Republic Vs Yolanda Granada (Digest)
Republic Vs Yolanda Granada (Digest)
GRANADA
DOCTRINE:
Even if the RTC erred in ruling that the respondent was able to prove her “well-founded belief” that her absent
spouse was already dead, such order already final and can no longer be modified or reversed. Indeed, “[n]othing
is more settled in law than that when a judgment becomes final and executory, it becomes immutable and
unalterable. The same may no longer be modified in any respect, even if the modification is meant to correct
what is perceived to be an erroneous conclusion of fact or law.”
FACTS:
Cyrus and Yolanda Granada, both employees of Sumida Electric Company, got married in 1993.
Sometime in May 1994, when Sumida Electric Philippines closed down, Cyrus went to Taiwan to seek
employment. Yolanda claimed that from that time, she did not receive any communication from her husband,
notwithstanding efforts to locate him. Her brother testified that he had asked the relatives of Cyrus regarding
the latter’s whereabouts, to no avail.
After nine (9) years of waiting, Yolanda filed a Petition to have Cyrus declared presumptively dead with the RTC
Lipa City. On 7 February 2005, the RTC rendered a Decision declaring Cyrus as presumptively dead.
On 10 March 2005, petitioner Republic of the Philippines, represented by the OSG, filed a Motion for
Reconsideration of this Decision. Petitioner argued that Yolanda had failed to exert earnest efforts to locate
Cyrus and thus failed to prove her well-founded belief that he was already dead. The motion was denied. The
OSG then elevated the case on appeal to the Court of Appeals. Yolanda filed a Motion to Dismiss on the ground
that the CA had no jurisdiction over the appeal. She arguedthat her Petition for Declaration of Presumptive
Death, based on Article 41 of the Family Code, was a summary judicial proceeding, in which the judgment is
immediately final and executory and, thus, not appealable.
The appellate court granted Yolanda’s Motion to Dismiss on the ground of lack of jurisdiction. Citing Republic
v. Bermudez-Lorino, the CA ruled that a petition for declaration of presumptive death under Rule 41 of the
Family Code is a summary proceeding. Thus, judgment thereon is immediately final and executory upon notice
to the parties.
ISSUES:
1. Whether the order of the RTC in a summary proceeding for the declaration of presumptive death is
immediately final and executory upon notice to the parties and, hence, is not subject to ordinary appeal.
2. Whether the CA erred in affirming the RTC’s grant of the petition for declaration of presumptive death based
on evidence that respondent had presented.
HELD:
Yes, the declaration of presumptive death is final and immediately executory. Even if the RTC erred in
granting the petition, such order can no longer be assailed.
1. A petition for declaration of presumptive death of an absent spouse for the purpose of contracting a
subsequent marriage under Article 41 of the Family Code is a summary proceeding “as provided for” under the
Family Code. Taken together, Articles 41, 238, 247 and 253 of the Family Code provide that since a petition for
declaration of presumptive death is a summary proceeding, the judgment of the court therein shall be
immediately final and executory.
By express provision of law, the judgment of the court in a summary proceeding shall be immediately final and
executory. As a matter of course, it follows that no appeal can be had of the trial court’s judgment in a summary
proceeding for the declaration of presumptive death of an absent spouse under Article 41 of the Family Code.
It goes without saying, however, that an aggrieved party may file a petition for certiorari to question abuse of
discretion amounting to lack of jurisdiction. Such petition should be filed in the Court of Appeals in accordance
with the Doctrine of Hierarchy of Courts. To be sure, even if the Court’s original jurisdiction to issue a writ of
certiorari is concurrent with the RTCs and the Court of Appeals in certain cases, such concurrence does not
sanction an unrestricted freedom of choice of court forum. From the decision of the Court of Appeals, the losing
party may then file a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court with the
Supreme Court. This is because the errors which the court may commit in the exercise of jurisdiction are merely
errors of judgment which are the proper subject of an appeal.
In sum, under Article 41 of the Family Code, the losing party in a summary proceeding for the declaration of
presumptive death may file a petition for certiorari with the CA on the ground that, in rendering judgment
thereon, the trial courtcommitted grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack of jurisdiction. From the decision
of the CA, the aggrieved party may elevate the matter to this Court via a petition for review on certiorari under
Rule 45 of the Rules of Court.
2. Petitioner Republic also assails the RTC’s grant of the Petition for Declaration of Presumptive Death
of the absent spouse of respondent on the ground that she had not adduced the evidence required to
establish a well-founded belief that her absent spouse was already dead, as expressly required by Article
41 of the Family Code.
The spouse present is, thus, burdened to prove that his spouse has been absent and that he has a well-founded
belief that the absent spouse is already dead before the present spouse may contract a subsequent marriage.
The law does not define what is meant by a well-grounded belief is a state of the mind or condition prompting
the doing of an overt act.
It may be proved by direct evidence or circumstantial evidence which may tend, even in a slight degree, to
elucidate the inquiry or assist to a determination probably founded in truth. Any fact or circumstance relating to
the character, habits, conditions, attachments, prosperity and objects of life which usually control the conduct
of men, and are the motives of their actions, was, so far as it tends to explain or characterize their disappearance
or throw light on their intentions, competence evidence on the ultimate question of his death.
The belief of the present spouse must be the result of proper and honest to goodness inquiries and efforts to
ascertain the whereabouts of the absent spouse and whether the absent spouse is still alive or is already dead.
Whether or not the spouse present acted on a well-founded belief of death of the absent spouse depends upon
the inquiries to be drawn from a great many circumstances occurring before and after the disappearance of the
absent spouse and the nature and extent of the inquiries made by present spouse.
Applying the foregoing standards to the present case, petitioner points out that respondent Yolanda did not
initiate a diligent search to locate her absent husband. While her brother Diosdado Cadacio testified to having
inquired about the whereabouts of Cyrus from the latter’s relatives, these relatives were not presented to
corroborate Diosdado’s testimony. In short, respondent was allegedly not diligent in her search for her
husband. Petitioner argues
that if she were, she would have sought information from the Taiwanese Consular Office or assistance from
other government agencies in Taiwan or the Philippines. She could have also utilized mass media for this end,
but she did not. Worse, she failed to explain these omissions.
The Republic’s arguments are well-taken. Nevertheless, we are constrained to deny the Petition.
The RTC ruling on the issue of whether respondent was able to prove her “well-founded belief” that her absent
spouse was already dead prior to her filing of the Petition to declare him presumptively dead is already final and
can no longer be modified or reversed. Indeed, “ nothing is more settled in law than that when a judgment
becomes final and executory, it becomes immutable and unalterable. The same may no longer be modified in
any respect, even if the modification is meant to correct what is perceived to be an erroneous conclusion of fact
or law.