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PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
In partial fulfillment for the requirements for
Architectural Design 09 & 10
AQUATEKTURA: Socio-Economic Diversification through Tourism
A Proposed Waterfront Agri-Tourism Hub
Nayom, Infanta, Pangasinan
A Thesis proposal presented to the Faculty
of the Department of Architecture
Mabanta, King Nixon C.
Thesis Student
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT PAGE
Title Page 1
Table of Contents 2
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION 6
1.1 Background of the Study 7
1.2 Statement of the Problem 9
1.3 Research Objectives 12
1.4 Research Questions 12
1.5 Definition of Terms 13
1.6 Research Model 14
1.7 Conceptual Framework 16
1.8 Scope and Delimitation of the Study 17
1.9 Limitations of the Study 17
1.10 Significance of the Study 18
CHAPTER 2 19
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
2.1 Review of Related Literature 20
2.2 Review of Related Studies 26
2.2.1 Foreign Studies 26
2.2.2 Local Studies 29
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 33
3.1 Research Design 34
3.2 Population and Locale of the Study 34
3.3 Data Gathering Tool 35
3.5 Data Gathering Procedure 37
3.5 Questionnaire Structure 38
3.6 Treatment of Data 44
2
CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 45
4.1 Presentation of Data 46
4,2 Analyses of Data 59
4.3 Interpretation of Data 74
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS 80
5.1 Summary of Findings 81
5.2 Conclusions 84
5.3 Recommendations 86
List of Figures 3
Fig. 1 Research Model 14
Fig. 2 Conceptual Framework 16
Fig. 3 Seafood Supply Chain Summary 17
Fig. 4 Sustainable Livelihoods Framework 24
Fig. 5 Research Questions and their Expected Results 44
Fig. 6 Circulation-Mapping among the Rural Fisherfolk Community,
Barangay Nayom 52
Fig. 7 Circulation-Mapping of Tourists within the Poblacion and
Fisherfolk Communities in the Socio-Economic Context 54
Fig. 8 Circulation among the Rural Fisherfolk Community, Barangay
Nayom 66
Fig. 9 Circulation of Tourists within the Poblacion and Fisherfolk
Communities in the Socio-Economic Context 67
Fig. 10 Existing Tourism-Support and Coastal Infrastructures in the
Area of Study 73
Fig. 11 Resulting Agri-Tourism Development Model for Infanta
(Macro) 76
Fig. 12 Resulting Agri-Tourism Development Model for Infanta (Micro) 79
List of Tables 3
Table 1 Presentation of Monthly Income of Fisherfolk Households
(Major + Alternative) 46
3
Table 2 Presentation of Fisherfolk Households with Non-Fishing
Alternative Modes of Income 47
Table 3 Presentation of Major Alternative Modes of Income of
Fisherfolk Households 47
Table 4 Presentation of Educational Attainment of the Working
Household Portion 48
Table 5 Presentation of Major Contributor in the Fisherfolk Household 48
Table 6 Presentation of Frequency of Depending on Alternative Modes
of Income 49
Table 7 Presentation of Income Generation Activities of Last Resort 49
Table 8 Presentation of Places of Alternative Income-Generating
Options 51
Table 9 Presentation of Spatial-based Alternative Livelihood Preferences 51
Table 10 Presentation of Reliability of Alternative Income-generation
Options during times of Disparities and Calamities 55
Table 11 Presentation of Fisherfolk Preferences in Adapting to Skill
Enhancement 55
Table 12 Presentation of Perceived Spatial-Physical Challenges of Local
Table 13 Presentation of Fisherfolk Household’s Exposure to Tourists and
Tourism Activities 57
Table 14 Presentation of Existing Tourism Activities in the Area of Study 57
Table 15 Presentation of Existing Tourism-support Infrastructures in the
Area of Study 58
Table 16 Analysis of Monthly Income of Fisherfolk Households (Major +

Alternative) 60
Table 17 Analysis of Fisherfolk Households with Non-Fishing Alternative
Modes of Income 60
Table 18 Analysis of Major Alternative Modes of Income of Fisherfolk
Households 61
Table 19 Analysis of Educational Attainment of the Working Household
Portion 62
Table 20 Analysis of Major Contributor in the Fisherfolk Household 62
Table 21 Analysis of Frequency of Depending on Alternative Modes of
Income 63
Table 22 Analysis of Income Generation Activities of Last Resort 63
Table 23 Analysis of Places of Alternative Income-Generating Options 65
Table 24 Analysis of Spatial-based Alternative Livelihood Preferences 65
Table 25 Analysis of Reliability of Alternative Income-generation
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Options during times of Disparities and Calamities 69
Table 26 Analysis of Fisherfolk Preferences in Adapting to Skill
Enhancement 69
Table 27 Analysis of Perceived Spatial-Physical Challenges of Local
Table 28 Analysis of Fisherfolk Household’s Exposure to Tourists and
Tourism Activities 71
Table 29 Analysis for Existing Tourism Activities in the Area of Study 71
Table 30 Analysis for Existing Tourism-support Infrastructures in the
Area of Study 72
Table 31 Interpretation of Data for Research Question No. 01 75

