Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Legal Ethics Chapter I - Lawyer and Society
Legal Ethics Chapter I - Lawyer and Society
and Society
LEGAL ETHICS – is a branch of moral science, which treats of the duties which an attorney owes to
the court, to the client, to his colleagues in the profession and to the public as embodied in the
Constitution, Rules of Court, the Code of Professional Responsibility, Canons of Professional Ethics,
jurisprudence, moral laws and special laws.
Original Bases of Legal Ethics:
1. Canons of Professional Ethics
2. Supreme court Decisions
3. Statistics
4. Constitution
5. Treatises and publications
Present Basis of the Philippine Legal System: Code of Professional Responsibility.
BAR V. BENCH
BAR – Refers to the whole body of attorneys and body of judges.
BENCH – denotes the whole body of counselors, collectively the members of
Practice of Law – any activity, in or out of court which requires the application of law, legal
procedure, knowledge, training and experience. To engage in the practice of law is to give notice or
render any kind of service, which or devise or service requires the use in any degree of legal
knowledge or skill (Cayetano v. Monsod, 201 SCRA 210).
Attorney-at-law/Counsel-at-law/Attorney/Counsel/ Abogado/Boceros: that class of persons who
are licensed officers of the courts, empowered to appear prosecute and defend and upon whom
peculiar duties, responsibilities, and liabilities are developed by law as a consequence (Cui v. Cui,
120 Phil. 729).
Attorney in fact – an agent whose authority is strictly limited by the instrument appointing him,
though he may do things not mentioned in his appointment necessary to the performance of the
duties specifically required of him by the power of attorney appointing him, such authority being
necessarily implied. He is not necessarily a lawyer.
Counsel de Oficio – a counsel, appointed or assigned by the court, from among members of the
Bar in good standing who, by reason of their experience and ability, may adequately defend the
accused.
Note: In localities where members of the Bar are not available, the court may appoint any person,
resident of the province and good repute for probity and ability, to defend the accused. Sec. 7, Rule
116, Rules of Court.
Attorney ad hoc – a person named and appointed by the court to defend an absentee defendant in
the suit in which the appointment is made (Bienvenu v. Factor’s of Traders Insurance Cp.,
33 La.Ann.209)
Attorney of Record – one who has filed a notice of appearance and who hence is formally
mentioned in court records as the official attorney of the party. Person whom the client has named
as his agent upon whom service of papers may be made.
(Reynolds v. Reynolds, Cal.2d580).
Of Counsel – to distinguish them from attorneys of record, associate attorneys are referred to as “of
counsel” (5 Am. Jur. 261).
Lead Counsel – The counsel on their side of a litigated action who is charged with the principal
management and direction of a party’s case.
House Counsel – Lawyer who acts as attorney for business though carried as an employee of that
business and not as an independent lawyer.
Bar Association – an association of members of the legal profession.
Advocate – The general and popular name for a lawyer who pleads on behalf of someone else.
Barrister (England) – a person entitled to practice law as an advocate or counsel in superior court.
Proctor (England) – Formerly, an attorney in the admiralty and ecclesiastical courts whose duties
and business correspond to those of an attorney at law or solicitor in Chancery.
Titulo de Abogado – it means not mere possession of the academic degree of Bachelor of Laws
but membership in the Bar after due admission thereto, qualifying one for the practice of law.
Admission to the Practice of Law
The Supreme Court has the power to control and regulate the practice of law. Thus, the
Constitution, under Article VIII, Sec. 5 (5) provides:
Sec. 5. The Supreme Court shall have the following powers:
(5) Promulgate rules concerning the protection and enforcement of constitutional rights, pleading,
practice and procedure in all courts, the admission to the practice of law, the Integrated Bar, and
legal assistance to the under privileged.
The Supreme Court acts through a Bar Examination Committee in the Exercise of his judicial
function to admit candidates to the legal profession.
The Bar Examination Committee:
Composed of (1) member of the Supreme Court who acts as Chairman and eight (8) members of
the bar.
The 8 members act as examiners for the 8 bar subjects with one subject assigned to each.
The Bar Confidant acts as a sort of liason officer between the court and the Bar Chairman on the
other hand, and the individual members of the committee on the other. He is at the same time a
deputy clerk of court.
Admission of examinees is always subject to the final approval of the court.
Practice of Law
The practice of law is a privilege granted only to those who possess the STRICT INTELLECTUAL
AND MORAL QUALIFICATIONS required of lawyers who are instruments in the effective and
efficient administration of justice. (In Re: Argosino, 1997).
Requirements for admission to the Bar:
1. citizen of the Philippines
2. at least 21 years old
3. of good moral character
4. Philippine resident
5. Production before the supreme court satisfactory evidence of:
1. good moral character
2. no charges against him, involving moral turpitude, have been filed or are pending in any
court in the Philippines.
Requirement of Good Moral Character: a continuing requirement; good moral character is not only
a condition precedent for admission to the legal profession, but it must also remain intact in order to
maintain one’s good standing in that exclusive and honored fraternity. (Tapucar vs. Tapucar, 1998)
Academic Requirements for Candidates:
1. a bachelor’s degree in arts and sciences (pre-law course)
2. a completed course in:
1. civil law
2. commercial law
3. remedial law
4. public international law
5. private international law
6. political law
7. labor and social legislation
8. medial jurisprudence
9. taxation
10. legal ethics
Non-lawyers who may be authorized to appear in court:
1. Cases before the MTC: Party to the litigation, in person OR through an agent or friend or
appointed by him for that purpose (Sec. 34, Rule 138, RRC)
2. Before any other court: Party to the litigation, in person (Ibid.)
3. Criminal case before the MTC in a locality where a duly licensed member of the Bar is not
available: the judge may appoint a non-lawyer who is:
1. resident of the province
2. of good repute for probity and ability to aid the accused in his defense (Rule 116, Sec. 7,
RRC).
4. Legal Aid Program – A senior law student, who is enrolled in a recognized law school’s clinical
education program approved by the supreme Court may appear before any court without
compensation, to represent indigent clients, accepted by the Legal Clinic of the law school. The
student shall be under the direct supervision and control of an IBP member duly accredited by the
law school.
5. Under the Labor code, non-lawyers may appear before the NLRC or any Labor Arbiter, if
1. they represent themselves, or if
2. they represent their organization or members thereof (Art 222, PO 442, as amended).
6. Under the Cadastral Act, a non-lawyer can represent a claimant before the Cadastral Court (Act
no. 2259, Sec. 9).
