Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Background of the Study

Crime prevention is one of the factors to maintain peace and order in our

community. It is a task performed primarily by law enforcers to ensure security within the

community. But nowadays, there are serious threats to security because of the ineffective

and insufficient crime prevention program which the criminals exploited to commit crimes,

one is adaptation of modern technology to criminal elements from being getting bolder in

the commission of offense. As O.W Wilson reported in 1977, they have to exert lot of

efforts in our society and the authorities should revise their tactics and be responsive in

suppressing the crime in our country (Wilson, O. W. (Orlando Winfield), 1900-1972. Police

administration, 4th ed., New York : McGraw-Hill, c1977. p. 673-680.)

Police Strategies deals with what officer in the field do as they serve and protect

to fulfill their responsibilities, law enforcement officers have been given great power ,

power entrusted to them by the people they serve and defined by the laws of the land,

state and municipality police operation (Combating Honour Crimes in Europe: Manual for

Policy Makers, Institutions, and Civil Society, SURGIR Foundation, 2011-2012, pp. 30-

31.)

Public safety includes a comprehensive crime prevention program. The authority

develops and monitors procedures and programs to promote safety and security. It is the

responsibility of each member of public safety to promote crime prevention throughout

the community. Their work provides national leadership on effective and cost-effective
ways to prevent and reduce crime by intervening on the risk factors before crime happens.

This approach is to promote the implementation of effective crime prevention practices.

The only factors that limiting goals achievements are technical emphasis on the

goals of monetary success and material property leads to dominant concern with

technological and social instrument design to produce the desire result, inasmuch as

institutional become of the secondary importance.(Howard Abadinsky, 2007)

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to investigate the efficiency of police investigators in the follow-up

of investigations and percentage of solve crimes.

Specifically the researchers sought to find out the answer of the following

questions:

1. How does the crime manifestation in General Santos City be described?

2. What crime prevention programs can be proposed from the results of the study?

Theoretical Framework

Police effectiveness refers to the extent to which policing achieves its proper,

officially sanctioned goals. Consideration of police effectiveness turns out to be quite

complicated for several reasons, including (1) the police have multiple goals, making their

bottom line multidimensional; (2) the relative priority of police goals is subject to

discussion and debate among the public and within the police field; and (3) assessing

police effectiveness is methodologically challenging. Fortunately, these issues have

gotten substantial attention in the police field since about the mid-20th century, and many
effectiveness-oriented studies have been undertaken. These studies can be organized

according to police practices (strategies, tactics, and programs) and desired effects (such

as reducing crime, solving crime, and enhancing police legitimacy). Because researchers

and police officials have made police effectiveness a top priority, we know much more

about “what works” in policing than we did in 1970.

As studies of police effectiveness began accumulating in the 1970s, so did efforts

to summarize and synthesize findings. Kelling 1978 is an early review from one of the key

researchers involved in the pioneering Police Foundation studies of the 1970s, including

the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment. Sherman 1986 makes the important

observation that communities vary, and thus what works (i.e., what is effective) might vary

depending on community characteristics. Cordner and Hale 1992 is an edited collection

of essays on various “what works” topics in policing, while Bayley 1998 provides reports

from nine effectiveness-oriented studies. Sherman 1997 and Weisburd and Eck

2004 provide updated reviews of police effectiveness studies across a range of

independent and dependent variables. The most exhaustive and systematic review

is Skogan and Frydl 2004. Equally wide-ranging is the collection of point–counterpoint

essays on such topics as community policing, “broken windows” policing, hot spots

policing, and Compstat in Weisburd and Braga 2006. Neyroud 2009 provides a

perspective on police effectiveness and policing developments in the United Kingdom.

Significance of the Study

By nature and purpose of this study, the results or findings of the study will bear

significant contributions to the following persons:

 PNP Officials and other Personnel’s. It is hoped that PNP officials and other

personnel’s will be able to assess different crime prevention strategies in order to upgrade

their performance in their duty. The result will give asan insight to concerned

administrators and government officials to know the kind of scheme to be established in

the different concerned community.

Barangay Officials. This study may serve as an aide to give them knowledge in

dealing of the existing crime prevention plans and to be able them to understand their

role as an enforcement body in the creation and implementation of the PNP mandate in

every Barangay.

Community as a whole. To the community members, this study will serve as a

challenge to utilize all the programs implemented by the PNP which is beneficial to their

life as a whole. This study also make every citizen aware in their role to participate to the

success of crime prevention.

