Review: Methods For Relay Coordination
Review: Methods For Relay Coordination
(ICCMC)
and grid connected operation. The operation of distribution Similarly, relays R2 and R1 are coordinated for a maximum
system in islanded mode is still an issue due to the difference fault at respective line.
between the short circuit current in islanded mode and grid-
connected mode. In a smart radial distribution grid (RDS),
distributed generators (DGs) will be more prominent. The
IV. PROBLEM FORMULATION
addition of the DGs changes the topology of RDS, causes
bidirectional power flows and contributes to fault current The relay coordination problem of OC relays can be
levels. This may result in unwanted tripping of existing formulated as constrained optimization problem. The objective
overcurrent (OC) protection devices and in permanent outage function of the problem is total operating time of all the relays
of a large number of customers. present in the system. The function is to be minimized so that
each relay operates in minimum time and reliability of the
system is maintained.
Genetic algorithm (GA) is a random search algorithm used in c) Constraints: Equation or inequality that represents the
computing exact or approximate solutions to optimization and extent of demand.
search problems. [1][4][11] Genetic algorithms are
categorized as global search heuristics. d) Restriction: Every decision variable is not negative.
Proposed Algorithm
Step 1: Generate primary/backup relay pairs. The knowledge The general linear programming problem can be
of primary/backup relay pairs is necessary in the computation expressed as a constrained optimization problem as follows.
of the coordination constraints. A pairs of relays to monitor and detect errors in the operation
of the relay. Power system protection allowing a clear division
Step 2: Load flow analysis is performed using Newton- and coordination of directional overcurrent relay in power
Raphson method to determine line currents. This analysis can system problem to protect fault to occur. This has solved the
be performed using a simulation softwares problem using linear programming based on 6 bus and 9 bus
test systems to determine the minimum time relay
Step 3: Short circuit analysis is done using the same coordination and time dial setting of all relay. The reason of
simulation software to find fault currents. the linear programming to solve the problem because this
method is simple and uncomplicated way to solve the
Step 4: Pickup current is calculated based on the load current. problem. It also reduces the complexity of many variables on
Here it will be set at 1.5 times the maximum load current, for solution of large power systems.
phase protection.
C. PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION
Step 1: Initialize the particles with partially feasible solutions operation of DGs. Directional overcurrent relays provide a
that satisfy some of the constraints by randomly selecting the viable solution for micro grid protection. A central protection
binary y variables that satisfy unit is required to change the settings of the relays based on
the system configuration.
¦y m
mi
1
D. HYBRID PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION
m
If the constraints are not satisfied for the second time:
fitness function =1/ ¦ Tijk (1 - ¦ nm )
1 °Vnd i 1 0
® i
where , °̄ xset 1 pbest nd
After updating the Iset is finished and quantizing to available
‘m’ is the number of constraints and
setting. TMS can be calculated with linear method at the end
‘n’ represents the penalty value if a solution does not satisfy
of each iteration of PSO method[8-9]. Both near end and far
the constraints. It can take a value of either 0, if all constraints
end faults are taken into account in the constraint of proposed
are satisfied or 1 if the solution is not feasible.
method. This method shows that proposed method finds the
better solution with less iterations compared to LP and GA
Step 3: Compare each particle’s fitness value with its p best. If
method.[12]
the fitness value is greater than pbest then update pbest. with this
new value. Determine the current gbest among all particles’
pbest. positions. Compare the current gbest position with the VI CONCLUSION
previous gbest position and update gbest
This paper reviews various methods of relay
Step 4: Calculate the new velocity and modify the particle’s coordination. Genetic Algorithm is advantageous in large
position in each dimension one at a time and accept the move networks and has ability to consider both linear and nonlinear
based on the aforementioned strategy. Repeat until the characteristics of relay. Linear programming method is simple
maximum number of iterations is reached. and uncomplicated way to solve the problem reduces
complexity of many variables on solution of power system.
The PSO algorithm is capable of obtaining a close to The standard PSO algorithm is used for unconstrained
optimal solution. It is not possible to select one setting for the optimization tasks. PSO in its standard form is not capable of
relays that satisfies both grid connected and micro-grid dealing with the coordination of DOCR, which is a
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