British prime minister Lord Atlee sent 3 of his cabinet Ministers to India for suitable
recommendations.
They were
In July 1946, Jinnah met Wavell and asked permission to form interium
government.
However Wavell rejected permission.
In August 1946, INC approached Wavell and asked permission to form the
government.
Immediately Wavell gave his approval.
Condemning this, Jinnah gave a call for the bandh on 16th August 1946.
On 16th August 1946, Communal riots were broken out from Calcutta.
It speeded throughout north India.
Thousands of innocent people belonging to both the communities were killed.
It was called “Direct Action Day”
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In September 1946, INC formed the interium government under the leadership of
Jawaharlal Nehru.
In October 1946, Muslim League joined in this government to create peace in India.
Liaqat Ali Khan of Muslim league served as finance minister for few months.
On 20th February, 1947, Lord Atlee officially declared that India would be given
independence before 30th June 1948.
Lord Mountbatten was sent to India as the last British governor general to India to
complete the independence process.
Mountbatten prepared his plan with the help of V.P. Menon & Mukherjee.
Mountbatten plan was read by Lord Atlee in British Parliament on 3rd June. That’s
why this plan was also called ‘Dickey brid’ plan.
It was converted into Indian independence Act.
British emperor George-VI signed on this Act.
Accordingly Pakistan got independence on 14th August and India got independence
on 15th August, 1947.
George-VI had been given the status of king of UK & India inbetween 15 August
1947 and 26th January 1950.
India's first prime minister was Jawaharlal Nehru.
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Unification of India
1. Travancore
It was ruled by Kulasekhara dynasty.
Its ruler Balaram Varma joined India without any conditions.
Travancore Prime Minister C.P. Ranaswany Iyer played a vital role in the merging
of Travancore.
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2. Hyderabad
It was merged with India after Operation Polo. It was launched under the
leadership of General Chowdhary inbetween 13-17 th September, 1948.
Osman Ali khan, the VII th Nizam signed treaty of Accessation
3. Junagarh
Its ruler was Mohammad Mahabat Khanji-III.
His P.M. was ShahNawaj Bhutta
Plebiscite was conducted in Junagarh. People voted in favor of India.
Thus, it merged with India.
4.Kashmir
Kashmir ruler Harsingh signed treaty of Accessation & annexed Kashmir in India.
5.Pondicherry
Operation Vijay was launched in December 1961 under the leadership of Major
General Candeth to get back Goa.
Finally Portuguese handed over Goa, Daman & Diu to India in December 1961.
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Venkatagiri (Nellore)
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It published ‘Zamin Rytu’ paper which was edited by Nelloore Venkatarama Naidu.
Munagala
There was a tense situation in Munagala Zamindari after the success of Kalukova
Satyagraha.
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Kalipatnam
Kalipatnam Zamindar collected 4000 acres of Land from the people for the
construction of a project.
But, he did not start the work.
Hence, Bhupatiraju Laxmi Narsimharaju organized the movement against him.
Later it was stopped at the call of Rajaji & Tanguturi Prakasam.
Visakhapatnam – Srikakulam
There were many zamindaris in the north coastal region like Vizianagaram, Bobbili,
Mandasa, Parlakimidi, Madugula etc.
The movements organized against zamindars may be seen as follows :
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1. M.N. Roy
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2. S.A. Dange
3. Muzafar Ahmed
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5. Shaukat Usmani
He spreaded the communist principles in united province
6. Singaravelu Settiyar
He speeded the movements in Madras.
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Andhra Communist party was founded at Kakinada & P. Sundaraiah became its first
secretary.
After losing the elections, communists party leaders Ranadheewa (BTR) gave call the for
armed struggle.
Armed struggle was organized mainly in Manipur-Nagaland, Telangana & Kerala.
Some violence incidents were taken place in the remaining part of India.
In September 1949, communist party was banned in Andhra.
In 1951, Russia gave call to communists to withdraw the armed struggle and asked to
participate in the economic development of India.
Immediately, communists stopped their armed struggle in October 1951.
1952 Elections
Communists participated in the first general elections which were held in 1952.
Communist’s leader Raavi Narayana Reddy won Nalgonda Parliament seat with the
highest majority in India.
Communist’s won maximum seats ion Telangana & Andhra .
Hence, communists launched Vishalandhra movement to unite Andhra & Telangana.
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After the formation of A.P. in 1956 there were some differences among the communists.
Raavi Narayana Reddy, Baddam Ellareddy wanted to work with INC. It was opposed by
P. Sundaraiah & Hanumaiah.
At national level too there were many differences.
In 1962, China attacked India.
Indian communist spitted into 3 groups the with Chinese aggression
1. Nationalists
They opposed Chinese aggression. Important leaders were S.A. Dange, Ravi
Narayana Reddy, Baddam Ella Reddy, Chandra Rajeshwar Rao.
2. Internationalists
They welcomed the Chinese aggression.
Important Leaders P. Sundaraiah, BTR, Harkishan Singh, Surjith, Jyothi Basu etc.
3. Centrists
They became neutral Important leader - Ajayghosh.
1. CPI - Nationalists
Its Secretary was S.A. Dause.
2. CPM/CPI(M) - Internationalists
Its Secretary was P. Sundaraiah
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In 1967, Charu Majundar & Kanu Sanyal started a movement from Naxalbury (W.B.) to
attain socioeconomic equality.
That’ why this movement was known as Naxalite Movement.
It was speeded in Srikakulam in 1969.
In 1969, Kanu Sanyal founded CPI (ML) at Calcutta on the eve of the 99th birth
anniversary of Lenin.
Adibatla Kailasam, Nagabhushanam Patnaik, Tarimella Nagireddy etc influenced by this
movement & joined CPI(ML).
However, Jagalam Vengala Rao suppressed the movements through carrot & stick
method.
During that period some naxalites enter into Telangana & spread naxalism in Telangana.
In 2005, all the naxalite leaders in India met in Chattisgarh jungles & decided to form a
centralized party to fight against the governments.
Thus, CPI(ML) Maoist party was emerged in 2005 which was declared as terrorist group
by the Government of India.
1.N.G.Ranga
Title : Rythubandu
Books :
Organizations :
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Darsi Chenchaiah
Putchalapalli Sundaraiah
He was the member of Young worker’s league which was founded by Amir Ali Hyder
Khan.
Andhra Communist party was founded in 1936 at Kakinada which was headed by
Putcalapalli Sundaraiah.
Founded visalandhra paper & encouraged Visalandhra.
Wrote ‘Visalandhra lo Parajarayam’
Supported the Telangana armed struggle which was fought against Indian government in
between September 1948 & October 1951.
Wrote “Telangana People’s Struggle and its lessons’.
Responsible for the split of CPI.
In 1964, CPI(MI) was founded. Its first general secretary was P. Sundariah.
