PEST AND DISEASES OF

Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Training Institute
Elliptical Road, Diliman, Quezon City
 Corn plants are attacked
by insect pests and diseases
during the entire growth
period reducing yield quality
and quantity. The extent of
damage caused by these factors
varies greatly depending on
the plant growth stage,
weather condition, crop
management practices and
cropping sequence. Thus,
proper recognition and
identification of these pests
and diseases are essential to
their effective management and
control.

Copyright 2003

Writer/Lay-out Artist: Pamela MG Mappala

Subject Matter Specialist: Rose B. Lucero
Photographer: Darwin C. Bibit
Graphics/Lay-out Artist/Cover Design: Teodoro B. Baui
Editor: Antonieta J. Arceo

Printed by: Extension Communication Division

Agricultural Training Institute
Diliman, Quezon City
 INSECT PESTS
1. Corn Borer (also known as Asiatic Corn Borer)
Scientific Name: Ostrinia
furnacalis (Guenee)

Local Names: Dalipog

(Ilocano); Amasok or
Tibgoy (Bicol/Ilonggo);
Tuhob (Cebuano)
Corn borer larva
Description:
! Eggs are flat, creamy, shiny
and laid in mass (about 25-50
eggs/egg mass) in fish scale-
like arrangement on both sides
of the corn leaves. Incubation
period is 4-5 days.
! Newly hatched larvae are
pinkish with black or brown
heads. Later instars are
creamy and brownish-yellow.
It molts five times from 12-13
days. Corn borer damage below ear
! The pupa is dark red and the shank and corn borer larva
pupal period is about 5-12 ready for pupation
days.
! Total development period from egg to adult emergence ranges
from 27-52 days.
! The adult is yellowish-brown moth with waxy dark lines on wings
with an expansion of about 35 mm.
Plant growth stages affected: Seedling to Maturity

Damage:
! Pinhole lines lesions on leaves caused by first instar larvae.
! Match head-size holes and elongated lesions on leaves and leaf
sheaths caused by second and third instar larvae.
! Broken stalks and leaves.
! Premature drying of whole plant and ear.
 Control Measure:
♦ Early and synchronous planting
in contiguous areas using
resistant varieties.
♦ Manual picking/crushing of
eggs or egg masses and larvae
while inspecting the plants.
♦ Detasseling of clumped tassels
one to two days after
Corn borer damage on tassel
emergence or detasseling three
rows out of four rows of corn
plants.
♦ Trichogramma parasites at 33-35 days after planting (after hilling-up)
at 3-4 days intervals.
♦ Crop rotation coupled with weeds elimination.

2. White Grub (also known as June Beetle)

Scientific Name: Leucopholis irrotata L.

Local Names:
Larva - Buc-an (Panay/Visayan);
Ulalo (Tagalog); Abaling
(Ilocano); Aruwag (Ibanag);
Burlod (Cebuano)
Adult - Kalibobog (Bicol); Buod
(Bohol); Bakukang (Cebuano);
Afang (Gaddang); Asimuwa
(Ibanag); Aros-aros or Abal-abal
(Ilocano); Dahueng (Negros
Oriental); Salibubang Drying of corn plants due to
(Kapampangan); Labog-labog white grubs attack*
(Panay/Visayan); Organo
(Surigao/Agusan); Salagubang (Tagalog); Batungol (Waray)

Description:
♦ The larval stage of the June Beetle (simmawa or abal-abal) is fleshy,
wrinkled and normally curved. It is white when newly hatched but
turns light brown.
 ♦ The full grown larva is pale yellow
with a blackish abdominal portion
due to intestinal contents seen
through the transparent skin. The
dorsal part is covered by stout
brownish and thickly set setae.
These are longer, weaker and
fewer at the ventral surface along
the sides of the body. The whole
larval period lasts from 252 - 336
Roots and rootlets eaten-up
days.
by white grubs*
Plant growth stages affected: Emergence to Seedling Stage
(especially during heavy infestation)

Damage:
♦ Larvae eats the root of the corn plant
♦ Irregular patches of stunted plant, yellowing or witting plants

Control Measure:
♦ Prepare land thoroughly before planting.
♦ Practice deep plowing in areas inspected to have chronic grub
infestation.
♦ Seed treatment with chemicals.
♦ Incorporate corn stubbles/stalks (composted) in the soil for white grub
to eat instead of the corn plant.
3. Corn Seedling Maggot
Scientific Name: Atherigona
oriyzae (Malloch)

