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Title: Construction Technology Ii Course Work Report: Siti Nadiah Binti Mokhtar Noor Safika Faezan Binti Azahari
Title: Construction Technology Ii Course Work Report: Siti Nadiah Binti Mokhtar Noor Safika Faezan Binti Azahari
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY II
COURSE WORK REPORT
Group Name:
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PREFACE
Assalamualaikum w.h.b. our group has been given the topic about
Industrialised Building System as our project assignment. We are mainly
consists of two group members which Siti Nadiah binti Mokhtar and Noor
Safika Faezan binti Azahari from 1SBEQ. We would like to thank our parent
for giving us support in finishing the project. They pay the fees of the trip to
site for us and also buy us a camera for taking the photos. Without the
economics support for parent this project would not be completed.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and for most, we would like to thank to our lecturer of subject
Construction Technology II, Encik Aminudin Ali for giving a chance to us to do
this assignment. His encouragement supports and guidance from the initial to
the final very much help us His willingness to give his time so generously has
been very much appreciated. Without him, we may not be able to finish this
assignment with good and well outcome
Last but not least, we would like to thank to all who have been involved
directly or indirectly during completing this assignment.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
page
COURSE WORK INSTRUCTION ………………………………………………………………….i
PREFACE.…………………………………………………………………………………………….ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………...…………………………………………………..iii
TABLE OF CONTENT………………………………………………………………………..……iv-v
LIST OF FIGURES …..…………………….………………………………..……………………….vi
LIST OF TABLE…………………………………………………………………………………….. vii
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................. 1
1.1.1 Statement of problem .................................................................................................... 2
1.2 BACKGROUND OF STUDY .......................................................................................................... 3
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LIST OF FIGURES
page
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LIST OF TABLE
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1 INTRODUCTION
This section discusses the introduction of the study. It consists of 7 main subsections
Which are background of the study, statement of problem, purpose of the study, objectives of
the study, research questions, and significance of the study and scope of the study.
Nowadays, technology becomes the greater aspect to our life. Everything in this world
involves technology and science and it’s become really crucial to humans and also a vital
aspects regarding to construction technology. They do also use Timber buildings too, various
laminates, precast concrete, etc. These are termed dry constructions as opposed to the "wet
techniques" i.e. bricks and mortar or poured concrete. Almost all new industrial buildings now
use dry construction techniques. Because the work can be carried out in adverse weather
conditions and are much quicker than traditional building methods, yet every bit as durable
and permanent. Additionally they are nearly always more cost effective.
Industrialized Building System (IBS) are not a new invention to our country, Malaysia.
This system has been used almost 50 years since 1960 when Ministry of Housing and Local
Government of Malaysia visited several European countries and evaluate their housing
development program. After their successful visit in 1964, the government had started first
project on IBS aims to speed up the delivery time and built affordable and quality houses.
About 22.7 acres of land along Jalan Pekeliling, Kuala Lumpur was dedicated to the project
comprising seven blocks of 17 stories flat there are 3000 units of low-cost flat and 40 shops
lot. This project was awarded to Gammon & Larsen Nielsen using Danish System of large
panel of pre-fabricated system.
Today in the Malaysian construction industry, the use of IBS as a method of construction
is evolving. More local manufacturers have established themselves in the market. As a result
pre-cast, steel frame and other IBS were used as hybrid construction methods to build national
landmarks such as Bukit Jalil Sport Complex, LRT and Petronas Twin Tower. It was reported
that at least 21 manufactures and suppliers of IBS are actively promoting their systems in
Malaysia. IBS move to the next step of the development through the establishment of IBS
Centre at Jalan Chan Sow Lin, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur. The obligation to implement IBS serves
both to improve performance and quality in construction, as well as to minimize dependency
on unskilled foreign labour in the construction market.
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In this era of globalization, IBS are widely used in construction industries. Even a small
project would use IBS system which means, this kind of system may contribute a lot of
benefit to our world. This system requires skills especially when to build the component it-
self seems the construction are too difficult and heavy-duty works.
IBS takes a lot of benefit which may reduce cost in such term in every single aspect. For
example, usage of IBS would reduce the usage of workers or labours. Statistic shows that, if
constructions are using IBS system, it would cut about 65% of total cost for the labours only.
But, is the IBS system has only the benefits? How about the disadvantages? Would IBS
system give such problem and trouble to our industries? Why contractor would recommend
IBS system to our industries and what are the disadvantages while using IBS system?
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Nowadays, technology becomes the greater aspect to our life. Everything in this world
involves technology and science and it’s become really crucial to humans and also a vital
aspects regarding to construction technology. What is Industrialize Building system?
Industrialize Building system (IBS) are commonly has improve our productivity and inefficiency
in construction. They are several systems in use. The most common nowadays is the steel
framed metal profile clad design. They do also use Timber buildings too, various laminates,
precast concrete, etc. These are termed dry constructions as opposed to the "wet techniques"
i.e. bricks and mortar or poured concrete. Almost all new industrial buildings now use dry
construction techniques. Because the work can be carried out in adverse weather conditions
and are much quicker than traditional building methods, yet every bit as durable and
permanent. Additionally they are nearly always more cost effective.
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2.1 DEFINITION
IBS can be defines in many terms. These includes based on the different perspective and
idea they referred to. Here are some of the definitions of IBS which can be subscribed as
Industrialize building System (IBS) in our subject Construction Technology.
Albert G.H. Dietz in the book of ‘Industrialized Building Systems For Housing’ define that
Industrialized Building System as the total integration of all subsystems and components
into an overall process fully utilizing industrialized production, transportation and assembly
techniques.
An industrialized building system (IBS) also may be defined in which all building
components such as wall, floor slab, beam, column and staircase are mass produced
either in factory or at site under strict quality control and minimal on site activities (Rollet,
1986; Trikha, 1999).
Esa and Nuruddin (1998) asserted that an IBS is a continuum beginning from utilizing
craftsmen for every aspect of construction to a system that make use of manufacturing
production in order to minimize resource wastage and enhance value for end users.