Gadde Lingaiah
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1. Visalandra - P. Sundaraiah
2. Praja bandu - N.G. Ranga
3. Chitragupta - N.G. Ranga
4. Prajashakti - Official Newspaper of Communists
5. Prajavani - Garimella Krishna Murthy
6. Janavani - Tapi Dharma Rao
7. Navashakti - Chandra Rajeshwar Rao
8. Udayini - Kompella Janardhana Rao
9. Pratibha - Shiva Shankara Shastry.
10. Congress - Madduri Annapurnaiah
11. Navya - Vidwan Vishwam & Shaktimala Tarimella
Nagireddy (Anantpur)
Books
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Organizations
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This stage spread the ideals and objectives of the movement through out the Telugu
districts.
The first Andhra conference met at Bapatla on 26 May 1913 under the
presidentship of Bayya Narasimheswara Sharma.
Many poets and authors started writing poems and articles supporting the issue of a
separate Andhra province "Andhravali “ by Rayaprolu Subba Rao, "Andhra Matru
Stavamu" by Gaddam Kondareddy, "Rashtra Gaanamu" by Tummala Sitarama
murthy Satyanarayana were prominent among these.
In the Rayalaseema region, the Tamil speaking lawyers and leaders were against to
the formation of separate Andhra state, because they did not inclined to cut off their
connections with the city of Madras. The delegates from the northern districts were
anxious about the future of Berhampur. This is one important outcome of the first
Andhra Conference.
The second important impact of the conference was that a committee consisting of
Konda Venkatappyya, Mutunuri Krishna Rao, Dr.Pattabhi and others formed to tour
the Rayalaseema region to assuage the feeling of the leaders of that region. They
held discussions with the leaders and delegates and conducted public meetings at
several places like Chitoor, Nandyal, Bellary , Anantapur, etc. The result was that the
people and the leaders expressed their support to the cause of the Andhra
province.
Another development was that after the first Andhra Conference,the subject of the
formation of separate Andhra State came for discussion in several district
conferences. The District Conference held at Visakhapatnam and Nellore passed
resolutions in favour of forming a separate Andhra province. Thus slowly the Andhra
movement started gaining momentum. It was under these circumstances second
Andhra conference became a reality. It should be noted that hereafter the Andhra
conference came to be called as Andhra Mahasabha.
The Second Andhra conference (from then onwards, it came to be know as Andhra
mahasabha ) was held at Vijayawada on 11 April, 1914,under the presidentship of
Nyapti Subba Rao.
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Third conference which met at Visakhapatnam in May 1915 under the presidentship
of Raja Panuganti Ramanarayaninagar, not only reiterated the demand for separate
Andhra, but also demanded that the mother tongue (Telugu) be made the medium
of instruction in secondary schools.
The Sabha conference popularised the habit of addressing public meetings in
Telugu.
Firstly, Telugu became the language of the leaders and the Andhra Movement.
Fourth conference of the sabha was held at Kakinada in May 1916 with Mocherla
Ramachandra Rao as president.
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Petition to Montague:
Ever since the formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885, Andhra congress
leaders began to take active part in its deliberations.
P.Ananda Charyulu became the president of the Congress as early as 1891.
When the congress session was held at Madras in 1914, 256 delegates from Andhra
attended it, but no Andhra could find a place in the working committee.
As the Tamil domination and authority became unbearable on the issue of a
separate Andhra province the Andhra leaders were convinced of the urgent need to
establish a separate telugu unit or circle of Congress.
They began to demand the creation of an Andhra circle with the Telugu districts of
Madras presidency.
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Though a proposal for a separate Andhra circle was introduced in the AICC meeting
in 1916, the Madras Congress committee delayed giving its opinion.
Mean while a pamphlet called 'Re-organisation of Indian provinces' prepared by
Konda Venkatappayya and Pattabhi Seetharamayya was widely distributed among
the congress men all over India.
As a result of all the efforts of Andhra leaders, the Andhra Congress circle came into
existence on 22 January 1918 with Nyapati Subbarao as president and Konda
Venkatappayya as secretary. This was the first victory for the leaders of the Andhra
Movement.
The British Government with the intention of weakning the Home Rule movement
in the Madras Presidency tried to get the support of the non-Brahmins against
Brahmins who were the leaders of the movement.
With the blessings of the British a small group of non-Brahmin leaders of the Madras
Presidency formed an association called South Indian-People's Association.
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The Justice party had a poor following in the Andhra region and on the other hand the
Congress party was very strong. Thus the Justice party leaders never wanted to have a
province where they could count for nothing.
Another strong reason was that the Andhra movement was started by the congress
leaders. Hence the Justice party disassociated with that movement. However, this attitude
of Justice party did great disservice to the Andhras and Andhras movement.
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When the Simon commission toured India in 1928,all the political parties decided to
boycott it.
The Andhra mahasabha also boycotted the commission, but the Oriya and Utkal
sammelans presented a memorandum to it requesting the early formation of Orissa
and Sind provinces but made no mention of Andhra.
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Regional differences:
Resolution were moved demanding a separate state for Rayalaseema in the 1931
Andhra mahasabha meeting.
The Rayalaseema mahasabha was convened ed and met under the president
presidentship of
Pattabhi Ramarao in 1934.
The second meeting off this sabha was held in September
S tember 1935 at Kadapa.
A demand for a separate university at Tirupati was made in this meeting.
In the 1937 Madras elections
elections,, representatives of Rayalaseema Mahasabha were
defeated at the hands of congress leaders.
A congresss government was formed under Rajagopalachari.
Again, the Rayalaseema Mahasabha was convened and met at Adoni in 1938.Only
three Andhras attended it.
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Stage of Resolutions(1936-47):
As regional differences came to the forefront with the controversy over the
headquarter of Andhra university, Rayalaseema leaders formed an organisation
called Rayalaseema Mahasabha in 1934
Silver jubilee session of Andhra Mahasabha was held at Vijayawada towards the
end of october 1937.
The session was inaugurated by Halaharvi Sitarama Reddy and presided over by
Kadapa Koti Reddy both MLAs from Rayalaseema..
On 16 November 1937,the leaders of the circars and Rayalaseema met at "Sri Bagh",
the Madras residence of Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao and signed an agreement
known popularly as the "Sri Bagh" Agreement.
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When India attained Independence on 15 August 1947, the Andhras hoped that their
long cherished desire of a separate Andhra province would be fulfilled soon.
On 27 November 1947, the govt accepted the principle of linguistic state.
In February 1948, the rough draft of the mention of a separate Andhra province. The
government felt that if a separate Andhra province was created, many more
movements like that would spring up.
Dar Commission
On 17 June, 1948 a linguistic province committee was set up by the president of the
constituent Assembly.
