Stress Analysis: Piping Engineering Cell
Stress Analysis: Piping Engineering Cell
Stress Analysis: Piping Engineering Cell
STRESS ANALYSIS
T.N.GOPINATH
Stress Analysis 1
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
1.3.2. Relate each of these loads to required flexibility has been provided
the stresses and strains in the piping layout.
developed.
1.5.1 As per clause 119.7.1/319.4.1
1.3.3. Get the cumulative effect of of the code ASME B 31.1/B 31.3, no
the potential loads in the formal analysis is required in systems
system. which
1.3.4. Decide the allowable limits, i) Are duplicates of
the system can withstand successfully operating
without failure. installations or replacements.
1.3.5. After the system is designed, ii) Can readily be judged
to ensure that the stresses are adequate by comparison with
within the safe limits. previously analyzed systems.
1.4 Types of loads iii) Satisfy equation
specified in clause
All the American code for 119.7.1(A3)/ 319.4.1 (c)
Pressure Piping classify the loads
mainly into three types. 1.5.2 Analyzing the layout by an
approximate method.
1.4.1. Sustained Loads: Those due
Approximate method shall
to forces present during
be applied only if they are used for
normal operation
the range of configuration for which
1.4.2. Occasional Loads: Those adequate accuracy has been
present during rare intervals demonstrated.
of operations 1.5.3 Carrying out a comprehensive
1.4.3. Displacement Loads: Those analysis.
due to displacement of pipe i) Analytical
These are dealt with in detail ii) Model test
in the chapter Pipe Under stress.
iii) Chart method
Hence the content of this chapter is
limited to the details of analysis of
piping system under the sustained
and displacement loads. This analysis 2.0 CODE COMPLIANCE
is most commonly called as the
Let us consider those aspects
Flexibility Analysis. Further those
in the code, which are mandatory
conditions stipulated in the regulatory
requirements for the expansion and
code ASME B 31.1 and ASME B
flexibility of metallic piping. The
31.3 only are considered hereafter.
Piping Specification nominates the
1.5 Conditions of Acceptability code to be used for various aspects in
of Piping System the Piping System. Let us consider
those, which are of importance to the
The Piping Engineer has the Piping Engineer to carry out the
following choices to establish that the flexibility analysis. Every such code
will contain recommendations and
Stress Analysis 3
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
Stress Analysis 4
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
L = . L ….
(2)
This difference in meaning of used
in equations 1 and 2 should be taken
If the pipe is allowed to expand freely
note of. A typical Table C-1 of total
due to rise in its temperature, it would
thermal expansion from ASME 31.3
expand by L as shown in Fig. 2.2. .
for a specific material is as follows. It
The free expansion will take place
can be used to get easily for the
when one of the anchors is released.
applicable difference in operating and
L would depend upon the pipe
installed temperature.
length (L), temperature rise
Stress Analysis 5
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
Material
Temp., Carbon Steel... Austenitic Stainless Steel... __ __
Copper and
0
F
Copper Alloys
25 -0.32 -0.46 -- --
-0.50
50 -0.14 -0.21 -- --
-0.22
70 0 0 -- --
0
100 0.23 0.34 -- --
0.34
125 0.42 0.62 -- --
0.63
Stress Analysis 6
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
Stress Analysis 7
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
Consider the piping system start at cold condition, will now have
abc (as installed) as shown in Fig. residual stresses under cold condition
2.4. As it is taken from installed and is said to cold spring. For
condition to hot operating condition, example, if the pipe was cut
let us assume that the leg ‘ab’ would anywhere along its route under this
expand by 2” and leg ‘bc’ by 2”. condition, it would separate into two
This would happen if anchor at ‘c’ segments with violent spring action.
end of the pipe was movable. The The true magnitude of the
pipe would then be in position ab’c’ stress either in hot or cold condition
with the anchor c having moved to c’ cannot be determined by simple
as shown. If both the anchors (at a calculations because the amount of
and c) are rigid, the pipe may still relaxation is unknown and cannot be
expand and attain position ab2c. It judged reliably. It depends in a
may then be compressed to bring b 2 complex way on the metallurgy, pipe
back to position b. Such free route, anchor locations and geometry
expansion is however not allowed etc. However, service failures are
and let us assume that the system related to cyclic rather than static
absorbs this 4” expansion between conditions and it is therefore
anchors at a and c and the resultant permissible to assume that the system
calculated maximum stress is 24,000 will operate satisfactorily if sum of
psi. Supposing the material at the hot and cold stresses is within a
particular operating temperature can stress range, which is considered safe
sustain only 18,000 psi or ¾ of this for an expected number of stress
developed stress, yielding will take reversals. This concept provides a
place and the pipe would be at its logical basis to the design of a piping
sustaining level indicated by ab1c. We system because it takes into
would say that the pipe has absorbed consideration all the stress levels to
stress of 6000 psi by yielding which the system is subjected. The
somewhat. The stresses in the pipe at actual stress intensity at a specific
this stage are only 18000 psi. On stage is of academic interest only.