Perhaps the most comprehensive definition of IBS was clarified by Junid (1986). He
mentioned that an IBS in the construction industry includes the industrialized process by
which components of a building are conceived, planned, fabricated, transported and
erected on site The system includes a balanced combination between the software and
hardware components. The software elements include system design, which is a complex
process of studying the requirement of the end user, market analysis, development of
standardized components, establishment of manufacturing and assembly layout and
process, allocation of resources and materials and definition of a building designer
conceptual framework. The software elements provide a prerequisite to create the
conducive environment for industrialized to expand. Meanwhile, the hardware elements are
categorized into three major groups. These include frame or post and beam system, panel
system, and box system. The framed structures are defined as those structures that carry
the loads through their beams and girders to columns and to the ground whilst in panel
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system load are distributed through large floor and wall panels. The box systems include
that system that employ three-dimensional modules (or boxes) for fabrication of habitable
units are capable of withstand load from various directions due to their internal stability.
IBS in Malaysia has begun in early 1960’s when Ministry of Housing and Local
Government of Malaysia visited several European countries and evaluate their housing
development program (Thanoon et. al. 2003).
After their successful visit in 1964, the government had started first project on IBS aims to
speed up the delivery time and built affordable and quality houses. About 22.7 acres of
land along Jalan Pekeliling, Kuala Lumpur was dedicated to the project comprising seven
blocks of 17 storeys flat there are 3000 units of low-cost flat and 40 shops lot. This project
was awarded to JV Gammon and Larsen & Nielsen using Danish System of large panel of
prefabricated system. The project was completed within 27 months from 1966 to 1969
including the time taken in the construction of the RM 2.5 million casting yard at Jalan
Damansara (CIDB, 2003; CIDB, 2006 and Thanoon et al, 2003).
In 1968, the second housing project initiated by the government of Malaysia, the project
comprising a 6 block of 17 storey flat and 3 blocks of 18 storey flat at Jalan Rifle Range,
Penang. The project was awarded to Hochtief and Chee Seng using French Estoit System
(Din, 1984; CIDB, 2003 and Sarja, 1998).
Another earliest IBS project was at Taman Tun Sardon, Penang in 1978 (1,000 units of
five-storey walk up flat). IBS precast component and system in the project was designed by
British Research Establishment (BRE) for low cost housing in tropical countries.
Nonetheless, the building design was very basic and not considering the aspect of
serviceability such as the need of wet toilet and bathroom (Rahman and Omar, 2006).
Between 1981 and 1993, Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Selangor (PKNS) a state
government development agency acquired precast concrete technology from Praton Haus
International based on Germany to build low cost house and high cost bungalow in
Selangor (CIDB, 2003). PKNS Praton Haus Berhad that was formed in 1981 had
introduced two (2) types of construction system, large panel systems and skeleton
systems. All these large panel systems were produced in the mobile factory at Shah Alam.
In 1991, the company was fully owned by PKNS and the name was changed to PKNS
Engineering & Construction Berhad (PECB). The precast concrete and box systems have
been adopted by PECB are as follows; Tilt Up System – Australia; MyPro System –
Malaysia; O-Stable System – Malaysia (Patented by Baktian Sdn. Bhd.); HC Precast
System – Malaysia (Patented by HC Precast System Sdn. Bhd.)
Other large panel system in Malaysia include Taisei Marubeni System (Japan) which
large panel are cast in factory using tilt-up system where one panel forms the base for next
panel cast. Taisei-Setia Sdn Bhd developed 4,880 unit dwellings using this system in Shah
Alam during 1980s. The other is Ingeback System (Sweden) which is Swedish system
using large panels in vertical battery mould and tilt-up table mould. IBS was implemented in
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Taman Maluri, Pandan Jaya and Wangsa Maju using metal-formwork system (Sarja,
1998).
In 1999, the Public Works Department (PWD) had designed the 5-storey block of
quarters for Judicial and Legal Training Institute at Bangi. The first storey was built using
cast in-situ concrete beams and columns with the upper 4 storeys built with precast
concrete wall system. The precast component was supplied by Norwest Holding Sdn. Bhd.
and Associated Structural Concrete Sdn. Bhd. (CIDB, 2006).
In the year 2000 and 2004, the Finish originated company, Eastern Pretech (M) Sdn.
Bhd. had supplied prefabricated components such as hollow core slabs, precast planks,
precast balcony, precast beams, precast columns, precast staircase elements, precast
parapet walls and load bearing walls for residential projects of townhouses and apartments
at Cyberjaya and Seremban (CIDB, 2006).
Between 1998 and 2002, Encorp Berhad and Leighton introduced precast concrete walls
and precast planks in the development of 10,000 units of teachers’ quarters on 107 sites
throughout Malaysia. A total of 4,700 units of the teachers’ quarters were completed by
Sunway Precast Industries Sdn. Bhd. and the remaining units were completed by Leighton
and Hume Industries Sdn. Bhd. The project comprised low-rise (4 and 5-storey high)
apartment complexes were designed by NRY Architects Sdn. Bhd. Each apartment unit
has 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, a living room, a dining room, a balcony and a courtyard
(CIDB, 2006).
In 2004, the PWD have also embarked on the new design of government quarters using
the IBS system. The Senawang Police Quarters is one of the pilot projects that employed
this new design. In this project, precast concrete wall panels were completed by Sunway
Precast Industries Sdn. Bhd. (CIDB, 2006).
Starting on 2006, O-Stable Panel Sdn. Bhd. has been widely used as IBS system in
double storey bungalow and terrace houses at Selangor and Putrajaya. The prefabricated
component was supplied for Putra Perdana Construction Sdn. Bhd. for bungalow houses at
Putrajaya, and PKNS and Baktian Sdn. Bhd. for houses in Selangor (CIDB, 2006).
Today, the use of IBS as a method of construction in Malaysia is evolving. Many private
companies in Malaysia have teamed up with foreign expert from Australia, Netherlands,
United State and Japan to offer precast solution to their project (CIDB, 2003). In addition,
131 manufactures registered with CIDB to date with 200 IBS products available in the
market (CIDB Orange Book Volume 3). Over 800 registered IBS contractor available in
2007 (CIDB Orange Book Volume 1).
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2.3 PRINCIPLE
What is Industrialize Building system? Industrialize Building system (IBS) are commonly
has improve our productivity and inefficiency in construction. They are several systems in
use. The most common nowadays is the steel framed metal profile clad design.
Any parts of structure in a building that have been manufactured in factory according to
specific approved design than transported and installed to the site.