The chairman of the commission was S.K. Dar
When the commission visited Madras, the Andhra Mahasabha submitted a
memorandum demanding the creation of Visalandhra
The commission submitted its report on 10 Dec, 1948 recommending that the
formation of lingusitic provinces is not suitable to our country
JVP Committee
The members of the committee were Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhai Patel and Pattabhi
Sitaramayya.
The committee, popularly known as JVP committee from the initials of its members,
submitted its report to the Congress working committee in April 1949.
It recommended the postponement of linguistics provinces.
It made an exception in the case of Andhra.
In the Andhra Congress, there were two groups centring round the prominent
Andhras, Prakasam and Pattabhi Sitaramayya
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In 1946 elections, the congress fared very well in the Telugu districts. Prakasam
contested for the leadership of the party against the wishes of the High command
and won.
While these developments were taking place, the JVP report was submitted with the
condition of renouncing claims to the city of Madras.
Rayalaseema members found it very difficult to abandon the claims to Madras.
Andhra leaders also refused to abandon this claim.
Again a decision was taken to the formation of Andhra province with 12 districts
and to make Madras the joint capital of both Andhra and Tamilnadu provinces.
Partition Committee
Madras government took immediate steps towards the creation of Andhra province
by appointing a partition committee.
Kumaraswami Raja, the chief minister was the chairman of the committee
But again clashes arose among the leaders of two factions and the formation of
Andhra state war postponed by the India government again.
On 26 January 1950, the new constitution of India came into being but there was no
mention of a separate Andhra province in it.
Swami Sitaram (formerly Gollapudi Sitaram sastry) felt that he should adopt the
Gandhian technique to achieve the Andhra state.
So he began a fast unto death on Independence day of 1951.
The fast created a highly explosive situation in Andhra and led to some untoward
incidents.
Acharya Vinobha Bhave advise the Swami to give up his fast so that the issue could
be settled in peaceful atmosphere. The swami ended his 35 day fast on 20
September 1951.
The Communists and Prakasam party(KMPP) formed a united Democratic forum.
But Prakasam was not invited to form the government and again C. Raja Goplachari
formed government in the Madras state.
Prakasam took active interest in the Krishna-Pennar Project to divert the waters of
Krishna river to Tamilanadu, there by injuring the intersts of Andhra and created
dissatifaction among the Andhra people.
Then the Khosla committee suggested the setting up of Nandikonda
(Nagarjunasagar) project.
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In such a situation Potti Sriramulu began his fast unto death an 19 October 1952 at
Madras.
When the fast entered its 50th day, Nehru criticised it.
He announced that the Andhra state will be formed without Madras city, if all
concerning parties agreed. Sriramulu was not prepared to accept it and continued
his fast. The fast created an explosive situation attained martyrdom.
The news created disturbances in Andhra region and opened the eyes of the Indian
government.
On 19th December, Nehru announced in Loksabha that the government had decided
to form Andhra state with undisputed Telugu districts excluding the city of Madras.
Wanchoo Committee:
Wanchoo submitted his report and on 25 March 1953, Nehru announced the
decision of the government of India to create a separate Andhra state consisting of
Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, krishna, Guntur,
Nelloore, Chittoor, Cuddapah, Ananthapur and Kurnool districts and Alur, Adoni and
Rayadurgam Talikas of Beaary districts.
The Rayalaseema legislators demanded that the capital of the new state be with in
their region as per the Sribagh Agreement.
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C. Rajagopalachari suggested that no member of the residency state should take part
in voting, but 5 non-Andhra
Andhra members voted for Kurnool as capital
High court was setup in Guntur with the first chief justice Koka Subba Rao
Rao.
On 1 October 1953, A separate Andhra state was formed, with Kurnool as its
capital.
The first chief minister of the state was Tanguturi Prakasam,, the first deputy chief
minister was N. Sanjeeva Reddy and the first governor was C.M.Trived.
After the 1955 elections,, the Prakasam government fell and Bezawada Gopalareddy
became the chief minister and Prakasam acted as they deputy chief minster.
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Some more movements for the formation of linguistic states were taken up later. So
Nehru announced the formation of the States reorganisation commission to
consider those demands on 22 December 1953.
The members of the commission were - Sayyad Fazal Ali (chairman), H.N. Kunzru
and K.M Panikkar. The appointment of the commission was hailed by the Andhras.
Visalandhra Movement
Andhras hoped that their dream of Visalandra would be realised since the people of
Hyderabad state were unanimous for the triburcation to their state.
The communists propagated the idea of Visalandhra from 1946.
A daily news paper called Visalandhra was started by the communists in June 1952.
Communist leader Puchalapalli Sundarayya wrote a book called Visalandralo
Prajarajyam.
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Bayya Narisimheswara Sharma presided over the meeting in which the main
objective was declared as the formation of a separate Andhra State.
On the foot steps of the Andhra Mahasabha, the Telugu leaders of the Hyderabad
State formed a similar organisation and called its as the Nizam Andhra Mahasabha.
As the Andhras Mahasabha in Madras Presidency lost its strength and significance
by 1920s, the Nizam Andhra Mahasabha became more and more stronger.
In 1930, the Andhra Jana Sangham at its conference at Jogipeta in Medak district
converted itself into Andhra Mahasabha.
The role played by the Andhra Mahasabha to bring about changes in Telangana
society is very valuable. The Sabha brought political and social awareness in the
Telugu people of Telangana. Its brought out young leaders to fight against
oppression and created a special place for itself in Telangana history.
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The first conference of Andhra Mahasabha was held at Jogipeta in Medak district in
1930 under the President-ship of Suravaram Pratapa Reddy.
The Second conference was held at Devarakonda in 1931 under the presidentship of
Burgula RamaKrishna Rao.
Many issues like education, social reform and problem of farmers were discussed in
this session.
T.Varalakshmamma presided over the Andhra Mahila Sabha conference.
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The local leaders of the sabha tried to speak in Urdu language but Telugu
supporters tried to stop them but Raavi Narayana Reddy wanted them to continue
in Urdu.
So, the Telugu language supporters protested and formed a new faction called
progressive faction.
This conference discussed Nizam.
Nandagiri Indira Devi ,the first women writer of Telangana presided over the
Andhra Mahila Sabha meeting.
From 1941 onwards the Andhra Mahasabha came under the leadership of leftists.
The eighth conference of the sabha was held at Chilkur of Huzurnagar Taluka in 1941
under the Presidentship of Raavi Narayana Raddy
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The resolution that only Telugu language should be used in the conferences had
been cancelled in this session.
The membership fee was also reduced from Rs.1 to 4 annas.
The Andhra Mahila Sabha session had been presided over by Obbulreddy
Rangamma.
The Bhuvanagiri session was held in 1944 under the president ship of Raavi
Narayana Reddy.
The Sabha now came under the control of Communists.
The Andhra Communist leaders including Chandra Rajeswara Rao participated in the
conference which was attended by more than the thousand people a record for
those days.
