Risk and Rates of Return: Multiple Choice: Conceptual
Risk and Rates of Return: Multiple Choice: Conceptual
Easy:
Risk concepts Answer: e Diff: E
1. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Risk refers to the chance that some unfavorable event will occur, and a
probability distribution is completely described by a listing of the
likelihood of unfavorable events.
b. Portfolio diversification reduces the variability of returns on an
individual stock.
c. When company-specific risk has been diversified the inherent risk that
remains is market risk, which is constant for all securities in the market.
d. A stock with a beta of -1.0 has zero market risk.
e. The SML relates required returns to firms’ market risk. The slope and
intercept of this line cannot be controlled by the financial manager.
Chapter 5 - Page 1
Market risk premium Answer: c Diff: E
3. Which of the following statements is most correct? (Assume that the risk-free
rate remains constant.)
a. Asset A.
b. Asset B.
c. Both A and B.
d. Neither A nor B.
e. Cannot tell without more information.
Chapter 5 - Page 2
Beta coefficient Answer: c Diff: E
6. Stock X has a beta of 0.5 and Stock Y has a beta of 1.5. Which of the following
statements is most correct?
a. Stock Y’s return this year will be higher than Stock X’s return.
b. Stock Y’s return has a higher standard deviation than Stock X.
c. If expected inflation increases (but the market risk premium is unchanged),
the required returns on the two stocks will increase by the same amount.
d. If the market risk premium declines (leaving the risk-free rate unchanged),
Stock X will have a larger decline in its required return than will Stock Y.
e. If you invest $50,000 in Stock X and $50,000 in Stock Y, your portfolio will
have a beta less than 1.0, provided the stock returns on the two stocks are
not perfectly correlated.
a. The required return for all stocks will fall by the same amount.
b. The required return will fall for all stocks but will fall more for stocks
with higher betas.
c. The required return will fall for all stocks but will fall less for stocks
with higher betas.
d. The required return will increase for stocks with a beta less than 1.0 and
will decrease for stocks with a beta greater than 1.0.
e. The required return on all stocks will remain unchanged.
Chapter 5 - Page 3
Portfolio risk Answer: b Diff: E
9. Stock A and Stock B both have an expected return of 10 percent and a standard
deviation of 25 percent. Stock A has a beta of 0.8 and Stock B has a beta of
1.2. The correlation coefficient, r, between the two stocks is 0.6. Portfolio
P is a portfolio with 50 percent invested in Stock A and 50 percent invested in
Stock B. Which of the following statements is most correct?
Chapter 5 - Page 4
Portfolio risk and return Answer: e Diff: E
12. Bob has a $50,000 stock portfolio with a beta of 1.2, an expected return of 10.8
percent, and a standard deviation of 25 percent. Becky has a $50,000 portfolio
with a beta of 0.8, an expected return of 9.2 percent, and a standard deviation
of 25 percent. The correlation coefficient, r, between Bob’s and Becky’s
portfolios is 0. Bob and Becky are engaged to be married. Which of the
following best describes their combined $100,000 portfolio?
a. Your portfolio has a beta equal to 1.6 and its expected return is 15
percent.
b. Your portfolio has a standard deviation of 30 percent and its expected
return is 15 percent.
c. Your portfolio has a standard deviation less than 30 percent and its beta is
greater than 1.6.
d. Your portfolio has a standard deviation greater than 30 percent and a beta
equal to 1.6.
e. Your portfolio has a beta greater than 1.6 and an expected return greater
than 15 percent.
Chapter 5 - Page 5
other. (In other words, the correlation coefficient, r, between Stock X and
Stock Y is zero.) Portfolio P has 50 percent of its wealth invested in Stock X
and the other 50 percent is invested in Stock Y. Given this information, which
of the following statements is most correct?
a. The required return on Jane’s portfolio must be higher than the required
return on Dick’s portfolio because Jane is more diversified.
b. If the two portfolios have the same beta, Jane’s portfolio will have less
market risk but the same amount of company-specific risk as Dick’s
portfolio.
c. If the two portfolios have the same beta, their required returns will be the
same but Jane’s portfolio will have more company-specific risk than Dick’s.
d. All of the statements above are correct.
e. None of the statements above is correct.
Chapter 5 - Page 6
Portfolio risk and return Answer: e Diff: E
18. Stocks A, B, and C all have an expected return of 10 percent and a standard
deviation of 25 percent. Stocks A and B have returns that are independent of
one another. (Their correlation coefficient, r, equals zero.) Stocks A and C
have returns that are negatively correlated with one another (that is, r < 0).
Portfolio AB is a portfolio with half its money invested in Stock A and half
invested in Stock B. Portfolio AC is a portfolio with half its money invested
in Stock A and half invested in Stock C. Which of the following statements is
most correct?
a. Portfolio P’s expected return is less than the expected return of Stock C.
b. Portfolio P’s standard deviation is less than 25 percent.
c. Portfolio P’s realized return will always exceed the realized return of Stock
A.
d. Statements a and b are correct.
e. Statements b and c are correct.
Chapter 5 - Page 7
CAPM Answer: b Diff: E
21. The risk-free rate is 6 percent. Stock A has a beta of 1.0, while Stock B has a
beta of 2.0. The market risk premium (kM – kRF) is positive. Which of the
following statements is most correct?
a. The average required return on the market, kM, has remained constant, but the
required returns have fallen for stocks that have betas greater than 1.0.
b. The required returns on all stocks have fallen by the same amount.
c. The required returns on all stocks have fallen, but the decline has been
greater for stocks with higher betas.
d. The required returns on all stocks have fallen, but the decline has been
greater for stocks with lower betas.
e. The required returns have increased for stocks with betas greater than 1.0
but have declined for stocks with betas less than 1.0.
a. If a stock’s beta doubles, the stock’s required return will also double.
b. If a stock’s beta is less than 1.0, the stock’s required return is less than
5 percent.
c. If a stock has a negative beta, the stock’s required return is less than 5
percent.
d. All of the statements above are correct.
e. None of the statements above is correct.
Chapter 5 - Page 8
CAPM and required return Answer: e Diff: E N
24. Stock X has a beta of 1.5 and Stock Y has a beta of 0.5. The market is in
equilibrium (that is, required returns equal expected returns). Which of the
following statements is most correct?
a. Since the market is in equilibrium, the required returns of the two stocks
should be the same.
b. If both expected inflation and the market risk premium (kM - kRF) increase,
the required returns of both stocks will increase by the same amount.
c. If expected inflation remains constant but the market risk premium (kM - kRF)
declines, the required return of Stock X will decline but the required
return of Stock Y will increase.
d. All of the statements above are correct.
e. None of the statements above is correct.
a. The required return of all three stocks will increase by the amount of the
increase in the market risk premium.
b. The required return on Stock A will increase by less than the increase in the
market risk premium, while the required return on Stock C will increase by more
than the increase in the market risk premium.
c. The required return of all stocks will remain unchanged since there was no
change in their betas.
d. The required return of the average stock will remain unchanged, but the
returns of riskier stocks (such as Stock C) will decrease while the returns
of safer stocks (such as Stock A) will increase.
e. The required return of the average stock will remain unchanged, but the
returns of riskier stocks (such as Stock C) will increase while the returns
of safer stocks (such as Stock A) will decrease.
a. If a stock has a negative beta, its required return must also be negative.
b. If a stock’s beta doubles, its required return must also double.
c. An index fund with beta = 1.0 has a required return of 11 percent.
d. Statements a and c are correct.
e. Statements b and c are correct.