However, the availability of cheap foreign labour which offset the cost benefit of using IBS
is a root cause of the slow adoption in Malaysia. It also relates to sheer cost of investment
and the inadequacy of market size. Small contractors are already familiar with the
conventional system and for them the technology suit well with small scale projects and
therefore not willing to switch to mechanised based system. Furthermore, small contractors
lack financial backup and are not able to set up their own manufacturing plants as it
involves very intensive capital investment. As a result, the industry is reluctant to use IBS
unless it is required by the clients. A wider understanding on the characteristics and what is
involved in IBS is needed to guide the industry. There is a critical need to manage the
design and manufacturing differently from the traditional way as IBS is different and needs
a different mindset along with the right environment. Rethinking the old processes is now
critical if the industry is to move forward.
What is needed is guidance on key principals which can be orchestrated the effort to
adopt new construction mechanism. There are consensus of opinion that IBS best handled
as a holistic process rather than just a collection of technological solutions. The approach
requires total synchronisation on construction, manufacturing and design processes. It
needs emphasis on rationalisation, standardisation, repetition, collaboration, supply chain
partnering and more effective planning and project management. The article provides basis
on the principals that are critical to IBS in Malaysia which result to the success or failure on
IBS implementation. The 12 Key Principals in Implementing IBS are as follows:
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1. Changing conventional design to IBS during after the tender has been rewarded is a
bad practice. IBS can be only benefit if decision to use it can be decide as early as
possible not as afterthought during the project. The design must be firm before
manufacture and installation. The concept of design freeze should be implemented.
3. IBS can be best implemented if we have capability in design management and design
integration, where aspects that can benefited the projects can be incorporated through
design i.e. standardisation, modular, pre-assembly, manufacturability and
constructability.
5. The adopters must have a clear business strategy, clear capital expenditure analysis,
structured cost control instruments and initiate the use of appropriate technology at
time. Based on the industrialisation principal, innovation adoption is an evolution which
depends on the maturity of organisation. There is no point on implementing the latest
construction technologies in IBS, without considering one capability and readiness to
embrace in it. In recent times, more and more public projects were tendered in Private
Finance Initiative (PFI) mode. Thus, requires companies to have strong finance
capability and strategy. Partnering perhaps is the way forward to build up capacity and
capability to implement IBS. Successful IBS implementation is also depends on the
strong support, commitment, awareness, vision, knowledge and leadership of
CEO/Senior Management. In most cases, IBS is a top-down implementation. Obtaining
this support could be the key to the successful IBS project.
6. IBS requires good communication channel and information flows between all level of
decision making and all project phases. Effective communication channel across the
supply chain need to be established in order to coordinate processes and deal with
critical scheduling in IBS from the beginning until the project completion. Clarity and
simplicity of communication channel is the rule. ICT could be a reliable support tool.
7. The repetition process each time project was implemented allows continues
improvement and waste elimination in the technique and processes to achieve better
performance in IBS. IBS can only benefit the adopters if the implementer can adopt
improvement in each repetitive process and potentially to cut corners in term site
arrangement, logistic, process flows due to the nature of repetitiveness. This is the
essence of manufacturing which has been adopted in construction through IBS.
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8. The imperative factor in successful IBS implementations lies in good site management,
planning and control of overall process in project life cycle. This in turn, leads to
recommendation that experience and well-trained workers are the critical for IBS.
Project Managers must be able to work with multi trade involved in IBS. Engineers with
good technical knowledge in analysis, design, manufacturing and construction have the
ability to manage systematic IBS systems. Design knowledge is also critical. If the
components are skillfully designed, erection can be carried out efficiently. Furthermore,
complying with good practices in design and construction leads to high quality IBS
structures. A comprehensive training scheme will support this.
9. IBS can only be implemented if we have demand and economy viable. IBS adopters
were suggested to be selective in choosing projects that are economic viable and can
benefit by the use of IBS. Large and repetitive contract is preferred. It was observed
that a number of successful IBS adopters are indeed a sub-division of developers
which can ensure stability, continues resources and continues business. Others initiate
partnering and strategic alliance. Only by having demand IBS can sustain.
10. ICT is the key enabler to IBS implementation and become a reliable support tool. The
application of ICT tools needs to be utilised in a more widespread manner, in order for
the IBS industry to improve efficiencies, planning, manage process and ensure
reliability of components deliveries.
11. The integration of IBS components or modules into the building requires the various
parties and supply chain to cooperate closely. This requires very careful definitions and
management of interfaces between contractors and suppliers and a good
communication channel. It has been suggested that by implementing integrated
approach in design and construction, fragmentation gap could minimised. Establishing
partnering and strategic alliance in supply chain is the way forward.
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To achieve the policy objective to achieve competency and productivity in terms of labor
force, the industry needs to ensure a ready pool of both professionals and workers who are
practicing IBS and reduce reliance on foreign workers
There are five main IBS groups identified in Malaysia, there are :
1) Pre-cast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box Systems – pre-cast columns, beams,
slabs, 3-D components (balconies, staircases, toilets, etc), etc;
3) Steel Framing Systems – steel beams and columns, portal frames, roof trusses,
etc;
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Based on the definition of IBS, we can conclude IBS as the complete assembly
construction which is, a construction system where components are manufactured at
factories on or off site being transported and then assembled into a structure with minimum
work. IBS is often referred as off-site construction, off-site production, industrialized and
automated construction, off-site manufacturing, prefabricated building, pre-assemblies
building, pre-cast building, pre-cast construction, non-traditional building and Modern
Method of Construction (MMC).
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Badir et al, (1998) stated that conventional building method is defined as components of
the building that are prefabricated on site through the processes of timber or plywood
formwork installation, steel reinforcement, and cast in-situ. Conventional buildings are mostly
built of reinforced concrete frames. The traditional construction method uses wooden
formwork. It is much more costly for construction which includes labour, raw material,
transportation and low speed of construction time.
According to Badir et al, (1998), this system is suitable for a country where unskilled
labour is limited. There is no heavy machinery or high technology involved. The system is
technically applicable to almost all types of building. Formwork is used as a mould where
wet concrete is poured into a temporary system. The temporary system also acts as a
temporary support for the structures. The objective of an in-situ method is to eliminate and
reduce the traditional site-based trades like traditional timber formwork, brickwork,
plastering and to reduce labour content. A carefully planned in-situ work can maximize the
productivity, speed and accuracy of pre-fabricated construction. Cast in-situ method uses
lightweight pre-fabricated formwork made of steel/fiberglass/aluminium that is easily
erected and dismantled. The steel reinforcement is placed within the formwork as they are
being erected and concrete is poured into the mould. When the concrete is set according to
the required strength, the moulds are dismantled. The workers can be easily trained to
erect the moulds and set the steel reinforcement. Its advantages over the traditional
construction method include, low skill requirement, speedy construction, lowmaintenance,
durable structure and less cost.