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The sabha under the communits held its twelfth session at Khammam in 1945,
under the presidentship of Raavi Narayana Reddy.
On 3 December 1946, the communist party was banned and naturally the activities
of the Andhra Mahasabha also came to a halt.
Andhra Mahasabha was the first social platform (organisation) of Telangana where
political awareness and the influence of the national movement were very limited
until then.
The first generation leaders of the Andhra Mahasabha were moderators. They can
be compared to the first generation leaders of the national movement.
The moderates did not oppose the Nizam government..
A group called 'Progressive faction' was formed with some members who wanted to
protect Telugu language.
Both the first and last session of the Andhra Mahasabha were held at Medak
district (Jogiipeta and Kandi respectively).
Mandumula Narasinga Rao, K.V. RangaRaddy and Raavi Narayana Reddy presided
over the Sabha twice.
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Prominent Leaders
Potti Sri Ramulu:
Sri Ramulu was born at Juvvaladinnepalem village of Nellore district on 16, March
1901.
Dedicated his life in the service of the country and resigned his post to join the
Sabarmati Ashram.
He was greatly influenced by the principles and ideals of Gandhiji.
Participated in the Non cooperation, Salt Satyagraha, Quit India and all other
movements of the Indian Independence struggle.
Returned to Nellore in 1946 and worked hard for the development of Harijans and
propagated the use of Swadeshi (khadi) clothes and also encouraged the
establishment village industries.
After the Indian independence in 1947, people of Andhra expected the formatiom a
separate State for the Telugu people.
After 5 years of independence, in 1952, the people of Andhra lost hopes for the
formation of a separate State.
In this back ground, on 19 October, 1952 Potti Sriramulu started an indefinite fast in
Gandhian way. He hoped that atleast his death would pave the way for a separate
Andhra State.
As the government was indifferent to his satyagraha, he continued his fast for 58
days till 15 December,1952 on which day he breathed his last. Last the government
stepped down and gave the green signal for the formation of Andhra State. Thus
Potti Sriramulu became 'Amarajeevi' who gave his life for the good of his people.
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Puchalapalli Sundaraiah
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Wrote
rote a number of books like the history of china nationalist movement, history of
Egypt, history of the French revolution, history of the United States of America and
all Autobiography. He bre
breathed his last on 26 February, 1962.
Varahagiri Venkatagiri
Varahagiri Venkatagiri,, known to the people of Andhra as V.V. Giri was born on 10
August,1894 in Berhampur
rhampur of Ganjam district, now in Orissa.
Tenneti Vishwanatham:
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In the Andhra State, under Tanguturi Prakasam, he became the minister of first
Finance, then Law and then Endowments.
Joined with Neelam Sanjiva reddy in the preparion of a report on nagarjuna Sagar
Project construction.
After 1962, he took up the cause of Visakhapatnam steel factory and led the
movement.
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Tanguturi Prakasam
Konda Venkatappaiah
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He worked very had for a separate State and was called as the ' Grandfather of
Andhra movement ‘.
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Pingali Venkaiah
Unnava Lakshminarayana
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Wrote the famous novel "Malapalli" which became one of the most popularly
literary works of Telugu language.
Sir Vijaya
Born in vijayanagaram
Elected as the Chairman of the Andhra Mahasabha, held at Visakhapatnam in 1941.
Collected a fund of one lakh rupees to help fight the famine in Rayalaseema during
that period.
Met Stafford Cripps in 1942, and explained the necessity of forming a separate
Statefor Andhra people.
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Panappakam Anatacharyulu
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Charles Philip Brown in his introduction to his dictionary stated that some
newspapers appeared by 1835 in Telugu.
The first journal in India, the Bengal Gazette, appeared on January 29 1780.
James Augustus Hiki started it in Calcutta. It was also called the Calcutta General
Advisor.
It was also known as Hiki's Gazette. It is believed that it was the first journal in India.
But with regard to the first Telugu journal no such authentic information is available.
The available sources mention that a Telugu journal appeared first after 1835 and
provide clues to the existence of three or four Telugu journals.
Potturi Venkateswara Rao mentioned in his article in Bharati, 1951 that Satyaduta
was published in 1835.
The journal supposed to have made its appearance during 1837-1838 was Vrittanti.
There is evidence that the Madras Government directed its officer in change of
translations in 1838, to find out the contents of the journal published.
Vrittanti was published from Madras, it was also called Chennapuri Vrittanti
Besides this, the other journal supposed to be the second one in Telugu was
Vartamana Tarangini, which specifically mentioned that it was started in 1842.
Vrittanti was a weekly and was published every Thursday. Brown described it as a
note worthy journal. In tune with the times, it gave prominence to social reforms
The second journal was Varthamana Tarangini, published by Sayyad Rahamtulla
from June 8, 1842.
The issues of first year publications are in Oriental Manuscript Library.
Explaining the meaning of ginnekasu, Brown quoted the issue of January 4,1849
(ginnekasu means the value of the pagodas). This was published from Madras as a
weekly.
After 1843,the management of the journal passed from the hands of Rahamutulla to
Puwada Seshagiri Rao. It highlighted the issue of patriotism, religious harmony,
literature and reform it had business advertisements too. One featured called
editorial was also published in it. Later appeared Hitavadi.
An Englishman J Edmund Sharky, who had good command to Telugu, published it in
1848. Masulipatnam was its centre and it was printed at the Madras American
Mission press. Its pages were devoted to propagation of Christianity.
Another journal that began in 1855-56 and continued up to 1872 was
Dinavartamani. Though it had dina(daily) in its title, it was issued every Saturday as a
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weekly. Its was started by Peter Percival. It supported blindly the rule of East India
company.
Finding fault with the First Indian Independence war (1857) the journal accuse Nana
Saheb as a traitor. The convention of issuing information of the government
through gazettes without news items began during the period of East India
company.
Gazettes were published in local languages and English.
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Veeresalingam period:
The colonial economic policies and the evils brought by INC were not fully grasped by
him.
Public awareness about social reforms was more than that of contemporary politics
about the closing years of the nineteenth century. This had its impact on journals.
Veeresalingam realised the role of journals in spreading the social reform
movement and he carried out the task successfully.
He made use of the journals being published at that time for spreading the ideals of
his social reform movement.
Veeresalingam himself started his own journals to carry the message of social reform
Vivekavardhani (1874), Hasyasanjivani(1876), Satihitabodhini(1883),
Satyasamvardhini Chintamani(1891), Zenana Patrika (1894), Satyavadini(1905).
Because of the differences that surfaced between him and his opponents on social
reform matters, no journal was available to Veeresalingam to make his views on
social reform public.
Differences cropped up between him and Kokkonda Venkataratnam with regard to
women's education the latter stopped publishing Veeresalingam's articles in his
journal Andhra Bhasha Sanjivani. This made it necessary to have his own journal for
spreading his views.