Public Officials who cannot engage in the private practice of Law in the Philippines:
1. Judges and other officials as employees of the Supreme Court (Rule 148, Sec. 35, RRC).
2. Officials and employees of the OSG (Ibid.)
3. Government prosecutors (People v. Villanueva, 14 SCRA 109).
4. President, Vice-President, members of the cabinet, their deputies and assistants (Art. VIII Sec. 15,
1987 Constitution).
5. Members of the Constitutional Commission (Art IX-A, Sec. 2, 1987 Constitution)
6. Ombudsman and his deputies (Art. IX, Sec. 8 (2nd par), 1987 Constitution)
7. All governors, city and municipal mayors (R.A. No. 7160, Sec. 90).
8. Those prohibited by special law
Public Officials with Restrictions in the Practice of Law:
1. 1. No Senator as member of the House of Representative may personally appear as counsel
before any court of justice as before the Electoral Tribunals, as quasi-judicial and other
administration bodies (Art. VI, Sec. 14, 1987 Constitution).
2. Under the Local Government Code (RA 7160, Sec. 91)Sanggunian members may practice their
professions provided that if they are members of the Bar, they shall not:
1. appear as counsel before any court in any civil case wherein a local government unit or any
office, agency, or instrumentality of the government is the adverse party;
2. appear as counsel in any criminal case wherein an officer or employee of the national or
local government is accused of an offense committed in relation to his office;
3. collect any fee for their appearance in administrative proceedings involving the local
government unit of which he is an official;
4. use property and personnel of the government except when the Sanggunian member
concerned is defending the interest of the government.
3. Under RA 910, Sec. 1, as amended, a retired justice or judge receiving pension from the
government, cannot act as counsel in any civil case in which the Government, or any of its
subdivision or agencies is the adverse party or in a criminal case wherein an officer or employee of
the Government is accused of an offense in relation to his office.
Attorney’s Oath:
“I, __________________, do solemnly swear that I will maintain allegiance to the Republic of
the Philippines; I will support its constitution and obey the laws as well as the legal orders of the duly
constituted authorities therein; I will do no falsehood, nor consent to the doing of any in court; I will
not willingly nor wittingly promote or sue any groundless, false or unlawful suit, or give aid nor
consent to the same; I will delay no man for money or malice, and will conduct myself as a lawyer
according to the best of my knowledge and discretion, with all good fidelity as well to the court as to
my clients; and I impose upon myself this voluntary obligations without any mental reservation or
purpose of evasion. So help me God.” (Form 28, RRC)
Nature of Lawyer’s Oath
The lawyer’s oath is not mere facile words, drift and hollow, but a sacred trust that must be upheld
and kept inviolable. (Sebastian vs. Calis, 1999)
It is NOT a mere ceremony or formality for practicing law. Every lawyer should at all times weigh
his actions according to the sworn promises he made when taking the lawyer’s oath. (In Re:
Argosino, 1997, In Re: Arthur M. Cuevas, 1998).
Code of Professional Responsibility
Chapter 1:
Lawyer and Society
CANON 1 – A lawyer shall uphold the constitution, obey the laws of the land and promote respect
for law and for legal processes
Duties of Attorneys:
1. to maintain allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and to support the Constitution and obey
the laws of the Philippines;
2. to observe and maintain the respect due to the courts of justice and judicial officers;
3. to counsel or maintain such actions or proceedings only as appear to him as just, and such
defenses only as he believes to be honestly debatable under the laws;
4. to employ, for the purpose of maintaining the causes confided to him, such means only as are
consistent with truth and honor, and never seek to mislead the judge or any judicial officer by an
artifice or false statement of fact or law;
5. to maintain inviolate the confidence, and at every peril to himself, to preserve the secrets of his
client, and to accept no compensation in connection with his client’s business except from him or
with his knowledge and approval;
6. to abstain from all offensive personality and to advance no fact prejudicial to the honor or
reputation of a party or witness, unless required by the justice of the cause with which he is
charged;
7. not to encourage either the commencement or the continuance of an action or proceeding, or
delay any man’s cause for any corrupt motive or interest;
8. never to reject, for any consideration personal to himself, the cause of the defenseless or
oppressed;
9. in the defense of a person accused of a crime, by all fair and honorable means, regardless of his
personal opinion as to the guilt of the accused, to present every defense that the law permits, to
the end that no person may be deprived of life or liberty, but by due process of law.
Rule 1.01 – A lawyer shall not engage in unlawful, dishonest, immoral or deceitful conduct.
Conviction for crimes involving moral turpitude – a number of lawyers have been suspended or
disbarred for conviction of crimes involving moral turpitude such as:
1. estafa
2. bribery
3. murder
4. seduction
5. abduction
6. smuggling
7. falsification of public documents
Morality as understood in law – This is a human standard based on natural moral law which is
embodied in man’s conscience and which guides him to do good and avoid evil.
Moral Turpitude: any thing that is done contrary to justice, honesty, modesty or good morals.
Immoral Conduct: that conduct which is willful, flagrant, or shameless and which shows a moral
indifference to the opinion of the good and respectable members of the community (Arciga vs.
Maniwag, 106 SCRA 591).
Grossly Immoral Conduct: One that is so corrupt and false as to constitute a criminal act or so
unprincipled or disgraceful as to be reprehensible to a high degree; it is a WILLFUL, FLAGRANT or
SHAMELESS ACT which shows a MORAL INDIFFERENCE to the opinion of respectable
members of the community. (Narag vs. Narag, 1998)
Rule 1.02 – A lawyer shall not counsel or abet activities aimed at defiance of the law or at lessening
confidence in the legal system.
Rule 1.03 – A lawyer shall not, for any corrupt motive or interest, encourage any suit or
proceeding or delay any man’s cause.
Rule 1.04 – A lawyer shall encourage his clients to avoid, end or settle the controversy if it
will admit of a fair settlement.
If a lawyer finds that his client’s cause is defenseless, it is his burden/duty to advise the latter to
acquiesce and submit, rather than traverse the incontrovertible.
It is unprofessional for a lawyer to volunteer advice to bring a lawsuit, except in rare cases where
the blood, relationship or trust makes it his duty to do so.
Temper client’s propensity to litigate.
Should not be an instigator of controversy but a mediator for concord and conciliator for
compromise.
The law violated need not be a penal law. “Moral Turpitude” – everything which is done contrary to
justice, honesty, modesty or good morals.
Give advice tending to impress upon the client and his undertaking exact compliance with the
strictest principles of moral law.