cooling back to ambient temperature
the system must contract by 4”. It could be seen that the code
Contraction would relieve the recognizes the fact that stresses in
compressive stresses, which were piping system are not necessarily of
developed because the pipe wanted to constant intensity, that the expansion
expand by 4” but was not allowed to stress at elevated temperature may
do so completely. At ¾ of this not be sustained because of
contraction, i.e., at a net contraction relaxation or creep and
of 3”, the system will become consequently will drop to stress level
stressless. Completion of contraction the material can sustain. The
through remaining 1” will result in a phenomenon of yielding in the elastic
stress of 6000 psi in the opposite range or flow in the plastic stage
direction (tensile stress in this case). presents a problem different from that
The system would now be in position encountered in the analysis of
ab3c as shown in Fig. 2.4. The structure which operates at relatively
system, which was stressless at the low temperatures and therefore in a
state of steady stress. In this case, the
Stress Analysis 8
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
elements are designed to meet the displacement strains are not normally
limiting stress or deformation within considered in the determination of
the elastic limit of the material. In displacement stress range since these
contrast, with stresses from sustained stresses are not significant in typical
loads such as internal pressure or piping layouts. In special cases
weight the displacement stresses can consideration of average axial
cross the elastic limit with stress displacement stress is necessary.
reversal from cold to hot condition Example include buried lines
and still remain safe provided the containing hot fluids, double wall
number of stress reversals remains pipes and parallel lines with different
below the limit to exclude the operating temperatures connected
possibility of failure due to fatigue. together at more than one point.
While stresses resulting from 2.3 Effect of Fatigue on Piping
displacement strains diminish with ARC Markl investigated the
time due to yielding or creep, the phenomenon of fatigue failure of
algebraic difference between strains piping during 1940’s and 1950’s. He
in the extreme displacement tested a number of configurations;
condition and as-installed condition straight pipe, various fittings such as
remains substantially constant during elbow, miter bend, welding tee,
any one cycle of operation. The fabricated tee etc. mostly on
difference in strain produces a 4'' NB size by using cyclic
corresponding stress differential, the displacements to apply alternate
displacement stress range, which is bending stress. Plotting the cycles to
used as the criteria for designing of failure for each applied displacement,
piping flexibility. he found that the results were on the
expected lines and followed the shape
The type of cyclic straining of fatigue curves.
described above, if repeated often Markyl observed that the
enough, will cause the pipe to crack. fatigue failure occurred not in the
The cracking will start at a point or middle of his test spans, but in the
points where the stress is maximum. vicinity of fittings and also at lower
This is what is meant by “Fatigue stress / cycle combinations than for
Failure”. the straight pipes. This lead to what is
Average axial stress (over the called the "Stress Intensification
pipe cross section) due to Factor" which covered under section
longitudinal forces caused by 5.3.
Stress Analysis 9
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
Stress Analysis 10
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
i) Wind load
ii) Seismic load
iii) Relief valve forces
iv) Fluid hammer Fig 2.9
v) Settlement
vi) Equipment vibration The yield stress is the elastic limit
vii) Weight of attachments and that is the value below which the
viii) Weight of contents stresses are proportional to strain and
when the load is removed, there is no
All these factors contribute to permanent distortion. The ultimate
two distinct forms of stresses. tensile strength is the highest stress
which the specimen can
The sustained stresses – accommodate without failure.
Generated by Pressure, dead The basic allowable material
weight of contents and stress at the hot (operating/design)
attachments, which can be temperature (Sh) is defined by the
expected to be present virtually code as minimum of
at all time of plant operation.