Bibliography 88
Appendices 97
5
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
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1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
It is a common perception that fishing is a major source of income for coastal
dwellers. The Philippines being an archipelago is characterized by numerous coastal
areas which unfortunately are inhabited by one of the country's poorest sector, the
fishers' sector. (Asong, R. et al, 2000) The importance of the fishing industry to the
economy is well documented. According to Guerrero, R. (n.d.) of the Philippine Council
for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development, with the growing population of the
Philippines, fisheries is one of the major industries is still seen as a positive contributor
to the developing economy. On a national scale, fishing is next to farming in terms of
livelihood, and around 80% of Filipinos rely on marine products as a daily source of
food (GreenPeace, 2013) The fisheries sector also directly employs over a million
Filipinos, more than half of whom are engaged in small-scale fishing. Fish and other
marine products supply up to 70% of the total animal protein intake and 30% of the total
protein intake of Filipinos (OneOcean, n.d.)
However, fishing as in most areas in the country is characterized by declining fish
catches and higher fishing efforts (Nieves et al, 2009) As a source of living is risky
(Siason, n.d.) The United nations recently reported through the Convention for
Biological Diversity, that commercial fishing in Asia Pacific will be a dead industry by
2050 due to the widespread loss of biodiversity in the coastal ecosystems of the Asia
Pacific. In addition, poor people also tend to be the most dependent upon the
environment and the direct and indirect use of natural resources, such as the coast, and
therefore are the most severely affected when the environment is degraded or their access
to natural resources is limited or denied. (The World Concervation Union, 2004)
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Evidently, social inequities are prevalent in the country and it impacts
fisherfolk the most. Fisherfolk are deprived of many amenities of life and
consisted as one of the most vulnerable communities. According to PFDA,
fisherfolk are still the poorest in the nine basic sectors in the Philippines with a poverty
incidence of 41.4 percent according to the 2009 Poverty Incidence for Basic Sectors
report of the National Statistical Coordination Board. According to Dy (2018), the
Executive Director of the Center for Food and Agri-Business of the University of Asia &
the Pacific, Philippine fishery production has been declining since 2010. The
contribution of fishery to agriculture growth has been negative, considering the
Philippines being an agricultural nation. With the uncertainty of a fisherman’s catch is
the growing variability of income generated from these resources (Kasperski et al, 2013)
As a result, the productivity of fisherfolk has also been in decline. Also given the fact
that rural fishing is frequently characterized as the occupation of last resort (FAO, 2018)
As communities continue to face challenges with relying on catching wild fish,
introducing income diversification schemes provides a good opportunity to improve the
situation of individual fishers as well as to protect the existing fish stock (ICCO, 2016)
and also reforming the local economy from one that relies on fisheries to one that is more
diversified. (Marine Conservation Philippines, 2018) Considering other factors such as
climate change fisherfolk sought to seek out alternative modes of earning a profit to
sustain their families and provide for their daily needs when fishing activities and
volume of catch becomes limited or unavailable- both in related and in non-related to
fishing. Solutions to the problems of fisherfolk in terms of productivity have tended to
centre on the necessity to make small-scale fisherfolk more economically efficient.
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1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The country recognizes the importance of agriculture in making available food and
other products necessary to sustain and enhance human life, and in providing livelihood
to a major portion of the population. According to Republic Act No. 10816 or the
Agri-Tourism Act of the Philippines, it further recognizes that tourism, coupled with
agriculture extension services, can disseminate the value of agriculture in the economic
and cultural development of the country, serve as a cause for the sustainable
development of fishery communities, and provide additional income for fisher workers
and fisherfolks. The prevalence and increase of tourism activities should be coordinated
with the presence of support development as a response to such activities. Successful
tourism development involves balancing relationships among tourists, residents, places,
and the organizations and structures that provide tourism services (Zhang et al, 2006).
Tourism development exerts a myriad of effects that change the host community’s living
conditions (Gursoy et al, 2010) With support facilities comes an improvement in the
delivery of tourism activities. Such activities then become the catalysts for
socio-economic development for the rural coastal community by contributing not only
though the economic gain of the area but also through diversifying social interactions
between tourists and residents (James, 2018) Among all coastal community population,
fisherfolk families are the most vulnerable to socio-economic inequities (MEP, 2002)
Agri-Tourism relies on both the local lifestyle and trade products of a community in
which fisherfolk families can gain additional economic potentials. Evidently, these
activities also show that fisherfolks have a leading role in agritourism development,
which will likely increase their involvement and skills (Hoppe and Korb 2013).
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Despite the presence of scenic tourist destinations such as islands and beach fronts
in actual, there has been an inadequacy of essential tourism-support infrastructure which
could further enhance the experience of tourists. Existing structures are limited only to
small seating areas under the shade of trees. Support infrastructures are key factors
tourists consider when venturing in a trip or tourism activity. These infrastructures
enable them to carry out their activities to maximize their recreational, educational, and
leisure intent. However, absence or lacking of such support infrastructures may limit the
number of activities the area can offer, hindering the potential tourism spots to become
diverse and responsive to the growing trends of the tourism industry. In turn, income
potentials may simply vanish as nearby tourism sites could repatriate the tourists due to a
more complete services they could offer.
In Infanta, when bounty from the sea seems to be scarce, or if weather forbids local
venturing out to seal, the local fisherfolk families depend on some profitable alternatives
such as carpentry and handicrafts, as well as scrapping and scavenging discarded plastics
and glass bottles. Not to mention the non fishing-related activities such as laundry and
baby-sitting sought by fisherfolk women. However, these alternative forms were also
deemed unstable in nature. In addition, out of the 201 fisherfolk participated in a recent
demographic survey by the PSU-College of Fisheries, 136 of the fisherfolk men
participants does not have any alternative mode for income generation at all.
According to the Municipal Planning and Development Office of Infanta,
considering the existing fisherfolk conditions, support infrastructures are deemed
necessary such as improving the area and adding vibrancy to the itinerary coastlines-
anchored towards Agri-Tourism as the prime socio-economic development strategy.
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Similarly, Agri-Tourism also functions as an income-generation alternative to
fishing (Hawkes, 2013) There is increasing evidence that countries which have
performed well towards achieving such consequently have also reached higher levels of
economic growth and social well-being in general (World economic Forum, 2008)
Infanta has abundance of tourism assets yet in order to maximize its potentials, programs
should address the socio-economic conditions of its prime labor force- the fisherfolk,
specifically the most vulnerable strata- the rural fisherfolk women. Since they are
involved in sizeable contributions. Furthermore, aside from fisherfolk families making a
sizeable contribution to fishing work, they carry a disproportionate share of the
household, and are more likely to participate in making Agri-Tourism activities possible
(Giraud et al, 2013)
The seasonal characteristic of fishing and the relatively constant influx of tourists
could help coastal communities such as Infanta to achieve a certain level of
socio-economic stability. In addition, Agri-Tourism responds well to this seasonality by
exhibiting a degree of functional flexibility- by supporting agriculture activities when
tourism lies low and ensuring additional income from tourism when agriculture lies low.
Agri-Tourism shows a development which poses a possibility of a ‘win-win’ situation
with respect to the seasonality of activities. Without adequate support infrastructure for
the increasing tourism activities, local fisherfolks and the coastal community misses the
opportunities tourism could bring in terms of their socio-economic well-being. Therefore,
supplementary development and policies are deemed necessary in order to orient the
development of coastal communities towards Agri-Tourism and thus, improving the
overall conditions of the place.
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1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
These are the objectives the study aims to achieve.
 To involve the local fisherfolk as key resource in the process of planning and
developing spatial strategies to uplift the conditions of marginalized coastal
communities;
 To implicate local fisherfolk participation in creating development schemes to
expand the fisherfolk’s livelihood options and socio-economic opportunities;
 To expound the importance of spatial planning and community architecture in
creating sustainable coastal communities adaptive to socio-economic challenges.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions are the key inquiries in providing answers for the
research problem. The questions which were in the domain of physical or of spaces and
sectoral or of human activites are the product of the intention of developing a
comprehensive coastal development scheme for marginalized fisherfolk communities
relative to the present socio-economic setting.
1. What spatio-sectoral interventions can be applied on coastal communities of Infanta
based from the socio-economic conditions of fisherfolk families? (sectoral)
2. What specific aspects of spatial planning can be applied to coastal communities of
Infanta to contribute to an Agri-Tourism- development track? (physical- macro)
3. What physical interventions that can be utilized to improve Agri-Tourism outcomes
of coastal communities in Infanta? (physical- micro)
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1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Agri-Tourism- shall refer to the concept, development and activities that combine
Agriculture and Tourism.
2. Buffer/ Buffer Sub-Zone - these are yards, parks or open spaces intended to separate
incompatible elements or uses to control pollution/nuisance and for identifying and
defining development areas.
3. Capture Fishing - refers to all kinds of harvesting of naturally occurring living
resources in both marine and freshwater environments.
4. Coastal Realm - shall refer to the coastal environment and the physical and spatial
activities included therein such as the bodies of water, built-in areas, open spaces within.
5. Diversified Livelihood - an industry or activity that provide increased options for
earning and generating profit aside from capture fisheries.
6. Fisherfolk- refers to a person or group of people involved in activities directly or
indirectly related to fishing.
7. Local Fisherfolk - refers to the fisherfolk group or community of Infanta,
Pangasinan.
8. Marginal Fisherfolk - refers or individual engaged in subsistence fishing which shall
be limited to the sale, barter or exchange of agricultural or marine products produced by
himself and his immediate family, and whose annual net income from such farming of
fishing does not exceed Fifty Thousand Pesos (P50,000.00) or the poverty line
established by NEDA for the particular region or locality, whichever is higher.
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1.6 RESEARCH MODEL
The research paradigm or Research Model as it was called in the study, is essentially
the whole framework of beliefs, values and methods within which the research takes
place.
LEVEL INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT INTERVENING
THEORETICAL Sustainability and Sustainable Coastal Coastal Population
Coastal Management Development
CONCEPTUAL Adaptive and Socio-Economic Local Marginalized
Sustainable Development Fisherfolk
Community Schemes in the
Architecture context of Space
OPERATIONAL Existing Agri-Tourism Hub Fisherfolk Family
Livelihood , Tourism of Infanta, Ages
and Value-adding 15-59 years old.
Trends
Fig 1. Research Model
The research model sums up the basic framework of the study in terms of the
Theoretical, Conceptual and Operational levels.
The theoretical level includes ideas based from existing theories. It was then sought
out that existing Sustainability and Coastal Management measures allow a certain
community to determine and maximize its potentials in line with its priorities and
necessarily-deemed plans and actions. According to such, theories often give guidance
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for the coastal population to allow their communities to solve their problems with
minimum reliance to others. In this case, the general picture will be a coastal community
being armed with sustainable practices that will allow them to address the growing
challenges of socio-economic inequities with increased and equitable benefits being
realized from expanded opportunities in sustainable, natural resource-based
micro-enterprises. In short, a sustainable coastal development is a byproduct of
applying theories of and related to sustainability and coastal management with
intervention from the general coastal population.
The conceptual level is composed of related concepts relative to sustainable coastal
development. With sustainability in mind, coastal communities are envisioned to be
resilient in terms of physical and functional aspects. Effective sptaial socio-economic
development schemes relies on applying concepts of and related to adaptive
community architecture with the local marginalized fisherfolk be involved in the
conception of such schemes.
In the operational level was the manifestation of the actualities of the ideas
aforementioned. Improving the fisherfolk status in terms of their socio-economic stand
requires a look at the enhancement of existing livelihood and value-adding trends done
by the fisherfolk families coupled by the growing tourism trends as a development
thrust for the materialization of the community development through a Agri-Tourism
Hub fit for the coastal communities.
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1.7 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
From the review of related literature and studies, a theoretical scheme for the
research problem has been formulated. The conceptual framework functions as the main
thrust of the study.
Community growth is indeed a culmination of both spatial and sectoral activities.
The conceptual framework establishes the conception of income diversification and
alternative livelihood development schemes together with tourism trends into
comprehensive spatial strategies that will tend to increase the sustainability of fisherfolk
practices in marginalized coastal communities through physical and human resource
investment. Given such, the aforementioned income diversification schemes are also
anchored to the temporal aspect of community growth hence, the need for sustainability
-for both present and future coastal practices and activities.
Fig. 2 Conceptual Framework
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1.8 SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study was conducted to gain insights on the existing socio-economic factors that
play in the coastal realm which affects the existing conditions of the fisherfolk
population. Place wise, the coastal community of Infanta was considered prime area of
study with special attention to marginalized local fisherfolk families and women as
respondents. The study took place within a period from the 11th of September to 11th of
November 2018.
1.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Fig. 3 Seafood Supply Chain Summary
The seafood supply chain summary is the general model utilized for mapping
fishery-activities from pre-harvest to consumption. The study will be confined within the
value-adding limits as shown and will not be concerned in the fields of precapture
fishing, capture fishing and product consumption.
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1.10 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study has a significant role in expounding the importance of Community
Architecture and Spatial Planning in the creation of physical development schemes
anchored towards achieving sustainability, adaptability and socio-economic viability of
fisherfolk communities.
 For the Students
To inspire students to come up with new ideas about sustainability and its
importance to the coastal realm through viable and sensitive development schemes.
 For the Coastal community and its people
To uplift and further appreciate the role of a sustainable coastal community in nation
building and to provide a better living environment for the people.
 For the Fisherfolk
To establish the role of the fisherfolk as key stakeholders and contributors in
planning, organizing and designing sustainable communities beneficial to both man and
environment.
 For the Professionals
To promote the importance of Community Planning and design- that is Architecture,
to the creation of coastal communities adaptive to the evolving challenges and growing
demands of the nation.
 For the Researchers
To understand the value of people involvement in promoting sustainable practices as
guide for creating development schemes fit to socio-economic conditions affecting
coastal communites.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDIES
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2.1 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Tourism and agriculture are the topmost priorities of the Philippine Development
Plan (PDP). In the Philippines, tourism is considered as one of the largest industries and
the major contributor on the economy. One type of tourism the government promotes is
agritourism. It is a form of niche tourism that is considered a growth industry in many
parts of the world. Fundamentally, agritourism involves an agriculturally-based
operation or activity that draws visitors to a natural site for outdoor recreational activities,
education, shopping or even lodging (Spire Research and Consultant, 2013) The
Philippine Agri-tourism sector needs to further expand the market reach of its products
to be able to benefit local fisherfolk (Talavera, 2017) According to Department of
Tourism Chief Wanda Corazon Tulfo-Teo, it is about time to take steps to put
Agri-tourism at center-stage, as the country teems with rich agricultural destinations as
nurtured by hard-working fisherfolk and farmers, who are now recognized as major
stakeholders in an inclusive and sustainable tourism industry.
Agri-Tourism as a way of income diversification and economic alternative to
pure agriculture practice could benefit local fisherfolk communities in rural areas in a
variety of ways. The overall development of agriculture-oriented rural areas requires,
among other things, the involvement of the non-agrarian sector (Velijkovic, 2017) In
addition, the multi-functionality of agriculture is evidenced, inter alia, by its
compatibility with tourism and environmental protection. Rural tourism is gaining
increasing importance when it comes to its contribute to the development of rural
communities.
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The Municipality of Infanta is one of the coastal communities of the province of
Pangasinan. Geographically, it is bounded on the north by the Bayambang River, on the
east by the Zambales mountains, in the west by the West Philippine Sea and on the south
by Nayom River. Of its thirteen barangays, seven were deemed coastal (Aban et. Al,
2017) As a coastal municipality, it is endowed with rich coastal and marine resources
that provide income and livelihood to the fisherfolks and other members of the
community. The coastal town is also rich in tourism spots such as the Sabangan Island,
Infanta Salt Beds, and Hermana Mayor Island. These sites contribute to the influx of
both local and foreign tourists and contributes to the economic well-being of the town.
A well-developed agritourism systems in rural areas have the potential to reverse
negative economic trends by bringing in visitors and creating new jobs and local
business ventures for rural residents. Agritourism has been considered a hybrid concept
that merges elements of two complex industries—agriculture and travel/tourism—to
open up new, profitable markets for farm products and services and provide travel
experience for a large regional market (Wicks et al, 2003) As a tropical country with an
abundance of natural resources, biological diversity and a strong cultural heritage, the
Philippines is well-positioned for agritourism. Since fishing is considered an integral
aspect of Filipino culture, it can easily be cultivated into an agritourism activity. It has
since gained increasing popularity in the Philippines; becoming a profitable and
sustainable sector within the tourism industry. Agritourism offers a path to economic
development in rural areas. Agri-tourists tend to be more than willing to pay to
experience a unique opportunity to get in touch with nature. According to (Guttierez,
2013), estimate that the Philippines could create a total of 14.6 million new jobs adopt
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various reforms geared towards improving the business environment, particularly in the
sectors of agriculture and tourism. Using the land for agritourism, the state can also
achieve a balance in tourism development between urban and rural areas; spreading the
benefits of tourism and contributing to poverty alleviation. Agritourism, in addition,
promotes recreational activities amongst tourists who pay a certain sum of money for
firsthand experience of the living environment within the fishing community, either as
resident guests or day trippers (Busby and Rendle, 2000)
An agritourism activity, as stated by RA 10816 means “any activity carried out
on a farm or ranch or in a forest that allows members of the general public for
recreational, entertainment, or educational purposes, to view or enjoy rural activities,
including farming, ranching, historical, cultural, harvest-your-own, or nature-based
activities and attractions.” Agritourism sites offer tours to allow a person to view the
growing, harvesting, and processing of locally grown food.. Often the fisherfolk
provide a home-stay opportunity and general education on the workings of the
area. Agritourism not only assists communities with solutions to help diversify their
economic base, but it also helps regional urban centers and increasingly suburban
populations to understand the important role that fishing and rural life plays in our
history, by highlighting the need for it in our contemporary society. Agritourism
projects reinforce the need to support local growers and sources and allow the visitor
to experience what it is to be part of the land. No longer sustained by the sale of
traditional catch and livestock that have provided a flat net income for the past years,
fisherfolk have become entrepreneurs, generating additional income from second jobs
known as “off-sea activities” (Choo, 2012) Furthermore, Agri-Tourism provides
22
opportunities to increase fisherfolk’s supplemental income connecting with tourism
activities as well as cash flows during off season (Kumari, 2016)
In addition, diversification into tourism has been one of the most prevalent due
to both the perceived extra benefits of working from home while being able to take
care of children and the possibility of generating extra income. Diversified livelihood
through Agritourism impact people through improving the variety and security of
resources, skills and technologies that are available to coastal communities. If
households are to be resilient then they need adequate resources to fall back on in
times of need and this means finding other ways to earn an income. Livelihood options
available to individuals and households depend upon the diversity of resources, skills
and technology they are able to access (Practical Actions, n.d.) Over the years, the fast
rising increased in population have created poverty everywhere most especially in the
depressed area. Diversified livelihood is a widely used term for interventions that aim
to reduce the prevalence of activities deemed to be environmentally damaging by
substituting them with lower impact livelihood activities that provide at least
equivalent benefits (Wright et al, 2016) These options are essential for vulnerable
coastal communities faced with increasing threats to livelihood and safety (Uy, 2011)
In conjunction, promoting diversified livelihood is an innovative scheme for
partnership to promote community participation and empowerment. A participatory
approach of the formed group or organization to the barangay government to city level,
with their complementary nature of services (Santiago, 2018) A sustainable
livelihood is one in which people are able to maintain or improve their standard of
living (related to satisfaction, ‘well-being’ and income), reduce their vulnerability to
23
external shocks and trends, and ensure their activities are compatible with maintaining
the natural resource base (in this case the fish stocks) through diversification.
Livelihood diversification of rural households has long been an important
adaptation option in many countries. Ellis (2000) argues that rural households in
developing countries diversify their livelihoods due to insufficient income from a
single livelihood activity, for example, if fishing on their own communities does not
provide sufficient means for the survival of many rural households. Livelihood
diversification has the potential to spread risk over a portfolio of activities and to
minimize the vulnerability of households in the event of a failure in the major source
of income due to exposure to risk factors (e.g., tropical cyclones), and this is
compensated for by the complementary income streams of the households (Ellis, 2000;
Paavola, 2008)
Fig. 4 Sustainable Livelihoods Framework
24
The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework points to outcomes of livelihood
strategies. Livelihood sustainability is therefore affected by external factors,
sometimes referred to as the vulnerability context, comprising seasonality of
livelihood activities, and trends and shocks that are outside the control of the
household. Trends include the evidently decreasing catch rates, increasing prices for
fish, and a number of non-fishing related trends that nevertheless impact on fishing
households, such as degradation of critical coastal habitats by pollution or increased
restrictions imposed by planning authorities on coastal building and infrastructure
development. Shocks are storm events that damage shore facilities, and toxic algal
blooms. At a household level, methods used by the illness or death of a family
member or the theft of a fishing net is an obvious shock. The vulnerability context
should not be considered only in terms of negative factors. Understanding how people
succeed or fail in sustaining their livelihoods in the face of shocks, trends and
seasonality can help to design policies and interventions to assist peoples' existing
coping and adaptive strategies. These interventions may include, at various levels,
social service provision, insurance and compensation payments and promotion of
diversification (Ellis and Alison, 2004) however, such issues are considered seldom by
fisheries management and policy analysts. Fisheries development involves hard
choices between incompatible objectives. At present, many national fisheries policies
in developing countries include the goals of increasing the supply of fish to domestic
markets and promoting the export of fisheries products, increasing the level of
fisherfolks' incomes and providing new employment opportunities in fisheries-
considering Agritourism as a major form of income diversification.
25
2.2 REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
Rural communities that make agriculture as the main occupation has the potential as
a tourist destination due to the uniqueness of the local life and natural environment
(Richard et al, 2000) Many forms of diversified livelihoods as a response to tourism
activities have been implemented throughout the world, ranging from handicrafts right
through to reclamation and repurposing. All of these livelihoods have the potential to
take one more fishermen out of the water, and into to something that is in the long-term
more secure, and sustainable, economically and ecologically. (Marine Conservation
Philippines, 2018) In addition, poor and marginalized communities dependent upon
smallscale fisheries face increasingly insecure livelihoods, diminished nutrition, and
social disruption due to declining fish catches combined with broader social and
economic vulnerabilities. Without effective, systemic intervention, the status quo will
result in more than just the collapse of an industry and environmental catastrophe;
low-income coastal communities will see their main source of income and nutrition
disappear, pushing them deeper into poverty. (Rockefeller Foundation, 2013)
2.2.1 REVIEW OF RELATED FOREIGN STUDIES
In China, study of selected households indicates positive experiences both
economically and socioculturally. Agritourism has not only provided a supplementary
income and new employment opportunities to the rural community, but has also
increased the conservation of the environment and appreciation of minority cultures and
rural lifestyle. However, the development of agritourism is facing a number of
challenges, and government aid is needed to support farming families establishing and
operating tourism enterprises.
26
In Iranawila village in Puttalam, a district situated on the west coast of Sri Lanka,
90% of the population relies on fishing as their major source of livelihoods which made
the local fisherfolk community susceptible to impacts caused by changes in economic
patterns. An alternative livelihood project was introduced and trained 20 women in
making handicrafts using the stiff mid-ribs of coconut. The average additional income a
fisherfolk make per month from selling coconut products is between LKR 2,500 and
4,000 (US $16-26) which has increased these fisherfolk families’ income by 30 to 50%
(IUCN, 2017)
In a study by the USAID, in the coastal/marine realm, declining fisheries, degraded
ecosystems, and widespread poverty are common in many tropical countries throughout
the world. The island of Zanzibar in Tanzania was found no exception. Previously,
women mainly gleaned shellfish for food. Thus, by introducing the production of
shell-handicraft, income was expected to increase. According to the results, the
engagement in shell-handicraft has led to alleged life improvements in terms of access to
financial, physical, human, and social resources. Income wise, the average total daily
income (combining all income generating activities) for shell-handicrafters increased
from 4250 TZS (US$1.9) to 6800 TZS which is a 63% increase. (Frocklin, 2018)
In Malaysia, women in small-scale fishing communities have been involved in the
production of local handicrafts such as batik-making, songket weaving, brass and silver
manufacturing, and mat weaving, for generations. These cottage industries, which rely
heavily on the conventional skills and craftsmanship of the women, are usually operated
in the home, thus enabling them to combine household duties with income-generating
activities to supplement the family income. This also showed that being involved
27
businesses and retailing are other important supplementary income activities for women,
providing employment to about 21.6% of the total. (Yahaya, n.d.) Similarly a study by
Stockholm Resilience Center in Tanzania found out that livelihood diversification has
allowed households to change and adopt to unstable conditions and situations, it provides
flexibility and adaptability to aid daily survival. (Jayaweera, 2018) In addition, the
introduction of alternative livelihoods, especially for non-fishing activities, contributes to
stabilize income, increase food security and nutrition, increase their ability to cope with
shocks and reduce fisherfolk’s vulnerability (Mukasa et al, 2013) It is noteworthy that
some alternative livelihoods are important ways to raise local economy which caused by
decreased production of capture fisheries (Zamroni et al, 2011)
Also in Malaysia, another study has been conducted on the impacts of introducing
Agritourism development in rural fisherfolk communities. The local community
perceived that the Agritourism program in their village bring efforts to upgrade and
enhance the beauty of the area to attract more tourist and this makes one of thhe
objectives of tourism development- to bring about change and development towards
creating attractive sites integrated with the local fisherfolk village. For the coastal
community in Malaysia, Agritourism is one of the tools they used so as to develop the
fisherfolk village as well as to generate additional income. Also, participation of the local
fisherfolk and authorities in planning resulted to policies of sustainable agritourism
deemed important to strike balance between economic gains and environmental
conservation.
28
2.2.2 REVIEW OF RELATED LOCAL STUDIES
The Philippines is a growing tourist hotspot, with world-class beach, diving and
shopping destinations. The country is now exploring another fast growing segment –
agri-tourism – and has recently joined the ranks of the world’s top eight agri-tourism
destinations (Spire Research and Consulting, 2013)
Philippine tourism development today has taken a major leap forward by
incorporating agricultural and environmental activities into its programs that encourage
active involvement and participation of people and their communities. Specifically, these
are the agri-tourism and eco-tourism endeavors of institutions, organizations, local
government units, or even individuals who use technologies generated and developed out
of agricultural research and development (R&D) and protection and conservation
practices on the environment as a profitable activities for tourists, including its aesthetic
valuation (PB AGRIBUSINESS, 2010)
In the Department of Agriculture (DA), agri-tourism is a welcome initiative that
opened doors for development. Although this has been going on for several years, R&D
breakthroughs are the key factors that made the fusion of these two broad areas to jointly
address social and economic development. agri-tourism integrates the gains of research
and development, particularly the innovative and modern technologies that produce
quality products. These technologies vary from protective and precision agriculture,
organic agriculture, food processing and development, agricultural information and
communications management, and even biotechnology.
29
Furthermore, agri-tourism sets the inclusion of community activities to show the
beauty of agricultural landscape which attracts educational tours for students, local
government officials and even researchers with interest in these developments. This is
the reason why innovative Agri-tourism is now the by-word for researchers and
development practitioners who realized that there are still rppm for improvement and
enhance this new field of study especially incorporating the important role of high-value
commercial crops.
Over the years, Philippine Agri-tourism has changed in perspective and directions.
Before, local areas simply provided a picturesque depiction of things to be expected and
what could be offered in terms of the agricultural produce in the locality. They sell and
promote these for monetary gains. Nowadays, a major shift and upgrades were done by
incorporating interactive activities wherein tourists could be part of the agricultural
activities while appreciating the value of the produce. How is this done?
Most of the country’s agricultural production areas now integrate production
management activities with tourism activities. Notable Agri-tourism activities in the
country which highlights high-value commercial crops include Baguio’s Panagbenga –
Flower Festival held every February, La Trinidad’s Strawberry Festival in March,
Benguet’s Adivay Festival which highlights vegetables and rootcrops in November,
Kidapawan City’s Durian Festival in August, Guimaras Mango Festival in April, and
Camiguin’s Lanzones Festival in October. All of these sites and other tourist destinations
made sure that the latest and innovative agricultural technologies are integrated in their
tourism programs and interactive activities of communities as part of the tourist itinerary.
30
According to Aquino (2008) making sense on the importance of Agri-tourism in
the country is now the emerging trend in community development. The Department of
Agriculture, provincial and municipal local government units, and state universities and
colleges, including specific communities, jointly collaborate and develop tourism
activities that highlight not only agricultural products but also the way of life of people.
This new direction in agricultural and tourism development makes it a business activity.
With this activity, the assurance of communities to be involved in agricultural activities
will not only be treated for people’s empowerment only but support the comprehensive
development program including tourism initiatives as a whole.
Few years later, more farms in the Philippines began to venture into Agri-tourism as
farm owners realized the sector's potential to sustain income that is less dependent on
weather, markets, pests, or diseases.
For instance, the Ephrathah Farms in Badiangan, Iloilo also offers their place as
venue for events like weddings and birthday celebrations aside from its usual farm
production and other tourist accommodation activities. The farm has 8,000-10,000
average monthly visitors. Ephrathah Farms has also conducted training of small farmers
in nearby communities to cope with the demand in the food market. From the active
farmers that they trained, the Ephrathah Farms agreed on buying the crops that they plant
on a very good fixed price, cash on delivery, giving the farmers higher share of the value
of their products.
The REFMAD Farms in Bugos, Ilocos Norte, on the other hand, is one of the largest
if not the earliest dragonfruit farms in the Philippines. The farm also processes their main
31
crop into different products such as dragonfruit ice cream, dragonfruit vinegar,
dragonfruit soap, and their soon to be released dragonfruit coffee—the first in the world.
During the off-harvest season, the flowers of the dragonfruits illuminate at night which
serve as one of the main tourist attractions in the farm. The REFMAD Farms is one of
the tourism sites endorsed by the provincial government of Ilocos Norte.
Multiplying these farms' success stories in Farm Tourism, the Philippines enacted
Republic Act No. 10816 or the Farm Tourism Development Act of 2016 to provide the
policy and enabling environment for encouraging, developing, and promoting farm
tourism in the Philippines. The said bill was filed by Sen. Cynthia A. Villar, Chair of
Senate Committees on Agriculture and Food, Agrarian Reform, and Environment and
Natural Resources; and the engagement of concerned government agencies such as DOT,
Agricultural Training Institute of the Department of Agriculture (DA ATI), Technical
Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), and the Department of Trade
and Industry (DTI), not to mention pioneer farm tourism site operators in the country,
continue to help refine its implementation.
According to Dr. Mina T. Gabor, the president of the International School of
Sustainable Tourism, in the Philippines, Agri-Tourism have not only increased
fisherfolk’s income but also boost economic opportunities for communities that pursued
and promoted it considering that Agri-Tourism is now a fast growing trend among
travelers.
32
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH DESIGN AND
METHODOLOGY
33
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
The descriptive method of research was used in the study. Descriptive method of
research is a fact-finding study with adequate and accurate interpretation of the findings.
It describes what is. It describes with emphasis what actually exists. Since the study is
concerned with the present socio-economic conditions and status of local fisherfolk
families in Infanta- specifically of fisherfolk women, the descriptive method of research
was the most appropriate method to use.
The study aims to further appreciate and understand ways on improving the built
environment of coastal communities to strengthen the social relationship and economic
efficiency of the people with regards of all the socio-economic groups. The research is
envisioned to carry qualitative traits. A qualitative approach is primarily exploratory
research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and
motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas. Using a
qualitative approach also seeks to tell the story of a particular group’s experiences in
their own words, and is therefore focused on narrative.
3.2 POPULATION AND LOCALE OF THE STUDY
The local fisherfolk families will be involved in the gathering of data with special
focus on fisherfolk women as the prime respondents. Since the fisherfolk households are
involved particularly in industry, the demographic criteria will be based from the age
range of the labor force as it was defined by the Department of Labor and employment
which is from 15 to 59 years of age.
34
Since the study is concerned with the fisherfolk’s point of view, a
phenomenological nature of qualitative sampling will be used. According to Creswell
(1998), the recommended sample size for a phenomenological sampling ranges from
5-25 with at least six (6) respondents. This indeed show that qualitative analyses
typically require a smaller sample size than quantitative analyses. The study focuses
on the perspectives of fisherfolk families with great emphasis on fisherfolk women as
key source of data. For the purpose of gathering data, the number of respondents will
be limited to ten (10) respondents. Such number was obtained from the minimum of
twenty (20) respondents being suggested by Creswell (1998) for interviews. Since
the parents are approached in the interview, one (1) interview questionnaire could be
answered by both parents which makes a ratio of 1:2, hence, ten (10) respondents.
3.3 DATA GATHERING TOOL
Qualitative research is open to multiple interpretations which involves collecting and
analyzing data in an iterative process until no new information arises. The qualitative
approach is informed by inductive logic, in which potential understandings of a
phenomenon are derived from the data.The goal of qualitative analysis is not to produce
broadly generalizable results but rather to provide detailed descriptions of specific
situations or experiences
In-depth interviews are often conducted by researchers to guide individuals in
sharing their perspectives on the phenomena of interest. Interviews can be highly
structured (based on a standard set of questions which the researcher asks of numerous
individuals) or more free-flowing like a conversation. While in-depth interviews are
35
useful for collecting the perspectives of individuals, focus group interviews are also
excellent tools for uncovering how groups of similar individuals understand a particular
phenomenon. A focus group provides the opportunity for individuals to interact with one
another and with the goal to produce a shared narrative of the phenomenon of interest;
this process can be an invaluable tool in understanding how the various perspectives
shared through in-depth interviews fit together. Like in-depth interviews, focus groups
are commonly recorded and transcribed in order to capture the exact language used by
the participants.
The gathering of primary data will conducted in Barangay Nayom, Infanta,
Pangasinan through purposive sampling among local fisherfolk women. Purposive
Sampling is a non-probability sample that is selected based on characteristics of a
population and the objective of the study. Purposive sampling is also known as
judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling. A homogeneous purposive sample is one
that is selected for having a shared characteristic or set of characteristics. Since the study
is primarily concerned with a specific class in the socio-economic strata- the local
fisherfolk women, a purposive sampling is the most ideal approach to be utilized.
The data collected through observations are the carefully recorded notes which the
researcher makes immediately after each observation, which include descriptions,
impressions, quotes, and sketches when since spatial aspects of the setting is
fundamentally important.
Interviews
1. Structured (in questionnaire form)- having a series of predetermined
questions
36
3.4 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
The method of collecting data will be through a normative data gathering with
attention to a survey and focus group combination. This is concerned with looking into
the commonality of some elements such as the present social trends of local fisherfolk
women (their current roles in the community) and the existing economic activities they
are involved in (existing livelihood and alternative-livelihood options). Since the present
research is a status study, the normative approach was the most appropriate method to
use in data gathering.
The instrument used to collect the data was a structured interview in the form of a
questionnaire. This was used in the study because it gathers data faster than any other
period. The questionnaire will function as a written interview, way different from the
typical spot-on answering using pen but instead, will only be the guide to extract more
personal thoughts from the respondents without imposing too much stress to the them
hence the term structured interview and focus group. The actualities of the method will
be as follows: the researcher holds the questionnaire while asking inquiries to the
respondents. The respondents do not have direct contact with the questionnaires but
items will be presented only though direct visual and spoken means. This is done
considering the level of literacy marginalized fisherfolk families may demonstrate. Also,
a quick rundown will save more time; and extending the questions to the respondents in
a direct unobstructed manner will further relieve the study from misinterpretation of
questions and confusions, and would allow them to express their sides with more
freedom and flexibility.
37
3.5 QUESTIONNAIRE STRUCTURE
The questionnaire consists of sub-items which correspond to the raised research