Until a statute shall have been construed and interpreted by competent adjudication, he is free and
is entitled to advise as to its validity and as to what he conscientiously believes to be its just
meaning and extent.
A lawyer has the obligation not to encourage suits. This is so as to prevent barratry and ambulance
chasing.
Barratry – offense of frequently exciting and stirring up quarrels and suits, either at law or
otherwise; Lawyer’s act of fomenting suits among individuals and offering his legal services to one
of them.
Ambulance Chasing – Act of chasing victims of accidents for the purpose of talking to the said
victims (or relatives) and offering his legal services for the filing of a case against the person(s)
who caused the accident(s).
Lawyers may not advertise their services or expertise nor should not resort to indirect
advertisements for professional employment, such as furnishing or inspiring newspaper comments,
or procuring his photograph to be published in connection with causes in which the lawyer has been
engaged or concerning the manner of their conduct, the magnitude of the interest involved, the
importance of the lawyer’s position, and all other self-laudation.
Sec 3. Corrupt practice of Public Officers. In addition to acts or omission of public officers already
penalized by existing law, the following shall constitute corrupt practice of any public officer and are
hereby declared to be unlawful:
(d) accepting or having any member of his family accept employment in a private enterprise which
has pending official business with him during the pendency thereof or within one year after
termination.
Section 7 (b) of RA 6713 prohibits officials from doing any of the following acts:
1. own, control, manage or accept employment as officer, employee, consultant, counsel, broker,
agent, trustee or nominee in any private enterprise regulated, supervised or licensed by their office
unless expressly allowed by law.
These prohibitions shall continue to apply for a period of one (1) year after resignation, retirement, or
separation from public office, except in the case of subparagraph (b) (2) above, but the professional
concerned cannot practice his profession in connection with any matter before the office he used to
be with, in which case the one year prohibition shall likewise apply.
Lawyers in the government service are prohibited to engage in the private practice of their
profession unless authorized by the constitution or law, provided that such practice will not conflict
or tend to conflict with their official functions.
Misconduct in office as a public official may be a ground for disciplinary action (if of such character
as to affect his qualification as lawyer or to show moral delinquency).
Should recommend the acquittal of the accused whose conviction is on appeal, IF he finds no legal
basis to sustain the conviction.
Includes restriction is representing conflicting interest (e.g. Accepting engagements vs. former
employer, PNB)
The OSG is not authorized to represent a public official at any state of a criminal case.
Chapter II
The Lawyer and the Legal Profession
CANON 7 – A lawyer shall at all times uphold the integrity and dignity of the legal profession,
and support the activities of the integrated bar.
Rule 7.01 – A lawyer shall be answerable for knowingly making false statements or
suppressing a material fact, in connection with his application for admission to the bar.
Rule 7.02 – A lawyer shall not support application for admission to the bar by any person
known to him or be unqualified in respect to character, education, or other relevant attribute.
Rule 7.03 – A lawyer shall not engage in conduct that adversely reflects on his fitness to
practice law, nor should he, whether in public or private life, behave in a scandalous manner
to the discredit of the legal profession.
Upright character; not mere absence of bad character.
A lawyer must at all times conduct himself properly as not to put into question his fitness to practice
law.
Avoid scandalous conduct; not only required to refrain from adulterous relationships or the keeping
of mistress but must also behave himself as to avoid scandalizing the public by creating the belief
that he is flouting those moral standards.
CANON 8 – A lawyer shall conduct himself with courtesy, fairness and candor towards his
professional colleagues, and shall avoid harassing tactics against opposing counsel.
Rule 8.01 – A lawyer shall not, in his professional dealings, use language which is abusive,
offensive or otherwise improper.
Rule 8.02 – A lawyer shall not, directly or indirectly, encroach upon the professional
employment of another lawyer; however, it is the right of any lawyer without fear or favor, to
give proper advice and assistance to those seeking relief against unfaithful or neglectful
counsel.
It is the duty of a lawyer to inform the SC or the IBP of such malpractice to the end that the
malpractitioner be properly disciplined.
Not to use in pleadings and in practice the following: disrespectful, abusive and abrasive language,
offensive personalities, unfounded accusations or intemperate words tending to obstruct,
embarrass or influence the court in administering justice.
Want of intention: not an excuse for the disrespectful language used. It merely extenuates liability.
CANON 9 – A lawyer shall not directly or indirectly assist in the unauthorized practice of law.
Rule 9.01 – A lawyer shall not delegate to any unqualified person the performance of any task
which by law may only be performed by a member of the bar in good standing.
Rule 9.02 – A lawyer shall not divide or stipulate to divide a fee for legal services with
persons not licensed to practice law, except:
1. a. Where there is a pre-existing agreement, with a partner or associate that , upon the
latter’s death, money shall be paid over a reasonable period of time to his estate or to the
persons specified in the agreement; or
2. b. Where a lawyer undertakes to complete unfinished legal business of a deceased
lawyer; or
3. c. Where a lawyer or law firm includes non-lawyer employees in a retirement plan, even if
the plan is based in whole or in part of a profit sharing arrangements.
Lawyer shall not negotiate with the opposite party who is represented by a counsel. Neither
should lawyer attempt to interview the opposite party and question him as to the facts of the case
even if the adverse party is willing to do so.
Lawyer should deal only with counsel, even if there’s a fair agreement.
Lawyer may however interview any witness or prospective witness for the opposing side.
Limitation: avoid influencing witness in recital and conduct.
A lawyer must not take as partner or associate one who:
1. is not a lawyer
2. is disbarred
3. has been suspended from the practice of law
4. foreign lawyer, unless licensed by the SC.
A lawyer cannot delegate his authority without client’s consent even to a qualified person.
Chapter III
The Lawyer and the Courts
CANON 10 – A Lawyer owes candor, fairness and good faith to the court.
Rule 10.01 – A lawyer shall not do any falsehood, nor consent to the doing of any in court;
nor shall he mislead or allow the court to be mislead by any artifice.
Rule 10.02 – A lawyer shall not knowingly misquote or misrepresent the contents of the
paper, the language or the argument of opposing counsel, or the text of a decision of
authority, or knowingly cite as law a provision already rendered inoperative by repeal or
amendment, or assert as a fact that which has not been approved.
Rule 10.03 – A lawyer shall observe the rules of procedure and shall not misuse them to
defeat the ends of justice.
Judge-lawyer relationship: based on independence and self-respect.