The self-limiting stresses – As per the ASME B 31.1
Generated by thermal effects. i) 1/4 of the ultimate
tensile strength of the material
The allowable stresses for at operating temperature
these two influences are based on ii) 1/4 of the ultimate tensile
different concepts. However, the strength of the material at
allowable stresses specified in code room temperature
are based on the material properties. iii) 5/8 of the yield
They can be classified in two strength of the material at
categories as below. operating temperature
(90% of the yield stress for
austenitic stainless steels)
2.4.1 TIME INDEPENDENT iv) 5/8 of the yield strength of the
STRESSES material at room temperature
Time independent allowable (90% of the yield stress for
stress is based on either yield stress austenitic stainless steel)
or the ultimate tensile strength and
measured in a simple tensile test. v) 100% of the average stress for
a 0.01% creep rate per 1000
hrs.
Stress Analysis 11
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
Stress Analysis 12
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
Stress Analysis 13
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
Stress Analysis 14
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
i i
Stress Analysis 15
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
Stress Analysis 16
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
Stress Analysis 17
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
Stress Analysis 18
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
Fig.3.1
Stress Analysis 19
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
Stress Analysis 20
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
Mx = Component of Mc in a
hoizontal plane parallel to
Compressor shaft
My = Component of Mc in a vertical
plane
Mz= Component of Mc in a
horizontal plane at right
angles to the compressor shaft
Stress Analysis 21
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
+y R ig h t a n g le t o
c o m p resso r sh aft
Fy
+M y
Fx
+x P a r a ll e l t o
c o m p resso r sh aft
+M x
Fz +M z
+z
F ig . 3 . 2 : C o m p o n e n t s o f f o r c e s a n d m o m e n t s
o n c o m p r e s s o r c o n n e c t io n
Stress Analysis 22
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
500D -
M
Stress Analysis 23
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
For sizes greater than this, use a value The components of these resultants
of should not exceed:
(16 + IPS) Inches Fx = 50 Dc Mx = 250 Dc
D (in inches) = Fy = 125Dc My = 125 Dc
3 Fz = 100 Dc Mz = 125 Dc
2. The combined resultants of The components are as follows:
the forces and moments of the inlet,
extraction, and exhaust connections, Fx = Horizontal components of Fc
resolved at the centerline of the parallel to the turbine shaft.
exhaust connection should not exceed Fy = Vertical component of Fc
the following two conditions. Fz = Horizontal component of Fc at
right angles to the turbine
These resultants shall not exceed: shaft.
Mx = Component of Mc around the
250 Dc - Mc horizontal axis parallel to the
Fc = 2 turbine shaft
My = Component of Mc around the
where, vertical axis
Mz = Component of Mc around the
horizontal axis at right angles
to the turbine shaft.
Stress Analysis 24
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
+y R ig h t a n g le t o
t u r b in e s h a f t
Fy
+M y
Fx
+x P a r a lle l t o
t u r b in e s h a f t
+M x
Fz +M z
+z
F ig . 3 . 8 : C o m p o n e n t s o f f o r c e s a n d m o m e n t s
o n t u r b in e c o n n e c t io n
Stress Analysis 25
PIPING ENGINEERING CELL
Stress Analysis 26
3.6.2 The design of each fixed or The limiting values for forces
floating header, the design of fixed and moments should be laid down by
headers to side frames, and the design the manufacturer. Restrictions are
of other support members shall applied on nozzle rotations also in
ensure that the simultaneous this case to take care of the
application (sum) of all nozzle clearances between the tube and
loadings on a single header will cause refractory lining. The thumb rule
no damage. The components of the used is :
nozzle loadings on a single header Forces = 200 to 300 lb/in.
shall not exceed the following values. nominal bore of
nozzle
Mx = 4500 ft lb (6100 Nm) Moments - Equivalent to Sh/4
My = 6000 ft lb (8130 Nm) Nozzle Rotation - From 1/2º
Mz = 3000 ft lb (4070 Nm) to 1º
Fx = 2250 lb (10010 Nm)
Fy = 4500 lb (20020 Nm) 3.9 Flat bottom Welded Storage
Fz = 3750 lb (16680 Nm) Tanks
to API 650
Note :- The application of the The design of the piping
moments and forces shown in table system connected to thin walled,
will cause movement that will tend to large diameter cylindrical vertical flat
reduce the loads to the values given. bottom storage tanks pose a problem
in the analysis of the interface
3.7 Shell & Tube Type Heat between the piping system and the
Exchangers tank nozzle. The parameters to be
The designer has to set the considered are the stiffness of the
limiting values or to check the vessel tank shell, the radial deflection and
connections for the meridional rotation of the shell
the nozzle loading imposed by the opening at the nozzle connection
connected piping. resulting from the static head,
pressure and uniform or differential
temperature between the shell and the
is: - R
F L = F Y
X
Bending : Equivalent to bending F R = F X M r = M x
t
5000lbs./in2
B
X
F A
M T
M b
M L
F L F
F R
ER
AN G
XCH
H E AT E
R
EL O
V ESS
sustained loading from the piping as
per the following criteria. These
forces and moments shall be
considered to be acting at the
intersection of nozzle and shell in he
corroded condition. A total of 7000
full temperature cycles shall be 3.11 Orientation of Forces &
considered for the expected life of the Moments on Vertical Equipment
equipment.