Chapter 5 - Page 9
a. The slope of the security market line is measured by beta.
b. Two securities with the same stand-alone risk can have different betas.
c. Company-specific risk can be diversified away.
d. The market risk premium is affected by attitudes about risk.
e. Higher beta stocks have a higher required return.
a. Since Nile’s beta is twice that of Elbe’s, its required rate of return will also
be twice that of Elbe’s.
b. If the risk-free rate increases but the market risk premium remains unchanged,
the required return will increase for both stocks but the increase will be
larger for Nile since it has a higher beta.
c. If the market risk premium increases but the risk-free rate remains unchanged,
Nile’s required return will increase (since it has a beta greater than 1.0) but
Elbe’s will decline (since it has a beta less than 1.0).
d. All of the statements above are correct.
e. None of the statements above is correct.
a. Stock Y must have a higher expected return and a higher standard deviation than
Stock X.
b. A portfolio consisting of $50,000 invested in Stock X and $50,000 invested in
Chapter 5 - Page 10
Stock Y will have a required return that exceeds that of the overall market.
c. If the market risk premium decreases (but expected inflation is unchanged), the
required return on both stocks will decrease but the decrease will be greater
for Stock Y.
d. If expected inflation increases (but the market risk premium is unchanged), the
required return on both stocks will decrease by the same amount.
e. If expected inflation decreases (but the market risk premium is unchanged), the
required return on both stocks will decrease but the decrease will be greater
for Stock Y.
a. The required return will decrease by the same amount for both Stock A and Stock
B.
b. The required return will increase for both stocks but the increase will be
greater for Stock B than for Stock A.
c. The required return will increase for Stock A but will decrease for Stock B.
d. The required return will increase for Stock B but will decrease for Stock A.
e. The required return on Portfolio P will remain unchanged.
a. The required return for Stock A would fall but the required return for Stock
B would increase.
b. The required return for Portfolio P would remain unchanged.
c. The required return for both stocks would increase by 1 percentage point.
d. The required return for Stock A would increase by more than
1 percentage point, while the return for Stock B would increase by less than
1 percentage point.
e. The required return for Portfolio P would increase by 1 percentage point.
a. The required return on a stock with a beta = 1.0 will remain the same.
b. The required return on a stock with a beta < 1.0 will decline.
c. The required return on a stock with a beta > 1.0 will increase.
d. Statements b and c are correct.
e. All of the statements above are correct.
Chapter 5 - Page 11
a. The slope of the security market line is beta.
b. A stock with a negative beta must have a negative required rate of return.
c. If a stock’s beta doubles its required rate of return must double.
d. If a stock has a beta equal to 1.0, its required rate of return will be
unaffected by changes in the market risk premium.
e. None of the statements above is correct.
Chapter 5 - Page 12
Miscellaneous risk concepts Answer: c Diff: E N
37. Consider the following information for three stocks, Stock A, Stock B, and Stock
C. The returns on each of the three stocks are positively correlated, but they
are not perfectly correlated. (That is, all of the correlation coefficients are
between 0 and 1.)
Expected Standard
Stock Return Deviation Beta
Stock A 10% 20% 1.0
Stock B 10 20 1.0
Stock C 12 20 1.4
Portfolio P has half of its funds invested in Stock A and half invested in Stock
B. Portfolio Q has one third of its funds invested in each of the three stocks.
The risk-free rate is 5 percent, and the market is in equilibrium. (That is,
required returns equal expected returns.) Which of the following statements is
most correct?
Medium:
Risk aversion Answer: b Diff: M
38. You have developed the following data on three stocks:
a. A; A
b. A; B
c. B; A
d. C; A
e. C; B
Chapter 5 - Page 13
SML and risk aversion Answer: e Diff: M
39. Assume that investors become increasingly risk averse, so that the market risk
premium increases. Also, assume that the risk-free rate and expected inflation
remain the same. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
a. The required rate of return will decline for stocks that have betas less
than 1.0.
b. The required rate of return on the market, kM, will remain the same.
c. The required rate of return for each stock in the market will increase by an
amount equal to the increase in the market risk premium.
d. Statements a and b are correct.
e. None of the statements above is correct.
a. The riskiness of the portfolio is less than the riskiness of each of the
stocks if each were held in isolation.
b. The riskiness of the portfolio is greater than the riskiness of one or two
of the stocks.
c. The beta of the portfolio is less than the beta of each of the individual
stocks.
d. The beta of the portfolio is greater than the beta of one or two of the
individual stocks’ betas.
e. None of the above (that is, they all could be true, but not necessarily at
the same time).
Chapter 5 - Page 14
Portfolio risk and return Answer: d Diff: M N
42. Stock A has a beta of 1.2 and a standard deviation of 25 percent. Stock B has a
beta of 1.4 and a standard deviation of 20 percent. Portfolio P was created by
investing in a combination of Stocks A and B. Portfolio P has a beta of 1.25 and
a standard deviation of 18 percent. Which of the following statements is most
correct?
a. Portfolio P has the same amount of money invested in each of the two stocks.
b. The returns of the two stocks are perfectly positively correlated (r = 1.0).
c. Stock A has more market risk than Stock B but less stand-alone risk.
d. Portfolio P’s required return is greater than Stock A’s required return.
e. Stock A has more market risk than Portfolio P.
a. Market participants are able to eliminate virtually all market risk if they
hold a large diversified portfolio of stocks.
b. Market participants are able to eliminate virtually all company-specific
risk if they hold a large diversified portfolio of stocks.
c. It is possible to have a situation where the market risk of a single stock
is less than that of a well diversified portfolio.
d. Statements a and c are correct.
e. Statements b and c are correct.
Chapter 5 - Page 15
Portfolio risk and beta Answer: e Diff: M
45. Which of the following statements is most correct?
Chapter 5 - Page 16
for the past five years, and (2) similar information on Stocks A and B. If
these data are as follows, which of the possible answers best describes the
historical betas for A and B?
a. bA > 0; bB = 1
b. bA > +1; bB = 0
c. bA = 0; bB = -1
d. bA < 0; bB = 0
e. bA < -1; bB = 1
a. Suppose the returns on two stocks are negatively correlated. One has a beta of
1.2 as determined in a regression analysis, while the other has a beta of -0.6.
The returns on the stock with the negative beta will be negatively correlated
with returns on most other stocks in the market.
b. Suppose you are managing a stock portfolio, and you have information that leads
you to believe the stock market is likely to be very strong in the immediate
future. That is, you are confident the market is about to rise sharply. You
should sell your high-beta stocks and buy low-beta stocks in order to take
advantage of the expected market move.
c. Collections Inc. is in the business of collecting past-due accounts for other
companies; that is, it is a collection agency. Collections’ revenues, profits,
and stock price tend to rise during recessions. This suggests that Collections
Inc.’s beta should be quite high, say 2.0, because it does so much better than
most other companies when the economy is weak.
d. Statements a and b are correct.
e. Statements a and c are correct.
Chapter 5 - Page 17
Beta coefficient Answer: c Diff: M
50. Which of the following is not a difficulty concerning beta and its estimation?
a. Sometimes a security or project does not have a past history that can be used
as a basis for calculating beta.
b. Sometimes, during a period when the company is undergoing a change such as
toward more leverage or riskier assets, the calculated beta will be drastically
different than the “true” or “expected future” beta.
c. The beta of an “average stock,” or “the market,” can change over time,
sometimes drastically.
d. Sometimes the past data used to calculate beta do not reflect the likely risk
of the firm for the future because conditions have changed.
a. The SML relates required returns to firms’ market risk. The slope and
intercept of this line cannot be controlled by the financial manager.
b. The slope of the SML is determined by the value of beta.
c. If you plotted the returns of a given stock against those of the market, and
you found that the slope of the regression line was negative, the CAPM would
indicate that the required rate of return on the stock should be less than the
risk-free rate for a well-diversified investor, assuming that the observed
relationship is expected to continue on into the future.
d. If investors become less risk averse, the slope of the Security Market Line
will increase.
e. Statements a and c are correct.
