Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the literature that have bearing and relationship to the
present study. This gave the researcher broader perspective which aid the researchers in
conceptualizing and understanding of the study of the significance role of the
community as the Fifth Pillar. The literature and studies cited will help the researchers in
the interpretation of findings.

RELATED LITERATURE
Local literature
Director General Nicanor A. Bartolome, Chief of the Philippine National Police
(PNP), ordered all policemen doing office work to go out and render at least four hours
of security patrols in their areas of jurisdiction.“They will now be conducting patrol
before they go to the office and before they go home,” said Bartolome. The target time
will be from 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. in the morning and from 3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. in
the afternoon. According to Bartolome, the PNP objective is to make use of that time on
matters that need the police concerns most, which is patrolling the streets”. It was
implemented by Bartolome in Metro Manila while he was director of the National
Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO).
After the assessment that it was effective, Bartolome said he wants to implement
it across the country because aside from policemen doing office work, he said some
policemen in other units will also be required to conduct beat patrol.
He, however, clarified that only those assigned in areas where the threat of big
rebel groups like communist and Moro rebels will be tapped for patrol. “Some of those
assigned in internal security operations will be used for visibility because we all know
that it is an essential component to prevent crime,” said Bartolome.
Moreover, Abat (2013) stated that in Davao City, the police station is increasing
police visibility in communities to reduce the numbers of crimes. Most of the policemen
are outside for advocacy programs and to maximize visibility. And also don’t let the ride
in a mobile since mostly they are on foot patrol to observe more the community safety,
this way they could easily establish connection with the community against criminal acts.
 Policemen also go house-to-house in different villages in subdivision within the area of
their responsibilities to make sure that they are safe by the police force.
Hence, Rińen (2014), stated that Cebu City is further strengthening police
visibility in public areas where implemented by the police as part of their strategy to
lower street crimes in program dubbed Metro Cebu Comprehensive Deployment System
(MCCDS) which in this program they will maximize police visibility out in the streets to
prevent crimes from happening and witness more augmentation of policemen out in the
streets in beat, foot, and mobile in covert operations. “The response to street crimes is
always police presence”, apart from increasing the number of policemen in foot and
mobile patrols, other strategies that will be employed the establishment of checkpoints,
deployment of covert personnel and with all these done in random manner.
Therefore, safety is a freedom from harm or danger and the state of being safe
which every person assures in the place they were living and for their daily lives. People
need to feel safe at all times under any circumstances. It does not matter if you are at
home, at work, at school, travelling at social event or in desperate need of emergency
assistance.

Foreign Literature
More than fifty years ago, author Alinsky made the observation that, “it is impossible
to overemphasize the enormous importance of people’s doing things themselves.” The
community mobilization he wrote about is evident today particularly in the responses people are
making in major cities and towns in the USA, Europe, Australia and, in recent years, here in the
Philippines, and other parts of Asia. These responses have attracted a great deal of interest in
what the fully realized potential of community involvement – of people doing things themselves
– to fight crime, might be. The potential within communities is seen in the many groups of
people, who, through concerted efforts/action, march, collect signatures on petitions, pressure
public officials, organize neighborhood street watches, open youth recreation centers, start
street children’s tutorial programs, establish shelters for battered women, and most
importantly, call the attention of the public to the very real toll that crime exacts on the quality
of both personal and community life … becoming thus, as organized communities, powerful,
constructive forces for public safety. In recent years, Criminal Justice Systems in many parts of
the world, have begun to recognize this power, and to discover the potential for working with
these communities and organized groups. (Although it is only in the Philippines I understand,
that has included officially the Community Pillar, as a Pillar of the Criminal Justice System) The
philosophy of community policing which envisions the community as a partner in problem
solving (and crime prevention) has led not only to reinventing this core government function,
but has also led the way for other criminal justice pillars or agencies to follow suit. Prosecution
in the USA, for example, are assigning prosecutors to neighborhood-based offices and police
precincts, to bring legal expertise closer to community residents. Public defenders are exploring
the potential of offering more direct community access to legal representation. Courts are
opening up their processes, creating a new legal culture that sees crime as eroding the quality of
life of the communities where it is committed. Correctional agencies are now studying the
consequences of viewing communities as partners in the imposition of criminal sanctions. The
private sector has weighed in on a number of fronts, particularly with foundation support for
anti-violence programs. The National Institute of Justice Journal took note in several issues, of
the emerging, sustained alliances that communities are forging with the various components of
the criminal justice system as partners in responding to crime and disorder.