questions- mainly focused on determining the present socio-economic status of the
fisherfolk and the corresponding spatial strategies to alleviate such conditions
experienced in marginalized costal communities. The structure of the questionnaire will
be as follows:
Research Question No. 1:
What spatio-sectoral interventions can be applied on coastal communities of Infanta
The items under this major research question will be based from the socio-economic
indicators of coastal communities as provided by the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) which is used to assess the socio-economic conditions of coastal
fisherfolk communities.
1.1 How much is your estimated monthly income from both fishing together with
your alternative (if you have)?
Less than P1,000 Less than P5,000
Less than P10,000 More than P10,000
1.2 At the present, does the household have an alternative mode of income
generation aside from fishing? (identifying existing alternative livelihood
schemes)
Yes, we do have No, we do not have
38
1.3 If answered YES: What is the major of alternative income of the family?
Answer: ____________________________________________________________
1.4 What is the highest educational attainment the working portion of the household
has obtained? (specifically for the parents) (to identify degree of training)
College Graduate
Highschool Graduate
Elementary Graduate
Did not went to any formal education at all.
1.5 Who contributes to the household income the most? (specifically for the
parents)(to verify the gender roles)
Father Mother Varies
1.6 How often do you resort to such activities?
Always, everyday
Sometimes, once a week
More than once a week
Not quite often, once a month
More than once a month
1.7 When income from both capture fishing and alternatives were still insufficient,
in what activities do you resort to?
Answer: ____________________________________________________________
39
What specific aspects of spatial planning can be applied to coastal communities of