MT
MZ
9.1 Nozzle to Shell or channels
MX a) Moments
FZ
i) Longitudinal bending moment
FR FX
ML = 130 D2 Nm
ii) Circumferential bending
moment
FL M = 100 D2 Nm
M iii) Resultant bending moment
FR
ML
F A
LE
N OZZ
MT F
VESSEL
Mb = (ML 2 + M 2) ½
= 164 D2 Nm
iv) Torsional & moment
Flange Rating Valve
Mt = 150 D2 Nm ANSI DIN Heat Columns and
Class Exchangers Drums
b) Forces 150 # PN 10 & 16 0.75 0.6
i) Axial force in plane of Flange 300 # PN 25 & 40 0.75 0.7
FL = 2000D N 600 # PN 64 & 100 1.25 0.8
900 # PN 160 3.00 1.8
ii) Tangential force in plane of
1500 # PN 250 & 320 4.00 3.0
Flange 2500 # PN 400 5.60 3.3
F= 1500D N
Table 3.3
iii) Resultant shear force
FR = (FL 2 + F 2) ½
= 2500D N 3.10.3 The local stress intensity at
iv) Radial Tensile or the nozzle connection due to
compressive Force attachment of piping can be
FA = 2000D N computed using the welding
9.2 Nozzles to Formed Heads research council bulletin 107
a) Moment setting the limitations as.
i) Resultant Bending moment
a) The local sustained stress
Mb = 164 D2 Nm
intensity at the nozzle connection
Where Mb is the resultant of should be less than 0.5 sm
the components MX and MZ B) The sum of local sustained stress
ii) Torsional Moment intensity and the local expansion
Mt = 150 D2 Nm stress
b) Forces intensity at the nozzle connection
i) Resultant shear force must
FR = 2500D N where FA is be less than 2 sm
the resultant of the
components FX and FZ where, sm is the allowable stress
ii) Radial Tensile or compressive intensity for the material at the
force operating temperature.
FA = 2000D N
Where is as per the table 3.3 4.0 Data required for flexibility
and D is the nominal calculations
diameter in inches. The
orientation of the forces and The following data will be
moments shall be as per Fig required for the flexibility
3.11 & 3.12. These loadings calculations if it is carried out
shall be considered as being manually or by the use of software. It
caused by 67 % thermal and is therefore prudent to have this ready
33 % dead weight load. before starting.
The direction of coordinates are fixed 16. Young’s Modulus at
as below: Flexibility
Temperature
17. Thermal Expansion at
Flexibility
Temperature
18. Allowable stress at
Ambient/ Installation
temperature
19. Allowable stress at
flexibility temperature
20. Bend radius and type
of bend
1. Code of Practice
21. Branch connection
2. Basic Material of type
Construction of Pipe
22. Weight of attachments
3. Ambient / Installation - Valves and
temperature Specialties
4. Number of Thermal 23. Terminal
Cases movements with
5. Flexibility directions
Temperature (See Note: The Code states that the design
Note) temperature shall be assumed to be
6. Design Pressure same as the fluid temperature unless
calculations or test supports the use
7. Outside diameter of
of other data.