Lawyer’s duty to the court:
1. respect and loyalty
2. fairness, truth and candor
3. no attempt to influence courts
Cases of falsehood:
1. stating in the Deed of Sale that property is free from all liens and encumbrances when not so
2. encashing check payable to a deceased cousin by signing the latter’s name on the check
3. falsifying a power of attorney and using it in collecting the money due to the principal
4. alleging in one pleading that the clients were mere lessees and in another pleading that the same
clients were owners
5. presenting falsified documents in court which he knows to be false
6. filing false charges on groundless suits
7. using in pleadings the IBP number of another lawyer
8. unsolicited appearances
9. use of fictitious residence certificate
10. misquotation/misrepresentation
11. citing a repealed or amended provision
12. asserting a fact not proved
13. verbatim reproductions down to the last word and punctuation mark
14. slight typo mistake: not sufficient to place him in contempt
CANON 11 – A lawyer shall observe and maintain the respect due to the courts and to judicial
officers and should insist on similar conduct by others.
Rule 11.01 – A lawyer shall appear in court properly attired.
A lawyer may NOT wear outlandish or colorful clothing to court.
As an officer of the court and in order to maintain the dignity and respectability of the legal
profession, a lawyer who appears in court must be properly attired. Consequently, the court can
hold a lawyer IN CONTEMPT of court if he does not appear in proper attire. Any deviation from the
commonly accepted norm of dressing in court (barong or tie, not both) is enough to warrant a citing
for contempt.
Rule 11.02 – A lawyer shall punctually appear at court hearings.
Rule 11.03 – A lawyer shall abstain from scandalous, offensive, or menacing language or
behavior before the courts.
Rule 11.04 – A lawyer shall not attribute to a judge motives not supported by the record or
having no materiality to the case.
Rule 11.05 – A lawyer shall submit grievances against a judge to the proper authorities
already.
A lawyer is an officer of the court. He occupies a quasi-judicial office with a tripartite obligation to
the courts, to the public and to his clients.
The public duties of the attorney take precedence over his private duties. His first duty is to the
courts. Where duties to the courts conflict with his duties to his clients, the latter must yield to the
former.
Lawyers must be respectful not only in actions but also in the use of language whether in oral
arguments or in pleadings.
Must exert efforts that others (including clients, witnesses) shall deal with the courts and judicial
officers with respect.
Obedience to court orders and processes.
Criticisms of courts must not spill the walls of decency. There is a wide difference between fair
criticism and abuse and slander of courts and judges. Intemperate and unfair criticism is a gross
violation of the duty to respect the courts. It amounts to misconduct which subjects the lawyer to
disciplinary action.
A mere disclaimer of any intentional disrespect by appellant is not a ground for exoneration. His
intent must be determined by a fair interpretation of the languages employed by him. He cannot
escape responsibility by claiming that his words did not mean what any reader must have
understood them to mean.
Lawyer can demand that the misbehavior of a judge be put on record.
Lawyers must be courageous enough to expose arbitrariness and injustice of courts and judges.
A lawyer may submit grievances against judges in the Supreme Court, Ombudsman, or Congress
(for impeachment of SC judges only).
CANON 12 – A lawyer shall exert every effort and consider it his duty to assist in the speedy
and efficient administration of justice.
Rule 12.01 – A lawyer shall not appear for trial unless he has adequately prepared himself
with the law and the facts of his case, the evidence he will adduce and the order of its
preference. He should also be ready with the original documents for comparison with the
copies.
Newly hired counsel: must acquaint himself with all the antecedent proceedings and processes
that have transpired in the record prior to his takeover.
If presenting documentary exhibits, he must be ready with the originals for the purpose of
comparison with copies thereof.
Rule 12.02 – A lawyer shall not file multiple actions arising from the same cause.
Forum shopping – omission to disclose pendency of appeal or prior dismissal of his case by a
court of concurrent jurisdiction.
Forum shopping exists when as a result of an adverse opinion in one forum:
1. a party seeks favorable opinion (other than by appeal or certiorari) in another; or
2. when he institutes two or more actions or proceedings grounded on the same cause, on the
gamble that one or the other would make a favorable disposition (Benguet Electric Corp. vs.
Flores, 287 SCRA 449, March 12, 1998).
The most important factor in determining the existence of forum-shopping is the VEXATION
caused the courts and party-litigants by a party who asks different courts to rule on the same
related causes, asking the same relief.
Forum shopping constitutes DIRECT CONTEMPT of court and may subject the offending lawyer to
disciplinary action.
Rule 12.03 – A lawyer shall not, after obtaining extensions of time to file pleadings,
memoranda or briefs, let the period lapse without submitting the same or offering an
explanation for his failure to do so.
Asking for extension of time must be in good faith.
Rule 12.04 – A lawyer shall not unduly delay a case, impede the execution of a judgment or
misuse court processes.
Rule 12.05 – A lawyer shall refrain from talking to his witness during a break or recess in the
trial, while the witness is still under examination.
Rule 12.06 – A lawyer shall not knowingly assist a witness to misrepresent himself or to
impersonate another.
Rule 12.07 – A lawyer shall not abuse, browbeat or harass a witness nor needlessly
inconvenience him.
Rights and obligations of a witness – a witness must answer questions, although his answer may
tend to establish a claim against him. However, it is the right of a witness:
1. to be protected from irrelevant, improper, or insulting questions and from harsh or insulting
demeanor;
2. not to be detained longer than the interest of justice requires;
3. not to be examined except only as to matters pertinent to the issue;
4. not to give any answer which will tend to subject him to a penalty for an offense unless otherwise
provided by law, or
5. nor to give answer which will tend to degrade his reputation, unless it be to the very fact at issue or
to a fact from which the fact in issue would be presumed. But a witness must answer to the fact of
his previous final conviction for an offense. (Rule 132, Sec. 3, RRC)
Rule 12.08 – A lawyer shall avoid testifying in behalf of his client, except:
1. a. on formal matters, such as the mailing, authentication or custody of an instrument and
the like:
2. b. on substantial matters, in cases where his testimony is essential to the ends of justice,
in which event he must, during his testimony, entrust the trial of the case to another
counsel.
CANON 13 – A lawyer shall rely upon the merits of his cause and refrain from any impropriety
which tends to influence, or gives the appearance of influencing the court.
Rule 13.01 – A lawyer shall not extend extraordinary attention or hospitality to, nor seek
opportunity for, cultivating familiarity with judges.
Rule 13.02 – A lawyer shall not make public statements in the media regarding a pending
case tending to arouse public opinion for or against a party.