Chapter 5 - Page 18
SML Answer: a Diff: M
53. Other things held constant, (1) if the expected inflation rate decreases, and (2)
investors become more risk averse, the Security Market Line would shift
a. The required return will decline for stocks that have a beta less than 1.0 but
will increase for stocks that have a beta greater than 1.0.
b. The required return will increase for stocks that have a beta less than 1.0 but
will decline for stocks that have a beta greater than 1.0.
c. The required return of all stocks will fall by the amount of the decline in
the market risk premium.
d. The required return of all stocks will increase by the amount of the increase
in the risk-free rate.
e. Since the overall return on the market stays constant, the required return on
all stocks will remain the same.
Chapter 5 - Page 19
SML, CAPM, and portfolio risk Answer: a Diff: M
56. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. If the returns from two stocks are perfectly positively correlated (that is,
the correlation coefficient is +1) and the two stocks have equal variance, an
equally weighted portfolio of the two stocks will have a variance that is less
than that of the individual stocks.
b. If a stock has a negative beta, its expected return must be negative.
c. According to the CAPM, stocks with higher standard deviations of returns will
have higher expected returns.
d. A portfolio with a large number of randomly selected stocks will have less
market risk than a single stock that has a beta equal to 0.5.
e. None of the statements above is correct.
Chapter 5 - Page 20
Risk analysis and portfolio diversification Answer: e Diff: M
59. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. If you add enough randomly selected stocks to a portfolio, you can completely
eliminate all the market risk from the portfolio.
b. If you form a large portfolio of stocks each with a beta greater than 1.0, this
portfolio will have more market risk than a single stock with a beta = 0.8.
c. Company-specific (or unsystematic) risk can be reduced by forming a large
portfolio, but normally even highly-diversified portfolios are subject to
market (or systematic) risk.
d. All of the statements above are correct.
e. Statements b and c are correct.
Chapter 5 - Page 21
Tough:
a. According to CAPM theory, the required rate of return on a given stock can be
found by use of the SML equation:
Expectations for inflation are not reflected anywhere in this equation, even
indirectly, and because of that the text notes that the CAPM may not be
strictly correct.
b. If the required rate of return is given by the SML equation as set forth in
Statement a, there is nothing a financial manager can do to change his or her
company’s cost of capital, because each of the elements in the equation is
determined exclusively by the market, not by the type of actions a company’s
management can take, even in the long run.
c. Assume that the required rate of return on the market is currently kM = 15%, and
that kM remains fixed at that level. If the yield curve has a steep upward
slope, the calculated market risk premium would be larger if the 30-day T-bill
rate were used as the risk-free rate than if the 30-year T-bond rate were used
as kRF.
d. Statements a and b are correct.
e. Statements a and c are correct.
a. If investors become more risk averse but kRF remains constant, the required
rate of return on high-beta stocks will rise, the required return on low-
beta stocks will decline, but the required return on an average-risk stock
will not change.
b. If Mutual Fund A held equal amounts of 100 stocks, each of which had a beta of
1.0, and Mutual Fund B held equal amounts of 10 stocks with betas of 1.0, then
the two mutual funds would both have betas of 1.0. Thus, they would be equally
risky from an investor’s standpoint.
c. An investor who holds just one stock will be exposed to more risk than an
investor who holds a portfolio of stocks, assuming the stocks are all
equally risky. Since the holder of the 1-stock portfolio is exposed to more
risk, he or she can expect to earn a higher rate of return to compensate for
the greater risk.
d. Assume that the required rate of return on the market, kM, is given and
fixed. If the yield curve were upward-sloping, then the Security Market
Line (SML) would have a steeper slope if 1-year Treasury securities were
used as the risk-free rate than if 30-year Treasury bonds were used for kRF.
e. None of the statements above is correct.
Chapter 5 - Page 22
Easy:
a. 12.0%
b. 12.2%
c. 12.8%
d. 13.2%
e. 13.5%
a. 12.4%
b. 13.4%
c. 14.4%
d. 15.4%
e. 16.4%
a. 15%
b. 16%
c. 17%
d. 18%
e. 20%
Chapter 5 - Page 23
CAPM and market risk premium Answer: c Diff: E N
67. Consider the following information for three stocks, Stock A, Stock B, and Stock
C. The returns on each of the three stocks are positively correlated, but they
are not perfectly correlated. (That is, all of the correlation coefficients are
between 0 and 1.)
Expected Standard
Stock Return Deviation Beta
Stock A 10% 20% 1.0
Stock B 10 20 1.0
Stock C 12 20 1.4
Portfolio P has half of its funds invested in Stock A and half invested in Stock
B. Portfolio Q has one third of its funds invested in each of the three stocks.
The risk-free rate is 5 percent, and the market is in equilibrium. (That is,
required returns equal expected returns.) What is the market risk premium (kM -
kRF)?
a. 4.0%
b. 4.5%
c. 5.0%
d. 5.5%
e. 6.0%
a. 1.30%
b. 6.50%
c. 15.00%
d. 6.30%
e. 7.25%
a. 0.86
b. 1.26
c. 1.10
d. 0.80
e. 1.35
Chapter 5 - Page 24
Beta coefficient Answer: a Diff: E
70. Assume that the risk-free rate is 5 percent and that the market risk premium is
7 percent. If a stock has a required rate of return of 13.75 percent, what is
its beta?
a. 1.25
b. 1.35
c. 1.37
d. 1.60
e. 1.96
Portfolio beta Answer: b Diff: E
71. You hold a diversified portfolio consisting of a $10,000 investment in each of
20 different common stocks (that is, your total investment is $200,000). The
portfolio beta is equal to 1.2. You have decided to sell one of your stocks
that has a beta equal to 0.7 for $10,000. You plan to use the proceeds to
purchase another stock that has a beta equal to 1.4. What will be the beta of
the new portfolio?
a. 1.165
b. 1.235
c. 1.250
d. 1.284
e. 1.333
Portfolio return Answer: a Diff: E
72. An investor is forming a portfolio by investing $50,000 in stock A that has a
beta of 1.50, and $25,000 in stock B that has a beta of 0.90. The return on the
market is equal to 6 percent and Treasury bonds have a yield of 4 percent. What
is the required rate of return on the investor’s portfolio?
a. 6.6%
b. 6.8%
c. 5.8%
d. 7.0%
e. 7.5%
Portfolio return Answer: b Diff: E
73. You are an investor in common stocks, and you currently hold a well-diversified
portfolio that has an expected return of 12 percent, a beta of 1.2, and a total
value of $9,000. You plan to increase your portfolio by buying 100 shares of
AT&E at $10 a share. AT&E has an expected return of 20 percent with a beta of
2.0. What will be the expected return and the beta of your portfolio after you
purchase the new stock?
a. k̂ p = 20.0%; bp = 2.00
b. k̂ p = 12.8%; bp = 1.28
c. k̂ p = 12.0%; bp = 1.20
d. k̂ p = 13.2%; bp = 1.40
e. k̂ p = 14.0%; bp = 1.32
Chapter 5 - Page 25
Portfolio risk and return Answer: a Diff: E N
74. Stock A has an expected return of 12 percent, a beta of 1.2, and a standard
deviation of 20 percent. Stock B has an expected return of 10 percent, a beta of
1.2, and a standard deviation of 15 percent. Portfolio P has $900,000 invested in
Stock A and $300,000 invested in Stock B. The correlation between Stock A’s
returns and Stock B’s returns is zero (that is, r = 0). Which of the following
statements is most correct?