Local Names:
Larva - Apihis (Cebuano)
Adult - Bangaw (Bicol); Ngilaw
(Ilocano); Langaw (Ibanag)
Description:
♦ Eggs are elongated, pearl-white Corn seedling maggot damage*
turning dark when about to hatch,
anterior and roundish, slightly curved
and laid singly on the outer surface of the leaves. Incubation period is
2-3 days.
 ♦ Newly hatched larvae are creamy
white to transparent, elongated
and taper towards the head end,
becoming dark yellow in the last
instar. Larvae undergo three
instars from 8-18 days.
♦ The pupa is ovoid and light to dark
brown. Pupal period is 5-11 days. Corn seedling maggot larva
♦ The adults are greenish-black with three blackish stripes on the
back of the thorax and three pairs of black spots on the last
abdominal segments.

Plant growth stages affected: Emergence to Early Whorl

Damage:
♦ Leaf feeding lesions, curling and breaking of young leaves
♦ Wilting, drying and rotting of central shoot
♦ Infested seedlings show stunted growth and later may produce
side tillers.

Control Measure:
♦ Synchronous planting in contiguous areas.
♦ Early planting in the growing season to escape high maggot
population.
♦ Clean culture including the removal of alternate host plants.
♦ Seed treatment with thiodicarb or carbofuran ST before planting.
4. Common Cutworm
Scientific Name: Spodoptera litura
Local Names: Ulod (Ilongo,Bicol); Arabas (Ilocano)

Description:
♦ Eggs are round pale white and laid in mass on leaves or objects on
the ground covered with yellowish-brown hairs. Incubation period is 3-
5 days.
♦ Young larva is greenish with black band one-third of the length from
head and a full-grown larva (developed from 20-30 days) is green with
bright yellow dorsal line and lateral stripes with black spots.
♦ The pupa is reddish brown
and about 1.6 cm long. The
pupation period in soil is from
6-10 days.
♦ The adult is about 20-25 mm
long with wings (forewings
are purplish-brown with
numerous lines and spots and
hind wings are whitish with
narrow band along the center Common cutworm
margins).

Plant growth stages affected: Emergence to Early Whorl

Damage:
♦ Scrapping of leaf tissues by young larvae, leaving irregular grayish
white patches on the leaves.
♦ Older larvae may cut stems and leaves, including veins and midribs.
♦ Young plants may be completely defoliated by older larvae (third
to sixth instars).

Control Measure:
♦ Plow fields to remove weeds which may serve as alternate hosts.
♦ Collect egg masses and crush them.
♦ Make small trenches around the field and put some cut grasses for
shade. Collect hiding larvae during early morning.
♦ Chemical spraying if severe infestation (use pyrethroids).
5. Corn Semilooper

Scientific Name:
Chrysodeixis chalcites

Local Names: Danagan-

dangan (Ilocano); Dangaw
(Ibanag); Dangaw-dangaw
(Cebuano)
Corn semilooper
Description:
♦ Eggs are pearl, white and spherical laid singly on leaves.
Incubation period is 3 days.
♦ Larvae are greenish with
lighter dorsal and lateral
stripes and about 50 mm
long. They have modes with
lopping motion.
♦ The pupa is light green then
turns reddish brown later.
The pupation period takes
place either in silver cocoon Corn semilooper damage
on lower leaf surface or in
the soil and lasts for 7 days.
♦ The adult is brownish with golden bronze Y-shaped mark and white
spot on outer wings.

Plant growth stages: Emergence (one leaf stage) top Silking

Damage:
♦ Elongated lesions or shedding of leaves due to feedings on soft leaf
tissues but sparing the veins and midrib.
♦ Corn silks are cut during silking stage.

Control Measure:
♦ Synchronous planting in contiguous areas.