Infanta to contribute to an Agri-Tourism development track? (physical- macro) Spatial
Planning in terms of human behaviour suggests that population mobility is greatly
affected by geography due to people giving greater consideration on the advantages,
limits, challenges, and opportunities offered by a place. Human activities can be
constrained by location so as it can influence migration.
2.1 Where do you conduct your activities related to the existing alternative
livelihood options? (identifying activities to be used as a basis for building
proximity)
At home At my neighbour’s home Others
If answered ‘others’, please specify where?

Answer: ____________________________________________________
2.3 Based from the previous choices given above, why do you prefer to do your
alternative livelihood activities in those places? (identifying alternative livelihood
activities and certain user behaviour in order to recommend specific spatial layout
to be introduced in the Agri-Tourism Hub- a basis for building spaces)
Accessibility- I find it convenient for me to just stay at home.
Availability- I cannot find similar activities on other places, only there.
Income- I have multiple options but I preferred the highest paying ones.
Others. Please specify. _____________________________________
40
2.4 Based from the answers for items no. 2.3 kindly pin-point such locations and
your path and modes of travel in the map provided on the next sheet. (To identify
commonality in fisherfolk circulation as a basis for the spatial layout of the
Agri-Tourism Hub)
2.5 Provided a map as a reference, what are the movement patterns of tourists within
the area? (To identify commonality in tourists circulation as a basis for the
spatial layout of the Agri-Tourism Hub)
BASE MAP for items 2.4 and 2.5
41
What socio-economic and physical interventions can improve the overall livelihood
outcomes of coastal fisherfolk communities in Infanta? (physical- micro)
3.1 Does the existing alternatives you have still reliable in times of disparities and
calamities? (To be used as a basis for the general design of the Agri-Tourism
Hub. For instance, if the fisherfolk answered “no’, adaptive coastal design could
be utilized in the of the buildings to make the proposal reliable during calamities)
Yes, it is. Sometimes No. It is not.
3.2 Do you think you are adaptive whenever skill enhancement becomes available?
Yes. I am looking forward to new skills.
No. I will just stick to my current skills.
3.3 In the physical and spatial context, What do you think is the greatest challenge
you face whenever you are going to engage on your existing income-generating
alternatives?
Answer: ____________________________________________________________
3.4 Are you involved already on some tourism activities in the area?
Yes, I am. Sometimes No. I am not.
42
3.5 What are the existing tourism activities in the area? (to identify other possible
services and activities to be introduced to improve the experience of tourists)
Trekking
Homestays
Wildlife Spotting
Bird Watching
Cycling
Biodiversity Tours
Traditional Performances
Kayaking and Boating
Parasailing
Swimming
Island Hopping
3.6 What are the existing tourism-support facilities in the area? (in order to assess
the adequacy of tourism-support facilities in the area)
Restaurants
Shops and Department Stores
Sports and Recreational Clubs
Museum
Training Center
Homestay
Others. Specify
End of Survey
43
3.6 TREATMENT OF DATA
Statistical techniques aid the researcher in determining the validity and reliability of
the research instruments. Data gathered with instruments are not valid and reliable are
almost useless and so the researcher must ensure the validity and reliability of such
instruments. Statistics helps in doing this. Since certain proportions of the variables
based on the population are desired to be known, a frequency count will be deemed
ideal for the treatment of data. For a specific question, answers will be counted and their
respective equivalents were computed. However, the interpretation of results will be in
terms of qualitative approach which is thematic in nature.
The expected results of the questionnaire with respect to major research questions
are as follows:
EXPECTED RESULTS
Socio-Economic Conditions
RESEARCH QUESTION
User Behaviour
No. 1 (Sectoral)
User Activities
Site Proximity
RESEARCH QUESTION Building Accessibility
No. 2 (Physical-Macro) Site Development Criteria
Building Orientation
Site Entry/Exit
Building Spatial Layout

RESEARCH QUESTION Functional Spaces and Buildings
No. 3 (Physical-Micro) Ancillary Spaces
Ancillary Buildings
Architectural Character
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR THE

PROPOSED AGRITOURISM HUB
Fig. 5 Research Questions and their Expected Results
44
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS
AND INTERPRETATION OF
DATA
45
4.1 PRESENTATION OF DATA
4.1.1. PRESENTATION OF DATA FOR RESEARCH QUESTION NO. 01:
What spatio-sectoral interventions can be applied on coastal communities of
Infanta based from the socio-economic conditions of fisherfolk families? (sectoral)
The specific components under this major research question will be based from the
socio-economic indicators for coastal communities as provided by the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) which is used to assess the socio-economic conditions
of coastal fisherfolk communities. This will give the research an insight on the existing
activities of people and their behaviour in order to come up with a basis for the design
solution. This highlights the role of Architecture as a discipline that integrates human
behaviour with the built space and within the built-in environment. According to
(Monzeglio, cit in Elali, 1997) The perception of the built environment by users, allows
the identification of the potential of this environment.
TABLE 4.1.1.1 Monthly Income of Fisherfolk Households (Major + Alternative)
Regular income among households directly relates to socio-economic security. This

ensures that family needs are being sustained accordingly. (USDA, 2011) As a
response, Agri-Tourism can further provide a certain degree of added socio-economic
security by understanding how secure are the fisherfolk households in the present.
CRITERIA RESPONSES PERCENTAGE
Less than 1,000 0%