Veeresalingam explained the reasons for setting up his journals to eradicate
corruption among employees, not only those who received bribes, but also those
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who offered bribes; to strive for purity in life, discouraging prostitution and to
inculcate good ethical conduct instead of sporting religious symbols.
He realised the need for his own printing press and set up one in his house in 1876.
Veeresalingam edited its English section. The item for this section were written by
Mir Shuyaz Alikhan of Narasapuram who merged his Vidvadmanoharini with
Vivekavardhani.
The fact that his journalistic activity had inaugurated a new trend in modern
journalism is beyond any controversy.
To propagate the need for women's education, he set up Satihitabodhini.
Loddonda Venkataratnam started Hasyavardhani to deride Vivekavardhani.
As a counter to Hasyavardhani, Veeresalingam brought out Hasyavardhani,
veerasalingam brought out Hasyasanjivani.
Satyasamvardhini appeared in 1891 and veeresalingam's disciple Rayasam Venkata
Sivudu edited it. This was a monthly published on behalf of Rajahmundry Prarthana
Samaj and Veeresalingam published the biography of Raja Rammohan Roy in this
journal.
Zenanapatrika was commenced in 1893. Venkta sivudu was as its editor. This too
contributed to the cause of women's education.
The literary journal jointly run by Veeresalingam and Nyapati Subbarao was
Chintamani.
Kokkonda Venkataratnam's journal was Andhra Bhasa Sanjivani. There was no
journal run by Telugu and to fill the void, he began publishing this journal from
Madras from November 28, 1871.
Kokkonda's district view is seen in his eagerness that Telugus should have their own
journal.
His journal had some characteristic features. The word Andhra was added in the title
of the journal. An editorial column written by the editor was introduced. It was the
first journal to initiate coining terminology.
It published for the first time elegies written by Vaddadi Subbarayudu on the loss
of his wife and sons. The journal listed nine features required for a journal to service
at any time. This is really historical. Kokkonda categorised the qualities of an editor.
He said the editor too should have nine qualities. He also listed the requirements of
correspondents, sub-editors and readers.
Amudrita Grandha Chintamani was a unique experiment in the history of Telugu
journalism. Though printing press was started, much of the lore was stored in palm
leaves. These contained many unpublished with a view to unearth those treasures.
It was published by Pundla Ramakrishnayya (editor) from Nellore in 1885. Raja
Gopalakrishna Yachendra of Venkatagir extended financial support for its
publication. really astounding. The services of Vedam Venkataraya Sastry and
mandapaka Parvateeswara Sastry were utilised for its publication.
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It is clear that the Telugu journals concentrated on social and political chages about
to take place in the Telugu land.
The Indian National Congress established in 1885 initiated the outlines of modern
India.
Modern education spread new political ideas and view-points of life
After the advent of Indian national Congress, the developments were such that
intellectuals, writers and especially journalists could not refrain from reacting to the
developments.
Among them were the division of Bengal, the attack of Japan on Russia, the split in
Congress as moderates and extremists, the First World War, Russian Revolution,
Tilak's exile, Gandhiji's arrival, Jallianwallabagh massacre, Congress efforts for unity.
All these were contributory factors for instilling national feeling amoung the
Indians.
The aim of journals was promoting the spirit of patriotism.
Journals like Desabhimani, Krishanapatrika, Andhrapatrika and Swarajya came to be
started during this time.
Krishnapatrika and Andhrapatrika contributed to social and political fields
commendably and their services were inestimable. This phase will be long cherished
for ideological struggle.
Desabhimani held a mirror to the new path tread by Telugu journalism. Its name in
the beginning was Krishnavrittantini. Its founder was Devguptam Seshachalapati
Rao Krishnavrittantini and Desabhimani merged later. It was the only daily published
from British Andhra.
Krishna Patrika
It was born on February 1,1902, reflected the aspiration for renaissance in the land.
Konda Venkatappayya and Dasu Narayana Rao were its founders.
The office of Krishanapatrika in Masulipatnam the centre of freedom fighters.
Unnava Laxminaryana translated one editorial of Krishnapatrika and it was
published in a journal in England.
Mainly two journals published in Telugu were devoted fully to highlight women's
issues.
The Hindu Sundari appeared from Eluru in 1902. It was a journal started to promote
the cause of women. The founders of the journal were Mosalikanti Ramabayamma
and Vempati Santabayamma.
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Another journal, Sri Savatri, was published from Kakinada. Its publisher was Pulaguri
Laxminarasamamba. Its commenced publication in 1904.
Journals supporting militant nationalism during the swadeshi movement were also
born in Telugu country. Swarajya belonged to this category
After the partition of Bengal, political views developed in two ways. The nature of
British oppressive rule was grasped and awareness dawned as a result.
After 1905 the desire for self rule transformed the pattern of journalistic style. The
journal in which such tendencies were found was Swarajya started by Gandicharla
Harisavottama Rao in 1907 from Bezawada.
Srinivasacharyulu of Tirupati started Sri Venkateswara Patrika from Bezawada in
1907. Later, its name was changed to “Swarajya”
The editorial written by Gadicharla Harisarvothama Rao on March 26, 1908,
angered the rulers. He was initially sentenced to six months regiours imprisonment
and later, the sentence was enhanced to three years. He was the first Telugu
journalist in south India to suffer imprisonment during the freedom struggle
Andhra Patrika
Krowidi Lingaraju was sent to jail for two years for writing an editorial “Veerabali”
Playlet titled “Chichula Pidugu” editor Madduri Annapurnayya was imprisoned
Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao “Bharati” claims a distinct place in the history of Telugu
Journalism and telugu literature
Zamin Rythu founded by Nellore Venkatarama Naidu highlighted peasant’s problems and
struggles
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1st journal in telugu after India won political freedom – Jaya Bharat
Journal to spread RSS view – Jagruthi during this period Prajasakthi weekly ceased
because of the ban imposed on it in 1948
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Visalandhra movement:
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After the formation of Andhra state in October, 1953, the demand for creation of
other linguistic state gained momentum.
On December 22,1953 , the then Prime Minister, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, announced
in the Lok Sabha the decision to set up a States Reorganisation Commission to
examine "objectively and dispassionately" the whole question of the reorganisation
of the states of the Indian Union.
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SRC Report
Hyderabad:
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Visalandhra:
The area and population of the Andhra State after minor adjustments will be a little
more than 64,950 square miles and about, 20.9 millions respectively without taking
into account any adjustments which may be made by agreement between Andhra
and Madras regarding the rectification of the southern border.
The Sironcha tensile of Candla district was not included in the Hyderabad state
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Gentlemen's Agreement
Gentlemen's Agreement
In order to prevent misunderstandings between the two regions of Andhra and Telangana,
the Congress high command arranged a meeting of the leaders of the regions at Delhi on 20
February 1956.