Rule 13.03 – A lawyer shall not brook or invite interference by another branch or agency of
the government in the normal course of judicial proceedings.
The judge has the corresponding duty not to convey or permit others to convey the impression that
they are in a special position to influence the judge.
Discussing cases with the judge privately should be avoided.
Test when public statement is contemptuous: The character of the act done and its direct tendency
to prevent and obstruct the discharge of official duty.
To warrant a finding of “prejudicial publicity”, there must be an allegation and proof that the judges
have been unduly influenced, not simply that they might be, by the “barrage” of publicity.
Lawyer is equally guilty as the client if he induces the latter to cause the publicity.
Chapter IV
The Lawyer and the Client
CANON 14 – A Lawyer shall not refuse his services to the needy.
Rule 14.01 – A lawyer shall not decline to represent a person solely on account of the latter’s
race, sex, creed or status of life, or because of his own opinion regarding the guilt of said
person.
Rule 14.02 – A lawyer shall not decline, except for serious and sufficient cause, an
appointment as counsel de oficio or as amicus curae or a request from the Integrated Bar of
the Philippines or any of its chapters for rendition of free legal aid.
Rule 14.03 – A lawyer may refuse to accept representation of a client if:
1. a. He is not in position to carry out the work effectively and competently.
2. b. He labors under conflict of interest between him and the prospective client or between
a present client and the prospective client.
Rule 14.04 – A lawyer who accepts the cause of a person unable to pay his professional fees
shall observe the same standard of conduct governing his relations with paying clients.
Duties to Client:
1. owe utmost learning and ability
2. maintain inviolate the confidence of the client
3. disclose all circumstances/interest regarding the controversy
4. undivided loyalty
5. not reject cause of defenseless and oppressed
6. candor, fairness and loyalty
7. hold in trust money or property
8. respond with zeal to the cause of the client
Appointment of Amicus Curae
1. by application to the judge
2. the judge on his own initiative may invite the lawyer
3. no right to interfere with or control the condition of the record, no control over the suit
Cannot refuse on the ground of insufficient of compensation or lack of it
CANON 15 – A lawyer shall observe candor, fairness and loyalty in all his dealings and
transactions with his client.
Rule 15.01 – A lawyer in conferring with a prospective client, shall ascertain as soon as
practicable whether the matter would involve a conflict with another client or his own
interest, and if so, shall forthwith inform the prospective client.
Rule 15.02 – A lawyer shall be bound by the rule on privilege communication in respect of
matters disclosed to him by a prospective client.
CANON 16 – A lawyer shall hold in trust all moneys and properties of his client that may
come into his possession.
Rule 16.01 – A lawyer shall account for all money or property collected or received for or from
the client.
Rule 16.02 – A lawyer shall keep the funds of each client separate and apart from his own and
those of others kept by him.
Rule 16.03 – A lawyer shall deliver the funds and property of his client when due or upon
demand. However, he shall have a lien over the funds and may apply so much thereof as
may be necessary to satisfy his lawful fees and disbursements, giving notice promptly
thereafter to his client. He shall also have a lien to the same extent on all judgments and
executions he has secured for his client as provided for the Rules of Court.
Attorneys’ Liens – an attorney shall have a lien upon the funds, documents and papers of his
client which have lawfully come into his possession and may retain the same until his lawful fees and
disbursements have been paid, and may apply such finds to the satisfaction thereof. He shall also
have a lien to the same extent upon all judgements for the payment of money, and executions
issued in pursuance of such judgements which he has secured in a litigation of his client, from and
after the time when he shall have caused a statement of his claim of such lien to be entered upon
the records of the court rendering such judgement, or issuing such execution, and shall have caused
written notice thereof to be delivered to his client and to the adverse party; and he shall have the
same right and power over such judgments and executions as his client would have to enforce his
lien and secure the payment of his fees and disbursements. (Sec, 37, Rule 138, RRC)
Rule 16.04 – A lawyer shall not borrow money from his client unless the client’s interests are
fully protected by the nature of the case or by independent advice. Neither shall a lawyer
lend money to a client except, when in the interest of justice, he has to advance necessary
expenses in the legal matter he is handling for the client.
Attorney’s lien is not an excuse for non-rendition of accounting
Cannot disburse client’s money to client’s creditors without authority.
Failure to deliver upon demand gives rise to the presumption that he has misappropriated the
funds for his own use to the prejudice of the client and in violation of the trust reposed in him.
Notify client if retaining lien shall be implemented
When a lawyer enforces a charging lien against his client, the client-lawyer relationship is
terminated.
The principle behind Rule 16.04 is to prevent the lawyer from taking advantage of his influence
over the client or to avoid acquiring a financial interest in the outcome of the case.
CANON 17 – A lawyer owes fidelity to the cause of his client and he shall be mindful of the
trust and confidence reposed in him.
No fear of judicial disfavor or public popularity should restrain him from full discharge of his duty.
It is the duty of the lawyer at the time of retainer to disclose to the client all the circumstances of his
relations to the parties and any interest in, or connection with, the controversy which might
influence the client in the selection of counsel.
The lawyer owes loyalty to his client even after the relation of attorney and client has terminated. It
is not good practice to permit him afterwards to defend in another case other persons against his
former client under the pretext that the case is distinct from and independent of the former case.
CANON 18 – A lawyer shall serve his client with competence and diligence.
Rule 18.01 – A lawyer shall not undertake a legal service which he knows or should know that
he is not qualified to render. However, he may render such service if, with the consent of his
client, he can obtain as collaborating counsel a lawyer who is competent on the matter.
Rule 18.02 – A lawyer shall not handle any legal matter without adequate preparation.
Rule 18.03 – A lawyer shall not neglect a legal matter entrusted to him and his negligence in
connection therewith shall render him liable.
Rule 18.04 – A lawyer shall keep the client informed of the status of his case and shall
respond within a reasonable time to the client’s request for information.
Competence: sufficiency of lawyer’s qualification to deal with the matter in question and includes
knowledge and skill and the ability to use them effectively in the interest of the client.
A lawyer must keep himself constantly abreast with the trend of authoritative pronouncements and
developments in all branches of law.
There must be extraordinary diligence in prosecution or defense of his client’s cause.
If a lawyer errs like any other human being, he is not answerable for every error or mistake, and
will be protected as long as he acts honestly and in good faith to the best of his skill and
knowledge.
Lawyer is not an insurer of the result in a case where he is engaged in the counsel.