Badir et al, (1998) stated that the objectives of composite construction method(partially pre-
fabricated) are to improve quality, reduce cost, and shorten construction time. The concept
of partial industrialised system is derived from the composite nature of full industrialisation,
and is used to describe a manufacturing or production strategy that selectively uses some
industrialising aspects, while avoiding or postponing the use of others. The pre-fabricated
construction method is combined in such a manner that the features applied could be
prominently demonstrated, especially composing various works such as temporary
facilities, building frames, building finishes, and equipments.
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In this method of construction, all elements that can be standardised are prefabricated in
the factory. Normally, this method would involve the assembly of precast elements such as
floor slabs, in-filled walls, bathrooms, staircases, etc. into place for incorporation into the
main units, columns and beams. This method of construction has reduced the amount of
site labour involved in building operations and increased the productivity of the industry.
Precast building systems can reduce the duration of a project if certain conditions are met.
The last three construction methods are considered as non conventional construction
methods. These types of construction are specifically aimed at increasing productivity and
quality of work through the use of better construction machinery, equipment, technology
and materials. In related with IBS, the prefabricated systems can be further classified into
another three categories system namely panel system, block systems, and frame systems
according to the geometrical configuration of their main framing components. In addition,
the systems also can be designed either by using timber, steel, cast-in-situ concrete or
precast concrete but usually, many construction projects in Malaysia deals with precast
concrete systems.
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According to Badir et al. (1998), IBS can be classified according to several aspects:
According to Abraham Warszawski (1999), IBS system can be classified according structural
systematic aspects. IBS can be classifies into three categories as:
Frame system is system that use column and beam as the main structure member
where columns and beams support all the building weight. The walls need to be light
and easy to install and concrete panels are introduces as flooring element.
The important feature is the capacity to transfer heavy loads over large spans.
Different variants of the structural scheme allow for the most convenient partitioning of
the frame into connected precast elements.
Stability of the frames system in the longitudinal direction can be obtained by bracing
with steel diagonals, or by attaching the frame to rigid building components.
In panel system, loads are distributed through large floor and wall panels where walls
support the building weight.
This system is applicable to buildings which functionally require a large number of walls
such as apartment house, hotel and hospital.
This system is not applicable to buildings with large spans or many stories.
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Used as structural framing also fulfill interior and exterior space enclosure functions.
Elements for floor slabs, vertical supports, partitions, and exterior walls.
The stability is attained by monolithic structural elements, mostly interior cores, and by
special jointing provisions, prescribed by the structural codes.
The dimensions of panel components are determined by their support system, the layout
of enclosed spaces, and other architectural design features.
The box systems include those systems that employ three-dimensional modules or
boxes for fabrication of habitable units that are capable of withstanding load from
various directions due to their internal stability.
As their main building element; box units that contain concrete walls and floors either
cast in boxlike molds or assembled in plant from panel elements.
Can contain substantial amount of finish works; which are made in the plant before
shipping the module to erection site.
Less flexible than panel and frame elements, which can be used in almost any
architectural layout with relatively minor adaptations.
Their considerable weight and bulkiness involved transportation and erection and it is
a costly process.
The use of block system in excess of three or four stories requires special structural
adaptations.
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2.3.1 TIMBER
There are two types of prefabrication of timber which is ready-cut plus shop fabrication of
joints (column and beam) and structural panels where there are only walls and floors without
column and beam.
Laying of brick or block are carried out in a mass at factory and transported to site or on
site beside the building under construction in the form of panel and then erected.
2.3.3 STEEL
Reinforced concrete has high degree of availability, low material cost, durability, and fire
resistance. There are two basic directions in development of reinforced concrete.
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The IBS components can be classified according to their relative weight as in Table
2.4.Majzub (1977) mentioned that the relative weight of components should be used as a
basis for building classification due to the factor of weight has significant impact on the
transportability of components and has influence on the production method of the components
and their erection method on site.
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According to CIDB (2001), the Industrialised Building System is a construction process that
utilizes techniques, products, components, or building systems which involve prefabricated
components and on site installation. Base on the structural aspects of the system, IBS can be
identified into five major groups:
Precast concrete elements are the most common IBS type. In addition, there are precast
concrete columns, beams, slabs, walls, lightweight precast concrete, and permanent
concrete formworks. Besides that, it is also consist of 3D components such as balconies,
staircases, toilets, lift chamber, refuse chambers and etc.
There are two types of popular formworks which are known as wall formwork and the
other is called as tunnel formwork. They generally involve site casting, and therefore
subjected to structural quality control. So, it is considered as the “low level” or the “least
prefabrication” IBS types. However, this system does offer high quality finishes and fast
construction with less site labor and material requirement. These include tunnel forms, tilt-up
systems, beam and columns moulding forms and permanent steel formworks like metal
decks.
This type of IBS is usually refers to a building technique with a "skeleton frame" of vertical
steel columns and horizontal I-beams, which is constructed in a rectangular grid functioned
to support the floors, roof and walls of a building which are all attached to the frame. This
system commonly used with precast concrete slabs, steel columns and beams have always
been the popular choice and used extensively in the fast-track construction of skyscrapers.
Recent development in this type of IBS includes the increased usage of light steel trusses. It
is consisting of cost-effective profiled cold-formed channels and steel portal frame systems
as alternatives to the heavier traditional hot-rolled sections.
There are two types of timber frame structure which known as frame wall construction
and timber frame construction. This timber frame construction is based on timber members
and components which form a structural frame and transmits all the vertical and horizontal
loads to the foundations and normally is timber building frames and timber roof trusses.While
timber roof truss systems are more popular, timber building frame systems also have its own
niche market where it is offering interesting designs from simple dwelling units to buildings
requiring high aesthetical values such as chalets for resorts.
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The block work system is used as load bearing wall and can carried the load as it
designed. In spite of this, the block work system is varied in types of shapes and it is more
effectively compared to others but in the other side, the cost is higher. By using this effective
alternative system, the tedious and time-consuming traditional brick laying tasks are greatly
simplified. The construction method of using conventional bricks has been revolutionized by
the development and usage of interlocking concrete masonry units (CMU) and lightweight
concrete blocks.