What was the stock’s coefficient of variation during this 5-year period? (Use
the population standard deviation to calculate the coefficient of variation.)
a. 10.80
b. 1.46
c. 15.72
d. 0.69
e. 4.22
Chapter 5 - Page 26
Medium:
Expected return Answer: e Diff: M
76. Assume a new law is passed that restricts investors to holding only one asset.
A risk-averse investor is considering two possible assets as the asset to be
held in isolation. The assets’ possible returns and related probabilities (that
is, the probability distributions) are as follows:
Asset X Asset Y
P k P k
0.10 -3% 0.05 -3%
0.10 2 0.10 2
0.25 5 0.30 5
0.25 8 0.30 8
0.30 10 0.25 10
Which asset should be preferred?
a. 15%; 6.50%
b. 12%; 5.18%
c. 15%; 3.16%
d. 15%; 10.00%
e. 20%; 5.00%
a. +20%
b. +30%
c. +40%
d. +50%
e. +60%
Required return Answer: c Diff: M
79. Oakdale Furniture Inc. has a beta coefficient of 0.7 and a required rate of return
of 15 percent. The market risk premium is currently 5 percent. If the inflation
Chapter 5 - Page 27
premium increases by 2 percentage points, and Oakdale acquires new assets that
increase its beta by 50 percent, what will be Oakdale’s new required rate of
return?
a. 13.50%
b. 22.80%
c. 18.75%
d. 15.25%
e. 17.00%
a. 7.0%
b. 10.4%
c. 12.0%
d. 11.0%
e. 10.0%
An average stock has an expected return of 12 percent and the market risk
premium is 4 percent. If Stock J’s expected rate of return as viewed by a
marginal investor is 8 percent, what is the difference between J’s expected and
required rates of return?
a. 0.66%
b. 1.25%
c. 2.64%
d. 3.72%
e. 5.36%
Chapter 5 - Page 28
Expected and required returns Answer: b Diff: M
82. You have been scouring The Wall Street Journal looking for stocks that are “good
values” and have calculated expected returns for five stocks. Assume the risk-
free rate (kRF) is 7 percent and the market risk premium (kM - kRF) is 2 percent.
Which security would be the best investment? (Assume you must choose just one.)
a. 1.0%
b. 2.5%
c. 4.5%
d. 5.4%
e. 6.0%
a. 3.0%
b. 6.5%
c. 5.0%
d. 6.0%
e. 7.0%
Chapter 5 - Page 29
CAPM and required return Answer: d Diff: M
85. Company X has a beta of 1.6, while Company Y’s beta is 0.7. The risk-free rate
is 7 percent, and the required rate of return on an average stock is 12 percent.
Now the expected rate of inflation built into kRF rises by 1 percentage point,
the real risk-free rate remains constant, the required return on the market
rises to 14 percent, and betas remain constant. After all of these changes have
been reflected in the data, by how much will the required return on Stock X
exceed that on Stock Y?
a. 3.75%
b. 4.20%
c. 4.82%
d. 5.40%
e. 5.75%
If the required return on the market is 11 percent and the risk-free rate is 6
percent, what is the required return on Stock A, according to CAPM/SML theory?
a. 6.00%
b. 6.57%
c. 7.25%
d. 7.79%
e. 8.27%
Chapter 5 - Page 30
CAPM and required return Answer: a Diff: M
87. Some returns data for the market and for Countercyclical Corp. are given below:
The required return on the market is 14 percent and the risk-free rate is 8
percent. What is the required return on Countercyclical Corp. according to
CAPM/SML theory?
a. 3.42%
b. 4.58%
c. 8.00%
d. 11.76%
e. 14.00%
Year Market X Y
1999 11% 10% 12%
2000 7 4 -3
2001 17 12 21
2002 -3 -2 -5
The risk-free rate is 7 percent. The market risk premium is 5 percent. What is
the required rate of return for a portfolio that consists of $14,000 invested in
Stock X and $6,000 invested in Stock Y?
a. 9.94%
b. 10.68%
c. 11.58%
d. 12.41%
e. 13.67%
Chapter 5 - Page 31
Portfolio return Answer: b Diff: M
89. The risk-free rate, kRF, is 6 percent and the market risk premium,
(kM – kRF), is 5 percent. Assume that required returns are based on the CAPM. Your
$1 million portfolio consists of $700,000 invested in a stock that has a beta of
1.2 and $300,000 invested in a stock that has a beta of 0.8. Which of the
following statements is most correct?
The manager plans to sell his holdings of Stock Y. The money from the sale will be
used to purchase another $15 million of Stock X and another $5 million of Stock Z.
The risk-free rate is 5 percent and the market risk premium is 5.5 percent. How
many percentage points higher will the required return on the portfolio be after he
completes this transaction?
a. 0.07%
b. 0.18%
c. 0.39%
d. 0.67%
e. 1.34%
a. 10.52%
b. 10.38%
c. 11.31%
d. 10.90%
e. 8.28%
Chapter 5 - Page 32
Portfolio return Answer: a Diff: M N
92. The current risk-free rate is 6 percent and the market risk premium is
5 percent. Erika is preparing to invest $30,000 in the market and she wants her
portfolio to have an expected return of 12.5 percent. Erika is concerned about
bearing too much stand-alone risk; therefore, she will diversify her portfolio
by investing in three different assets (two mutual funds and a risk-free
security). The three assets she will be investing in are an aggressive growth
mutual fund that has a beta of 1.6, an S&P 500 index fund with a beta of 1, and
a risk-free security that has a beta of 0. She has already decided that she
will invest 10 percent of her money in the risk-free asset. In order to achieve
the desired expected return of 12.5 percent, what proportion of Erika’s
portfolio must be invested in the S&P 500 index fund?
a. 23.33%
b. 33.33%
c. 53.33%
d. 66.66%
e. 76.66%
a. 5.14%
b. 7.14%
c. 11.45%
d. 15.33%
e. 16.25%
a. 0%
b. 40%
c. 50%
d. 60%
e. 80%
Chapter 5 - Page 33
95. A money manager is holding a $10 million portfolio that consists of the
following five stocks:
The portfolio has a required return of 11 percent, and the market risk premium, kM
– kRF, is 5 percent. What is the required return on Stock C?
a. 7.2%
b. 10.0%
c. 10.9%
d. 11.0%
e. 11.5%
a. 12.00%
b. 12.25%
c. 13.17%
d. 14.12%
e. 13.67%
a. 12.0%
b. 12.5%
c. 13.0%
d. 17.0%
e. 18.0%
Chapter 5 - Page 34
CAPM and portfolio return Answer: b Diff: M N
98. Stock A has an expected return of 10 percent and a beta of 1.0. Stock B has a
beta of 2.0. Portfolio P is a two-stock portfolio, where part of the portfolio
is invested in Stock A and the other part is invested in Stock B. Assume that
the risk-free rate is 5 percent, that required returns are determined by the
CAPM, and that the market is in equilibrium so that expected returns equal
required returns. Portfolio P has an expected return of 12 percent. What
proportion of Portfolio P consists of Stock B?
a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 50%
d. 60%
e. 80%
a. 1.12
b. 1.20
c. 1.22
d. 1.10
e. 1.15
a. 1.10
b. 1.33
c. 1.45
d. 1.64
e. 1.87
Chapter 5 - Page 35
Portfolio beta Answer: e Diff: M
101. Walter Jasper currently manages a $500,000 portfolio. He is expecting to receive
an additional $250,000 from a new client. The existing portfolio has a required
return of 10.75 percent. The risk-free rate is 4 percent and the return on the
market is 9 percent. If Walter wants the required return on the new portfolio to
be 11.5 percent, what should be the average beta for the new stocks added to the
portfolio?
a. 1.50
b. 2.00
c. 1.67
d. 1.35
e. 1.80
The risk-free rate, kRF, is 5 percent and the portfolio has a required return of
11.655 percent. The manager is thinking about selling all of her holdings of Stock
3, and instead investing the money in Stock 4, which has a beta of 0.9. If she
were to do this, what would be the new portfolio’s required return?
a. 9.73%
b. 11.09%
c. 9.91%
d. 7.81%
e. 10.24%
The risk-free rate is 5 percent and the market risk premium is also
5 percent. If the manager sells half of her investment in Stock 2 ($280 million)
and puts the money in Stock 4, by how many percentage points will her portfolio’s
required return increase?
a. 0.36%
b. 0.22%
c. 2.00%
d. 0.20%
e. 0.40%
Chapter 5 - Page 36
Portfolio return and beta Answer: e Diff: M N
104. A portfolio manager is managing a $10 million portfolio. Currently the portfolio
is invested in the following manner:
Currently, the risk-free rate is 5 percent and the portfolio has an expected
return of 10 percent. Assume that the market is in equilibrium so that expected
returns equal required returns. The manager is willing to take on additional
risk and wants to instead earn an expected return of 12 percent on the portfolio.