Less than 5,000 90%
Less than 10,000 10%
More than 10,000 0%
46
TABLE 4.1.1.2 Fisherfolk Households with Non-Fishing Alternative Modes of Income
In coastal communities where income generated from fishing seems to be subject to

variability, alternative modes of profit-making is deemed necessary. Such alternative
options can take a fishermen out of the water which means that fisherfolk families do
not need to depend solely on the sea for living (Marine Conservation Philippines,
2018) The presence of a non-fishing related alternative mode of income indicates that
fisherfolk are already beginning initial steps on coastal sustainability by further
securing their source of income and allowing the stressed natural marine resources to
regenerate.
Yes 90%
None 10%
TABLE 4.1.1.3 Major Alternative Modes of Income of Fisherfolk Households
Existing alternative modes of income complement the insufficiency of the fisherfolk

household’s primary profit-making source. A clear understanding of the livelihoods of
people fishing is essential to the design of enforcement and patrol as well as the
participatory planning and development in support of alternative opportunities (Briggs
et al., 2003) Through Agri-Tourism, these skills can be used as a base to further
improve local fisherfolk’s techniques and guide the proposal to identify potential
livelihood areas to be developed (e.g. Handicrafts and Souvenir-making) in order to
respond to existing conditions of the community.
ALTERNATIVE MODES OF INCOME RESPONSE
In-house Laundry Services

Shell Collecting
Handicrafts
Charcoal-Making
Retailing
47
TABLE 4.1.1.4 Educational Attainment of the Working Household Portion
The principle is that the relative contribution of every individual to the economic
growth depends on their human capital – the education, knowledge, skills,
competencies and other attributes that are relevant to economic activity. As a
consequence, developing the skills and knowledge of the labor force is regarded as a
key strategy for promoting economic growth (Data.GovIn, 2015) An Agri-Tourism
development does not only expand the economic opportunities of local fisherfolk
families but also diversifies their skills and knowledge. With a certain educational
attainment, a person may have difficulty in finding suitable job especially if it requires
intensive qualifications. These scenarios also become a development thrust for the
proposal in order to create an array of comprehensive options to enhance the economic
status of the people and their social confidence.
College Graduate 0%
High School 70%
Elementary 20&
No Formal 10%
Education
TABLE 4.1.1.5 Major Contributor in the Fisherfolk Household
Fishing is characterized by gender roles- men catch fish and women do the alternatives
(Siason, n.d.) By understanding who contributes most to the household income,
assessment could be made to identify whether the household is a fishing-dependent or
a diversified one- which in turn support activities within Agri-Tourism.
Father 90%
Mother 10%
Varies 0%
48
TABLE 4.1.1.6 Frequency of Depending on Alternative Modes of Income
Alternative modes of income aforementioned and the frequency of relying to it

indicates a certain level of a family’s sustainability. This indicates the availability of
the major source of income which is fishing. Relying more frequently to alternatives
means that fishing merely contributes to the household income, while relying on
alternatives less than usual indicates that the fisherfolk household is able to sustain
their needs without the aid of external sources of profit. Through Agri-Tourism
Development, the proposal would have a chance to orient its priority activities to the
said modes of income, whichever is deemed most necessary.
RESPONSES RESPONSES
Always, Everyday
Sometimes, once in a week
More than once in a week
Not quite often, once a month
More than once a month.
TABLE 4.1.1.7 Income Generation Activities of Last Resort
Even alternative modes of income relative to the primary source becomes subjected to
variability in terms of natural calamities or times of unavailability. This makes certain
fisherfolk families resort to activities determined by their will to sustain their needs.
These activities reflect a certain image of marginalized fisherfolk communities facing
an urgent need to make it through the rough times.
INCOME ACTIVITIES OF LAST RESORT RESPONSES
We have.
Bottle and Plastic Scavenging
Metal Scrapping
We do not have.
49
Infanta to contribute to an Agri-Tourism development track? (Physical- macro)
Research on livelihoods has been conducted across various fields but there has been
less focus upon detection and analyzing of the interconnected relationships between
space and livelihoods (Gotland, 2012) The relationship often manifests in the altering of
place specific time-space relations which alters livelihood possibilities over time,
migration and spatial dispersion of livelihoods.
Space as a concept can be used in the forms of absolute, relative and cognitive space.
It organizes into places which in turn could be defined as territories of meaning.
Livelihood diversification often requires a more spatially extended understanding of the
household. Through spatial dispersion of members in a household, advantage can be
taken of economic opportunities in multiple rural and urban places. Spatial planning in
terms of human behaviour suggests that population mobility is greatly affected by
geography due to people giving greater consideration on the advantages, limits,
challenges, and opportunities offered by a place. Human activities can be influenced by
location resulting to unique circulation patterns certain individuals exhibit within a
certain area. The components of this research question would give an insight on the
movement of people within the community- whether local fisherfolk or tourist relative
to the socio-economic context.. The community being a fabric, these items will guide the
research in visualizing mobility patterns and in turn, would be utilized to determine
Agri-Tourism oriented physical interventions such as access and building
configurations.
50
TABLE 4.1.2.1 Places of Alternative Income-Generating Options
Knowing where fisherfolks conduct their alternative income-generating activities

would indicate the certain level of need to establish a centralized location to
concentrate their activities thus reducing transport cost, distance travelled and the like.
RESPONSES RESPONSE
At Home
At my neighbour’s Home
Others
Poblacion (Town Center)
Other barangays
TABLE 4.1.2.2 Spatial-based Alternative Livelihood Preferences
Understanding why fisherfolk families conduct their alternative income-generation

options on places they have identified indicates a pattern in their behaviour reflecting
either 1) their ideal working conditions and 2) the factors that constraints them to
work in their ideal working conditions. Gotland (2012) refers to spatial dispersion as
a way to maximize the opportunities of the household through making advantage of
their location. Agri-Tourism could introduce a cohesion-based approach to such
constraints and could utilize the identified “ideal working conditions” in the design of
the buildings and development features for households to become more productive.
CRITERIA RESPONSE
Accessibility
I find it more convenient for me to stay there.
Availability
I cannot find similar activities on other places, only there
Income
I have multiple options but I preferred the highest payers
Others
Preferences aside from the aforementioned.
51
Fig 6. Circulation-Mapping among the Rural Fisherfolk Community, Barangay Nayom
Circulation patterns show the movement of fisherfolk households in relative to the

socio-economic context. As aforementioned, livelihood diversification often requires a
more spatially extended understanding of the household. Through spatial dispersion of
members in a household, advantage can be taken of economic opportunities in multiple
rural and urban places.
52
Fig 7. Circulation-Mapping of Tourists within the Poblacion and Fisherfolk
Communities in the Socio-Economic Context
The circulation patterns show particularly how tourists move around from the
center to the island destinations. Somehow, interaction between the tourists and local
fisherfolk households have been already established. Through an Agri-Tourism
development, these relationships could be further strengthened and could contribute to
a multi-dimensional growth (both physical and sectoral) in terms of its development
track.
53
What physical interventions that can be utilized to improve Agri-Tourism outcomes
Diversification into tourism has been one of the most prevalent option to increase
socio-economic potentials due to both the perceived extra benefits. Diversified livelihood
through Agritourism impact people through improving the variety and security of
resources, skills and technologies that are available to coastal communities. If
households are to be resilient then they need adequate resources to fall back on in times
of need and this means finding other ways to earn an income. Livelihood options
available to individuals and households depend upon the diversity of resources, skills
and technology they are able to access.
Physical interventions refer to the alteration or changes in the built environment both
macro (community and the site) and micro (site and the building) in order to direct
specific development towards the Agri-Tourism vision of the town.
Complementary to the second research question which aims to identify physical
interventions in the macro scale such as the overall circulation patterns and site activities
and trends, the items under the third research question aims to identify specific physical
interventions on the micro scale. These includes obtaining ideas to be the bases of
Building Spatial Layout, Functional Spaces and Buildings, Ancillary Spaces, Ancillary
Buildings and the overall physical development’s Architectural Character.
54
TABLE 4.1.3.1 Reliability of Alternative Income-generation Options during times of
Disparities and Calamities
Livelihood diversification of rural households has long been an important adaptation

option in many countries. Ellis (2000) argues that rural households in developing
countries diversify their livelihoods due to insufficient income from a single
livelihood activity, for example, if fishing on their own communities does not provide
sufficient means for the survival of many rural households. Livelihood diversification
has the potential to spread risk over a portfolio of activities and to minimize the
vulnerability of households in the event of a failure in the major source of income due
to exposure to risk factors (e.g., tropical cyclones), and this is compensated for by the
complementary income streams of the households (Ellis, 2000; Paavola, 2008)
The implication of the responses on the proposed Agri-Tourism development would

be profound due to them being used as a basis for the general character of the
Agri-Tourism Hub. For instance, the unreliability and unavailability of such
alternative options could indicate that adaptive coastal design could be utilized in the
design of the buildings to make the proposal reliable during calamities.
RESPONSES RESPONSES
Yes, it is reliable.
Sometimes, it depends on the situation.
Not anymore.
TABLE 4.1.3.2 Fisherfolk Preferences in Adapting to Skill Enhancement
Coastal fisherfolk households were tied to the sea socio-economically. The issues
happening related to coastal communities nowadays have imparted how these
households see livelihood and the future of fishery as a major source of income.
RESPONSES RESPONSES
Yes, I am looking forward to new skills.

No. I would just stick to my current skills.
55
TABLE 4.1.3.3 Perceived Spatial-Physical Challenges of Local Fisherfolk Households
Coastal Communities are among the most vulnerable socio-economically and also
physically. The sea being the major source of living, fisherfolk communities still prefer
to settle within the coastline despite of the dangers it could imposed. Through
Architecture, a symbiotic relationship can be established between coastal communities
and the sea, hence, adapting to it and using the challenges as a basis for a responsive
physical intervention.
Items under this inquiry were listed below and will function as guidelines on the
spatial and physical layout and features for the Agri-Tourism Hub. Capitalizing on
both the people and the surrounding environment, Agri-Tourism Development
encourages to bridge people and nature in a cohesive co-existence. With sustainability
in mind, these factors could be useful in order to make sure that the income generated
by the proposed development will fall upon the fisherfolks’ socio-economic
improvement and not be wasted on unnecessary repairs due to damages.
RESPONSES RESPONSES
Location and Structure of Settlements

