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    This annotated bibliography provides sources for researching the history and use of the Pledge of Allegiance in schools. The first source describes how the pledge was created in 1892 and how it has changed over time. The second source discusses research on students' understanding of the pledge and whether reciting it has educational value. The third source examines debates around civil religion and public religion related to the pledge. The fourth source presents interviews with middle school students on their views of the pledge based on gender, race, and ethnicity. The fifth source uses case studies to analyze controversies around states mandating the pledge and students' rights of expression.

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    This annotated bibliography provides sources for researching the history and use of the Pledge of Allegiance in schools. The first source describes how the pledge was created in 1892 and how it has changed over time. The second source discusses research on students' understanding of the pledge and whether reciting it has educational value. The third source examines debates around civil religion and public religion related to the pledge. The fourth source presents interviews with middle school students on their views of the pledge based on gender, race, and ethnicity. The fifth source uses case studies to analyze controversies around states mandating the pledge and students' rights of expression.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    29 views4 pages

    Baer, John W. "The Pledge of Allegiance A Short 2006

    Uploaded by

    api-468046989
    This annotated bibliography provides sources for researching the history and use of the Pledge of Allegiance in schools. The first source describes how the pledge was created in 1892 and how it has changed over time. The second source discusses research on students' understanding of the pledge and whether reciting it has educational value. The third source examines debates around civil religion and public religion related to the pledge. The fourth source presents interviews with middle school students on their views of the pledge based on gender, race, and ethnicity. The fifth source uses case studies to analyze controversies around states mandating the pledge and students' rights of expression.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    Anthony Reese

    Prof. G. Madden

    Comp II 1201

    14 July 2019

    Annotated Bibliography

    This essay is intended to explore why the pledge of allegiance is important in the school

    system. I would like to know the history and why it is used at the beginning of the school day. I

    would like to learn why people are voting to take it out of the schools and how might or might

    not benefit the educational systems by no longer teaching the pledge.

    Baer, John W. “The Pledge of Allegiance A Short

    History.” Http://Www.willrogers1959.Com/Files/Pledge_of_Allegiance.Pdf, Chris Baer, 5 July

    2006.

    The Pledge of Allegiance was first published in the September 8, 1891 Readers Digest

    article. The author is Francis Bellamy, in 1892 he wrote a program for Columbus Day and

    structed it around the public schools; initiating a flag raising ceremony and flag salute. The

    original Pledge of Allegiance states; “I pledge allegiance to my Flag and (to*) the Republic for

    which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.” He considered adding

    equality to the pledge however; during that time there wasn’t equality for women and African

    Americans.
    This article gives the history of the Pledge of Allegiance. I give information about the

    author and his background. The article shows the timeline of the pledge and how it changed over

    time from the way it was originally written and how and why things were added and removed. I

    believe this article is relevant to my research because it gives the history of the Pledge and why it

    was used in the school system.

    BENUS, MATTHEW J, et al. Does Pledging Allegiance to the Flag Have Educational

    Value?2016, eds-b-ebscohost-

    com.sinclair.ohionet.org/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&sid=6375b8e9-678e-41bc-a060-

    82d29675cf18@sessionmgr4008.

    The classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance is considered a very important way

    to promote commitment to the United States. The article states; the recitation of the pledge is

    starting to diminish. There are 38 states that mandate the daily recitation of pledge of allegiance

    in their public-school classrooms. The article conducts research on what school aged children

    think of the pledge. They found that preschool children were unable to explain the meaning of

    the pledge and the article argues that the pledge teaches students six values; “loyalty, respect,

    community, and patriotism,” as well as “liberty” and “justice.” The article also argues that the

    pledge has little educational impact to students due to repetition.

    The article explains how the pledge is starting to diminish in the school systems. The

    article argues about the importance of the pledge and it argues that the pledge has no educational

    value. This article has extensive research on school aged children and what they may have

    learned about the pledge and its values and its impact. This article is relevant to my research

    because it provides research and examples from both parties on whether the pledge should be

    mandated in the school’s everyday routine.


    Kao, Grace Y., and Jerome E. Copulsky. “The Pledge of Allegiance and the Meanings

    and Limits of Civil Religion.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion, vol. 75, no. 1, Mar.

    2007, pp. 121–149. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfl065.

    This article exams the controversy of civil religion. “The term “civil religion” to refer to a

    symbolic system that binds members of a political community to one another through shared

    historical narratives, myths, rituals, and some notion of transcendence (e.g. the people, the

    nation, its overarching values, and/or God).” Civil religion is political. However; the article

    argues that if “One nation under God” is considered religious to those who are reciting it then

    they are saying it in vain and disobeying the ten commandments.

    This article examines civil religion and public religion, I believe this is relevant because

    someone may not know the difference between the two. The pledge of allegiance is considered

    civil religion. There is no such thing as functioning civil religion and no one will probably ever

    agree when it comes to reciting the pledge due to everyone’s differences,

    Martin, Leisa A. “Middle School Students’ Views on the United States Pledge of

    Allegiance.” Journal of Social Studies Research, vol. 35, no. 2, Fall 2011, pp. 245–

    258. EBSCOhost,

    search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=90623572&site=eds-live.

    There is limited research on student views of the Pledge of Allegiance. In the article there

    are 100 students who are interviewed about the Pledge. The interview process includes the

    follow up process as well. The research based their responses on gender, race and ethnicity. The

    article states; responses were similar about the pledge based on gender however; responses were

    different based on race. Middle schoolers stated that they wanted to learn more about the pledge.
    This article is beneficial to my research because it uses interviews that are based on

    gender, race, and ethnicity in middle schools. It gathers the student’s opinions about the pledge

    and how they may or may not want to learn more about it. It uses unbiased opinions

    Montgomery, Jennifer J. Controversies over the Pledge of Allegiance in Public Schools:

    Case Studies Involving State Law, 9/11 and the Culture Wars. 1 Jan. 2015,

    eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=26f1049b-3ba2-4a4f-a5ce-

    6d824dae6e3e@pdc-v-

    sessmgr04&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU=#AN=ED576960&db=eric.

    This article includes case studies about student rights to freedom of expression regarding

    the pledge in Colorado, Pennsylvania, and Florida Legislators new pledge mandates without

    consideration for students and their schools. Students have experienced bullying and harsh

    discipline due to these mandates. The article examines the policies around mandating students to

    do the pledge and their civil rights.

    This article uses case students and policies to exam The Pledge of Allegiance in the

    school systems. Some states mandate students to do the pledge, but it may be in violation of the

    student’s freedom expression and civil rights. This article is relevant to my research because it

    provides research and case studies about the student’s civil rights and the polices that go along

    with them.

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