The meeting resulted in an agreement over the formation of Visalandhra by providing
certain safeguards to Telangana. All the eight participants signed an accord. This agreement
is popularly known as the ' Gentlemen's Agreement'.
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9. If the chief minister is from Andhra, Deputy chief minster should be from Telangana
and vice versa.
10. Two of the following five portfolios should go to Telangana
From the above agreement, it will be seen that the Andhra leaders went more
than half way to meet the genuine demands of Telangana people.
The government of India gave statutory support to the provisions of the
Agreement and the draft bill named the new state as 'Andhra Telangana'.
When objections arose, it was amended as 'Andhra Pradesh'.
On November 1, 1956, the Neelam Sanjeevareddy became the first chief
minister, K.V. Ranagareddy the first deputy chief minster and C.M. Trivedi the
first governor.
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As a result of a long struggle for comprehensive Andhra State, Andhra Pradesh was
formed on 1st November, 1956.
This is a prominent historical event for the Telugu people.
Andhra Pradesh was formed uniting Rayalaseema, Andhra Coastal districts with
Hyderabad which was part of Hyderabad state and Telangana districts
When in 1956 Andhra Pradesh was formed, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was serving
as the chief Minister of Hyderabad state.
After mid term polls were conducted in 1955 Bejawada Gopala Reddy was
continuing as the Chief Minister of Andhra State and Nilam Sanjeeva Reddy was the
Deputy Chief Minister.
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In 1956, on the occasion of formation Andhra Pradesh both Burgula Rama Krishna
Rao cabinet and Bejawada Gopla Reddy ministry resigned.
The total number of ministers along with the C.M. was 13 only.
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Andhra Pradesh is the first state formed according to states reorganisation act.
In 1957 second general elections were held only in Telangana region. In total 79
members were elected from Telangana region. After 1957 elections, Chief Minister
N. Sanjeeva Reddy again formed a new cabinet.
During his tenure as C.M., Legislative council was formed with 90 members. During
his ruling only another important historic event took place.
Due to the introduction of Panchayat Raj system, differences and clashes occurred in
village.
Caste clashes also took place throughout the state elections were held at district
parishads Samithis ( Taluka level), Panchayats ( village level).
National Development Council had approved Balwanth Rai Mehata Committee
report in 1958.
Three phases panchayat system was implemented in Rajasthan on 2nd October,
1959 and in Andhra Pradesh on 1st November, 1959.
Some more important events happened during the tenure of Neelam Sanjeeva
Reddy. These were....
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With the order of President, Central government constituted Telangana regional committee.
K. Achutha Reddy was the first President of Telangana Committee.
During the tenure of N. Sanjeeva Reddy some Congress leaders formed a group against chief
Minister.
The leader of their group formed a new party on 12th February 1959. The name of the party
was " Democratic Party ". In that year only another party "Socialist Democratic party" was
formed in June 1959. Many of its members have socialist ideas. But with the leaders of that
party V.B. Raju joining Congress party again, that party was dissolved in the initial state.
In this negative back drop in June 1959 Swatantra Party was formed in Andhra Pradesh.
N.G. Ranga was elected as the President of Swatantra Party. Many of the opponents of
congress party in the state joined Swatantra Party. At this time another event happened.
Under the leadership of Tenneti Vishwanatham Praja party was revoked in 1960 in the
state. Though such small parties sprouted, the congress party was not weakened under the
leadership of Nilam Sanjeeva Reddy.
In 1960 Nilam Sanjeeva Reddy was elected as the President of all India congress. Then a
controversy arose as to who would be elected as the chief minister of Andhra Pradesh.
When no one is present for the jobs reserved for S.C and S.T's, a candidate from the O.C's
would be sanctioned that job.
But according to the order issued by Sanjeevaiah that convention was replaced.
This new order specified that in case no candidate applied for the job from S.C's and S.T's
that job should be kept vacant.
During his tenure, assembly elections were held in 1962. In that elections Congress got 177
seats. Communist party got more than 50 seats.
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When Sanjeeva Reddy became Chief Minister for the 3rd time, he formed his ministry.
He gave a post for Sanjeevaiah in his cabinet.
But he did not give a ministry to his companion Alluri Sathyanarayana Raju.
Therefore Sanjeevaiah rejected the minister post. But Sanjeevaiah was appointed as the
president of All India Congress.
In 1962 April, Sanjeeva Reddy government had nationalised the bus routes in Kurnool
district. Over that order, famous congress leaders Pidathala Ranga Reddy, Vijaya Bhaskara
Redddy approached court. Case continued for two years in the court.
Finally supreme court gave verdict against the action of the government, As a result of the
verdict Sanjeeva Reddy ministry had to resign in February 24th, 1964
Sanjeeva Reddy took the step to complete the Nagarjuna sagar project which was started
in 1955.
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Agricultural university was established with Obula Reddy as its Vice Chancellor.
Established research centre for the development of Cotton, Chilly and Turmeric.
Procured the Nizam Sugar factory, Installed new heavy machinery and made it Asia's
highest sugar mill.
Academies were founded for the development of Telugu and Urdu.
Natya, Sangeetha academies were also established.
Telugu Academy was established to publish text books.
Special regional union was established for the welfare of Telangana people.
Thungabhadra left canal and Rajolibanda scheme were taken up.
Roads were laid to Srisailam. Many facilities were introduced for the devotees in various
temples.
State Road transport corporation, A.P.S.R.T.C. were formed.
Knowing the concept of implementing land reforms started at the centre at this time,
Sanjeeva Reddy announced that they would be implement land reforms in state after three
months.
Meanwhile all land lords taken the precaution of registering their lands in the name of their
wives, sons and relatives.
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There was a criticism that he had given a time of three months that helped land lords to save
their lands.
But the land lords who saved their lands felt happy that Sanjeeva Reddy had given them
time. Many people thought that Sanjeeva Reddy being a farmer's son helped in favour of
farmers.
Kasu Brahmananda reddy, a follower of Sanjeeva Reddy, was elected as the leader of
congress legislature party.
Taken oath as Chief minister on 24th February 1964. He continued in the post from 1964.
In 1965 important event took place. The then chief minister Brahmananda Reddy didn't like
vice chancellor of Osmania university D.S Reddy to continue in the post who had been
appointed by Sanjeeva Reddy.
Therefore he not only removed D.S. Reddy but also formed and implemented an act
lowering the status of the university. This act created controversy.
Court had given verdict in his favour reinstating D S Reddy. Court also remarked that the
autonomy of Universities should be protected.
Steel Factory:
Sanjeeva Reddy was steel and mining minister at the centre. He himself formed the new
committee asking it to submit report over the formation of steel factory.
This committee after studying Biladilla, Goa, Naiveli, Salam, Hospate, and Vishakhapatnam
made it clear that of all these places, only Vishakhapatnam is suitable for the construction of
steel factory.