6. Armyworms

Scientific Names:
Black Armyworm - Spodoptera
exempta Walker (BAW)
Grass Armyworm - Spodoptera
mauritia Basidural (GAW)
True Armyworm - Mythimna
separata Walker (TAW)
Armyworm damage
Local Names: Uod sa humay/Amogba (Cebuano); Igges ti bunubon/
Arabas (Ilocano); Balulo (Misamis Oriental); Ulad gueng punlang
pale (Kapampangan); Tagus-tus (Panay/Visayan); Uod ng punlang
palay (Tagalog)
 Description:
Black Armyworm Grass Armyworm True Armyworm
Eggs
- Pearly pale yellow - Yellow - Smooth, shining
and milky white;
- Spherical
" Subglobular and slightly flattened; laid in mass on leaves and
covered with buff-colored hairs.
" An egg mass contains 200-450 eggs which can be hatched in 3-5
days.
Larvae
- Generally black - Light or dark - Greenish or
- Head is faintly brown with pale purplish-brown
mottled with dark stripes on each on the back but
brown spots, side along the back pale neutrally
light yelow median - Above and
line on the back beneath the
- Narow stripes spiracle is a pale
on the side stripe with dark
line running
posteriorly down
the middle of the
back.
Larval period
13-17 days 14-23 days 16-18 days
" The pupa is reddish brown and about 1.3 cm long. The pupation
period takes place in the soil and lasts from 7-10 days.
The adult
- Brownish-gray - Forewings are - Forewings are
forewings with grayish brown with yellowish-brown
irregular marginal varying line with a series of
black lines; about markings, each marginal spots.
1.4 cm long with with a dark spot - Hind wings are
wings expanse of near the middle. grayish-yellow,
3 cm. - Hind wings are outer margins
- Male insect’s whitish with dark being darker.
forewings have margins. - About 1.8 cm
tiny gold, oval spot - About 1.5 cm long long with wing
at the coastal area with wings expanse expanse of 4 cm.
and a sow of small of 3.4 cm. - Total life cycle
blackish spots from egg laying
along the outer to adult emergence
margins. is 25-40 days.
Plant growth stages affected: Late Whorl to Grain Feeding Stage

Damage:
♦ Irregular elongated feedings on and along the edge of leaves but
leaving the midrib uneaten.
♦ Late whorl infestation may damage the young tassel.
♦ Feeding on silks may occur at flowering period.

Control Measure:
♦ Egg masses and larvae should be collected and crushed.
♦ Employ chemical control if there is an outbreak (use pyrethroid,
triazophos insecticides).

7. Corn Earworm
(also known as Tomato
Fruitworm, Tobacco Budworm,
Cotton Bollworm and Sorghum
Headworm)

Scientific Name: Helicoverpa

armigera (Hubner)

Local Name: Ulod sa puso

(Cebuano) Corn earworm

Description:
♦ Eggs are sub spherical and laid singly on corn silk. Newly laid eggs are
cream then turn dark when about to hatch. Incubation ranges from 2-
5 days.
♦ Newly hatched larva has pale yellowish-white with black head and
walks with looping motion. Older larva turns pale green to dark brown.
It molts six times within 12-24 days.
♦ Pupa is yellowish-green when newly pupated turning dark brown as it
matures. Pupation usually takes place in the soil from 34-45 days.
♦ The adult is brown with dark waxy lines across the wings. Forewings
of the male corn earworm have dark centered circular spot on the
middle.

Plant growth stages affected: Early Whorl to Hard Dough Stage

 Damage:
♦ Row of shotholes on unfolding
leaves, caused by the first to
second instar larvae at whorl
stage.
♦ Irregular elongated holes on
leaves caused by third to sixth
instar larvae.
♦ Cutting of silk and feeding into the
tip of developing ear and kernels.
♦ Feeding on emerging tassels. Shotholes on leaves due to
corn earworm
Control Measure:
♦ Plant resistant varieties with long and tight ear husks.
♦ Plant marigold around the field as trap crop.

8. Aphids

Scientific Name:
Rhopalosiphum maidis

Local Names: Aplat (Ilocano);

Dugus-dugos (Cebuano);
Anfufunu (Ibanag)