(Vulnerable to Natural Calamities)
Distance from Fishing Grounds
(Very far sources of fish specifically in the Scarborough Shoal)
Lack of Boat Refuge
(Susceptibility of their most valuable fishing asset to the
calamities)
Lack of Coastal Defense Structures
(Fisherfolks contrast other municipalities having breakwalls
and protective coastal measures)
Poor Conditions of Roads
(Fisherfolks do complain of the condition of roads which affect
their efficiency of sending their produce to the market and
also vehicles not being able to reach them)
56
TABLE 4.1.3.4 Fisherfolk Household’s Exposure to Tourists and Tourism Activities
According to Brooke Porter (2014), on a dissertation entitled: Marine Tourism as a

supplemental Livelihood: An Exploration of Remote Fisheries-based Communities in
the Philippines, when considering tourism as a supplemental or alternative livelihood,
the success is dependent not only on the feasibility of integration, but also on the given
communities desire to engage in the industry. In the case of fishing communities in
developing nations, the lack of exposure to outsiders create significant hurdles for a
livelihood shift towards tourism.
RESPONSES RESPONSES
Yes, I am involved in tourism activities and mingle with tourists.
I am not involved in activities but mingle with tourists.
Not at all.
TABLE 4.1.3.5 Existing Tourism Activities in the Area of Study
The existing tourism activities present within the area of study indicates the capability
of existing tourism-support structures to cater specific recreational or educational acts.
Listed herein are some basic tourism activities as stated by the Department of
Tourism specific to coastal destinations. Presence or absence of an activity translates
into an opportunity to further maximize tourism potentials by supplementing the
inadequacy of activities offered and for improvement already provided activities.
ACTIVITY STATUS ACTIVITY STATUS
Trekking Traditional Performances
Homestays Kayaking and Boating
Wildlife Spotting Parasailing
Bird Watching Swimming
Cycling Island Hopping
Biodiversity Tours
57
TABLE 4.1.3.6 Existing Tourism-support Infrastructures in the Area of Study
Tourism infrastructure can be regarded as the physical elements that are designed
and erected to cater for visitors. The strong relationship between tourism development
and infrastructure has been theoretically established by a number of authors (Adebayo,
Iweka, 2014). Tourism infrastructure includes ancillary and complementary
facilities,equipment, systems, processes, and resources necessary for the functioning of
every tourist destination. Tourism infrastructure is the basis of tourism development, as
well as a base for utilization of destination resources. The importance of tourism
infrastructure is reflected in the fact that it can contribute to increasing the efficiency of
production and distribution of tourism services, and, in some cases, such as remote
destinations, even increase the supply of tourism services.
In addition, greater access to accommodation, appropriate infrastructure and
proximity or easy access to nearby urban areas attracts customers and supports
agri-tourism investment and expansion (DSG, 2016)
The corresponding status of these basic tourism support infrastructures indicates
the need to introduce such spaces in order to fulfill the vision of the municipality of
improving the socio-economic conditions of the community through an Agti-Tourism
-Oriented Development.
TOURISM-SUPPORT INFRASTRUCTURES PRESENT ABSENT
Restaurants
Shops and Department Stores
Sports and Recreational Clubs
Museum
Training Center
Homestays
Others
Outdoor Playing Areas
Seating Areas and Refuge
Quays and Docks
58
4.2 ANALYSIS OF DATA
The method of analyzing the data is through a comparative approach wherein
results from the aforementioned research sub-questions are compared with the standards
or ideal outcomes based from codes and related literatures and studies. The results of the
analyses aims to identify deviations from the standards which in turn, are used as
supplementary guidelines for coming up with the Architectural solutions.
4.2.1 ANALYSES OF DATA FOR RESEARCH QUESTION No. 01
The results of the research sub-questions under this item are compared with the
socio-economic criteria for coastal communities as provided by the FAO and other
concerned agencies. These results provide an insight on the existing socio-economic
status of local fisherfolk household that would indicate the need for an Agri-Tourism
development scheme in the area.Since one consideration for an Agri-Tourism
development is the present socio-economic status of local fisherfolk communities, in turn
it could also respond by improving or further enhancing socio-economic conditions
within the host area. Tourism as a supplemental or alternative livelihood, the success is
dependent not only on the feasibility of integration, but also on the given communities
desire to engage in the industry.
Therefore, it is deemed necessary to have insights on the primary end-users of the
proposal for they could influence the operational and functional aspects of the proposed
Agri-Tourism Hub.
59
TABLE 4.2.1.1 Monthly Income of Fisherfolk Households (Major + Alternative)
CRITERIA RESULTS IDEAL
Less than 1,000 The majority of fisherfolk According to NEDA, a decent

Less than 5,000 households average monthly monthly income for a typical
Less than 10,000 income was less than 5,000. An family with five (5) members is
More than 10,000 average of P3,000 to be exact. P10,000. Considering the
country’s current inflation rate,
a decent monthly family
income is said to be P42,000
(a.o. June 8, 2018)
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
Fisherfolk households within the area of study were P7,000 short of the decent
monthly household income stated by NEDA. This means that income-wise, these
households were not living a decent life.
TABLE 4.2.1.2 Fisherfolk Households with Non-Fishing Alternative Modes of Income
Yes 90% Most fisherfolk households Livelihood diversification has

None 10% have alternative means of the potential to minimize the
generating profit in complement vulnerability of households in
with fishing- 90% of the the event of a failure in the
household to be exact. major source of income (Ellis,
2000; Paavola, 2008) Having
an alternative option means
that fisherfolk are constantly
adapting to coastal scenarios.
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
The majority of fisherfolk households have pursued alternative income-generating
options which complements the declining fishing catch and increasing prices on goods.
60
TABLE 4.2.1.3 Major Alternative Modes of Income of Fisherfolk Households
RESULTS IDEAL
Present Alternative income-generating Alternative modes of income generation

options include In-house laundry services for communities should be characterized
(pagla-labandera), shell handicrafts, to be sustainable (IUCN, 2014)
charcoal making, junk scavenging Sustainable alternative options for coastal
(panga-ngalakal) and Retailing. communities include Seaweed Culture,
Duck Farming, Vegetable Cultivation,
Mat Weaving and Handicrafts and Pelagic
Fisheries among the most common.
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
Most of alternative income-generating options of the fisherfolk households are deemed
unsustainable due the variability they still possess. For instance, charcoal making is
unsustainable because there were only limited fire woods available in the area and trees
are being charred faster than they were being planted.
Shown in the photo in the left is Aling Josephene Hozobentero, a 54-year old
fisherfolk woman who lives in a barong-barong near the coast. She relies on
charcoal-making as an additional source of income for the household while her
husband is at sea. As seen on the right image, they spend the early hours of the day
sorting and packing charcoal to be sold later that same day. They make charcoal by
piling up sand into a small mound and let the wood they have gathered, burn
throughout inside.
61
TABLE 4.2.1.4 Educational Attainment of the Working Household Portion
RESULTS LITERATURE-BASED
RANKING Most of the respondents has The relative contribution of
College Graduate finished Elementary. Some every individual to the
High School also have entered high economic growth depends on
Elementary school but never finished it. their human capital – the
No Formal The rest have no formal education, knowledge, skills,
Education education. competencies and other
attributes that are relevant to
economic activity.
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
Unfortunately, in terms of education, most of the households have a lesser degree of
competency relevant to their economic activity. However, fundamental skills such as
used in fishery have been refined through time. There could be a lacking in formal
schooling but fishery, being in their blood, makes them competitive in their domain.
TABLE 4.2.1.5 Major Contributor in the Fisherfolk Household
Father 90% The major contributor for the The corresponding gender roles
Mother 10% household income are still the in fishery states that men
Varies 0% fisher men. capture fish and women are in
charge of the supplementary
works.
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
The fisher men contributing the most to the household income indicates that the
household still relies majority of its profit from capture fishing activities.
Consequently, this further states that some of the households are more vulnerable to
socio-economic inequities compared to others. In addition, the responses further
validate the existing gender roles in fisheries specifically to fisherfolk households.
62
TABLE 4.2.1.6 Frequency of Depending on Alternative Modes of Income
RESULTS IDEAL
Always, Everyday 78% Most of the household Alternative income-

Sometimes, once 22% depend on alternatives generating options are
in a week in a daily basis. supplementary to fishing.
More than once in Frequency on dependence
a week indicates a certain
Not quite often, stability in income
once a month relative to fishing
More than once a activities carried out as
month. the main source of living.
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
Depending on alternatives in a daily basis suggests that the primary source of profit -
fishing, only responds to the basic necessities of the family (e.g. food, and money).
However, the respondents also argued that the daily reliance on alternatives help them
complement to other needs such as education for their children.
TABLE 4.2.1.7 Income Generation Activities of Last Resort
INCOME ACTIVITIES RESULTS LITERATURE-BASED

OF LAST RESORT
We have. 30% Most of the households do Activities of last resort
Bottle & Plastic 33% not have such activities are the least preferred
Scavenging This indicates that activities of people,
Metal Scrapping 67% alternatives have been however, due to
We do not have. 70% reliable to make them out disparity, may be forced
of extreme disparities. to be engaged into.
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
The household, with their major and alternative income-generating activities have been
successful to sustain them without venturing too far to extremities.
63
4.2.2 ANALYSES OF DATA FOR RESEARCH QUESTION No. 02
What specific aspects of spatial planning can be applied to the coastal community of
As aforementioned, space as a concept can be used in the forms of absolute,
relative and cognitive space. Livelihood diversification often requires a more spatially
extended understanding of the household. The corresponding analyses of the following
research sub-questions would determine how people (both the fisherfolk locals and the
visitors/tourists) use space as an extension of their activities. Iterating, the community
being a fabric, these items will guide the research in visualizing mobility patterns and in
turn, would be utilized to determine Agri-Tourism oriented physical interventions such
as access and building configurations. Space, being one aspect that determines the
effectiveness of livelihood diversification, is a powerful component in influencing
circulation within the area- same is true with location.
The analyses indicated that Spatial dispersion is characterized to the
“micro-migration” of people, in this case, of the fisherfolk in order to expand the radius
of the household opportunities. Spatial Accessibility, on the other hand has explained
the existing behaviour of how fisherfolk households select where they conduct their
alternatives.
With these information, circulation paths could be manipulated so as to increase
the “socio-economic” exposure of fisherfolk households to tourists and the other way
around, maximize economic potentials through location, and identify key tourism
activities- and tourists-converging zones to strategically place the development therein,
which in turn would contribute to the town’s Agri-Tourism Development vision.
64
TABLE 4.2.2.1 Places of Alternative Income-Generating Options
RESULTS LITERATURE-
BASED
At Home 70% Most of the fisherfolk Through spatial
At my neighbour’s 20% households do their dispersion of members
Home alternatives at their in a household,
Others 20% homes. Some of which advantage can be
Poblacion (Town 50% ventures to other taken of economic
Center) houses and even other opportunities in
Other barangays 50% barangays to do so. multiple places.
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
Spatial dispersion is characterized to the “micro-migration” of people, in this case, of
the fisherfolk in order to expand the radius of the household opportunities. Since most
of the household remain at home, this behaviour indicates that they are able to sustain
their needs without further venturing out. However, this behaviour can still be due to
either their preference or due to some constraints. (see proceeding analysis)
TABLE 4.2.2.2 Spatial-based Alternative Livelihood Preferences
Most of the fisherfolk household pointed Spatiality offer insights to appreciate the
out accessibility as the factor that affects processes that create and recreate
their preference, spatially,. They argued livelihood opportunities for the
that walking distance and proximity play marginalized. Spatial Accessibility is
important considerations. therefore, a primary.(Baffoe et al, 2015)
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
Indeed, Spatial Accessibility has explained the existing behaviour of how fisherfolk
households select where they conduct their alternatives. Also taken into account that
households also have the responsibility of taking care of the house chores and children.
65
Fig 8. Circulation-Mapping among the Rural Fisherfolk Community, Barangay Nayom
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
Fisherfolk household’s circulation in terms of their economic activities are limited to
certain radius from their homes. This behavior have been associated with both the
accessibility and availability of the alternatives.
66
Fig. 9 Circulation-Mapping of Tourists within the Poblacion and Fisherfolk
Communities in the Socio-Economic Context
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
As shown is the path tourists make when going through the tourism destinations. The
nature of the circulation is linear. This pattern indicates that there is minimal
interaction between residents and tourists. In line with Agri-Tourism, fisherfolk
communities are preferably to show certain degree of interaction to tourists in order for
these tourists to gain insights about daily fisherfolk lifestyle.
67
4.2.3 ANALYSIS OF DATA FOR RESEARCH QUESTION NO. 03:
The specific sub-questions under this major research question aims to determine
factors that will influence the proposed development in the micro scale. This means that
the focus of the analyses is on the following aspects: Building Spatial Layout, Functional
Spaces and Buildings, Ancillary Spaces, Ancillary Buildings, Architectural Character.
To create a bigger picture for supporting the development, issues and concerns on the
‘bottom’ should be identified in order to create a physical intervention suitable to both
the culture and present conditions of the area. Furthermore, this creates an Agri-Tourism
development unique to the town of Infanta but at the same time, common to coastal
environments within the country.
The analyses of these sub-questions will rely on a comparative approach between
actual physical conditions versus what the standards are stating. For instance, it was
then indicated that some key tourism-support infrastructures are not present within the
tourism areas identified- thus affecting the overall recreational or educational experience
of tourists. This translates into a need to introduce what is missing in the place and in
turn, yield a complete development. In short, the analysis looks through deviations from
actual and ideal scenarios and use such findings as thrusts for the development.
68
TABLE 4.2.3.1 Reliability of Alternative Income-generation Options during times of
Disparities and Calamities
RESULTS IDEAL
Yes, it is 0% The majority of the Alternative options should
reliable. respondents pointed out be characterized as secure
Sometimes, it 10% that their existing and reliable. They should
depends on the alternatives are not posses a certain degree of
situation. reliable during times of resilience and should be
Not anymore. 90% disparities and calamities. always available (IUCN,
2014)
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
The existing Alternative income-generating options are deemed unreliable during
extremities. Unsecured alternatives indicates a dip in household socio-economic
conditions. In addition, the households also argued that when natural disasters such as
typhoons are on their way, they tend to rely on a limited income gained from previous
days. For instance, a P100 daily budget would be allotted for two to three days.
TABLE 4.2.3.2 Fisherfolk Preferences in Adapting to Skill Enhancement
Yes, I am 90% Majority of the fisherfolk Agri-Tourism as a