Students. This study may serve as an instrument to awaken their consciousness

in present situation of criminality in our country. It is also provided for them to become

more responsible students to be aware in existing problem of our nation in maintaining

peace and order.

Future Researchers. The result of the study shall serve as a ready reference for

them with whatever similar studies they shall partake

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will focus on the crime manifestation in General Santos City as basis

for proposed crime prevention programs. The variables covered in this study include the
assessment of crime prevention strategy in which can help by improving in implementing

programs to lessen or eradicate crimes from happening in the locality.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were used in this study and are being defined as follows:

Crime Prevention- deals with the practices of the Police in giving effort to reduce

crime in order to maintain peace by creating some ways to achieve its objectives. It is the

effort of the local police to remove those opportunities for a potential criminal to take

advantage of whoever will become the vulnerable victim.

Strategies- it refers to the means made use in implementing the objectives of

Crime Prevention in the community.

Crime Profile- it refers to the statistics of major committed crime in the town

locality. It shows the highest and lowest crime rate committed in the area.

Crime - is the breach of rules or laws for which the Philippine government can

ultimately prescribe a conviction. While every crime violates the law, not every violation

of the law counts as a crime; for example: breaches of contract and of other civil law may

rank as "offences" or as "infractions".

Manifestation - An event, action, or object that clearly shows or embodies

something abstract or theoretical.

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Literature

Organized transnational crime is one of the main threats to public safety

and represents an obstacle for the social, political and economic development of societies

worldwide. It is a multi-faceted phenomenon that manifests itself through different types

of crime, such as drug trafficking, trafficking in persons, migrants smuggling, arms

trafficking and money laundering, among others.

An essential thrust of the problem solving approach is the need to be systematic

about the process and to avoid jumping to a solution before the problem assessment

stage has been carried out. In-depth problem analysis derived from solid data is very

much seen as the linchpin of the methodology given that it will determine the success of

the final result (i.e. the response and its impact). Evaluation of progress and results and

feeding this information into all stages of the problem solving process are likewise

regarded as essential to ensuring that it remains iterative (Clarke & Eck 2005,).

In addition to the features of crime prevention problem solving outlined above,

there are other elements that are also essential to its successful application. They include

theory informed problem solving, context sensitive problem solving, flexible problem

solving and responsive problem solving. These elements are increasingly being

recognized as important to the overall task of problem solving which is acknowledged as

quite complex (Cherney 2004a;). They are particularly important to lesson learning and

skill acquisition within the crime prevention field. While the capacity to conduct in-depth
analysis of specific patterns of behavior or crime hotspots is vital to the overall endeavor

of problem identification and strategy development, it is only one part of a broader task.

Geography has an impact on the prevalence and incidence of crime in local areas.

Transport and communication networks that facilitate the interchange of goods and

services interconnect localities. These networks also facilitate the movement of

individuals between places and have an impact on the industrial structure of local areas.

Certain types of industries such as retail and wholesale trade, services and finance,

insurance and real estate, may be associated with rising crime rates. These industries

require customers to visit specific places to buy goods and services. Such places usually

concentrate in business districts or large shopping malls creating opportunities for crime

in a number of ways. The actual at-risk population in these business areas may fluctuate

widely during different times of the day or days of the week, which makes crime rates to

be less accurate indicators of crime prevalence. Varying population flows enable

offenders to operate under increased anonymity and to target potential victims with whom

they have no bonds, decreasing the social costs associated with the commission of crime

(Felson 1986,).

Crime is one of many faces of the social dynamics of communities. Social

disorganization theorists explain community variation in crime in terms of variation in their

ability to provide for social control. Local levels of social control depend upon the amount

and quality of law enforcement, and collective efficacy, with the latter being defined as

“the social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on

behalf of the common good” (Sampson, Raudenbush and Earl 1997, p. 918).
 Both collective efficacy and the community’s ability to obtain adequate levels of

law enforcement, are determined up to a certain extent by the conditions of solidarity and

mutual trust among neighbors (Sampson, Raudenbush and Earl 1997), their

organizational capacity, and their tolerance of crime and other manifestations of public

disorder (Carcach, 2001). The ability of community members to work together, and to tap

resources, as well as the possibility of genuine dialogue between different groups are

crucial for developing and implementing any initiative aimed at preventing and controlling

crime. Communities are made up of different groups with apparently different interests

regarding crime. Local businesses may be interested in tackling crimes such as burglary

from shops or shop stealing. They may also have an interest in having something done

about manifestations of local disorder (e.g. public drunkenness, graffiti, loitering, truancy,

etc).