CANON 19 – A lawyer shall represent his client with zeal within the bounds of the law.
Rule 19.01 – A lawyer shall employ only fair and honest means to attain the lawful objectives
of his client and shall not present, participate in presenting or threaten to present unfounded
criminal charges to obtain an improper advantage in any case or proceeding.
Rule 19.02 – A lawyer who has received information that his client has, in the course of the
representation, perpetuated a fraud upon a person or tribunal, shall promptly call upon the
client to rectify the same, and failing which he ha to terminate the relationship with such
client in accordance with the Rules of Court.
Rule 19.03 – A lawyer shall not allow his client to dictate the procedure in handling the case.
General Rule: Negligence binds client
Exception: Reckless imprudence (deprives client of due process)
Must not present in evidence any document known to be false; nor present a false witness.
Negative pregnant is improper since it is an ambiguous pleading (improper if in bad faith and the
purpose is to confuse the other party)
In defense: present every defense the law permits.
Lawyer should do his best efforts to restrain and to prevent his clients from perpetrating acts which
he himself ought not to do. Or else, withdraw. But lawyer shall not volunteer the information about
the client’s commission of fraud to anyone – counter to duty to maintain client’s confidence and
secrets.
CANON 21 – A lawyer shall preserve the confidences and secrets of his client even after the
attorney-client relation is terminated.
Confidence – refers to information protected by the attorney-client privilege (RRC)
Secret – refers to other information gained in the professional relationship that the client has
regulated to be held inviolate or the disclosure of which would be embarrassing or would likely be
detrimental to the client.
An attorney cannot, without the consent of his client, be examined as to any communication made
by the client to him, or his advice given thereon in the course of professional employment; nor can
an attorney’s secretary, stenographer, or clerk be examined, without the consent of the client and
his employees, concerning any fact the knowledge of which has been acquired in such capacity
(Rule 130, Sec. 21 (b), RRC)
The mere establishment of a client-lawyer relationship does not raise a presumption of
confidentiality. There must be an intent or that the communication relayed by the client to the
lawyer be treated as confidential.
Rule 21.01 – A lawyer shall not reveal the confidences or secrets of his client except:
1. a. When authorized by the client after acquainting him of the consequences of the
disclosure:
2. b. When required by law;
3. c. When necessary to collect his fees or to defend himself, his employees or associates
or by judicial action.
When properly authorized after having been fully informed of the consequences to reveal his
confidences/secrets, then there is a valid waiver.
Art. 209. Betrayal of Trust by an Attorney or Solicitor. Revelation of secrets. In addition to the
proper administrative action, the penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period, or a fine
ranging from P200 to P1000, or both, shall be imposed upon any attorney at law or solicitor who,
by any malicious break of professional duty as inexcusable negligence or ignorance, shall
prejudice his client, or reveal any of the secrets of the latter learned by him in his professional
capacity.
The same penalty shall be imposed upon an attorney at law or solicitor who, having undertaken the
defense of a client, or having received confidential information from said client in a case, shall
undertake the defense of the opposing party in the same case, without the consent of his first client
(Rule 209, RPC)
CANON 22 – A lawyer shall withdraw his services only for good cause and upon notice
appropriate in the circumstances.
Rule 22.01 – A lawyer may withdraw his services in any of the following cases:
1. a. When the client pursues an illegal or immoral course of conduct in connection with
the matter he is handling;
2. b. When the client insists that the lawyer pursue conduct violative of these canons and
rules;
3. c. When his inability to work with co-counsel will not promote the best interest of the
client;
4. d. When the mental or physical condition of the lawyer renders it difficult for him to carry
out the employment effectively;
5. e. When the client deliberately fails to pay the fees for the services or fails to comply with
the retainer agreement;
6. f. When the lawyer is elected or appointed to a public office, and
7. g. Other similar cases
Rule 22.02 – A lawyer who withdraws or is discharged shall subject to a retaining lien,
immediately turn over all papers and property to which the client is entitled, and shall
cooperate with his successor in the orderly transfer of the matter, including all information
necessary for the proper handling of the matter.
Retaining Lien Charging Lien
Client need not be notified to make Client and adverse party must be
5. Notice it effective notified to make it effective
Source:
Legal Ethics Reviewer
Judicial Ethics
Sources of Judicial Ethics:
1. Code of Judicial Conduct
2. Constitution (Art VIII, Art IX and Art III)
3. New Civil Code (Articles 9, 20, 27, 32, 35, 739, 1491, 2005, 2035, 2046)
4. Revised Rules of Court (Rules 71, 135, 137, 139B, 140)
5. Revised Penal Code (Articles 204, 205, 206, 207)
6. Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act (RA 3019)
7. Canons of Judicial Ethics (Adm. Order No. 162)
8. Code of Professional Responsibility
9. Judiciary Act of 1948 (RA 296)
15. SC Circulars
Court –a board or other tribunal which decides a litigation or contest (Hidalgo v. Manglapus, 64 OG
3189)
Judge –a public officer who, by virtue of his office, is clothed with judicial authority, a public officer
lawfully appointed to decide litigated questions in accordance with law.
De Jure Judge –one who is exercising the office of judge as a matter of right; and officer of a court
who has been duly and legally appointed, qualified and whose term has not expired.
De Facto Judge –an officer who is not fully vested with all the powers and duties conceded to
judges, but is exercising the office of a judge under some color of right.
Qualification of Supreme Court Members:
1. Natural born citizen of the Philippines;
2. At least 40 years of age;
3. Must have been at least for 15 years, a judge of a lower court or engaged in the practice of
law (Sec 7(2), Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution).
An honorable, competent and independent judiciary exists to administer justice and thus promote the
unity of the country, the stability of government, and the well being of the people.
CANON 1- A judge should uphold the integrity and independence of the judiciary
Rule 1.01 – A judge should be the embodiment of competence, integrity, and independence.
Rule 1.02 – A judge should administer justice impartially and without delay.
Rule 1.03 – A judge should be vigilant against any attempt to subvert the independence of the
judiciary and resist any pressure from whatever source.
Judges should avoid even the slightest infraction of the law.
Must be models of uprightness, fairness and honesty
Should not relax in his study of the law and court decisions.
Should not be swayed by public clamor or considerations of personal popularity
Must decide motions without delay.
Should also appear impartial.
CANON 2 – A judge should avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety in all
activities.
Rule 2.01 – A judge should so behave at all times as to promote public confidence in the
integrity and impartiality of the judiciary.
Rule 2.02 – A judge should not seek publicity for personal vainglory.