looking forward households are looking supplemental or alternative
to new skills. forward for new-skill livelihood depends on the
No. I would just 10% development and desire of the local
stick to my existing-skill enhancement. fisherfolk to to engage in
current skills. the industry (Porter, 2014)
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
It would be easier to introduce an Agri-Tourism Development and Livelihood
Diversification schemes since most of the respondents are looking forward to
development of new-skills and enhancement of their existing knowledge.
69
TABLE 4.2.3.3 Perceived Spatial-Physical Challenges of Local Fisherfolk Households
RESPONSES IDEAL
Location and Structure of Shelters should be adaptive to existing climatic

Settlements and geographic setting.
(Vulnerable to Natural Calamities)
Distance from Fishing Grounds Effective fishing also relies on appropriate
(Very far sources of fish specifically support structures and efficiency of catch. Boat
in the Scarborough Shoal) refuges are a must to any coastal community
Lack of Boat Refuge for it offers security and order for fisherfolks’
(Susceptibility of their most valuable capture equipment.
fishing asset to the calamities)
Lack of Coastal Defense Coastal structures are an important component
Structures in any coastal development. They directly
(Fisherfolks contrast other control wave and storm surge action or to
municipalities having breakwalls stabilize a beach which provides protection to
and protective coastal measures) the coast (Kim, 2014)
Poor Conditions of Roads Access and mobility are important factors in
(Fisherfolks do complain of the fostering rural development (Hettige, 2006).
condition of roads which affect Lack of access hinders opportunities to
their efficiency of sending their improve and sustain their socio- economic
produce to the market and also well-being, road is important for economic
vehicles not being able to reach transformation and contributes positively to the
them) level and quality of rural development (Sewell,
2016)
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
These are some of the basic requirements that should be present in a resilient coastal
community. The lacking of basic infrastructure such as coastal defenses and poor
conditions of roads contribute to hindering socio-economic opportunities. In addition,
the quality of the surrounding is also taken into consideration to materialize a resilient
and adaptive Agri-Tourism development.
70
TABLE 4.2.3.4 Fisherfolk Household’s Exposure to Tourists and Tourism Activities
RESPONSES IDEAL
Yes, I am involved in 10% Most of the fisherfolk In the case of fishing
tourism activities and households mingle with communities in developing
mingle with tourists. tourists however, very nations, the lack of
I am not involved in 50% few have been involved exposure to outsiders
activities but mingle in tourism activities create significant hurdles
with tourists. such as selling for a livelihood shift
Not at all. 40% souvenirs and the like. towards tourism.
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
The scenario indicates that in terms of social interaction, the fisherfolk households
already established a relationship with tourists. However, in terms of diversifying their
livelihoods through tourism, minimal activity has been observed.
TABLE 4.2.3.5 Existing Tourism Activities in the Area of Study
RESULTS IDEAL
Among the tourism-related As a response to Agri-Tourism development,
activities were Swimming, activities should not only focus on direct
Kayaking and Boating, and Island recreation but also with the integration of the
Hopping- most of which were fisherfolk culture and rural activities.
deemed purely recreational. Agri-Tourism capitalizes on culture and
lifestyle as basis for recreational, entertainment
and educational activities. This differentiates
Agri-Tourism from other kinds of tourism.
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
The existing tourism activities rely on the common itenerary approach where people
would just come and experience the ‘physical’ environment. However, in terms of
Agri-Tourism, existing activities does not capture its very essence. Agri-Tourism is
more on experiencing the fisherfolk culture rather than the physical environment.
71
TABLE 4.2.3.6 Existing Tourism-support Infrastructures in the Area of Study
EXISTING
TOURISM-SUPPORT INFRASTRUCTURES PRESENT ABSENT
Eating Spaces ●
Shops and Department Stores ●
Sports and Recreational Clubs ●
Museum ●
Training Center ●
Homestays ●
Others
Outdoor Playing Areas ●
Seating Areas and Refuge ●
Quays and Docks ●
IDEAL / LITERATURE-BASED
Tourism-support infrastructures are the basic support facilities or structures that will
enable an economic activity to function. These are the physical components of
interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or
enhance societal living conditions (Fulmer, 2009) Public spaces, recreational
facilities and culture-based tourism developments are considered socio-economic
infrastructures (Spacey, 2017)
The Department of Tourism has set forth minimum or basic support infrastructures
to make certain tourism activities viable. These include the aforementioned.
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
The town of Infanta, in order to align its development to the envisioned Agri-Tourism
track, needs adequate Agri-Tourism infrastructures and their supporting structures. It
was evident that among the basic structures, few has been considered present.
Specifically for structures such as eating spaces, museums and training centers which
would further diversify the role of fisherfolk culture, lacking of such would affect the
co-existence of the country’s two priority sectors- Agriculture and Tourism.
72
Fig. 10 Existing Tourism-Support and Coastal Infrastructures in the Area of Study
Volleyball Area for sports activities Shaded Seating Areas and Nipa
and recreation. Cottages along the coastline.
Bantay-Dagat Outpost to monitor Improvised Boat Quays along the

tourism activities in the area. coast.
Existing break wall limited length only Condition of the road on the site entry-
to site entry. unpaved earth and gravel.
Shown are the conditions of existing coastal and tourism-support infrastructures in the
area. In conjunction with the previous analyses, the conditions poses an opportunity
for improvement and a weakness to existing activities occurring in the area.
73
4.3 INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This section correlates the results of the analyses and their implications to the
proposed development by assigning meaning to the collected information and
determining the conclusions, significance, and influence of the findings towards an
Agri-Tourism development scheme.
74
TABLE 4.3.1 INTERPRETATION OF DATA FOR RESEARCH QUESTION NO. 01:
ANALYSES (Abridged) IMPLICATIONS
 Fisherfolk households within the area The following are iterations from
of study were not living a decent life. Chapter 1 of the study:
 The majority of fisherfolk households According to the Sustainable
have pursued alternative Livelihoods Framework, understanding
income-generating options to how people succeed or fail in sustaining
complement the fishing catch. their livelihoods in the face of shocks,
 However, most of alternative trends and seasonality can help to design
income-generating options of the policies and interventions to assist
fisherfolk households are deemed peoples' existing coping and adaptive
unsustainable due the variability strategies.
they still possess. FAO states that the effectiveness of a
 Unfortunately, in terms of education, income diversification development in
most of the households have a lesser coastal communities depends on the
degree of competency relevant to actual socio-economic conditions of the
their economic activity. end-users. The poorer the households, the
 Majority of the profit still comes more hefty the need.
from capture fishing activities. RA 10816: Agri-Tourism- tourism,
 However, fishing, only responds to coupled with agriculture extension
the basic necessities of the family services, can disseminate the value of
excluding education. agriculture in the economic and cultural
 The household, with their major and development of the country, serve as a
alternative income-generating cause for the sustainable development of
activities have been successful to fisher communities, and provide
sustain them without venturing too additional income for fisher workers and
far to extremities. fisherfolks.
75
INTERPRETATION SUMMARY (ANALYSES ↔ IMPLICATIONS)
Fisherfolk households in Barangay Nayom, Infanta do not live a decent life. As a

result, they resort to alternative livelihoods (not fishing-related) to complement the
insufficiency of income from fish catch. However, these alternatives are unsustainable
and unstable, for they only respond to the basic needs of the household and not for
other external needs such as education of their children.
THEREFORE, an income diversification development is NEEDED to respond

to these scenarios. Being fisherfolk by occupation, the local community has already
built-in knowledge in Agriculture (specifically its sub-sector, the fisheries)- not to
mention the opportunities the nearby tourist destinations can offer.
AGRI-TOURISM DEVELOPMENT is both an alternative income-generating

option for coastal communities and a country’s priority development scheme. These
two alone, are justifications on why coastal communities like Nayom should orient
their development towards sustainability- capitalizing on both human skills and
natural wonders of the coastal community.
AGRICULTURE AGRI-TOURISM TOURISM SITES

(Activities) DEVELOPMENT (Physical)
Integrating local
Fisherfolk Lifestyle lifestyle and tourism Scenic Views
Capture Fishing & sites to improve Beaches &
Trading socio-economic Water Front
potentials.
Fig. 11 Resulting Agri-Tourism Development Model for Infanta
76
Spatial dispersion is characterized to the The following are iterations from

“micro-migration” of people, in this case, Chapter 1 of the study:
of the fisherfolk in order to expand the
radius of the household opportunities. An agritourism activity, as stated by
Since most of the household remain at House Bill 1808 means “any activity
home, this behaviour indicates that they carried out on a farm or ranch or in a
are able to sustain their needs without forest that allows members of the general
further venturing out. However, this public for recreational, entertainment, or
behaviour can still be due to either their educational purposes, to view or enjoy
preference or due to some constraints. rural activities, Agritourism projects
reinforce the need to support local
Indeed, Spatial Accessibility has growers and sources and allow the visitor
explained the existing behaviour of how to experience what it is to be part of the
fisherfolk households select where they land.
conduct their alternatives. Also taken into
account that households also have the In order to be responsive, nearby residents
responsibility of taking care of the house are preferably the one who contributes
chores and children. mainly on the Agri-Tourism activities.
Considering the respondents’ preference to accessibility, it would be more

advantageous if the development is within their reach. Agri-Tourism, in fact
encourages visitors to experience rural life and what could be more ideal than
imparting such learning through seeing the actual fisherfolk settlements themselves.
77
 The existing Alternative The following are iterations from

income-generating options unreliable Chapter 1 of the study:
during extremities.
 Respondents are looking forward to Ellis (2000) mentions that livelihood
new-skills and enhancement of their diversification has the potential to spread
existing knowledge. risk over a portfolio of activities and to
 The lacking of basic infrastructure minimize the vulnerability of households
such as coastal defenses and poor in the event of a failure in the major
conditions of roads contribute to source of income due to exposure to risk
hindering socio-economic factors (e.g., tropical cyclones).
opportunities.
 The scenario indicates that in terms Agri-Tourism relies on both the local
of social interaction, the fisherfolk lifestyle and trade products of a
households already a community in which fisherfolk families
established
relationship with tourists. However, can gain additional economic potentials.
in terms of diversifying their Evidently, these activities also show that
livelihoods through tourism, minimal fisherfolks have a leading role in
activity has been observed. agritourism development (Hoppe and
 The existing tourism activities rely on Korb 2013).