Aphids infesting leaf and tassel

Description:
♦ Corn aphid is deep green and its tail-end, cornicle and the greater part
of the rostrum, antennae and legs are black. It is marked dorsally with
two longitudinal dark bands and the abdomen with two black spots on
each side.
♦ It multiplies rapidly, being able to reproduce when it is just 11 days
old. It gives birth without the intervention of males. In fact, males are
extremely rare.
♦ Both adults and nymphs are not active; they just stay and feed on one
part of the plant. Sometimes they develop wings that enable them to
migrate to other corn plans and/or host plants. They also live in
symbiosis with ants. These pests can transmit diseases.
 Plant growth stages affected: Early whorl to Post-Silking Stage
Damage:
♦ Seedlings may wilt and die if infested at early growth stage due to
severe sucking by the aphids.
♦ Stunted growth and yellowish molting of leaves due to infestation
at 2-3 weeks before tasseling.
♦ Pre-mature drying of infested leaf and tassel.
♦ Sooty appearance of infested leaves and tassel caused by fungal
infection.
♦ May transmit the sugar mosaic virus and maize dwarf mosaic
virus.
Control Measure:
♦ Encourage natural enemies like spotted lady beetles, syrphid flies
and green lacewings.
♦ Plant resistant varieties.
♦ Spray a mixture of hot pepper and powder soap.
9. Corn Planthopper
Scientific Name: Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead)
Description:
♦ Eggs are small white and flask-shaped and laid in mass in
longitudinal slits on the upper surface of the leaves, usually near
the stalk.
♦ The nymph is yellowish and somewhat mottled black and
wingless.
♦ The adult is soft pale yellowish after emergence. Its wings are
whitish and devoid of spot.
Plant growth stages affected: Seedling to Late Whorl
Damage:
♦ Sucking of plant jiuce from young leaves and leaf sheath causing
loss of plant vigor.
♦ May transmit the maize stripe or maize mosaic virus.
♦ Toxin from the insect may cause galls along the vains of
underneath leaf surface and stunted plant growth.
Control Measure:
♦ Plant resistant varieties.
♦ Eliminate weeds.
10. Corn Thrip
Scientific Name: Frankliniella williamsi (Hood)
Description:
♦ Eggs are bean-shaped and translucent white. They appear as very tiny
circular, shiny spot on the leaf if held against the sun and laid singly
inside the upper tissue of the leaf blade. Incubation period is 3-4 days.
♦ Full-grown larva is transparent white and about 1.3 mm long. Larval
period is 5-8 days. Destructive stage.
♦ The pupa is whitish yellow, has shorter body with white transparent
wing pads. Pupation takes place in the soil and lasts for 2-3 days.
♦ The adult is light brown and about 1.4 - 1.74 mm long. Destructive
stage.
Plant growth stages affected: Emergence to Early Whorls
Damage:
♦ Larvae and adult suck plant sap from young leaves causing mottled
discoloration.
♦ Young plant growth is retarded when severe infestation occurs.
Control Measure:
♦ Synchronous planting
♦ Clean culture including the removal of alternate hosts such as grass
species.

11. Field Cricket

Scientific Name:
Common block cricket - Gryllus bimaculatus (De Geer)
Common brown cricket - Teleogryllus testaceus (Walker)
Local Names: Timos (Cebuano); Kuriat (Ilocano); Kurya (Ibanag);
Kalay-kay (Tagalog); Suhong (Bicol); Serum-serum (Ilongo)
Description:
♦ Eggs are elongated white and laid in soil. Incubation period is about
14 days.
♦ The nymph is wingless but similar appearance with the adults. It molts
five times in 24-50 days. Destructive stage.
♦ The adult is brownish black (G. bimaculatus) or light brown (T.
testaceus) and about 30 mm long. It has orange or yellow spots on
the back of the thorax and enlarged hind legs. Destructive stage. Life
cycle is completed in 38-64 days.
Plant growth stages affected: Emergence to Whorl Stage
Damage:
♦ Root pruning.
♦ Feeding on base of young corn plant.
♦ Irregular feeding on leaves of young seedling.
♦ Plant stunting, wilting and death.
♦ Patches of yellowing plants may indicate infestation.
Control Measure:
♦ Seed treatment
♦ Thorough land preparation before planting
12. Maize weevil
Scientific Name: Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch)
Description:
♦ The adult is dark brown with long narrow snout; about 2.5 - 4.5 mm
long, elbowed, clubbed antennae. A female lays up to 300 eggs.
♦ Eggs are deposited singly in the grain and then covered with a hard
secretion thus leaving them invisible.
♦ The larva is stout and legless, and it cannot be seen because it
develops within a single grain where pupation takes place. The life
cycle of this storage pest is completed in one month.
♦ It has a longevity period of up to five months.
Damage:
♦ A larva feeds and develops inside a single kernel leaving it entirely
hallow.
♦ Actual damage occurs in storage after harvest.
Control Measure:
♦ Plant resistant varieties with tight fitting and long husks.
♦ Keep storage clean.
♦ Dry harvested corn thoroughly.
♦ Discard infested leftovers.
♦ Store seeds intended for planting in sacks treated with 2-4%
malathion solution.
13. Oriental Migratory Locust