Her plan is to sell Stock 1 and use the proceeds to buy another stock. In order
to reach her goal, what should be the beta of the stock that the manager selects
to replace Stock 1?
a. 1.40
b. 1.75
c. 2.05
d. 2.40
e. 2.60
Returns
Probability X Y
0.1 -20% 10%
0.8 20 15
0.1 40 20
If you form a 50-50 portfolio of the two stocks, what is the portfolio’s
standard deviation?
a. 8.1%
b. 10.5%
c. 13.4%
d. 16.5%
e. 20.0%
Chapter 5 - Page 37
Coefficient of variation Answer: e Diff: M N
106. The CFO of Brady Boots has estimated the rates of return to Brady’s stock,
depending on the state of the economy. He has also compiled analysts’ expectations
for the economy.
Given this data, what is the company’s coefficient of variation? (Use the
population standard deviation, not the sample standard deviation when calculating
the coefficient of variation.)
a. 1.94
b. 25.39
c. 2.26
d. 5.31
e. 1.84
Stock’s Expected
State of Probability of Return if this
the Economy State Occurring State Occurs
Boom 0.25 25%
Normal 0.50 15
Recession 0.25 5
a. 0.06
b. 0.47
c. 0.54
d. 0.67
e. 0.71
Chapter 5 - Page 38
Coefficient of variation Answer: c Diff: M
108. An analyst has estimated how a particular stock’s return will vary depending on
what will happen to the economy:
Stock’s Expected
State of Probability of Return if this
the Economy State Occurring State Occurs
Recession 0.10 -60%
Below Average 0.20 -10
Average 0.40 15
Above Average 0.20 40
Boom 0.10 90
a. 2.121
b. 2.201
c. 2.472
d. 3.334
e. 3.727
Returns
Probability Stock A Stock B
0.3 12% 5%
0.4 8 4
0.3 6 3
What is the coefficient of variation for the stock that is less risky, assuming you
use the coefficient of variation to rank riskiness?
a. 3.62
b. 0.28
c. 0.19
d. 0.66
e. 5.16
Chapter 5 - Page 39
Coefficient of variation Answer: d Diff: M
110. A financial analyst is forecasting the expected return for the stock of
Himalayan Motors. The analyst estimates the following probability distribution
of returns:
Probability Return
20% -5%
40 10
20 20
10 25
10 50
a. 0.80
b. 0.91
c. 0.96
d. 1.04
e. 1.10
a. 0.61644
b. 0.54934
c. 0.75498
d. 3.62306
e. 0.63432
a. 0.36
b. 2.80
c. 2.86
d. 2.95
e. 3.30
Chapter 5 - Page 40
Coefficient of variation Answer: e Diff: M
113. Stock Z has had the following returns over the past five years:
Year Return
1998 10%
1999 12
2000 27
2001 -15
2002 30
a. 99.91
b. 35.76
c. 9.88
d. 2.79
e. 1.25
a. 1.6
b. 1.7
c. 1.8
d. 1.9
e. 2.0
a. 0.21
b. 1.20
c. 0.96
d. 1.65
e. 1.39
Chapter 5 - Page 41
CAPM and beta coefficient Answer: d Diff: M
116. A money manager is managing the account of a large investor. The investor holds
the following stocks:
Stock Amount Invested Estimated Beta
A $2,000,000 0.80
B 5,000,000 1.10
C 3,000,000 1.40
D 5,000,000 ????
The portfolio’s required rate of return is 17 percent. The risk-free rate, kRF,
is 7 percent and the return on the market, kM, is 14 percent. What is Stock D’s
estimated beta?
a. 1.256
b. 1.389
c. 1.429
d. 2.026
e. 2.154
Market return Answer: d Diff: M
117. The returns of United Railroad Inc. (URI) are listed below, along with the
returns on “the market”:
Year URI Market
1 -14% -9%
2 16 11
3 22 15
4 7 5
5 -2 -1
If the risk-free rate is 9 percent and the required return on URI’s stock is 15
percent, what is the required return on the market? Assume the market is in
equilibrium. (Hint: Think rise over run.)
a. 4%
b. 9%
c. 10%
d. 13%
e. 16%
Chapter 5 - Page 42
Tough:
Portfolio required return Answer: a Diff: T
118. A money manager is holding the following portfolio:
The risk-free rate is 6 percent and the portfolio’s required rate of return is
12.5 percent. The manager would like to sell all of her holdings of Stock 1 and
use the proceeds to purchase more shares of Stock 4. What would be the
portfolio’s required rate of return following this change?
a. 13.63%
b. 10.29%
c. 11.05%
d. 12.52%
e. 14.33%
Multiple Part:
(The following information applies to the next two problems.)
A portfolio manager has a $10 million portfolio, which consists of $1 million invested
in 10 separate stocks. The portfolio beta is 1.2. The risk-free rate is 5 percent
and the market risk premium is 6 percent.
a. 6.20%
b. 9.85%
c. 12.00%
d. 12.20%
e. 12.35%
a. 10.75%
b. 12.35%
c. 12.62%
d. 13.35%
e. 14.60%
Web Appendix 5A
Multiple Choice: Conceptual
Chapter 5 - Page 43
Medium:
a. The CAPM is an ex ante model, which means that all of the variables should
be historical values that can reasonably be projected into the future.
b. The beta coefficient used in the SML equation should reflect the expected
volatility of a given stock’s return versus the return on the market during
some future period.
c. The general equation: Y = a + bX + e, is the standard form of a simple
linear regression where b = beta, and X equals the independent return on an
individual security being compared to Y, the return on the market, which is
the dependent variable.
d. The rise-over-run method is not a legitimate method of estimating beta
because it measures changes in an individual security’s return regressed
against time.
Easy:
Beta calculation Answer: c Diff: E
5A-2. Given the following returns on Stock J and “the market” during the last three
years, what is the beta coefficient of Stock J? (Hint: Think rise over run.)
a. 0.92
b. 1.10
c. 1.75
d. 2.24
e. 1.45
Chapter 5 - Page 44
Medium:
a. 9.17
b. 1.06
c. 6.23
d. 0.81
e. 0.56
a. 1.33
b. 1.91
c. 2.00
d. 2.15
e. 2.33
Chapter 5 - Page 45
Beta calculation Answer: c Diff: E
5A-5. Hanratty Inc.’s stock and the stock market have generated the following
returns over the past five years:
Year Hanratty Market (kM)
1 13% 9%
2 18 15
3 -5 -2
4 23 19
5 6 12
a. 0.7839
b. 0.9988
c. 1.2757
d. 1.3452
e. 1.5000
a. 1.43
b. 0.69
c. 0.91
d. 1.10
e. 1.50
Chapter 5 - Page 46
Multiple Part:
You have been asked to use a CAPM analysis to choose between Stocks R and S, with your
choice being the one whose expected rate of return exceeds its required rate of return
by the widest margin. The risk-free rate is 6 percent, and the required return on an
average stock (or “the market”) is 10 percent. Your security analyst tells you that
Stock S’s expected rate of return, k̂ , is equal to 11 percent, while Stock R’s expected
rate of return, k̂ , is equal to 12 percent. The CAPM is assumed to be a valid method
for selecting stocks, but the expected return for any given investor (such as you) can
differ from the required rate of return for a given stock. The following past rates of
return are to be used to calculate the two stocks’ beta coefficients, which are then to
be used to determine the stocks’ required rates of return:
Note: The averages of the historical returns are not needed, and they are generally
not equal to the expected future returns.
a. 0.0
b. 1.0
c. 1.5
d. 2.0
e. 2.5
a. 0.0%
b. 0.5%
c. 1.0%
d. 2.0%
e. 3.0%
Chapter 5 - Page 47
CHAPTER 5
ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS
The easiest way to see this is to write out the CAPM: ks = kRF + (kM – kRF)b.