In recent decades, crime prevention has captured the imagination of policy

makers, politicians and publics alike. Hughes (2007) refers to this as the ‘preventive turn’,

while for Zedner (2007) it is consistent with a wider shift away from post-crime

investigation, adjudication and punishment to a ‘pre-crime’ logic.

Despite this ‘preventive turn’ and the growth in the associated literature, O’Malley

and Sutton (1997) note that crime prevention is ill-defined and suggest that ‘crime

prevention is widely misunderstood’ (2002, p. 3). Definitional ambiguity continues to

bedevil crime prevention. Numerous commentators have highlighted the difficulties of

settling on an agreed definition and establishing what the term ‘crime prevention’ does

and does not entail. Few crime prevention programs or interventions are ever thoroughly

evaluated which limits what is known (and can be known) about crime prevention.
Moreover, in the Australian context, it has been suggested that academic engagement

with crime prevention has tended to be patchy and generally critical. As important as it is

to critically analyse crime prevention policies and programs, this focus has done little to

illuminate the diverse nature of crime prevention activities and programs.

The Australian crime prevention literature that does exist can broadly be

categorised as focusing on specific forms of crime prevention or on evaluations of

government policies (often covering large regions or whole jurisdictions). Ross Homel

(1997)1 and Graham and Ross Homel (2008) provide an understanding of different

approaches to preventing alcoholrelated crime; Wells et al (2006) undertook a

comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of closed-circuit television (‘CCTV’); the

National Crime Prevention (1999) publication Pathways to Prevention and the work of

Ross Homel have been influential in the area of developmental crime prevention; and

Wortley (2002) demonstrated examples of situational crime prevention measures used in

prisons. These, and other important Australian studies, focus on single forms or

techniques of crime prevention. Despite the utility of these studies and this work, they do

not engage with various dimensions of crime prevention practice.

Invaluable as these studies and research are, they have generally failed to

illuminate the density and diversity of crime prevention activities operating in a single

area. They also fail to explore or explain the context in which these programs are

developed or implemented, or the connections between interventions. Nor has there been

much research into the contribution of diverse actors directly and indirectly engaged in

crime prevention work. Illuminating these practices and arrangements, it is argued, will
provide a deeper understanding of crime prevention practice, which has implications for

policy and theory.

Local Literature

In the Philippines, urbanity is viewed with the combined concept of size, density

and the presence of certain institutions associated with an urban lifestyle like a town hall,

church or chapel, public plaza, park or cemetery, market place, buildings for trade

activities and public buildings like schools, puericulture and a health centre and library.

According to Celia V. Sanidad-Leones, demographic studies reveal some common

characteristics of urban communities: (1) a heterogeneity of cultures with concomitant

differences in beliefs and behaviours; (2) differences among group members, with

relationships between persons restricted to specific needs; (3) increased mobility,

impersonality and anonymity; and (4) people who vary in age, race, ethnicity, norms and

values. These are predisposing factors that breed urban criminality. Comparatively, crime

rates are higher in poorer neighbourhoods and in areas with higher population density,

deteriorated living conditions and many unemployed members of the labour force.

Following the pattern of other countries, rapid urbanization, industrialization and

migration to the cities are major factors that contribute to higher crime rates in Philippine

urban centres. Urban blight in the country is essentially a result of the sudden

unprecedented exodus of people from rural to urban areas. Progressively increasing

difficulties in rural areas, exacerbated by the natural and man-made calamities that the

country continues to experience have resulted in massive migration to the cities. In-

migration, alongside natural population increase, accounts for the burgeoning urban

population and the disparate rise of primate cities like Metro Manila.
Crime Trends in the Philippines

Despite some improvement in law and order, crime remained a major problem

through the end of the 1980s in the Philippines. Police attributed the country's chronic

crime problems to a variety of social and cultural factors. Widespread poverty and

rapid population growth were frequently cited. Population pressures and a shortage of

land and jobs in rural areas had produced a steady internal migration to the cities. This

urbanization of a traditionally agrarian society was commonly mentioned as cause

for increased crime rates. In particular, police pointed to the rapid growth of urban slum

and squatter areas; more than 25 percent of the population of Metro-Manila were thought

to be squatters in the late 1980s. Widespread possession of firearms--including automatic

rifles--was another factor contributing to crime. Undisciplined private armies, usually

maintained by local politicians and wealthy families, and numerous organized crime

gangs were the biggest violators of firearms laws. The Communist and Muslim

insurgencies compounded the problem of proliferating guns and violence. Piracy and

smuggling also were thriving criminal industries, especially in the southern portions of the

archipelago (Winslow, 2002).