Rule 2.03 – A judge shall not allow family, social, or other relationships to influence judicial
conduct or judgment. The prestige of judicial office shall not be used or lent to advance the
private interests of others, nor convey or permit others to convey the impression that they
are in a special position to influence the judge.
Rule 2.04 – A judge shall refrain from influencing in any manner the outcome of litigation or
dispute pending before another court of administrative agency.
A judge must be beyond suspicion. He has the duty not only to render a just and impartial decision
but also to render it in such a manner as to be free from any suspicion as to its fairness and
impartiality, and also as to his integrity.
Every litigant is entitled to nothing short of the cold neutrality of an independent, wholly free,
disinterested and impartial tribunal.
A judge must be temperate in his language and must not lose his cool.
A judge is prohibited from making public statements in the media regarding a pending case so as
not to arouse public opinion for or against a party (violates the Principle of Subjudice)
Judges must not use or permit the use of any undignified/self-laudatory statement regarding their
qualifications or legal services.
A judge must not allow anyone to ride on his prestige. He should not create the impression that
someone or some people are so close to him to enjoy his favor.
CANON 3 – A judge should perform official duties honestly, and with impartiality and
diligence.
ADJUDICATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES
Rule 3.01 – A judge shall be faithful to the law and maintain professional competence.
Judge should be conversant with the law and its amendments.
Rule 3.02 – In every case, a judge shall endeavor diligently to ascertain the facts and the
applicable law unswayed by partisan interest, public opinion or fear of criticism.
Finding of facts must be based not on the personal knowledge of the judge but upon the evidence
presented.
If the personal view of the judge contradicts the applicable doctrine promulgated by the Supreme
Court, nonetheless, he should decide the case in accordance with that doctrine and not in
accordance with his personal views. He is however not prohibited from stating his own opinion on
the matter if he wants to invite constructive attention thereto.
Rule 3.03 – A judge shall maintain order and proper decorum in the courts.
Rule 3.04 – A judge should be patient, attentive, and courteous to lawyers, especially the
inexperienced, to litigants, witnesses, and others appearing before the court. A judge should
avoid unconsciously falling into the attitude of mind that the litigants are made for the courts,
instead of the courts for the litigants.
Conduct of trial must not be attended with fanfare and publicity; not permit pictures or
broadcasting.
Must use temperate language; should not make insulting remarks.
Rule 3.05 – A judge shall dispose of the court’s business promptly and decide cases within
the required periods.
Rule 3.06 – While a judge may, to promote justice, prevent waste of time or clear up some
obscurity, properly intervene in the presentation of evidence during the trial, it should always
be borne in mind that undue interference may prevent the proper presentation of the cause of
the ascertainment of the truth.
Rule 3.07 – A judge should abstain from making public comments on any pending or
impending case and should require similar restraint on the part of court personnel.
Judge should take notes and rely on transcripts.
Judge is not excused if stenographer is overloaded. He is excused for delay on grounds of
multifarious motions; appellate court enjoins judge from further proceeding; heavy caseload.
ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES
Rule 3.08 – A judge should diligently discharge administrative responsibilities, maintain
professional competence in court managements, and facilitate the performance of the
administrative functions of other judges and court personnel.
Rule 3.09 – A judge should organize and supervise the court personnel to ensure the prompt
and efficient dispatch of business, and require at all times the observance of high standards
of public service and fidelity.
Rule 3.10 – A judge should take or inititate appropriate disciplinary measures against lawyers
or court personnel for unprofessional conduct of which the judge may have become aware.
Rule 3.11 – A judge should appoint commissioners, receivers, trustees, guardians,
administrators and others strictly on the basis of merit and qualifications, avoiding nepotism,
and favoritism. Unless otherwise allowed by law, the same criteria should be observed in
recommending appointment of court personnel. Where the payment of compensation is
allowed, it should be reasonable and commensurate with the fair value of services rendered.
Ascertain that the records of all cases are properly kept and managed.
Maintain a checklist on the cases submitted for decision with a view to know exactly the specific
deadlines for the resolution/decision of the said cases.
Loss of records: gross negligence
Should be a good manager.
May not summarily suspend a lawyer for indirect contempt.
Judge has the power to appoint, but the power to dismiss court employees is vested in the
Supreme Court.
If knowingly nominate or appoint to any public office any person lacking the legal qualification
therefor, shall be guilty of unlawful appointment punishable with imprisonment and fine (Art 244,
RPC).
DISQUALIFICATIONS
Rule 3.12 – A judge should take no part in proceeding where the judge’s impartiality might
reasonably be questioned. These cases include, among others, proceedings where;
1. a. the judge has personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the
proceeding;
2. b. the judge served as executor, administrator, guardian, trustee or lawyer in the case or
matters in controversy, or a former associate of the judge served as counsel during their
association, or the judge or lawyer was a material witness therein;
3. c. the judge’s ruling in a lower court is subject of review
4. d. the judge is related by consanguinity or affinity to a party litigant within the 6th degree
or to counsel within the 4th degree;
5. e. the judge knows that the judge’s spouse or child has a financial interest, as heir,
legatee, creditor, fiduciary, or otherwise, in the subject matter in controversy or in a party to
the proceeding, or any other interest that could be substantially affected by the outcome of
the proceeding.
In every instance the judge shall indicate the legal reason for inhibition.
Petition to disqualify judge must be filed before rendition of judgment by the judge; can’t be raised
first time on appeal.
If a judge denies petition for disqualification, the ultimate test: is whether or not the complaint was
deprived of a fair and impartial trial. Remedy: seek new trial.
REMITTAL OF DISQUALIFICATION
Rule 3.13 – A judge disqualified by the terms of Rule 3.12 may, instead of withdrawing from
the proceeding, disclose on the record the basis of disqualification. If, based on such
disclosure, the parties and lawyers independently of the judge’s participation, all agree in
writing that the reason for the inhibition is immaterial or insubstantial, the judge may then
participate in the proceeding. The agreement, signed by all parties and lawyers, shall be
incorporated in the record of the proceeding.
CANON 4 – A judge may, with due regard to official duties, engage in activities to improve the
law, the legal system and the administration of justice.
Rule 4.01 – A judge may, to the extent that the following activities do not impair the
performance of judicial duties or case doubt on the judge’s impartiality:
1. a. speak, write, lecture, teach or participate in activities concerning the law, the legal
system and the administration of justice;
2. b. appear at a public hearing before a legislative or executive body on matters concerning
the law, the legal system or the administration of justice and otherwise consult with them
on matters concerning the administration of justice;
3. c. serve on any organization devoted to the improvement of the law, the legal system or
the administration of justice.