Pipe
8. Type of construction
of pipe
9. Nominal Thickness of
Pipe 5.0 METHODS OF
10. Manufacturing FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS
tolerance 5.1 Check As Per Clause
11. Corrosion allowance 119.7.1/ 319.4.1 of the Code
Clause 119.7.1(A3)/
12. Pipe Weight
319.4.1(c) specifies that no formal
13. Insulation Weight analysis is required in systems which
14. Specific Gravity of are of uniform size, have no more
Contents than two points of fixation, no
intermediate restraints and fall within
15. Young’s Modulus at the empirical equation.
Ambient/Installation
Temperature
DY
K 1
U = Anchor distance, straight line
L U 2
between anchors in ft. or (m)
where, K1 = 30 SA/Ea in USCS
D = the outside diameter of pipe
In inch (or mm) = 208300 SA/Ea in SI units
e2.7"/100ft
Pipe - 6" (150 mm NB) Sch. 40
2.735
carbon steel to ASTM A106 Δx
100
0
Gr. B Δy
2.730
0
Design Temperature - 400 F 100
2.745
Δz 1
(2040C) 100
Y Δx 2
Δy
Step 1 0.945 2
1.739"
To establish the anchor to anchor
distance U Step 4
Total length in X direction = 35’
DY
K
Total length in Y direction = 30’ L U 2
Total length in Z direction = 25’ + 6.6251.739
20’ 11064.42 2
= 45’
0.0055
2
U= x 2 + y2 + z 0.03
35 2 30 2 45 2 64.42'
since K K 1 the configuration is safe
Step 2 Please note that no general proof
To determine value of L. can be offered that this equation
L = x y + z = 35 + 30 + 45 = 110 ft. will yield accurate and
conservative results. It is not
applicable to systems used under
Step 3
severe cyclic conditions. There is
To calculate resultant total no assurance that the terminal
displacement Y reactions will be acceptably low,
From Appendix C, ASME B 31.3 even if the system satisfies the
above equation.
Linear Expansion between 70 o F
and 400F.
5.2 Guided Cantilever Method vessels are of large
Suppose that we have two diameter and, therefore,
vessels T1 and T2 say 20 m apart thick and the pipe is small.
and we have to run the pipe from
T1 and T2 between two nozzles at
the same elevation. Obviously the
most economical way of doing this,
purely from the performance
aspect, is to join them by a straight
pipe as shown in Fig. 5.2.
However, if the equipment
is laid out differently, it will be
possible to run the pipe in two
different sections at right angles to
each other as shown in Fig. 5.5.
14.
Flexibility Factor
The ratio of the flexibility of
a bend to that of a straight pipe
having the same length and cross
section is known as its "Flexibility
Factor", usually denoted by the
alphabet "k". Fig. 5.11
When bending moment M is
applied as shown, tensile stresses
are developed on the outer fibres
and compressive stresses on the
inner ones.
ML
=
EI
Fig. 5.12 of pipe wall and which is
circumferential in direction. If we
Let us consider a thin slice taken consider one half of the ring, the
between two radial planes "XX" stress system gets illustrated as
and "YY". (see Fig. 5.12). above.
The resultant effect of the These circumferential
tensile load "T" in the outer fibres stresses due to bending moment M
is an inward radial load on the can be many times the value of
element. Similarly the resultant of MY/I obtained by bending theory
the compressive loads "C" in the of structural members. The factor
inner fibres is an inward radial load by which the circumferential
on the element. stresses exceed the longitudinal
stresses in the bend is called the
If we view the slice as a "Stress Intensification Factor"
cross section, and draw a loading called S.I.F. It can be defined as the
diagram for the ring, we arrive at ratio of the actual bending stress for
the situation shown below. Under a moment applied to nominal
the applied loading the ring flattens section.
into an ellipse with its major axis
horizontal (see Fig. 5.13.a) The effect of the existence
of these circumferential stresses is
that when elbow is subjected to
repeated "in-plane" bending, it
ultimately develops a fatigue crack
along its sides.
When we take additional
benefit by Flexibility factor due to
flattening of elbows, consideration
If the bending moment is should be given to the induced
reversed, the tensile and circumferential stresses by
compressive forces will also get multiplying the stresses at the bends
reversed and cross section gets due to overall bending moment by
elongated instead of getting the appropriate "Stress
flattened. (See Fig. 5.13.b) Intensification Factor".
Appendix D of ASME B
Fig. 5.14 Circumferential Stress 31.1 & 31.3 tabulates the
in Pipe wall expressions to be used for
calculating the Flexibility Factor
If the element is analyzed in more and Stress Intensification Factor.
detail, it is seen that the flattening The parameter used for the
produces bending moments in the calculation of these factors is called
rings, which are maximum at the the "Flexibility Characteristic"
ends. These moments produce a denoted by letter "h"
stress which varies from tension to
compression through the thickness
In case of Mitre Bends an
equivalent bend radius is used in
the equation to calculate 'h'. The
equivalent bend radius (Re) is
estimated by
Re r2 (1 0.5s / r2 cot )
for closely
M
occasional
2
loads are
S i i 0 0
in USCS units
1000 i M
6.3.2 Allowable
2
i M
stresses2 are
1/ 2
S i i
different for each code.