the common itinerary approach.
On the spatio-economic context, absence
 Inadequate Agri-Tourism
of support infrastructures may limit the
infrastructures and their supporting
number of activities the area can offer,
structures.
hindering the potential tourism spots to
become responsive to growing trends.
78
With disparities being experienced by the community, households are looking

forward to enhancing their current skills and learning new sustainable practices. These
practices, instead of purely related to fishing, would take consideration the tourism
activities in the area. As a result, tourism-oriented alternatives are likely to be
pursued. Tourist-Fisherfolk relationships are already pronounced in the area and these
social connection are some key steps in engaging the fisherfolk community to shift
towards a more diverse alternative option. However, with the lacking of certain basic
tourism-support amenities, these new alternatives are being threatened simply because
households has nowhere to start.
THEREFORE, there is a NEED to create a development with a characteristic

RESILIENCY not only on its exterior but also in its operations. Through enhancing
fisherfolk capabilities and supplementing necessary Agri-tourism-support amenities
and infrastructure, fisherfolk communities would highlight a leading role in creating a
CONCISE AGRI-TOURISM DEVELOPMENT. These include physical
interventions that correlate the factors of RECREATION, EDUCATION and
PRODUCTION.
AGRI-TOURISM HUB
A development that
RECREATION encompasses the aspects
Tourism
of livability (capitalizing
on what is currently
available) and
sustainability (towards
new practices to respond
EDUCATION PRODUCTION to growing challenges of
Research Technology coastal communities)
through enhancement of
recreation, education and
production.
Fig. 12 Resulting Agri-Tourism Development Model for Infanta (Micro)
79
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
80
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1.1. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
This study was conducted for the purpose of determining spatial and physical
interventions influenced by the the socio-economic conditions of coastal fisherfolk
communities to contribute to Infanta’s vision of an Agri-Tourism oriented development
track. A qualitative-deductive descriptive approach was utilized and a focus-group
discussion was used for gathering data. The structured-interview (in questionnaire
form) served as the instrument for collecting data. Fisherfolk households with special
emphasis on fisherfolk women were the respondents. The inquiry was conducted during
the period of November, this year of the lord, 2018.
5.1.1.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR RESEARCH QUESTION No. 01:
 The majority of fisherfolk households average monthly income was less than 5,000.
An average of P3,000 to be exact.
 Most fisherfolk households have alternative means of generating profit in
complement with fishing- 90% of the household to be exact.
 Present Alternative income-generating options include In-house laundry services
(pagla-labandera), shell handicrafts, charcoal making, junk scavenging
(panga-ngalakal) and Retailing.
 Most of the respondents has finished Elementary. Some also have entered high
school but never finished it. The rest have no formal education.
81
 The major contributor for the household income are still the fisher men.
 Most of the household depend on alternatives in a daily basis.
 Most of the households do not have such activities This indicates that alternatives
have been reliable to make them out of extreme disparities.
Infanta to contribute to an Agri-Tourism- development track? (physical- macro)
 Most of the fisherfolk households do their alternatives at their homes. Some of
which ventures to other houses and even other barangays to do so.
 Most of the fisherfolk household pointed out accessibility as the factor that affects
their preference, spatially,. They argued that walking distance and proximity play
important considerations.
of coastal communities in Infanta. (physical- micro)
 The majority of the respondents pointed out that their existing alternatives are not
reliable during times of disparities and calamities.
 Majority of the fisherfolk households are looking forward for new-skill development
and existing-skill enhancement
82
 Location and Structure of Settlements makes the fisherolks vulnerable to Natural
Calamities, Great Distance from Fishing Grounds makes fisherfolk fetch very far
sources of fish specifically in the Scarborough Shoal. Lack of Boat Refuge makes
their most valuable fishing asset susceptible to the calamities. Fisherfolks contrast
other municipalities having Lack of Coastal Defense Structures and protective
coastal measures Fisherfolks do complain of the poor condition of roads which
affect their efficiency of sending their produce to the market and also vehicles not
being able to reach them)
 Most of the fisherfolk households mingle with tourists however, very few have been
involved in tourism activities such as selling souvenirs and the like.
 Among the tourism-related activities were Swimming, Kayaking and Boating, and
Island Hopping- most of which were deemed purely recreational.
 The town of Infanta, in order to align its development to the envisioned
Agri-Tourism track, needs adequate Agri-Tourism infrastructures and their
supporting structures. It was evident that among the basic structures, few has been
considered present. Specifically for structures such as eating spaces, museums and
training centers which would further diversify the role of fisherfolk culture, lacking
of such would affect the co-existence of the country’s two priority sectors-
Agriculture and Tourism.
83
5.1.2 CONCLUSIONS
Fisherfolk households in Barangay Nayom, Infanta do not live a decent life. As a
result, they resort to alternative livelihoods (not fishing-related) to complement the
insufficiency of income from fish catch. However, these alternatives are unsustainable
and unstable, for they only respond to the basic needs of the household and not for other
external needs such as education of their children. Being fisherfolk by occupation, the
local community has already built-in knowledge in Agriculture (specifically its
sub-sector, the fisheries)- not to mention the opportunities the nearby tourist destinations
can offer. Being fisherfolk by occupation, the local community has already built-in
knowledge in Agriculture (specifically its sub-sector, the fisheries)- not to mention the
opportunities the nearby tourist destinations can offer. Coastal communities like Nayom
should orient their development towards sustainability- capitalizing on both human
skills and natural wonders of the coastal community.
Considering the respondents’ preference to accessibility, it would be more
advantageous if the development is within their reach. Agri-Tourism, in fact encourages
visitors to experience rural life and what could be more ideal than imparting such
learning through seeing the actual fisherfolk settlements themselves.
With disparities being experienced by the community, households are looking forward
to enhancing their current skills and learning new sustainable practices. These practices,
instead of purely related to fishing, would take consideration the tourism activities in the
area. As a result, tourism-oriented alternatives are likely to be pursued.
Tourist-Fisherfolk relationships are already pronounced in the area and these social
84
connection are some key steps in engaging the fisherfolk community to shift towards a
more diverse alternative option. However, with the lacking of certain basic
tourism-support amenities, these new alternatives are being threatened simply because
households has nowhere to start.
There is a need to create a development with a characteristic resiliency not only on its
exterior but also in its operations. Through enhancing fisherfolk capabilities and
supplementing necessary Agri-tourism-support amenities and infrastructure, fisherfolk
communities would highlight a leading role in creating a CONCISE AGRI-TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT- correlating the factors of RECREATION, EDUCATION and
PRODUCTION.
85
5.1.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
The study’s recommendations are physical interventions that would bridge the gap
between the problem and potential solution through Architectural Design.
5.1.3.1 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INQUIRY No. 01:
Spatio-sectoral interventions that can be applied on coastal communities of Infanta
 The development shall respond to enclose key activities of fisherfolk households.
 The development’s operation shall reflect both support to existing alternative
livelihood activities of fisherfolks related to industry and fishing.
 Activities included within the development shall highlight coastal fisherfolk
community’s culture and shall leave visitors with greater understanding of rural life.
Aspects of spatial planning that can be applied to coastal communities of Infanta to
contribute to an Agri-Tourism- development track. (physical- macro)
 The development shall be within close proximity to fisherfolk settlements and if
possibly, within their areas of activity.
 The development shall be located within close proximity to basic services, and areas
of great significance (e.g. municipal center, fishing districts, and the like)
86
Physical interventions that can be utilized to improve Agri-Tourism outcomes of
coastal communities in Infanta. (physical- micro)
 The development’s program shall take fisherfolk activities and coastal community of
Infanta’s identity in its core.
 There should be good thoroughfares and roads leading to the development,
together with proper road networks inside.
 Coastline should be protected against the effects of calamities through sustainable
defenses.
 Support structures for tourism is deemed necessary, but shall be limited to those
that will not destroy the intent of the proposal.
 The development shall reflect co-existence between built and natural environments.
Integrating natural coastal phenomenon as a basis for design.
 The development shall, in hand, take advantage of natural disasters as a thrust for its
operations with an overall coastal-resilient character. Building exterior should
respond to resilience and its functional spaces be sensitive to the processes involved
in a fisherfolk community’s activities.
 The development shall not resist or alter nature but establish a symbiotic
relationship with the marine ecosystem.
 Lesser building footprint as much as possible.
 Ancillary spaces shall include research-oriented spaces and livelihood-support
recreational spaces.
87
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PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

In partial fulfillment for the requirements for

Architectural Design 09 & 10

AQUATEKTURA: Socio-Economic Diversification through Tourism

A Proposed Waterfront Agri-Tourism Hub

Nayom, Infanta, Pangasinan

A Thesis proposal presented to the Faculty

of the Department of Architecture

Mabanta, King Nixon C.

Table 16 Analysis of Monthly Income of Fisherfolk Households (Major +

Table 31 Interpretation of Data for Research Question No. 01 75

It is a common perception that fishing is a major source of income for coastal

dwellers. The Philippines being an archipelago is characterized by numerous coastal

economy is well documented. According to Guerrero, R. (n.d.) of the Philippine Council

to the developing economy. On a national scale, fishing is next to farming in terms of

protein intake of Filipinos (OneOcean, n.d.)

However, fishing as in most areas in the country is characterized by declining fish

to natural resources is limited or denied. (The World Concervation Union, 2004)

consisted as one of the most vulnerable communities. According to PFDA,

report of the National Statistical Coordination Board. According to Dy (2018), the

contribution of fishery to agriculture growth has been negative, considering the

Philippines being an agricultural nation. With the uncertainty of a fisherman’s catch is

As communities continue to face challenges with relying on catching wild fish,

introducing income diversification schemes provides a good opportunity to improve the

diversified. (Marine Conservation Philippines, 2018) Considering other factors such as

volume of catch becomes limited or unavailable- both in related and in non-related to

fishing. Solutions to the problems of fisherfolk in terms of productivity have tended to

centre on the necessity to make small-scale fisherfolk more economically efficient.

with the presence of support development as a response to such activities. Successful

tourism development involves balancing relationships among tourists, residents, places,

in actual, there has been an inadequacy of essential tourism-support infrastructure which

tourists consider when venturing in a trip or tourism activity. These infrastructures

more complete services they could offer.

demographic survey by the PSU-College of Fisheries, 136 of the fisherfolk men

According to the Municipal Planning and Development Office of Infanta,

considering the existing fisherfolk conditions, support infrastructures are deemed

anchored towards Agri-Tourism as the prime socio-economic development strategy.

involved in sizeable contributions. Furthermore, aside from fisherfolk families making a

sizeable contribution to fishing work, they carry a disproportionate share of the

(Giraud et al, 2013)

could help coastal communities such as Infanta to achieve a certain level of

socio-economic stability. In addition, Agri-Tourism responds well to this seasonality by

exhibiting a degree of functional flexibility- by supporting agriculture activities when

Agri-Tourism shows a development which poses a possibility of a ‘win-win’ situation

opportunities tourism could bring in terms of their socio-economic well-being. Therefore,

development of coastal communities towards Agri-Tourism and thus, improving the

overall conditions of the place.

These are the objectives the study aims to achieve.

developing spatial strategies to uplift the conditions of marginalized coastal

 To implicate local fisherfolk participation in creating development schemes to

expand the fisherfolk’s livelihood options and socio-economic opportunities;

 To expound the importance of spatial planning and community architecture in

creating sustainable coastal communities adaptive to socio-economic challenges.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

sectoral or of human activites are the product of the intention of developing a

comprehensive coastal development scheme for marginalized fisherfolk communities

relative to the present socio-economic setting.

1. What spatio-sectoral interventions can be applied on coastal communities of Infanta

based from the socio-economic conditions of fisherfolk families? (sectoral)

2. What specific aspects of spatial planning can be applied to coastal communities of

Infanta to contribute to an Agri-Tourism- development track? (physical- macro)

3. What physical interventions that can be utilized to improve Agri-Tourism outcomes

of coastal communities in Infanta? (physical- micro)