Scientific Name: Locusta migratoria manilensis meyen

Local Names:
Nymph (hoppers) - Lukso
(Hiligaynon); Locton (Ilocano,
Visayan, Tagalog)
Adult (flyers) - Dewit (Bicol);
Dodon or Gantac (Ilocano);
Bulang (Tagalog); Apan or
Talapan (Panay-Visayan);
Ganta (Ibanag)
Locust
Description:
♦ Eggs are laid in mass in soil and
covered with a white frothy
substance. Individual eggs are
yellowish-brown and savage-
shaped and about 5-8 mm long.
Incubation period is 12-25 days.
♦ The nymph or hopper appears
similar to adult but wingless. It
disperses only by jumping and the
fifth star lasts from 48-57 days. Locust damage on corn

♦ The adult has enlarged hind legs and is gray to brown with prominent
brick-red orange color. A female lays as many as seven masses with a
maximum total of 500 eggs per egg mass. The average total period
from egg laying to adult state is 62-71 days.

Plant growth stages affected: All stages of the crop

Damage:
♦ Leaves irregularly chewed.
♦ Whole plants may be completely defoliated under heavy infestation.

Control Measure:
♦ Trap hoppers into pits and collect/crush them manually.
 NATURAL ENEMIES OF CORN
INSECT PESTS

Biological Control is a means of

controlling insect pests by the use of
friendly insect pathogens and beneficial
animals.
Natural Enemies are insects, living
microorganisms and spiders (arthropode)
that do beneficial advantages. They
parasitize, infect and prey on the pest
Spider species thus reducing pest population.

Some Common Parasites and

Predators and their Target Insect
Pests of Corn
Parasites
1. Trichogramma -- corn borer
eggmass, earworm egg
2. Wasp -- semilooper larvae,
caterpillar

Predators Field Cockroach

1. Spiders -- adult and larvae of
cornborer and many different
species
2. Dragon fly -- adult semilooper,
cutworm, army worm and other
adult insect pest
3. Lady Beetle -- aphids, cornborer
eggmass
4. Ants -- egg/larvae of insect pests
5. Earwigs -- larvae and pupae of
insect pests
6. Longhorne Grasshopper -- eggs Dragonfly preying on corn borer
of insect pests and nymphs of adult*
planthoppers
7. Lacewing -- aphids and
leafydopterous pest
8. Cotesia/Apantales -- larva semilooper
Strategies of Using Bio-Control Agents

1. Conservation of natural enemies

a. Cultural management practices -
use of tolerant, resistant, non-
preference varieties.
b. Reduce pesticide usage.
2. Inundative release -- release of
plenty predator parasites to control
pest.
Example: Release of trichogramma
3. Inoculative release -- it is the
offspring that will control the pest
and keep on multiplying. Trichocards
4. Conservation of alternate host -- (kam-kamote)
5. Intercropping -- plants attract natural enemies’ legumes, rootcrops
or repellant.
Kam-kamote (Ipomea T.) -- attracts parasite by its flower.
6. Other cultural practices:
√ Avoid burning -- keep stubbles piled.
√ Don’t clean all weeds -- leave some as harborage of insect pests
and natural enemies.

Farmer applying trichocards

 CORN DISEASES
1. Downy Mildew

Scientific Name:
Pernosclerospora
philippinensis (Weston Shaw)

Type: Fungus

Plant growth stages

affected: Two leaf stage
to Silking Stage
Downy mildew
Symptoms:
♦ White yellow streaks first at the base then on entire leaf blade.
♦ White growth on both sides of the streak when humidity is high
(e.g., during the night when there is dew formation or when
leaves are wet due to rain).
♦ Dwarfing when reduced elongation of the internodes.
♦ Ears and tassels poorly formed if severely infected.
♦ Presence of spores on the lower portion of leaves.

Control Measure:
√ Cultural method:
♦ Plant resistant varieties
♦ Synchronous planting
♦ Immediately rogue infected plant
♦ Eliminate weed hosts
♦ Burn infected plants
√ Chemical control:
♦ Seed treatment using fungicides
2. Leaf Rust

Scientific Name:
Puccinia polysora

Type: Fungus

Plant growth stages affected:

Mid-whorl to Silking Stage
Leaf rust
Symptoms:
♦ Presence of small and circular brown rusty pustules or blisters on
upper and lower surface leaves.
♦ Blisters are rough, may later break and release numerous rusty
spores.

