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Baer, John W. "The Pledge of Allegiance A Short 2006
Baer, John W. "The Pledge of Allegiance A Short 2006
Prof. G. Madden
Comp II 1201
14 July 2019
Annotated Bibliography
This essay is intended to explore why the pledge of allegiance is important in the school
system. I would like to know the history and why it is used at the beginning of the school day. I
would like to learn why people are voting to take it out of the schools and how might or might
2006.
The Pledge of Allegiance was first published in the September 8, 1891 Readers Digest
article. The author is Francis Bellamy, in 1892 he wrote a program for Columbus Day and
structed it around the public schools; initiating a flag raising ceremony and flag salute. The
original Pledge of Allegiance states; “I pledge allegiance to my Flag and (to*) the Republic for
which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.” He considered adding
equality to the pledge however; during that time there wasn’t equality for women and African
Americans.
This article gives the history of the Pledge of Allegiance. I give information about the
author and his background. The article shows the timeline of the pledge and how it changed over
time from the way it was originally written and how and why things were added and removed. I
believe this article is relevant to my research because it gives the history of the Pledge and why it
BENUS, MATTHEW J, et al. Does Pledging Allegiance to the Flag Have Educational
Value?2016, eds-b-ebscohost-
com.sinclair.ohionet.org/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&sid=6375b8e9-678e-41bc-a060-
82d29675cf18@sessionmgr4008.
The classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance is considered a very important way
to promote commitment to the United States. The article states; the recitation of the pledge is
starting to diminish. There are 38 states that mandate the daily recitation of pledge of allegiance
in their public-school classrooms. The article conducts research on what school aged children
think of the pledge. They found that preschool children were unable to explain the meaning of
the pledge and the article argues that the pledge teaches students six values; “loyalty, respect,
community, and patriotism,” as well as “liberty” and “justice.” The article also argues that the
The article explains how the pledge is starting to diminish in the school systems. The
article argues about the importance of the pledge and it argues that the pledge has no educational
value. This article has extensive research on school aged children and what they may have
learned about the pledge and its values and its impact. This article is relevant to my research
because it provides research and examples from both parties on whether the pledge should be
and Limits of Civil Religion.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion, vol. 75, no. 1, Mar.
This article exams the controversy of civil religion. “The term “civil religion” to refer to a
symbolic system that binds members of a political community to one another through shared
historical narratives, myths, rituals, and some notion of transcendence (e.g. the people, the
nation, its overarching values, and/or God).” Civil religion is political. However; the article
argues that if “One nation under God” is considered religious to those who are reciting it then
This article examines civil religion and public religion, I believe this is relevant because
someone may not know the difference between the two. The pledge of allegiance is considered
civil religion. There is no such thing as functioning civil religion and no one will probably ever
Martin, Leisa A. “Middle School Students’ Views on the United States Pledge of
Allegiance.” Journal of Social Studies Research, vol. 35, no. 2, Fall 2011, pp. 245–
258. EBSCOhost,
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=90623572&site=eds-live.
There is limited research on student views of the Pledge of Allegiance. In the article there
are 100 students who are interviewed about the Pledge. The interview process includes the
follow up process as well. The research based their responses on gender, race and ethnicity. The
article states; responses were similar about the pledge based on gender however; responses were
different based on race. Middle schoolers stated that they wanted to learn more about the pledge.
This article is beneficial to my research because it uses interviews that are based on
gender, race, and ethnicity in middle schools. It gathers the student’s opinions about the pledge
and how they may or may not want to learn more about it. It uses unbiased opinions
Case Studies Involving State Law, 9/11 and the Culture Wars. 1 Jan. 2015,
eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=26f1049b-3ba2-4a4f-a5ce-
6d824dae6e3e@pdc-v-
sessmgr04&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU=#AN=ED576960&db=eric.
This article includes case studies about student rights to freedom of expression regarding
the pledge in Colorado, Pennsylvania, and Florida Legislators new pledge mandates without
consideration for students and their schools. Students have experienced bullying and harsh
discipline due to these mandates. The article examines the policies around mandating students to
This article uses case students and policies to exam The Pledge of Allegiance in the
school systems. Some states mandate students to do the pledge, but it may be in violation of the
student’s freedom expression and civil rights. This article is relevant to my research because it
provides research and case studies about the student’s civil rights and the polices that go along
with them.