In 1965 July, in the assembly a proposal for the construction of steel factory at
Vishakhapatnam was passed.
In fact the people in Andhra Pradesh started agitation every where giving the slogan
'Visakha Steel- Andhra's right' , mainly the agitation was intensified in North and South
Andhra.
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1970,April : The government announced in the Parliament that it would establish a steel
plant in Vishakhapatnam
1971, January 20 : The then Prime Minister laid foundation stone for the construction of
steel Plant.
1979, June 12; An agreement was reached between India and Russia for the construction of
Visakha Steel Plant.
1982 : In this year in the Visakha steel Plant, the crucial first Blast furnace (Godavari) was
laid foundation stone.
1990, May :The then Prime minister V.P. Singh dedicated the blast furnace to the nation.
1992, March : The Krishna blast furnace was started.
1992,August : The then Prime Minister P.V.Narasimha Rao dedicated the steel plant to the
nation.
The Vishaka steel plant, constructed with an expenditure of Rs. 81,500 cores in six thousand
acres was laid foundation stone for the second phase extension works by Man Mohan Singh
on May 20, 2006.
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Telangana Agitation:
Mulki Problem
In 1968, Telangana regional sub committee was extended for another five years.
In that regard the state government had written a letter to the centre asking to extend the
Mulki conditions were the basis for the separate Telangana agitation in 1969.
In 1888 Mulki conditions were introduced in Telangana.
According to Mulki conditions for all posts in the state, eligible local people were to be
appointed.
If there were no eligible local candidates then the out siders were to be appointed with the
permission of Prime Minister.
In 1919 Nizam king issued a Farmana making Mulki conditions more strict. According to
this, outsiders should not be joined in posts without the permission of Nizam king. Because
of growing unemployment in Hyderabad, the people demanded that Mulki conditions
should be implemented strictly.
The separate state agitation, started in 1969 January intensified by March.
As a result of this agitation, they formed "Telangana Praja Samithi". Madan Mohan was its
convener.
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, had to intervene as the Telangana agitation intensified. In
1969 April 11th, she called for a special meeting in Delhi.
In this meeting no one spoke demanding separate Telangana state.
Keeping aside Chenna Reddy's demand Indira Gandhi announced the eight principle
scheme.
1. Over this problem a higher official committee under the presidency of sitting or retired
supreme court judge would be appointed.
2. A special committee would be appointed over the Telangana surplus funds problem.
3. This committee would have the power of supervision over the schemes being
implemented in Telangana.
4. A special committee would be appointed to inspect the development schemes being
implemented in Telangana.
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The report given by the above mentioned committee should be submitted to the Prime
Minister by the Chief minister.
5. To implement the issue in that report, the matter of giving some special powers to the
Telangana special officers, would be inspected by the Chief Minister.
6. The centre was positive about giving constitutional promises in regard to jobs for
Telangana people. However over this problem the centre would seek the opinion of legal
experts.
7. Central government would from an advisory committee according to the 1956 state
reorganisation act.
8. The Prime minister would inspect the matters by meeting once in every six months with
the higher official committee formed for the development of Telangana. To this meeting
some central ministers and the vice president of planning commission would attend. These
are the issues announced by the prime minister Indira Gandhi as part of eight principles
scheme.
As a result of separate Telangana agitation, the chief minister, Kasu Brahmananda Reddy
had to resign.
On 25th September 1971, Andhra Pradesh assembly elected P.V. Narasimha rao as its
leader.
Sworn in as Chief minister on 30th September.1971.
Remained in the office from 30th September 1971 to 2nd March 1972.
Elections:
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On 27th December 1970 Prime minister Indira Gandhi dissolved the parliament and paved
the way the early elections.
In parliament under the leadership of Indira Gandhi, Congress got two thirds majority. With
that majority she amended constitution and repealed the maintenance allowance to the
former kings. But in the state, congress was defeated.
Telangana praja Samithi (T.P.S) was born during the separate Telangana agitation in 1969
1969.
Before that in February 1969, Telangana people's convention was formed with A. Madan
Mohan as convener.
The aim of this convention was to achieve separate Telangana state.
Afterwards it was renamed as Telangana Praja Samithi and it was declared as a political
party in 1970 December.
Marri Channa Reddy was appointed as its President .
Spade symbol was allotted to that party. In1972 elections, it contested for 14 places in
Telangana and Hyderabad and won 10 seats. But after an agreement with Indira Gandhi, it
merged with the congress in SepSeptember 1971.
But those who did not want the merger with Congress formed a separate party with the
name " Complete
mplete Telangana Praja Samithi", B. Satyanarayana Reddy was its president
president.
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5. Police force in twin cities would be formed taking people from both regions.
Bringing Assistant surgeons, Assistant Engineers under the purview of Mulki conditions, the
non Mulki agitation intensified in coastal and Rayalaseema districts.
Ultimately the separate Andhra agitation intensified and even they hoisted a separate state
flag on 10th December, 1972.
Impact On 18th January 1973, P.V. Narasimha Rao government resigned. State assembly
was suspened.
Immediately with the Governor as state's representative, President's rule was impose. In the
state President's rule continued from 18th January 1973 to 10th December, 1973.
While P.V. Narasimha Rao was the chief minister, the controversies over Mulki conditions
was intensified and changed into "Jai Andhra" agitation.
Mulki conditions means to do a job in Telangana, the person has to live in that region for
some time. .
With the resignation of P.V. Narasimha Rao government, the centre imposed President's rule
and took severe measures for the protection of law and order.
On this occasion with the demand of Chenna Reddy for the separate Telangana state, it
seemed the division of state as imminent. But with the attitude of the centre and the
differences between the leaders the interest over agitations decreased.
On one hand Telangana people and on the other hand Andhra people were agitating for a
separate state. Then Prime Minister proposed six point formula. The main points of six principle
scheme are:
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At the national level and also at the state level an opposition group against Indira Gandhi
was formed. In the state, Kasu Brahmananda Reddy served many Congress men.
More over as Congress was terribly defeated in 1977 elections,
elections, Indira Gandhi was not in
power. Kasu Brahmananda Reddy wanted to make use of the opportunity.
At this time Indira Gandhi split Indian National
N Congress on 1st January 1978..
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She named her party as Indian National Congress (I). "I" meant Indira.
Kasu Brahmananda Reddy named his party as Indian National Congress (R).
"R" meant Reddy Reddy Congress.
Lok Sabha elections were held in 1980. In this elections Indira Congress got stupendous
victory. She again became Prime Minister, Reddy Congress was washed out.
The M.L.A's who won on behalf of Reddy Congress joined Indira Congress
In 1980 all opposition parites conducted a huge rally in Vijayawada against Chenna Reddy
In all opposition against the rule of Chenna Reddy had grown not only in opposition parties
but also among people. Realising this, Indira Gandhi asked Chenna Reddy to resign. As a
result Chenna Reddy ministry resigned on 11the October 1980.