Based on the five major groups of IBS, the construction industries in Malaysia commonly
used the precast concrete system as the construction based on IBS. It is clearly stated
above that the precast concrete system is classified into another three categorizes which is
known as frame, panel and box system.
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A closed system can be classified into two different categories, namely production based
on client’s design and production based on precaster’s design. The first category is designed
to meet a spatial requirement of the client’s, that is the spaces required for various functions
in the building as well as the specific architectural design. In this instance, the client’s needs
are paramount and the precaster is always forced to produce a specific component for a
building. On the other hand, the production based on precaster’s design includes designing
and producing a uniform type of building or a group of building variants, which can be
produced with a common assortments of component. Such building includes school, parking
garage, gas station, low cost housing, etc. Nevertheless these types of building arrangement
can be justified economically only when the following circumstances are observed.
a) The size of project is large enough to allow for distribution of design and production
costs over the extra cost per component incur due to the specific design.
c) There is a sufficient demand for a typical type of building such as school so that a mass
production can be obtained.
d) There is an intensive marketing strategy by precaster to enlighten the clients and designer
the potential benefit of the system in term of economics and noneconomic aspects.
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Open system is a system which allows the production of building components by various
factories and to be compatible with each other to be used in any building project. The
successful implementation of open industrialization building system requires a modular
coordination.
In view of the limitations inherent in the closed system, an open system which allows
greater flexibility of design and maximum coordination between the designer and precaster
has been proposed. This system is plausible because it allow the precaster to produce a
limited number of elements with a predetermined range of product and at the same time
maintaining architectural aesthetic value.
In spite of many advantages inherent in an open system, its adoption experiences one
major setback. For example, joint and connection problem occur when two elements from
different system are fixed together. This is because similar connection technology must
be observed in order to achieve greater structural performance.
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The basic module is small in terms of odd size in order to provide design flexibility, yet
large enough to promote simplification in the components' variation in sizes.
Industry friendly features that not only cater for manufacturing but also the transportation
and assembly requirements.
A reference system to define coordinating spaces and zones for building elements and
for the components which form them
Rules for sizing building components in order to determine their work size
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Rules for defining preferred sizes for building components and coordinating dimensions
for building.
The proposed enforcement of using Modular Coordination through Uniform Building By-
Laws (UBBL) would encourage open system in IBS. The propose force Modular Coordination
in UBBL is yet to be taken onboard due to readiness of our architect and/or ignorant of them
towards change. The issue of Modular Coordination arose when we convert from British
measurement to SI. Instead of 1 yard we use mm.
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2. In the design work, enables buildings to be so dimensioned that they can be erected with
standard components without undue restriction on freedom of design.
3. Permits a flexible type of standardization, which encourages the use of a limited number
of standardized building components for the construction of different types of buildings.
b. multimodal’s
3 m, 6 m, 9m, 12m, etc (example: piles)
c. sub modules
m/2, m2/4
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2.7.2.2 A reference system to define coordinating spaces and zones for building
elements and assemblies
a. basic modular grid for small scale drawings to clarity relationship between
components
b. superimposed grid
Used in key plans, showing layout and positioning of main building components
c. displacement of grids
Band of interruption are regulary spaced in both directions.
d. interrupted grid
To accommodate certain element
a. type of references
2.7.2.5 Rules defining preferred size for building components and coordinating
dimensions for those building
a. Preferred sizes to rationalize the prefabrication process and to keep cost down.
~ Function
~ Construction method
~ Material of components
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2.8.1 MATERIAL
Cement is one of the most common materials in prefabricated panel and box system.
New types of cement, such as controlled-set and expansive cement, have led to improved
method of controlling quality and preventing shrinkage and cracking during curing. Additives,
used to shorten curing time and to control setting in varying temperature conditions, have
also improved control of production and scheduling. Experimental cements, possessing the
ability of self-pre-stressing by controlled shrinkage, have been tested in projects and promise
to simplify pre-stressing and/or post-tensioning by eliminating the need for the special
equipment currently used to induce tension mechanically.
b) Vertical structural elements of various designs and sizes. Basically, these may be
divided into single-story and multi-storeys types, and may be combined with precast
elements of category.
Steel technology has also made considerable progress in producing new varieties of
high-strength, as well as highly ductile, steel including the change from riveting to bolting by
means of high-stress bolts. More efficient welding methods in the shop allow for higher
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quality, and more economical method, of prefabrication off site and for development of light-
weight skeleton systems for various building system. Costume scent paints and sprayed-on
fireproofing have made steel compatible with concrete system where high fire resistance is
required.
Steel, with the ability to develop seld-sealing rust surface, have led to new design solution
for exterior. New design for space frame, staggered trusses and cable-supported structure,
usually prefabricated off site and assembled without waste on site, have made it possible to
cover vast spaces for spectator events. Example include football stadia and Olympic sport
facilities.
c) Combination of (a) and (b), comprising open components, kits of part and fully
coordinated (closed) functional package for various building types.
2.8.2 COMPONENT
There are some of the fundamental elements of industrialized building system (IBS) that
have been made, first is floor components work out well with the subflooring applied and this
method has been thoroughly tested in thousands of house. Second is wall components
should be of room size, and in some cases longer. The dry-wall material must be applied to
both sides of the wall in the shop and should be glued as well as stapled. Third is ceiling
should be 8’ wide and room depth. All joists should be strapped to provide a better surface
for the drywall, permit the electric wiring to be pulled across the ceiling under them, and let
us out any water that might accumulate if it should storm before the roof is on. Fourth is roof
components should be up to 8’ in width, and rafter length. And the last one is gable
components work better if built in single units, and should be so designed that studs may be
square-cut instead of having to be cut to the roof pitch. This helps to use up short length.
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Pinned connections transfer purely shear forces, both for gravity and uplifting forces.
The connections lend themselves to simple detailing and construction, and may be
formed in the simplest manner by element to element bearing.
The connection is completed by surrounding the steel inserts with connections grout for
fire and durability protection.
Pinned connections occur mainly where vertical and horizontal elements are joined.
Simple detailing
Easy to construct
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Distribute second order moments into beams and slabs, and hence reduce
column moments
Pocket foundation
Grouted sleeve
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The main principle involved in making column connections is to ensure continuity and
this can be achieved by a variety of methods.
In simple connections a direct bearing and grouted dowel joint can be used, the dowel
being positioned in the upper or lower column.