Government officials attributed the decrease in crime to improved police work, but

economic conditions appeared to be as important. The deterioration in law and

order during the early and mid-1980s accompanied a steadily worsening economy,

whereas the improvement in the late 1980s paralleled renewed economic growth under

Aquino. Not surprisingly, crime rates were highest in major urban areas, where

unemployment was the highest. Regionally, peninsular southern Luzon, the western
Visayan islands, and portions of Mindanao--impoverished rural areas where insurgents

were active--had the most criminal activity in the mid-1980s (Winslow, 2002).

Drug use and trafficking were growing problems during the 1980s, particularly in

marijuana. Cultivation was geographically widespread, but the mountainous portions

of northern Luzon and the central Visayas were the major marijuana-growing centers.

During the late 1980s, another drug, and methamphetamine, was fast becoming a

narcotics problem. Known locally as shabu, it had generally been smuggled into the

country, but domestic production expanded sharply in 1989 to meet growing demand.

Coca cultivation was not significant in 1989, and there was no evidence of opium poppy

cultivation or heroin manufacture (Winslow, 2002).

 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research design, locale of the study, respondents and

sampling used and statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

The researchers will use the descriptive method of research which is a definite

procedure to characterize, describe, and classify data or materials needed in relevance

to the study. It also included proper scrutiny and interpretation of all insights that will be

collected.

Locale of the Study

This research will be conducted in General Santos City particularly the city’s Police

precinct. Accordingly the research will be disseminate in Four (3) police precinct including

Police Station 1, Police Station 2, and Police Station 3.

Research Instrument

This instrument to be used in this research will basically be the data to be gathered

from selected interviewees thru given questionnaire after interview.

Respondents and Sampling Used

The researchers will use a probability sampling procedure in choosing the

respondents. Particularly, the simple random sampling using the Slovin’s formula. There
will be a total of 20 respondents; in which will be chosen randomly in the mention police

precinct in General Santos City.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will observe the following procedure in data gathering:

Asking permission to conduct the study. The researcher will write a letter to the

Police Senior Inspector asking permission to conduct a survey regarding the study.

Analysis and interpretation of data. The researcher will gather and analyze the

data gathered using the appropriate statistical tools.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The researcher will use the frequency distribution (percentage distribution) and the

computation of the weighted average mean (WM). These statistical tools will be used to

come up with the summary of the results of the survey. Thus, these results will be

tabulated and interpreted according to the problems of the study being identified.
 References

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York : McGraw-Hill, c1977. p. 673-680.

Combating Honour Crimes in Europe: Manual for Policy Makers, Institutions, and

Civil Society, SURGIR Foundation, 2011-2012, pp. 30-31.

Abadinsky, Howard, (2007) Organized Crime 8th Edition, Thomson, Belmont, CA,

2007, pp. 128-129.

George L. Kelling, (1978), Police Field Services and Crime: The Presumed Effects

of a Capacity, First Published April 1, 1978 Research Article,

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Cordner, Gary W and Hale, Donna C, (1992), Criminal Investigation (From What

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SpringerVerlag, New York, p. 119-128.

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& C Hoyle (eds.) What is criminology?, University of Oxford, Oxford.

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 RESPONDENT’S PERSONAL INFORMATION

NAME: _____________________________________________________ (optional)

SURNAME GIVEN NAME MIDDLE NAME

A. Evaluation of Crime prevention strategies Implemented

Using the scale below;
Please put a check to the box that will correspond to your answers.
A — Always
O — Often
S – Sometimes
N –Never

Strategies: A O S N

1. Continuous specialized training of

members of PNP under crime
prevention program.
2. Commitment of police officers in
prosecution of criminals.
3. Saturation drive conducted by police
officers in club house, beer house,
cockpit arena and other houses of illegal.
4. Intensified police community relation.
5. Crime Prevention Program facilitated
By police officers.
6. Resourcefulness in getting informants to
gather information from suspected
criminals.
7. Random schedule of Mobile Checkpoint.
8. Visibility of mobile patrol along congested
area.
9. Regular conduct of patrolling by police
officers in the barangay.
10. Conduct of information drive for the
community
11. Preventive patrol (including inquiry and
inspectional activity) oriented toward
prevention of crimes and accidents,
maintenance of public order, and the
discovery of hazards and delinquency-
causing situations
12. Response to called-for services.
13. Coordination with the LGU”s and NGO”s.
14. Investigation of crimes, offenses,
incidents, and conditions, including arresting offenders.
15. Supervision of public order in the community.
.