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Solution Prep
Solution Prep
Laboratory Solution
• Basic concepts of preparing
solutions
• Over 300 recipes of common
Preparation laboratory solutions
• Solution preparation tips
Many of the reagents used in science are in the form of solutions in this section are available ready-made from Flinn Scientific to save
which need to be purchased or prepared. For many purposes, the exact valuable laboratory prep time.
value of concentration is not critical; in other cases, the concentration The section is divided into several parts for your convenience.
of the solution and its method of preparation must be as accurate as
possible. The Flinn Laboratory Solution Preparation reference section Basic concepts of preparing solutions
is designed for both the novice and experienced solution maker. It Preparation of simple inorganic salt solutions
provides valuable information on the basic concepts of preparing solu
tions and instructions for preparing most solutions required in the high Preparations of acid and base solutions
school science laboratory. Professional quality solutions are possible Recipes for Biological, Histological, and Chemical solutions
when high quality and fresh chemicals and solvents are used, and
meticulous procedures are followed. Many of the solutions described
• When diluting more concentrated solutions, decide what Example: 1 g of phenolphthalein in 100 mL of 95% ethyl
volume (V2) and molarity (M2) the final solution should be. alcohol is a 1 w/v% solution.
Volume can be expressed in liters or milliliters.
* The volume percent statement generally is accurate but the volume percent is not
always calculated directly from the volumes of the mixed ingredients because the
final volume may not equal the sum of the separate volumes. In our solution (No. Definitions
2 above) note that if the alcohol volume (12.6 mL) is added to the water volume
(90 mL), the final volume is less than 102.6 mL. Buffer: A solution which tends to maintain a constant pH when
excess acid or base is added.
Concentrated: For some commonly used acids and bases, the
maximum solubility (at room temperature) in an aqueous solution
or as a pure liquid.
Concentration: The relative amount of solute and solvent in a
solution.
Hydrates: Compounds containing water chemically combined in
a definite ratio. Computations using formula weight must take the
water molecules into account.
Miscible: The ability of two liquids to be completely soluble in
one another.
Molality: A concentration unit (m); defined as the number of
moles of solute divided by the number of kilograms of solvent.
Molar Mass: The mass of a mole of any element or compound.
Molarity: A concentration unit (M); defined as the number of
moles of solute divided by liters of solution.
© 2011 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
“Your Safer Source for Science Supplies” Preparation of Simple Inorganic Salt Solutions
Make a Solution
4. Stir until
dissolved.
Add more
water if
2. Fill volumet 3. Transfer necessary.
ric flask solid, wash 5. Add
1⁄3 –1⁄2 out weigh deionized
full with ing dish. or distilled
deionized water up
or distilled to mark.
water.
1. Weigh solid.
Bromides (Br–) Chlorides (Cl–) and Iodides (I–): Most are soluble Sulfides (S 2 – ): All sulfides (except sodium, potassium,
except for salts containing silver, lead, and mercury. ammonium, magnesium, calcium and barium) are insoluble.
Aluminum and chromium sulfides are hydrolyzed and precipitate
Sulfates (SO42– ): All sulfates are soluble except barium and lead. as hydroxides.
Silver, mercury(I), and calcium are slightly soluble.
Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), ammonium (NH4+): All sodium,
Hydrogen sulfates (HSO4– ) : The hydrogen sulfates (aka bisul potassium, and ammonium salts are soluble. (Except some transi
fates) are more soluble than the sulfates. tion metal compounds.)
Carbonates (CO32 – ), phosphates (PO43– ), chromates (CrO42 – ), Silver (Ag+): All silver salts are insoluble. Exceptions: AgNO3 and
silicates (SiO42 – ): All carbonates, phosphates, chromates, and AgClO4; AgC2H3O2 and Ag2SO4 are moderately soluble.
silicates are insoluble, except those of sodium, potassium, and
ammonium. An exception is MgCrO4, which is soluble.
p
ty Ti
Safe
Become a Label Fanatic!
• Do not use chemicals from unlabeled containers.
• Do not place labels on top of one another.
• Label chemicals clearly and permanently.
An unlabeled container will become tomorrow’s “Mystery
Substance.” A grease pencil or label can help eliminate a future prob
lem and a lot of expense.
See page 84 for a complete listing
of indicators and pH ranges.
Laboratory Solutions for Recipes cover biology (culture media and biological stains),
chemistry and physical science solutions used in high schools.
the Science Classroom If you happen to come across a solution for which a recipe is
The Teacher’s Handbook not included, then the explanation section of the book will guide
to Solution Preparation you through the steps of determining the correct procedure for
making the solution.
Need a more complete guide on solution
preparation? Laboratory Solutions for the This reference book is a must for all science teachers!
Science Classroom has been the science Illustrated, Appendices, Glossary, Index. 1991, 189 pages,
teacher’s #1 handbook for years. Includes 5 3⁄4" x 8 3⁄4", hard cover.
explanations of basic concepts and vocab
ulary terms, detailed recipes of over 300 Catalog No. Description Price/Each
commonly used solutions, and practical solution-making tech AP8858 Laboratory Solutions for $46.95
niques. the Science Classroom