Where continuity of reinforcement is required the reinforcement from both upper and
lower columns left exposed and either lapped or welded together before completing
the connection with in-situ concrete.
A more complex method is to use a stud and plate connection where one set of
threaded bars are connected through a steel plate welded to a set of bars projecting
from the lower column; again the connection is completed with in-situ concrete.
The columns can be of single or multi-storey height, the latter provisions for beam
connections at the intermediate floor levels.
The footing to column connection typically takes the form of dowels bars projecting
from the footing with matching cast in grout tubes in base of the column.
This allows the column to be lowered directly over the dowels onto preset levelling
shims.
The dowels act firstly as locating pins, and secondly, as a pin joint when the grout
tubes and base are fully grouted.
The base plate has the advantage that the column may be stabilized and plumbed
vertical by adjusting the level of the nuts to the holding down bolts.
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This is particularly important when working in soft ground conditions where temporary
propping may not provide adequate stability alone.
The column to beam connection is usually made up dowels projecting from the top of
the column over which the beam, again with matching grout tubes, can be lowered
directly onto preset levelling shims on the column.
As there is likelihood that the beam, either during erection or in service may be subject
to uneven loading a course threat bar (such as a Reid Bar) is used as the dowels.
This threaded bar then allows the use of nuts and washers to clamp the beam to the
column and in the most cases eliminate the need for propping of the beam.
By using this type of connection the dowel can be projected above the top of the beam
to enable the next level of column to be erected in a similar fashion to the footing to
column connection.
The grout tubes used for the connections are kept reasonably large (typically 50mm
diameter) to allow the use of high flow grout rather than requiring pressure grouting.
These are provided between the edges of the hollow core floor units and beams or
walls running parallel with the floor.
Their main function is to transfer horizontal shear, generated in the floor plate by
diaphragm action.
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For light and medium loads the foot of the column can be placed in a pocket left in the
foundation.
The column can be plumbed and positioned by fixing a collar around its perimeter and
temporarily supporting the column from this collar by using raking adjustable props.
Wedges can be used to give added rigidity whilst the column is being grouted into the
pocket.
The alternative method is to cast or weld on a base plate to the foot of the column and
use holding down bolts to secure the column to its foundation in the same manner as
described in detail for structural steel work.
As with columns, the main emphasis is on continuity within the joint. Three basic methods
are used:
A projecting concrete haunch is cast on to the column with a locating dowel or stud
bolt to fix the beam.
A projecting metal corbel is fixed to the column and the beam is bolted to the corbel.
Column and beam reinforcement, generally in the form of hooks, are left exposed. The
two members are hooked together and covered with in-situ concrete to complete the
joint.
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3.1 INSTALLATION
Procedure for the Proper Installation of Precast Wall Panels, Double Tees, Beams, Columns
C. The piece mark number is located on the end of the precast component.
D. Prior to placement of order verify that the erection drawings in your possession are
current and up-to-date by contacting your project coordinator.
E. Actual shipping dates are subject to availability of trailers, weather and prior shipping
commitments.
B. Verify all site dimensions and conditions shown on drawings and details prior to
ordering of precast components to ensure proper fit. All corrections or field
modifications are to be completed prior to placing order.
C. Written approval shall be obtained from the engineer of record prior to erection of the
precast components for stability of the supporting structure.
D. Ensure all material necessary for the erection of precast components is on hand and
properly located as per drawing and details, as well as per structural & architectural
drawings.
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3.1.3 TRANSPORTATION
Sequence of slabs for off-loading may differ slightly from that ordered due to slab
geometry and load optimization.
D. Moving the load without proper tie-down may cause damage to the precast
components.
E. Inspect precast components prior to off-loading for any damage and report it
immediately to the project manager. Otherwise, it is understood that the product arrived
to the jobsite damage free. Any damage to the product during installation will be the
responsibility of others.
F. Suitable access shall be provided by maintained to and from the trailer staging area.
B. Bottom precast components to be blocked minimum 4” above grade, full length and
width, as to prevent settlement of precast stack.
C. No other load on top of the precast stack is allowed unless written approval from
engineering is obtained.
D. Always handle double tees and beams in the flat horizontal position. Never turn
component on edge or end unless approved by engineer.
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3.1.5 HOISTING
A. Use lifting gear of adequate capacity with minimum safety factors of 5:1. Inspect gear at
least daily for signs of wear and/or damage. Installer to verify safe working capacities of
ring clutches, sling and/or spreaded bars prior to use. Never lift more than rated
capacity.
B. Only use equipment specifically suited for the erection of precast concrete. Never handle
precast from the middle of the component.
D. Ensure load is balanced to avoid slipping and to minimize twist on lifting gear and
precast component. Precast to be handled level and true at all times.
E. Do not use precast component as a platform for hoisting other building materials unless
a procedure is submitted by the engineer.
F. Never handle the precast components on its side. Only on top surface or by lifting gear.
Never put hands on side of components. Keep hands on top all times.
3.1.6 PLACEMENT
B. Drawings are to be read in conjunction with architectural and structural drawings for
connection details of other building components and/or structural systems interfacing
with precast components.
C. All hangers, clips, ties, supports, etc necessary are to be located as per drawings and
details as well as architectural/structural drawings.
E. Erect precast components with piece mark at end indicate on drawings and at end of
precast components.
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F. The design, installation and inspection of all temporary bracing and shoring shall be the
responsibility of the installer’s engineer.
G. The installer is responsible for ensuring all precast components are properly aligned and
levelled to within allowable tolerances.
H. Precast installation to structural steel shall be reviewed by the engineer of record with
respect to unbalanced loading of same.
I. If precast is being use for bracing, the structure is not assume to be in a final braced
condition until all precast is connected in accordance with drawings.
If have any damaged product, improper fit, field modification required, question about the
drawing call the project manager or project coordinator.
1. Site preparation
Mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) trenches were excavated. MEP trench precast
concrete modules were placed. MEP outlets were prepared for the module connections.
This slab also functioned as the mat foundation of the project. Column and stair tower
foundations were poured separately due to their higher load intensity than other areas. All
embedded hardware was installed at the desired locations during this stage.
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3. Precast concrete columns and load-bearing walls were erected with temporary bracing.
The bracing would be removed after all pieces were in place. The columns were
connected to the foundation with base plates and mechanical couplers. The wall panels
were connected with steel plates. Both types of connections were grouted to transfer
compression and to protect the connections from the element.