Clearly, a change in the market risk premium is going to have the most effect
on firms with high betas. Consequently, statement b is the correct choice.
The correct answer is statement a. Stocks are riskier than bonds, with
stocks in small companies being riskier than stocks in larger companies.
From there, corporate bonds are riskier than government bonds, and
longer-term government bonds are riskier than shorter-term ones.
Chapter 5 - Page 48
9. Portfolio risk Answer: b Diff: E
The standard deviation of the portfolio will be less than the weighted
average of the two stocks’ standard deviations because the correlation
coefficient is less than one. Therefore, although the expected return
on the portfolio will be the weighted average of the two returns (10
percent), the CV will not be equal to 25%/10%. Therefore, statement a
is false. Remember, market risk is measured by beta. The beta of the
portfolio will be the weighted average of the two betas; therefore, it
will be less than the beta of the high-beta stock (B), but more than the
beta of the low-beta stock (A). Therefore, the market risk of the
portfolio will be higher than A’s, but lower than B’s. Therefore,
statement b is correct. Because the correlation between the two stocks
is less than one, the portfolio’s standard deviation will be less than
25 percent. Therefore, statement c is false.
The trick here is to notice the word always in each of the answers. If
you can find even one exception to the statement, then the statement
will not “always” be true.
Statements b and c are false. Randomly adding more stocks will have no
effect on the portfolio’s beta or expected return.
The portfolio will have an expected return equal to the weighted average of
the individual stock returns. The portfolio’s beta will also be equal to
the weighted average of the individual stock betas. The standard deviation
of the portfolio will be less than 30 percent, because the stocks have a
correlation coefficient of less than one. Therefore, the portfolio’s beta
will equal 1.6, its standard deviation is less than 30 percent, and its
expected return is 15 percent. The correct answer must be statement a.
Chapter 5 - Page 49
14. Portfolio risk and return Answer: b Diff: E
Since we are randomly adding stocks, eventually your portfolio will have
the same expected return as the market, on average. Therefore, unless we
are told that the current expected return is higher than the market
average, we have no reason to believe that the expected return will
decline. Therefore, statement a is false. If we randomly add stocks to
the portfolio, the company-specific risk will decline because the standard
deviation of the portfolio will be declining. However, the market risk (as
measured by beta) will tend to remain the same, for the same reason that in
statement a the expected return was unlikely to change. Therefore,
statement b is correct. As in statement a, we know there is no reason to
believe that the market risk of the portfolio (as measured by beta) will
decline. Therefore, statement c is false. Neither the market risk nor the
expected return on the portfolio are expected to decline (see above), so
statement d is false. The company-specific risk (as measured by the
standard deviation of the portfolio) will decline and market risk is not
expected to change. Therefore, statement e is false.
15. Portfolio risk and return Answer: b Diff: E
Remember, for portfolios you can take averages of betas and returns, but not
standard deviations. So, the portfolio will have a return of 12 percent
(because both stocks have returns of 12 percent) and a beta of 1.2 (both
stocks have betas of 1.2). However, since the correlation coefficient is
less than 1.0, the portfolio’s standard deviation will be less than the
average of the two stocks’ standard deviations. (That is, the portfolio’s
standard deviation will be less than 25 percent.) So, statements a and c
are correct; therefore, the correct choice is statement d.
Chapter 5 - Page 50
18. Portfolio risk and return Answer: e Diff: E
Remember, you can always find the portfolio required return by finding
the weighted average return of the stocks in the portfolio. You can
always find the portfolio beta by finding the weighted average beta of
the stocks in the portfolio. You cannot find the standard deviation by
finding the weighted average standard deviation of the stocks in the
portfolio, unless r = 1.0. The portfolio standard deviation is not a
weighted average of the individual stocks’ standard deviations. How-
ever, since the 2 correlation coefficients are less than 1, we know the
portfolio’s standard deviation will be less than 25 percent. Since
statements a and c are correct, the correct choice is statement e.
Statement a is true; the others are false. Since both stocks’ betas are
equal to 1.2, the portfolio beta will equal 1.2. Because the stocks’
correlation coefficient is less than one, the portfolio’s standard
deviation will be lower than 20 percent.
You need to think about the CAPM to answer this question: ks = kRF + (kM –
kRF)b. From the statement in the question kRF and (kM – kRF) have both
declined. Statement a is false; the average required return on the market
must have declined too. Statement b is false; the size of the decline
depends on the beta of the stock. Statement c is correct. Statement d is
false. This must be, if statement c is correct. Statement e is false
because the required returns will have fallen for all stocks.
Chapter 5 - Page 51
23. CAPM and required return Answer: c Diff: E N
Statement a is false. Just because a stock has a negative beta does not
mean its return is also negative. For example, if its beta were -0.5,
its return would be as follows:
k = kRF + RPM(b)
= 6% + 5%(-0.5)
= 6% + (-2.5%)
= 3.5%.
Statement b is also false. If the beta doubles, the second term in the
CAPM equation above will double; however, kRF will not double, so the
overall return will not double. Statement c is correct. If b = 1.0, then:
k = kRF + RPM(b)
= 6% + 5%(1.0)
= 11%.
Chapter 5 - Page 52
27. SML Answer: a Diff: E
The slope of the SML is determined by the size of the market risk
premium, kM - kRF, which depends on investor risk aversion.
The CAPM states ks = kRF + (kM - kRF)b. Working through each statement,
it is apparent that none of the statements is consistent with the
formula. Therefore, statement e is the best choice.
Stock Y will have a higher expected return than Stock X does (because its
beta is higher), but we are told nothing about its standard deviation.
Remember, beta has nothing to do with standard deviation. Therefore,
statement a is false. The expected return of a portfolio of $50,000 in
each stock will have a required return that is the weighted average of the
returns on both stocks. Since each one has a weight of ½, it will be a
simple average. The portfolio’s beta will be the average of the two betas
((0.6 + 1.4)/2 = 1.0). The portfolio has the same beta that the market
portfolio does and, therefore, the same required return that the market
has. Therefore, statement b is false. If the market risk premium
decreases, the slope of the SML will decrease. Therefore, the required
returns of stocks with higher betas will decrease more. Therefore, Stock
Y’s required return will fall by more than Stock X’s. Therefore, statement
c is correct. If the expected inflation increases, the SML will have a
parallel shift up, and the required returns on all stocks will increase by
the same amount, not decrease. Therefore, statement d is false. If
expected inflation decreases, the SML will have a parallel shift down, and
the required returns on all stocks will decrease by the same amount.
Therefore, statement e is false.
Chapter 5 - Page 53
32. SML Answer: b Diff: E
Remember, the market risk premium is the slope of the line in the SML
diagram. The line is anchored at the y-axis, and when the market risk
premium changes, the line “rotates” around that point. Also remember the
SML equation is ks = kRF + (kM - kRF)b. Statement a is implying a “parallel
shift” of the line, and that is incorrect. A review of the equation shows
that, because beta is multiplied by the market risk premium, changes in the
market risk premium will affect stocks with different betas differently.