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The sentiment that under the tenure of Indira Gandhi, Telugu people were being humiliated
had hurt Telugu people.
Bhavanam venkata ram reddy was sworn in as chief minister on 24th February 1982.
Continued as chief minister till 20th September 1982. When he became chief minister, he
announced that he removed the word "Reddy" form his name.
Just after he became chief minister, at the centre elections were held for Rajya Sabha.
Therefore Indira Gandhi and congress leadership at the centre realised that Bhavanam
Venkata Ram had no control over the M.L.A.s in the state.
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He was not competent enough to counter the charisma of Telugu Desham party president
N.T Rama Rao in attracting the people. T
herefore Indira Gandhi had decided to remove him from the throne
1. Chenna Reddy
2. Anjaiah
3. Bhavanam Venkata Ram,
4. Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy
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In 1983 January, elections were held for the assembly. N.T.R mounting his vehicle,
"Chaitanya Ratham" toured all over Andhra Pradesh like whirl wind.
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9. In February 1984 they removed government's General Secretary. G.V. Rama Krishna Rao
from the post. It was the second time that the Telugu Desam Government removing state
governments' General Secretary.
10. The assembly had passed a resolution on 14th March 1984, making recommendation to
repeal Legislative council in the state and sent a copy to the centre. But the centre didn't
approve it.
Nadendla Bhaskara Rao's government remained in office only from 16th August to 16th
September 1984. That means he remained as chief minister only for a month. He raised the
State wide agitation continued against the action of governor and demanding reinstatement
of N. T.R as chief minister.
N.T.R was again sworn in as chief minister on 16th September 1984. Later he proved his
majority in the assembly.
N.T.R was sworn in again as chief minister for the third time on 9th March 1985.
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Mandal System:
After N.T.R became chief minister for a third time, he introduced some new programs. One
of them was the introduction of Mandal System.
Talukas and Firkas in the districts were replaced and Mandals are formed in the state.
With the formation of nearly 1104 mandals, the government came near to the people.
The state government had amended the heir act by creating equal right for the daughters
in the property of her father. The assembly approved this bill on 24th September 1985. In
fact this bill had historical significance. This act helps for raising women's economic and
social status.
N.T.R achieved national recognition. He was elected as Chairman of National front which
was formed at the national level against the congress party.
In 1985 highest Buddha statue was installed in Hussain Sagar in Hyderabad. The height of
this statue is 68 feet.
Vocational education was introduced in 250 high schools.
Telugu vignana pitham was founded.
On 15th July 1986, 44% reservations in jobs and educational institutions for backward
classes people were announced. With this the percent of reservations raised to 67%.
The N.T.R government replaced sahithya academy and Telugu academy which were
founded by congress government earlier.
Dronam Raju Satyanarayana filed a writ in 1988 over corruption changes against Rama Rao.
On 12th February 1988, N.T.R had done a strange and a never before happened thing.
On that day he dissolved the cabinet with 31 members. In India such an incident had never
happened in any state. His allegation was that some ministers leaked the secrets of cabinet
meeting to news papers.
He announced a new cabinet three days after dissolving the old cabinet.
On 29th March 1989 the assembly passed a resolution of punishment against the youth
congress leaders for making nuisance in the assembly.
On 25th April 1989 the Supreme court ordered their release. But the assembly speaker,
Narayana Rao went against the verdict..
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During his tenure the number of educational institutes raised in the state. Mainly the
number of professional colleges
In April 1992 A.I.C.C plenary meetings were held in Tirupathi. Then P.V Narasimha Rao was
prime minister. In these plenary meetings for the first time priority was given to economic
matters.
High court had given verdict against Janardhana Reddy government in the matter of 13
Dental colleges.
On 9th October 1992 Janaradhana Reddy had to resign.
On the same day Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy became chief minister. He continued in the
office till December 1994. In 1994 December elections were held for state assembly.
On 12th December 1994, N.T.R was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth time..
NTR ruled our state for 7 years 5 months and 28 days.
Though he had earned lakhs of rupees, he would come forward to save people when they were in
difficulties.
Titles:
he was awarded and felicitated with "Kala Prapurna" title by Andhra University for his
multifaceted talents and services. In
1968 the Indian government felicitated him with " Padma Sri".
C. Anna Durai praised him as " Andhra Makkur Tilakam".
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Happening three times a year, in janma bhoomi effort was made to solve the problems
giving importance to one of the issue each time.
There were three points to their program for which a budget of Rs.1500 crores was allotted.
2. Service
3.Janma Bhoomi
4. Files clearance
He asked the officials to go to the people and know about their problems. With this people were
benefited. Through accountability grew in the officials, the government official grew enmity against
chandrababu naidu.
Janma bhoomi:
The concept of people in villages solving their problems on their own was first introuded in North
Korea. It gave good result there. The village people would unite and lay the road and repair them,
dig the closed canals on their own. To these program not only the revenue officers but the teachers
also had to attend.
The credit of laying foundation for information technology in the state goes to Chandra
Babu Naidu by establishing High tech city in Hyderabad
Launched e-governance service
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Information Technology
E-governance
Establishment of foreign IT companies in Hyderabad
Outsourcing facilities
Foundation of Cyberabad
E-seva centres
Formation of SMART (Simple- Moral – Accountable – Responsible -
Transaparent)Governance
Extension of roads in capital city
Adarana
Cheyutha
Mundadugu
Chaitanyam
Roshni
CMEY
Sukhibhava
Apadbandhu
Vision 2020
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Main Schemes:
Jala Yagnam:
Indiramma Scheme:
“Velugu” and “Dwaraka” schemes are combined and changed to “Indira kranthi” scheme
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Rule of Rosaiah
Imp projects Jawahar bala arogya raksha, Asara and YSR Abhaya Hastam
Naxalbari movement:
In the agency area tribal people like Jathapulu, Savaras, Gadabas and Gondus formed
residences
Business people exploited these tribal people
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After the formation of AP on 1st Nov, 1956, it devised two lists for the backward classes and
implemented one list with 86 castes to Andhra region and second list to Telangana region
Central govt had appointed Kalelkar commission in 1953 with regard to reservations
AP govt issued an order on 21st September, 1963 creating 25% reservations mainly in
medical colleges, including 139 backward castes
High court gave a verdict that creating reservations on the basis of caste is inapplicable
This case is known as Sukhdev vs Govt
Committee had recognised 112 classes as BC’s on the basis of poverty, residence, job etc.
Govt created reservations for them in education and employment
To investigate whether minorities were included in the BC list and review the
development of BC
This commission taken the responsibilities on 27th Jan 1982 and reviewed the
reservations
As census was not taken on the basis of castes, it combined the population of backward
castes, tribes and religious groups and came to know that they are 29.08% of population
With the reservation in the state, the total reservation quota has risen to 7%
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