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ELCELB1 2019-2 B Eng Tech Study Guide
ELCELB1 2019-2 B Eng Tech Study Guide
ENVIRONMENT
20 JULY 2019
9
©COPYRIGHT RESERVED
Table of Contents
GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATION....................................................................................... 3
TEXTBOOKS ............................................................................................................................... 3
SUPPLEMENTARY BOOKS ...................................................................................................... 3
GENERAL .................................................................................................................................... 3
GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES ....................................................................................................... 7
THE ENGINEERING COUNCIL OF SOUTH AFRICA (ECSA) .............................................. 4
WELCOME, SUBJECT AIM AND INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 9
PURPOSE OF THE QUALIFICATION .................................................................................... 10
PURPOSE OF THIS SUBJECT ................................................................................................. 11
ASSESSMENT DETAILS ......................................................................................................... 21
ASSESSMENT MARK CALCULATION................................................................................. 22
DETAILED SUBJECT SYLLABUS ......................................................................................... 24
MODULE OUTCOMES ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
CRITICAL CROSS-FIELD OUTCOMES (CCFO’S) ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS FOR ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS ....................................... 29
TEXTBOOKS
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by Robert L Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Pearson
Publishers
Also available as free E- Book.
SUPPLEMENTARY BOOKS
GENERAL
Departmental Secretary : Ms M Steyn
The aim of Act 46 is to promote safe working practices as well as to protect the interest of
the public and government. Registered persons are bound by the Code of Professional
Conduct which again ensures that they apply their knowledge and skill in the interest of
humanity and the environment, execute their work with integrity and sincerity and in
accordance with generally accepted norms of professional conduct. Registered persons
therefore respect the interest of their fellow being and honour the standing of the
Profession.
Benefits. Registration also offers the individual some additional benefits such as:
• Public Confidence
• Membership of Certain Voluntary Associations
• International Recognition
• Lifestyle Benefits (Organised by ECSA with financial institutions)
• Marketability
• Exclusive Use of Reserved Names
• Statutory Empowerment
Graduate attributes vary from one profession of registration to the other in as far as the
depth of criteria. For example a technician must be able to resolve well defined problems
whilst a technologist must be able to resolve broadly defined problems meaning the
technologist must be able work at a much greater depth applying his/her knowledge and
skills and take more decisions on his/her own to complete a project.
It is important to note that during your studies you will be developed, intermediate
assessed and then subjected to a compliance assessment assessed against these same
attributes to obtain your qualification. You cannot obtain credits (pass) for a module if
you do not comply with the attributes assessed in the module.
Document E-02-PT
The information listed above are provided by ECSA. More information as well as
registration documents are available from ECSA’s website https://www.ecsa.co.za/
GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES
The following graduate attributes are fundamentally developed (f), intermediate
assessed (xi) or formally assessed (xA) for compliance in this module
Year: 2018
Comply Assessor
GA 1 GA 2 Signature and
Do not comply
Date
What is satisfactory compliance? You will comply if you have all the 6 topics in the rubric as headings in your document. If you
write at least a paragraph below each of the 6 headings using proper English and facts. If you cite at least 5 references throughout the
document (in text as well as a reference list)
What is the consequences of noncompliance? It is compulsory to attempt and submit this GA. Failure will result in your year
mark being capped at 35%. This GA assessment however does not count towards your academic marks neither is it compulsory to
comply although it is compulsory to submit. For self-development purposes students that do not comply with this GA will be given
another 2 opportunities to comply.
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Complies Do not comply
(E&SIA)
The student identified the best practicable environmental and social option
The student was able to identify measures to avoid, reduce/offset major impacts on
the environment/society
Student: With this I certify that this is my own work and free of plagiarism: Signature
________________________________
Welcome
I would like to welcome you to Electronic Circuits 1B. You should find this course
interesting and challenging.
Consultation
I shall be available for consultation following the lecture session on ___day_____, FROM
__:__ TO __:__( Will be discussed in class.)
Study material
Most but not all of the material to be covered during this course can be found in the
prescribed textbook.
Self-Study
At tertiary level education the student will be expected to be able to perform self-study and
research on certain topics as requested by the lecturer. These topics will be evaluated in the
tests and exam.
Resources
The library and internet are two important resources that you may and should use.
Specifically the purpose of educational programmes designed to meet this qualification are to build the
necessary knowledge, understanding, abilities and skills required for further learning towards becoming a
competent practicing engineering technologist or certificated engineer. This qualification provides:
1. Preparation for careers in engineering itself and areas that potentially benefit from
engineering skills, for achieving technological proficiency and to make a contribution to the economy and
national development;
2. The educational base required for registration as a Professional Engineering Technologist and/or
Certificated Engineer with ECSA. (refer to qualification rules)
3. Entry to NQF level 8 programmes e.g. Honours, Post Graduate Diploma and B Eng Programmes and then
to proceed to Masters Programmes.
4. For certificated engineers, this provides the education base for achieving proficiency in mining / factory
plant and marine operations and occupational health and safety.
Engineering students completing this qualification will demonstrate competence in all the Graduate
Attributes contained in this standard.
Technologist
Professional Engineering Technologists are characterized by the ability to apply established and newly
developed engineering technology to solve broadly- defined problems, develop components, systems,
services and processes. They provide leadership in the application of technology in safety, health,
engineering and commercially effective operations and have well-developed interpersonal skills.
They work independently and responsibly, applying judgement to decisions arising in the
application of technology and health and safety considerations to problems and associated risks. Professional
Engineering Technologists have a specialized understanding of engineering sciences underlying a deep
knowledge of specific technologies together with financial, commercial, legal, social and economic, health,
safety and environmental matters.