Statement b is correct. The slope of the line will increase, so required
returns on stocks with betas closer to 0 will increase by less than returns
on stocks with higher betas. A review of the equation shows that if the
beta were higher, a change in the market risk premium would have more
effect on ks than if the beta were lower. Statement c is false because it
is the reverse of statement b, which we have already stated is true.
Statement d is false because an increase in the market risk premium will
increase the required return on all stocks with positive betas. Statement
e is false. The portfolio beta is the weighted average of the individual
stocks’ betas. In this case, the portfolio beta will be 1.0. It is clear
from the SML equation that a portfolio with a beta of 1.0 will be affected
by changes in the market risk premium.
If the market risk premium (kM - kRF) increases, the required return on
all stocks with positive betas would increase. Therefore, statement a
is false. Since the required return for all positive beta stocks will
increase, the return for Portfolio P must increase as well. Therefore,
statement b is false. The required return on Stock A will increase by
0.7 percent, and the required return on Stock B will increase by 1.3
percent. Therefore, statement c is false. Statement d is the opposite
of what would actually happen, so statement d is false. The beta for
Portfolio P is 1.0[(50% 0.7) + (50% 1.3)]. Therefore, the change in
the portfolio’s required return will be b (kM - kRF) = 1.0 1% = 1%.
Therefore, statement e is correct.
Chapter 5 - Page 54
34. SML Answer: b Diff: E N
k
A
1.0 beta
At first, the line could be drawn at A. Then when the risk premium
declines, it will look more like B. Statements a and c are incorrect.
The required return on all stocks will fall. Therefore, statement b is
correct.
Statement e is correct; the others are false. The market risk premium
is the slope of the SML. If a stock has a negative beta, this does not
mean its required return is negative. A doubling of a stock’s beta
doesn’t mean that its required return will double. The required return
is a function of kRF, kM, and beta. The required return is affected by
the market risk premium.
Chapter 5 - Page 55
37. Miscellaneous risk concepts Answer: c Diff: E N
Chapter 5 - Page 56
47. Beta coefficient Answer: a Diff: M
The correct answer is statement d. Except for Florida Power & Light
(FP&L), the remaining four companies and betas are all in line with the
nature of the firms and their industries. However, FP&L (a utility
company) is out of place. Its indicated beta of 1.52 puts it in the same
league as technology frontrunners Sun Microsystems and Amazon.com. A more
reasonable beta estimate for FP&L would be somewhere between 0.50 and 0.70.
Statement a is incorrect; for any beta between zero and one, you can see
that the new required return is higher. For example, a stock with a beta
of 0.5 had an original required return of 6.5%, but now has a required
return of 7%. Just the opposite happens for stocks with a beta greater
than one. Statement b is correct, for just the opposite reason. For
example, a stock with a beta of 2.0 originally had a required return =
5% + (3%)2.0 = 11%, but now has a required return of 6% + (2%)2.0 = 10%.
It has fallen. A beta between zero and one will yield just the opposite
result. From the explanations above, both statements c and d are clearly
incorrect. For some stocks, the required return will rise; for others,
the required return will fall.
Chapter 5 - Page 57
57. Portfolio return, CAPM, and beta Answer: e Diff: M
Step 1: We must determine the market risk premium using the CAPM
equation with data inputs for Stock A:
kA = kRF + (kM – kRF)bA
11% = 5% + (kM – kRF)1.0
6% = (kM – kRF).
Step 2: We can now find the required return of Stock B using the CAPM
equation with data inputs for Stock B:
kB = kRF + (kM – kRF)bB
kB = 5% + (6%)1.4
kB = 13.4%.
Chapter 5 - Page 58
66. CAPM and required return Answer: d Diff: E
kRF = k* + IP = 3% + 5% = 8%.
ks = 8% + (5%)2.0 = 18%.
12.25% = 5% + (RPM)1.15
7.25% = (RPM)1.15
RPM = 6.3043% 6.30%.
In equilibrium
kA = k A = 11.3%.
kA = kRF + (kM - kRF)b
11.3% = 5% + (10% - 5%)b
b = 1.26.
70. Beta coefficient Answer: a Diff: E
13.75% = 5% + (7%)b
8.75% = 7%b
b = 1.25.
71. Portfolio beta Answer: b Diff: E
Chapter 5 - Page 59
74. Portfolio risk and return Answer: a Diff: E N
The correct answer is statement a. Remember, you can take the weighted
average of the beta, and the weighted average of the returns, but you can
only take the weighted average of the standard deviations if r = 1.0.
Beta:
$900,000 $300,000
1.2 + 1.2 = 1.2.
$1,200,000 $1,200,000
Using your financial calculator you find the mean to be 10.8% and the
population standard deviation to be 15.715%. The coefficient of
variation is just the standard deviation divided by the mean, or
15.715%/10.8% = 1.4551 1.46.
Chapter 5 - Page 60
77. Expected return Answer: c Diff: M
Step 1: Calculate the market risk premium (kM - kRF) using the
information for Partridge:
13% = 6% + (kM - kRF)1.4
kM - kRF = 5%.
Chapter 5 - Page 61
82. Expected and required returns Answer: b Diff: M
ks = kRF + (RPM)b
12% = 7% + (RPM)1.0
5% = RPM.
Now, you can use the RPM, the kRF, and the two stock’s betas to calculate
their required returns.
Bradley:
ks = kRF + (RPM)b
= 7% + (5%)1.3
= 7% + 6.5%
= 13.5%.
Douglas:
ks = kRF + (RPM)b
= 7% + (5%)0.7
= 7% + 3.5%
= 10.5%.
Chapter 5 - Page 62
85. CAPM and required return Answer: d Diff: M
kA = 6% + (11% - 6%)bA.
Calculate bA as follows using a financial calculator:
6 Input 8 +
-8 Input 3 +
-8 Input -2 +
18 Input 12 +
0 ◼ y ,m
◼ swap bA = 0.4534.
kA = 6% + 5%(0.4534) = 8.2669% 8.27%
0 ◼ y ,m
◼ swap bC = -0.76.
kC = 8% + (14% - 8%)(-0.76) = 8% - 4.58% = 3.42%.
bX = 0.7358; bY = 1.3349.
kX = 7% + 5%(0.7358) = 10.679%.
kY = 7% + 5%(1.3349) = 13.6745%.
kp = 14/20(10.679%) + 6/20(13.6745%) = 11.58%.
Chapter 5 - Page 63
89. Portfolio return Answer: b Diff: M
Statement b is correct; all the other statements are false. If the market
risk premium increases by 2 percent and kRF remains unchanged, then the
portfolio’s return will increase by 2%(1.08) = 2.16%. Statement a is
false, since kp = 6% + (5%)bp. The portfolio’s beta is calculated as
0.7(1.2) + 0.3(0.8) = 1.08. Therefore, kp = 6% + 5%(1.08) = 11.4%.
Statement c is false. If kRF increases by 2 percent, but RPM remains
unchanged, the portfolio’s return will increase by 2 percent. Statement d
is false. Market efficiency states that the expected return should equal
the required return; therefore, k̂ p = kp = 11.4%.
Find the initial portfolio’s beta and its required return. Then, find
the new beta and new required return. Then subtract the two.
Step 1: The portfolio beta is the weighted average beta of the stocks in
the portfolio. The total invested is $70 million ($10 + $20 + $40).
$10 $20 $40
bOld = (1.4) + (1.0) + (0.8)
$70 $70 $70
bOld = 0.9429.