Control Measure:
♦ Plant resistant varieties.
3. Banded Leaf and Sheath Blight

Scientific Name:
Rhizoctonia solani

Type: Fungus

The disease onset is

conditioned by moist environment,
particularly prolonged rain.
Likewise, high plant population of
leafy cultivars and weedy fields Banded leaf and sheath blight
influence the development of this disease, as well as cultivars with low
ear height, which are highly vulnerable to ear infection.

Plant growth stages affected: Late whorl to Ear Formation

Symptoms:
♦ Irregular blotches on leaves, stalks and ears.
♦ Blotches are grayish-green, with bluish gray or straw colored centers
and with distinct brown borders.
♦ Irregular light to dark brown fungus lumps known as schlerotial
bodies less than 1 mm on dead tissues.
♦ Infected ears may be wholly or partially rotten showing some seed
germination.

Control Measure:
♦ Burn dry infected corn leaves and stalks after harvest.
♦ Bury and kill Sclerotial bodies by deep plowing at planting.
♦ Avoid close plant spacing.
♦ Avoid high population density especially during wet season.
♦ Avoid planting cultivars with very low ear height.
4. Bacterial Stalk Rot
Scientific Name: Erwina
carotovora var. crysanthemi Dye

Type: Bacteria

Plant growth stages affected:

Two-leaf stage to Maturity

Symptoms:
♦ Stalk rot starting from the base
progressing upward and
eventually causing wilting of
lower-most leaves.
♦ Infected inner tissues of older
plants deteriorate and become
soft with foul odor and later dry
Bacterial stalk rot*
easily disjointed fibers.

♦ Plants infected at post detasseling stage may remain standing but

exhibit wilting of leaves.
♦ Wilted leaves at whorl stage can be easily pulled from growing point.
♦ Ears rot usually starting at the base of earshoot.

Control Measure:
♦ Balance fertilizer application (excessive nitrogen in relation to
potassium favors the development of stalk rot).
♦ Follow recommended plant spacing.
♦ Provide good drainage and improve soil condition by cultivation
♦ Avoid injury during cultivation.
5. Corn Mosaic Virus

It is caused by
different strains of maize
dwarf mosaic virus. The
virus is a long, flexuous,
rod-shaped vision that is
transmitted mechanically
and is spread naturally by
aphids in a non-persistent
manner. Effect of corn mosaic virus

Plant growth stages

affected: Whorl to
Maturity

Symptoms:
♦ Narrow pale yellow streaks
on leaves parallel to leaf
vein
♦ Pale area later becomes
diffused upon a paler Late attack of corn mosaic virus
green background.
♦ Base of infected leaves produces alternating broad streaks of
green and pale green areas.
♦ Stunted growth and crowding of leaves or rosetting.
♦ Shortening of internodes and crumpling of leaves.

Control Measure:
♦ Plant resistant varieties.
♦ Remove infected plants as symptoms appear.
♦ Eliminate weeds as possible hosts.
♦ Plant early to avoid high aphids population.
♦ Oil spray has also been found effective against this virus group.
6. Corn Smut

Scientific Name:
Ustillago maydis

Type: Fungus

Disease development
is favored by high nitrogen
level or high quantities of
manure. Injuries may be
brought about by blowing
soil or sand particles, cultiva-
tion, spraying or detasseling. Corn smut*

Symptoms:
♦ Galls of boils on aboveground tissues
♦ Galls first appear as glistening white or grayish white swellings
♦ Interior of galls later becomes black and powdery that contains
numerous sooty masses of spores

Control Measure:
♦ Maintain a well balanced soil fertility based on soil test
♦ Practice crop rotation.
♦ Avoid mechanical injury to plants during cultivation.
♦ In small scale, remove and destroy galls before they rupture
and release spores.
♦ Plant resistant varieties.
References:
Integrated Pest Management for Corn, a product reference manual.
1987. Philippine-German Crop Protection Programme. Bureau
of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture.
Region 02 Technoguide for Corn. DA-Cagayan Valley Lowland and
Marine Research Outreach Station, Iguig, Cagayan. Revised
edition. December 1996
KASAKALIKASAN Manual of Corn Field Notes 1-35. 2000. Repro-
duced by DA-CAR Regional Agriculture and Fisheries Informa-
tion Division.

* pictures taken from the IPM Corn Pocket Reference Manual