0 0
Z
b
in SI units6.3.3
ASME B 31.3 include Fax
where in the stress calculation due
to sustained load where
S Resultant bending
b
stressas
ASME B 31.1
Z effective section modulus
e
neglects all
= πr T forces 2
2
T hThickness of
loads pipe
whereas ASME B
matchin
31.1 is explicit for the same.
or header exclusive of renf
T bThickness of pipe matchin
6.3.5 For calculation of stresses
For branch connection, the resultant
due to sustained loads
bending stress needs special care as
ASME B31.3 neglects
section modulus Z of header and
torsion where as ASME
branch is different.
B31.1 includes it.
6.3.6 ASME B31.1 intensifies
6.2.3 STRESS DUE TO torsion where as ASME B
OCCASIONAL LOADS 31.3 does not.
ASME B 31.3 do not specifically
define the equation for calculating
7.0 MEANS OF
the stresses due to occasional loads.
INCREASING
The code, under clause 302.3.6
FLEXIBILITY
only states that the sum of
longitudinal stresses due to
The pipe thickness has no
significant effect on bending E, y, L remaining the same, P = k I
stress due to thermal 3E y
expansion but it affects the where k =
end reactions in direct ratio. L3
So overstress cannot be
nullified by increasing the For 6”(150 mm) NB Sch. 40 pipe
thickness; on the contrary,
this makes the matter worse I = 1170 cm4
by increasing the end Z = 139 cm3
reactions. This is For 6” (150 mm) NB Sch. 80 pipe
demonstrated in the I = 1686 cm4
following example. Z = 200 cm3
Therefore,
Let us consider two simple
cantilever arrangements having
Sch. 40 Sch.
the same deflection, pipe size
80
and length but with varying
Load P 1170 k 1686
thickness.
k
Moment M 1170 k L 1686
kL
Stress = M/Z 8.4 k L 8.4 k
L
1728 100
L
x x 2
3
L
y y 2
3.1627.910 6 3
C 510
1728100 0.09 510 13.3
Ip for 4" NB Sch 160 pipe = 13.3 in . 4
5 5
24 lbs.
Allowable stress at installation temp EMBED Equation.3
Sc = 20,000 psi I
Allowable stress at design temp Reaction F K C p
L
z z 2
Sh = 19,450 psi
3
3
1899ft.lbs.
4.35 510 4.5 EMBED Equation.3
5 Ip
1997lbs./sq.inch Moment M xz K xz C
L3
EMBED Equation.3 1.5 510 13.3
Expansion Stress Range 5
SE Sb 4St 2 2
2035ft.lbs.
(3952) (1997)
2 2
EMBED Equation.3
5619 lbs./sq.inch Ip
Allowable stress range = SA Moment M yz K yz C
= f ( 1.25 SC + 0.25 Sh)
L3
= 1 (1.25 x 20,000 + 0.25 x 0.4 510 13.3
19,450) 5
= 29,862 psi 543ft.lbs.
SE < SA.
9.2 TUBE TURN METHOD fe fs
f
The above method (Guided f1
Cantilever Analysis) does not give where,
allowance for the elbow flexibility. f = Expansion Factor allowing for the
e
Fig. 11.1
11.2 Arrangement-2 (See Fig.
11.2)
If it so happens that the
column shell will not permit the
support of reboiler on brackets
attached to the shell just below the
vapor return nozzle, then the
Fig. 11.2
brackets are to be attached to the
vessel skirt. This will result in the 11.3 Arrangement-3 (See Fig.
support bracket at a larger distance 11.3)
from the level of the vapor return
nozzle. When the reboiler is too heavy to
support from the column or the
In all reboiler analysis skirt as illustrated
problems, the centre line of the
vapor return nozzle is considered as above, an independent support has
the datum and the movements are to be provided for support of the
assessed first on the column side reboiler. In this case there will be a
and then on the reboiler side. considerable offset between the
Applying this to the present column and the reboiler centrelines.
problem, the expansion of the The movements of vapour return
reboiler shell between the vapor nozzle will be at fixed elevation.
return nozzle and the support The spring support is the only
bracket will be more as the shell is solution and will be as illustrated in
at a higher temperature and the Arrangement-3 (See Fig. 11.3)
tubes and column shell are at the
same temperature. This differential
will not be possible to be
accommodated in the connection
Fig. 11.3
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