Step 2: Now, change the weights. The amount of X owned is now $25
million ($10 + $15), the amount of Y owned is now $0 million,
and the amount of Z owned is $45 million ($40 + $5).
$25 $0 $45
bNew = (1.4) + (1.0) + (0.8)
$70 $70 $70
bNew = 1.0143.
Chapter 5 - Page 64
91. Portfolio return Answer: b Diff: M N
Data given:
kRF = 5.5% Current portfolio = $10 million
RPM = 6% kp = 12%
0.8619 is the beta of the $7 million of stocks that remain. Now what
happens to the portfolio beta when the new stock is added?
So, to get the return she desires, Erika must solve for X, the
percentage of her portfolio invested in the S&P 500 index fund:
So invest 23.33% in the S&P 500 index fund, invest 66.67% in the aggressive
growth fund, and invest 10.00% in the risk-free asset. (Note that the
percentage totals must add up so that 100% of the funds are invested.)
Chapter 5 - Page 65
93. CAPM and portfolio return Answer: d Diff: M
This year:
k = 7% +(5.1429% + 2%)1.1667
k = 15.33%.
kInt'l = 5% + (6%)(1.5)
= 14%.
Chapter 5 - Page 66
95. CAPM and portfolio return Answer: c Diff: M
You are given the required return on the portfolio, the RP M, and enough
information to calculate the beta of the original portfolio. With this
information you can find kRF. Once you have kRF, you can find the
required return on Stock C.
Step 2: Use the CAPM and the portfolio’s required return to calculate
kRF, the risk-free rate:
kp = kRF + RPM(bp)
11% = kRF + 5%(1.02)
5.9% = kRF.
Step 3: Use the CAPM to calculate the required return on Stock C:
kC = kRF + RPM(bC)
kC = 5.9% + 5%(1.0)
kC = 10.9%.
Chapter 5 - Page 67
98. CAPM and portfolio return Answer: b Diff: M N
After additional investments are made, for the entire fund to have an
expected return of 13.5%, the portfolio must have a beta of 1.25 as
shown by 13.5% = 6% + (6%)b. Since the fund’s beta is a weighted
average of the betas of all the individual investments, we can calculate
the required beta on the additional investment as follows:
Chapter 5 - Page 68
101. Portfolio beta Answer: e Diff: M
Find the beta of the original portfolio (bOld) as 10.75% = 4% + (9% - 4%)bOld
or bOld = 1.35. To achieve an expected return of 11.5%, the new portfolio
must have a beta (bNew) of 11.5% = 4% + (9% - 4%) bNew or bNew = 1.5. To
construct a portfolio with a bNew = 1.5, the added stocks must have an
average beta (bAvg) such that:
1.5 = ($250,000/$750,000)bAvg + ($500,000/$750,000)1.35
1.5 = 0.333bAvg + 0.90
0.6 = 0.333bAvg
bAvg = 1.8.
Step 2: Calculate the market risk premium using the CAPM, given the
original beta calculated in Step 1:
kp = kRF + (kM - kRF)b
11.655% = 5% + (kM - kRF)1.21
6.655% = 1.21(kM - kRF)
5.5% = kM - kRF.
Chapter 5 - Page 69
103. Portfolio return and beta Answer: e Diff: M
You need to find the beta of the portfolio now and after the change.
Then, use the betas in the CAPM to find the two different returns.
The total portfolio is worth $10,000,000 so the beta of the portfolio is:
(2/10) 0.6 + (3/10) 0.8 + (3/10) 1.2 + (2/10) 1.4 = 1.0.
kp = 10%; bp = 1. With this, we can determine the market risk premium (RPM):
The manager wants an expected return kp = 12%. So, the manager needs a
portfolio with a beta of 1.4. To check this:
kp = kRF + (RPM)bp
= 5% + (5%)1.4 = 12%.
Chapter 5 - Page 70
105. Portfolio standard deviation Answer: a Diff: M
Fill in the columns for “XY” and “product,” and then use the formula to
calculate the standard deviation. We did each (k - k )2P calculation
with a calculator, stored the value, did the next calculation and added
it to the first one, and so forth. When all three calculations had been
done, we recalled the stored memory value, took its square root, and had
XY = 8.1%.
CV = / k̂
= 13.80036%/7.5%
= 1.84.
The expected rate of return will equal 0.25(25%) + 0.5(15%) + 0.25(5%) = 15%.
The variance of the expected return is:
0.25(25% - 15%)2 + 0.5(15% -15%)2 + 0.25(5% - 15%)2 = 0.0050.
The standard deviation is the square root of 0.0050 = 0.0707.
And, CV = 0.0707/0.15 = 0.47.
Standard
deviation = [0.1(-60% - 15%) + 0.2(-10% - 15%) + 0.4(15% -15%)
2 2 2
Chapter 5 - Page 71
109. Coefficient of variation Answer: c Diff: M
CV = / k̂
= 0.1507/0.145
= 1.039 1.04.
24.6568%
CV = = 2.80.
8.8%
Chapter 5 - Page 72
113. Coefficient of variation Answer: e Diff: M
Let bc be the beta of the company for which she works. The portfolio’s
beta is a weighted average of the individual betas of the stocks in the
portfolio.
Chapter 5 - Page 73
115. Beta coefficient Answer: e Diff: M
Rise Y 22 - 16 6
b = = = = = 1.5.
Run X 15 - 11 4
Chapter 5 - Page 74
118. Portfolio required return Answer: a Diff: T
Step 1: Find the beta of the original portfolio by taking a weighted average
of the individual stocks’ betas. We calculate a beta of 1.3.
$300,000 $300,000 $500,000 $500,000
(0.6) + (1) + (1.4) + (1.8)
$1,600,000 $1,600,000 $1,600,000 $1,600,000
Step 2: Find the market risk premium using the original portfolio.
ks = 0.125 = 0.06 + (kM - kRF)1.3. If you substitute for all the
values you know, you calculate a market risk premium of 0.05.
Chapter 5 - Page 75
120. CAPM and portfolio return Answer: c Diff: M N
We must calculate the beta of the new portfolio. From the definition of
beta, we can solve for the new portfolio beta:
10
i=1
bi
Portfolio beta = . bi is the beta for the 10 individual stocks.
10
10
i=1
bi
1.2 =
10
10
12 =
i=1
bi .
So, if the portfolio manager sells a stock that has a beta of 0.9 and
replaces it with a stock with a beta of 1.6, that means the sum of the
betas for the new portfolio is 0.7 higher than before. Dividing the new
sum of betas by 10 gives us the new portfolio beta.
12.7/10 = bp
1.27 = bp.
bp = 0.9(1.2333) + 0.1(1.6)
= 1.11 + 0.16
= 1.27. (beta of new portfolio)
Chapter 5 - Page 76
WEB APPENDIX 5A SOLUTIONS
Difference:
betaY2 – Y3 – betaY1 – Y2 = 7.70 – (-1.47) = 9.17.
bp = 0.6(bX) + 0.4(bY)
1.333 = 0.6(0.9484) + 0.4bY
0.7643 = 0.4bY
bY = 1.9107 1.91.
Chapter 5 - Page 77
5A-5. Beta calculation Answer: c Diff: E
StockS
-15
Y2 - Y1 25 - 5 20
= beta StockR: = = 2.0 = betaR.
X2 - X1 15 - 5 10
10 - 5 5
StockS: = = 0.5 = betaS.
15 - 5 10
Chapter 5 - Page 78
5A-8. Required rate of return Answer: e Diff: M
a. Draw SML.
Required Rate
of Return (%)
16
kR = 14 SML
12 k̂R = 12%
k̂S = 11%
kM = 10
k̂R kR
kS = 8
k̂S kS
kRF = 6
| | | | | | | | | |
0.2 1.0 2.0 Risk, beta
Chapter 5 - Page 79