Decision to engage in these activities depends upon the sound judgement of the judge.
If has not enough time to spare (such as when caseload is too heavy) prudence dictates, he must
concentrate on his judicial duties.
If a judge has time to spare, the best attitude to take is to participate in activities which are closely
related to the performance of his duties and which do not consume much of his time and energy.
CANON 5 – A judge should regulate extra-judicial activities to minimize the risk of conflict
with judicial activities.
VOCATIONAL, CIVIC AND CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES
Rule 5.01 – A judge may engage in the following activities provided that they do not interfere
with the performance of judicial duties or detract from the dignity of the courts:
1. a. write, lecture, teach and speak on non-legal subjects;
2. b. engage in the arts, sports, and other special recreational activities;
3. c. participate in civic and charitable activities;
4. d. serve as an officer, director, trustee, or non-legal advisor of a non-profit or non-
political, educational, religious, charitable, fraternal, or civic organization.
If they opt to engage in such activities, they must learn how to manage their time in such manner
that their judicial responsibilities do not falter and suffer.
FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES
Rule 5.02 – A judge shall refrain from financial and business dealings that tends to reflect
adversely on the court’s impartiality, interfere with the proper performance of judicial
activities, or increase involvements with lawyers or persons likely to come before the court. A
judge should so manage investments and other financial interests as to minimize the number
of cases giving grounds for disqualification.
Rule 5.03 – Subject to the provisions of the proceeding rule, a judge may hold and manage
investments but should not serve as an officer, director, manager, advisor, or employee of
any business except as director of a family business of the judge.
Rule 5.04 – A judge or any, immediate member of the family, shall not accept a gift, bequest,
favor or loan from anyone except as may be allowed by law.
Rule 5.05 – No information acquired in a judicial capacity shall be used or disclosed by a
judge in any financial dealing or for any other purpose not related to judicial activities.
Prohibitions under the Revised Penal Code:
Art 215. Prohibited Transaction. The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period or a fine
ranging from P200 to P1000 or both, shall be imposed upon any appointive public officer who, during
his incumbency, shall directly or indirectly become interested in any transaction of exchange or
speculation within the territory subject to his jurisdiction.
Art 216. Possession of prohibited interest by a public officer. The penalty of arresto mayor in its
medium period to prision correccional in its minimum period, or a fine ranging from P200 to P1000,
or both, shall be imposed upon a public officer who directly and indirectly, shall become interested in
any contract or business which it is his official duty to intervene.
Sec 3. Corrupt practices of public officers. In addition to acts or omissions of public officers
already penalized by existing law, the following shall constitute corrupt practices of any public
officer and are hereby declared to be unlawful:
XXX
(h) Directly or indirectly having financial or pecuniary interest in any business, or contract or
transaction in connection with which here intervenes or takes part in his official capacity or in which
he is prohibited by the Constitution or by any law from having any interest, (Sec. 3(h), RA 3019)
General Rule: Avoid taking or receiving loans from litigants.
Exception (AGCPA): Unsolicited gifts or presents of small value offered or given as a mere
ordinary token of gratitude or friendship according to local custom or usage.
FIDUCIARY ACTIVITIES
Rule 5.06 – A judge should not serve as the execution administrator, trustee, guardian, or
other fiduciary, except for the estate, trust, or person of a member of the immediate family
and then only if such service will not interfere with the proper performance of judicial duties.
“member of immediate family” shall be limited to the spouse and relatives within the second
degree of consanguinity. As a family fiduciary, a judge shall not:
1. a. serve in proceedings that might come before the court of said judge; or
2. b. act as such contrary to Rule 5.02 to 5.05
PRACTICE OF LAW AND OTHER PROFESSION
Rule 5.07 – A judge shall not engage in the private practice of law. Unless prohibited by the
Constitution or law, a judge may engage in the practice of any other profession provided that
such practice will not conflict or tend to conflict with judicial functions.
Includes preparation of pleadings or papers in anticipation of litigation, and giving of legal advice to
clients or persons needing the same.
Not engage in notarial work. Exception: “Notaries public ex-oficio” – may engage only in
notarization of documents connected with the exercise of their official functions. Provided, all
notarial fees on account of the government and certification attesting to lack of any lawyer or
Notary Public.
Sworn statement of assets and liabilities including statement of amounts and services of income,
the amount of personal and family expenses and the amount of income tax is paid for the next
preceding calendar year.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Rule 5.08 – A judge shall make full financial disclosure as required by law.
EXTRA-JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS
Rule 5.09 – A judge shall not accept appointment or designation to any agency performing
quasi-judicial or administrative functions.
POLITICAL ACTIVITIES
Rule 5.10 – A judge is entitled to entertain personal views on political questions. But to avoid
suspicion of political partisanship, a judge shall not make political speeches, contribute to
party funds, publicly endorse candidates for political office or participate in other partisan
political activities.
COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE OF JUDICIAL CONDUCT
All judges shall strictly comply with this code
DATE OF EFFECTIVITY
This code, promulgated on 5 September 1989, shall take effect on 20 October 1989.
An administrative case against a judge is not necessarily dismissed by the withdrawal by or
desistance of the complainant.
Retirement, resignation or promotion of a judge does not necessarily render moot and academic all
the cases against him.
Civil Liabilities Re Official Functions:
1. obstructs, defeats, violates or in any manner impedes or impairs the civil rights.
2. Willful or negligent rendition of a decision which causes damages to another
3. For damages: rendering/neglecting to decide a case causing loss to a party.
Civil Code Disabilities:
Exception: Does not apply where the subject property was not acquired from any of the parties to the
case, nor will it apply when the litigation is already finished.
But… while in a technical sense, the judge may not have acquired the property in litigation in a case
before him, nevertheless, it is improper for him to have done so under the canons of judicial ethics.
Section 241 of the Revised Administrative Act enumerates the General Powers of a Notary Public:
4. To make declarations and certify the truth thereof under his seal of office, concerning all matters
done by him in virtue of his office.
Under the Notarial Law, the jurisdiction of a notary public in general, used to be CO-EXTENSIVE
with the province for which he was commissioned; and for the notary public in the City of Manila, the
jurisdiction is CO-EXTENSIVE with said city. Circular 8 of 1985 however, clarified further that the
notary public may be commissioned for the same term only by one court within the Metro Manila
region.