Theoretical Framework

According to Montojo (2006), safety is the state of being "safe" the condition of being
protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational,
psychological, educational or other types or consequences of failure,
damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be considered non-desirable.
Safety can also be defined to be the control of recognized hazards to achieve an acceptable level
of risk. This can take the form of being protected from the event or from exposure to something
that causes health or economic losses. It can include protection of people or of possessions.
However, concept of omnipresence (based from the principles of Sir Robert Peel) is the
community’s perception that the police is always present anytime, anywhere, who are always
ready to assist the public of any untoward eventuality this, for a matter will consciously promote
sense of security to the citizenry.
Also, today our police department continues to evolve to meet the changing needs of the
community in providing a safe and secure environment for our citizens to live and work.
Crank, stated that routine patrol is a strategies that based on the idea that police
visibility in an area provides a general deterrent effect on crime and that, subsequently, the
general public’s fear of crime is reduced by that same police presence. It would be expected, as a
result, that crimes that would normally take place in fairly public areas, such as general property
offenses or street crimes, would be more significantly impacted by preventive patrolling
practices, whereas offenses typically committed in relative seclusion would be less susceptible to
the deterrence effects of preventive patrolling. There is no initiative on the part of the officer or
the organization to target a specific area or problem within the geographical patrol district.
However, it can also be argued that routine patrol is required in order to facilitate response in a
timely manner to dispatch calls.

However, Community/stakeholders need to be active partners in the deployment of foot

patrol. Training community members, businesses, and other stakeholders in crime prevention,
environmental issues, neighborhood watch strategies, being effective witnesses, and problem
solving will assist in reducing crime.
Stakeholders can contribute by taking action in the form of citizen patrols, graffiti
eradication, youth programs, and trash removal. Other municipal agencies can assist with
enforcing codes, developing youth programs, enhancing lighting, and removing visual barriers.
Officers assigned to foot patrols must have the training, resources, and support to
develop and implement programs that address the specific needs of the beat area.

Conceptual Framework
Foot patrol is the oldest form of police patrol work. The use of foot patrols decreased
substantially in the last century before reemerging as a community policing tool. The benefits,
particularly in the form of community goodwill and improves relationships between the police
and community, may help to explain the recent resurgence in this practice. Coupled with the
high gas prices in 2008, foot patrols are once again being used as a community policing tool.
As with many policing strategies, departments adapt their approaches to community and
departmental needs. Historically, foot patrols had a small effect on crime, but significant
changes have been recorded with increased community stratification. Departments that the
positive elements of foot patrols and combine their efforts with data analysis that focuses on the
time, location, and type of crime, may use the findings to develop strategies to decrease crime
and enhance the quality of life in their communities.
Hence, police visibility was seen as a means of facilitating engagement and intervention
which, when combined, would be expected to enhance quality of life, reduce fear of crime, fear
of intimidation and reduce the incidence of crime. By cutting red tape and focusing staffing
reductions on back-office functions, it should be possible to maintain a consistent frontline
presence, which is a key aspect of policing for maintaining citizen confidence in the service.
 With all these resources, however, it would still boil down to presence. The need for police
presence in every street around the city is what counts in the heightened battle against
criminality. A roving police team cannot only deter crime. It can also create a feeling of safety
and security among the people (Maborrang, 2013).
With the presented concepts, this study focused on The mannerly and decent used of the
Community as the Fifth Pillar Of The Philippine Criminal Justice System In Baranggay San
Manuel ;

Research Paradigm

Input Process Output

Proper use of
Qualitative Analysis The effect of the
Community as the
Community as the
Fifth Pillar Of The
Statistical Analysis Fifth Pillar Of The
Philippine Criminal
Philippine Criminal
Justice System In Documentary Justice System In
Baranggay San Analysis Baranggay San
Manuel,
Manuel

PPC

Figure 1

In this research paradigm, the following boxes displays an organized procedure by

dividing the process into three main categories - namely input, process, and output - which
researchers may undergo if given the chance to precede with the said research.

The input consist of related topic focuses on the negative effects of The Community as
the Fifth Pillar Of The Philippine Criminal Justice System In Baranggay San Manuel, that will be
verified for the research, the process, which is the qualitative analysis, statistical analysis and
documentary analysis which will we use to gather information for the research and the output
which contains the necessary information that the researchers wanted to acquire.