Concrete corbels were cast integrally with the columns to support the inverted tee beams.
Top connections were supplied to prevent the inverted tee beams from rotation due to
unbalanced load from double tees.
5. Floor members such as double tees, flat slabs and hollow cores were erected.
They were supported by the continuous ledges on the inverted tee beams or the load-
bearing walls. Concrete topping and finishing are then placed.
6. The required room modules of the ground floor were installed on the ground floor slab.
The modules were connected to the ground floor by dowels and grout.
The slabs would be supported on their longer sides on the notches of the room modules.
8. Once the construction of the ground floor was complete, the upper level room modules
were erected over the ground floor modules.
They were connected together by dowels and grout. The upper modules would also fix
the corridor slabs in place.
10. The stair towers and elevators towers were constructed along with the room modules.
They would also be the module construction to reduce the construction time.
11. Top roof slabs were installed between the top-level room modules.
They are not critical for the strength of the building so decorative finishes and textures
could be employed extensively.
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14. Finishing.
3.3.1 ADVANTAGES
The benefits of IBS system can be clearly divided into 4 main categories which are:
1. Cost
2. Quality
As most components are manufactured in the factory, the quality, or rather high
quality can be consistent and maintained. The wall surfaces, the soffit surfaces
and so on can be controlled right to the millimetres in dimensions, hence
improved and consistent quality.
Skilled workers with specific scope of works improve efficiencies and reduce
errors.
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3. Time
4. Safety
3.3.2 DISADVANTAGES
1. In most cases, there is a high initial capital costs for the contractors which might decide
to transfer the costs to the buyers. Plus, with only a handful of IBS players in the country,
there is quite a 'monopoly' system.
2. Difficulties in transportation also will lead to a problem of using IBS systems. As the
components may come in a very big size or panel, so that a special transport may
require for carrying it to the site. The difficulties also may arise when the distance of the
site is far away from the factory.
3. Further to that, the standardization of building components and elements also results in
a lack of aesthetics value. Buildings tend to be very boxy and square-y, which may not
look as impressive as the conventional curvy buildings. But this part here, IBS systems
are being expanded to be more architecturally and eye-pleasing.
4. Another major problem is when the contractors have bad workmanship while using pre-
fabricated panels. This can result in problems in the joints thus resulting in water
leakages. In a country like Malaysia where it rains practically every day, the problem can
be very severe. To counter this problem, one has to thoroughly check through the
completed units during handover to make sure the developer sorts out these defects.
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5. Another disadvantage with pre-cast elements is that these components are considered
to be inflexible, with respect to changes/renovations. Most people would want to drill
holes for wall lamps and so on - which is okay. But for some, they want to hack to allow
for additional conduit works and wiring works - which might be a hindrance. If one buys
two adjoining units, they may have problems trying to hack down some walls to allow
two units to breakthrough.
Industrialised building system has the following benefits when compared to the conventional
construction method.
a) The repetitive use of system formwork made up steel, aluminium, etc and
scaffolding provides considerable cost savings (Bing et al. 2001).
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A survey undertaken by CIDB in 2003 found that only mere 15% used IBS in the local
construction industry. The reasons of slow adoption of IBS in Malaysia are:
i) Inconsistent of houses demand, high interest rate and cheap labour cost make
it hard to justify large capital investment and it is easier to lay off workers during
slack period.
iii) Too many parties involve in construction industries. The owners, contractors
and engineers still lack of scientific information about the economic benefits of
IBS. This makes the agreement on the utilisation of IBS during planning stage
difficult to be achieved.
iv) Majority of IBS in Malaysia are imported from developed countries and thus
drive up the cost.
vi) Most of projects constructed with IBS in Malaysia were low quality and high
construction cost. Utilisation of IBS in Japan and Sweden are so successful due
to projects constructed with IBS are high quality and high productivity.
vii) Many architects and engineers still unaware of the basis element of IBS such as
modular co-ordination.
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3.6 METHODOLOGY
4 CASE STUDY
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Currently, TCS is one of the leading installers of concrete products in Industrialized Building
System (IBS) industry. As its growing popularity in private sectors and the commitments of
the Malaysian government to phase out high dependency of foreign workers, the IBS has its
huge potential to be a high growth segment of the civil construction and engineering
industries.
The Business of Teraju Construction Sdn Bhd. (TCS) was started on 5th
March 2008. Since its first inception a year ago as a sole proprietor status led by Mr
Fakhrul Nazhi Hannafi, the business known as Teraju Precast Enterprise (001748433-U) has
grown tremendously particularly in sync with the call of the Malaysian government in
2008 for a greater use of Industrialized Building System (IBS) in its development
projects. By 2nd Mac, 2009, with the spirit of moving the business to the next level, it was
converted into a limited company status by the name of Teraju Construction Sdn. Bhd.
(656680-D) 3 million with the total value of secured projects to date worth RM3 million for the
next 6 months.
Our commitment is to meet our clients‘higher satisfaction through our practical technical
solutions, competitive costs and fast tract schedule. Our tract record includes several sizable
and prestigious projects. All have been implemented in record time with high quality and to
our clients’ complete satisfaction.
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4.2 VISION
4.3 MISSION
- The broad mission of Teraju Construction Sdn. Bhd. Is to achieve the formulated vision
through the following strategies
- To hire, retain and develop the right people in order to continue the drive and the tenacity
to become an expert and a leader in the industry.
- To develop and deploy the right processes in order to achieve sustainable overall
organizational effectiveness.
- To use the right technology in order to achieve target rate of productivity and thus build
long term competitive advantage.
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- To upgrade, enhance and provide opportunities for development and growth for
all levels of personnel to consistently meet customer requirements in our strive to
gain customer satisfaction.
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Board of Directors
Fakhrul Nazhi Hanaffi
Dr Muslim Har Sani
Mohamad
Managing Director
Fakhrul Nazhi Hanaffi
Assistant
Accountant
Engineer
Engineer (In‐situ)
(Precast)
Mohd Najmudin
Mohamad Zharif
Supervisor
Site Agent Supervisor
Zaihan
Mohd Firdaus Rizzuan Hj Daud
Kamaludin
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Project Name : Cadangan membina dan menyiapkan sebuah Sekolah Kebangsaan Taman
Bukit Dahlia yang mengandungi 24 bilik darjah dan kemudahan berkaitan.
Address : Lot (PTD) 155628 ,Mukim Plentong, Daerah Pasir Gudang, Negeri Johor darul
Takzim.
Area : 23763 m2
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column
Figure 20 : column
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Width
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The system used of jointing between the two columns component is by using direct end
bearing system. By which, dowel is locating on the upper part of the column as illustrated
in the drawing below. When a continuity of reinforcement is required, the reinforcement
from the upper and lower column is left exposed and either lapped or welded together.
Then, the completed joint is usually finished by casting concrete around the joint.
column
Link
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The method used in jointing the column to beam is by using dowel connection where the
bars projecting from the column into steel tube cast into the beam. The tube is later being
filled with high strength of shrink grout.
beam
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The column and the base is joined by using dowels bars project from the footing with
matching cast in grout tubes in base of the column.
column
base
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Before the slab is jointed, the slab must be supported by temporary support used to keep
the slabs in the position until the connection with the columns has been achieved.
In the connections, the steel bars (dowels) that project from the edges of the slabs are
welded to the dowels of the adjacent components and transverse reinforcement bars are
installed in place. The connections are then filled with concrete that is poured at the site.
slab
Low strength of shrink grout is poured into the gap between the ends of the planks.
Slab to slab
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steel
Reinforcement
cage
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The
reinforcement
cage is inserted
into the mould
IBS mould
skip
concrete
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vibrator
Harden concrete
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Precast column
IBS mould
reinforcement
Precast column
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Starter bar
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Beam to
column
beam to column
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Beam
Beam to column
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Grouting
and vibrate
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grouting
Cast in-situ
concrete topping
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Temporary
proping may be
used until the in-
situ grout
connection has
matured.
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The hollow core slab is lifted by using a The sequences of fixing floor slab must
crane. be continuously in one direction.
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Lift the
staircase to its
position by
using a crane.
The staircase is
placed to its
position and
concrete is pour
to connect the
staircase with
the landing.
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The landing of
the staircase is
pour with
concrete.
The staircase
is already
installed.
The real
view
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A crane mounted on an
undercarriage with four rubber
tires that is used on site to pick
and carry the precast
component from one place to
another.
- It is a complete equipment to
produce the concrete, consists of
mixer, batching machine,
weighing system and control
system.
- It can produce the concrete
according the formula.
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They are a few of problem that may arise on site during the construction of the project and
there are:
1. Transporting
Moving the component without proper tie-down may cause damage to the
precast component. The component will possibly break and cannot be used.
The heavier of the precast component compared to wood or steel making the
transportation from the factory to the site more difficult. The large section of
the precast component also give difficulties while transportation.
For example, the crane used for the lifting of component is lack of fuel.
3. Jointing
Sometimes, the connection is not tightly jointed. Where the leakage can occur
at the loose part of the jointing.
The component that need to be jointed does not matching into one another.
4. Drawing
Sometimes the consultants changes or amend the drawing for their own
purpose.
5. Force major
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The problem occurs during the construction of project must be solve to ensure the project
can be done properly. So that, a few solutions to the problems are as follow:
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2. Other than that, to avoid damages to the component, the lifting insert and the
rigging for tilt up panel should be so arranged. So that, the lifting panel can
remains stable while lifting.
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3. In order to make sure that the component is tightly jointed, the marking and
measuring work must be done carefully and thoroughly. Ensure that the
components are connected in a correct position.
4. Keep the updated drawing to prevent from wrong marking and always liaise with
the site coordinator.
5. When there is a sign to a bad weather such as raining, the work must be stop.
6. The problem on the quality of raw materials can be solve by control on physical
and chemical properties.
7. Engineer or department need to checking before and after the pour of concrete.
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Telecommunication 10.00
Photocopy 3.00
Printing 70.00
CD 1.00
TOTAL 144.00
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6 CONCLUSION
By doing this assignment, a lot of useful information and benefits are gain especially
regarding to our topic ‘Industrialised Building System’. Overalls, There are many types of IBS
existing in Malaysia which are formwork precast load bearing wall panel, precast frame, precast
floor and hollow core slab, sandwich panel, block panel, and steel frame. Quality, speed of
construction, and cost savings are the main advantages of these systems. These factors are very
important in implementing the Ninth Malaysia plan. The main disadvantages of the IBS in
Malaysia are that they are highly capital intensive and there is a need for experts at the
construction site for some of them. The main reason to recommend the use of IBS in Malaysia is
that the raw materials used in the IBS have to be produced locally in order to overcome the
shortages that are being faced by the IBS construction industry.
Other than that, this assignment also gives us many experiences such as experience in
communicate and interact with other parties, experience in construction site and many more. All
these experience is very beneficial to us.
Finally, we hope that this coursework can be guidance for us and also for other people in the
future. Also, the knowledge and experience gain can be implementing and practicing to the daily
life.
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7 BIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES
A. REFERENCES
1. IBS Definition –
http://www.ibscentre.com.my/ibsweb/index.php
http://www.scribd.com/doc/49707474/Definition-Of-Industrialised-
Building-System
http://ibsresearch.blogspot.com/ .
http://www.ibscentre.com.my/ibsweb/index.php
http://www.cidb.gov.my/v6/?q=en/faq/13
http://ibsresearch.blogspot.com/2010/04/article-for-building-investment-
b.html
9. Modular Coordination –
http://www.scribd.com/doc/51583552/Modular-Coordination-Ibs
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http://www.scribd.com/doc/21794505/Ibs-Complete
http://ibsresearch.blogspot.com/
http://www.cidb.gov.my/v6/?q=en/content/150
http://penerbit.uthm.edu.my/ejournal/images/stories/IJSCET1/IJSCET_1_
A10.pdf
B. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Nuzul Azam Haron, Ir. Salihuddin Hassim, Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohd.
Razali Abdul Kadir and Mohd Saleh Jaafar (2005). Building Cost
Comparison Between Conventional and Formwork System. Jurnal
Teknologi, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 43(B) 1-1
2. Nuzul Azam Haron, Ir. Salihuddin Hassim, Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohd.
Razali Abdul Kadir. Building Cost Comparison between Conventional and
Composite Construction System In Malaysia. Universiti Putra Malaysia.
3. W.A.Thanoon, Lee Wah Peng, Mohd Razali Abdul Kadir, Mohd Saleh
Jaafar, Mohd Sapuan Salit. The Essential Characteristics Of
Industrialised Building System. Universiti Putra Malaysia.
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8 APPENDIX
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