Module Objectives
Have a pretty good understanding about the diodes, transistors, amplifiers etc
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this subject are to enable the learner to:
• Understand the basic concepts and terminology involved in basic electronic technology.
• Understand basic atomic and semiconductor theory.
Use the theoretical knowledge gained to understand the operation of various electronic components.
• Perform a dc analysis on various electronic circuits, which make use of the components discussed.
• Perform an ac analysis on various electronic circuits, which make use of the components discussed.
• Perform practical experiments, which demonstrate the reality of the theoretical work.
• Understand how the laboratory equipment works and how to use it.
Portfolio:
Please make a portfolio of evidence of all the tests and practical and burn
it on a CD and submit it at the end of the semester with your lab
assessment sheet. On the CD write your surname, initial and student
number and Lab List Number with a permanent marker pen.
Module Outcomes Assessment
SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES There will be 2 tests. Each of 90 minutes duration
and 50 Marks..
DIODE APPLICATIONS
Practical will be given as we progress during the
course. You are required to do all the practical. You
BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS
will be required to pass with a minimum mark of
DC BIASING—BJTS (i.e get 50%) in all the practical.
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Knowledge Areas Weight
This course is part of the complete electronics syllabus. The purpose of this course is:
Design, analyses, combine and assemble various electronic circuits like rectifiers,
protection circuits using diodes and transistor circuits
Investigate and evaluate different means of non-destructive testing of
components and circuits
Derive and prepare various solutions to electrical engineering problems by
means of applying fundamental theory
Work safely with electricity by applying safety precautions
Examine and analyses the functioning and construction of electronic circuits
Select, distinguish and explain the function of the different types of electrical
components
Technologic and scientific reasoning when applying rules of logic to solve
problems
Collect and retrieve information from books, Internet and other data storage and
retrieval facilities
Pre-Requisites
None
The Institutional Policy on RPL applies. See the Head of Department for credits
You must obtain a minimum average of 40% for your theory tests and/ or assignments),
and a minimum average of 50% for your practical work and /or projects in order to gain
entry into the exams.
There will be only two class tests and you must make sure that you write both of them.
If there is a medical reason for missing a test, a doctor’s note dated with the test date,
supplied by a doctor registered by the South African Medical and Dental Council stating
the medical reason for being unable to attend the test, must be submitted to the lecturer
as soon as possible. Mail your medical certificate to the following [email protected] for
attention to your subject lecturer, within the first 48 hours after the doctor declares you
sick.
Only learners that missed one of the class tests with a valid Doctors note will be allowed
to write compulsory sick test (on the first Monday morning after Test 2, from 07H00 to
08H30).
This subject makes use of xxxx Tutors/Demi’s that are appointed for the
duration of the semester. Tutors/Demi’s will assist in the following areas:
Classroom discipline
Individual student assistance during lectures
Marking of short assessments, class tests, main tests as well as laboratory
experiments and reports.
Laboratory assistance regarding discipline, safe working, assessment of actual
experiments, guidance and report marking.
Tutorial lectures is scheduled for (xxxxxxx list a period or more per week for the
tutor to lecture a tutorial)
Assistance with ‘open laboratories’ (for students that fall behind during
laboratories)
Deadlines for projects and assignments are strictly enforced. Work handed in late will
penalized.
I hour late: 10% deducted from the mark earned by the student
1 day late: 20% deducted from the mark earned by the student
2 or more days late 15% deducted from the mark earned by the student for each day’s
delay
NB: Any practical which was not presented to the lecturer will be marked zero
If you are late for class, you will not be allowed to disrupt the lecture in progress. The
lecturer may allow you to enter the class during a break in lecturing. If you are habitually
late, the lecturer will ask you to provide a written explanation to the Faculty Committee.
Please note that you are required to abide by the general rules and regulations of the
University as indicated in the General Prospectus, and also the rules and regulations as
indicated in the Faculty Prospectus.
In order to qualify to write the final examination, you must comply with the
following prerequisites:
7. Obtain a minimum average semester mark of 40% by means of a formula. (See formula under
the heading semester mark)
8. Obtain a minimum average laboratory mark of more than 50%. (Learner must attend all
compulsory laboratory sessions)
9. All requested assignments and reports must handed in on or before due dates.
INSTRUCTIONS
l. You as the learner must prepare your own lab on paper and breadboard well in advance.
2. You should be able to give a valid explanation of the design and remember that labs will
only be evaluated inside the laboratory.
3. With each lab a full report must be handed in during the following laboratory period.(except
with prior permission from your lecturer not to do so)
4. Marking will be done only on the mark sheet provided. This mark sheet must
accompany every lab, and must be carried by you to every lab that you attend.
5. No mark sheet means non-marking of your lab.
6. Each report and assignment must have the prescribed front page.
7. Make 11 copies of the front page and complete one front page for each laboratory experiment
report.
8. Staple laboratory report only in the top left corner. If the report is not stapled, the lecturer
will not accept it.
9. Write down your laboratory list and bench number in the top right corner of the front page.
10. The lecturer will keep all reports. Learners must make copies before handing in these reports.
11. A penalty of 25% per working day after due date will be applied to late laboratory reports
and assignments.
12. No further extensions will be granted. No doctor’s notes will be accepted as motivation for
further extension.
13. Only original laboratory and assignment must be submitted.
14. Every learner must have his/her own components, leads, multimeter and tools.
Learners who choose to ignore this instruction will be suspended from all future
laboratories.
15. Learners may only work in-group of two when current and
voltage measurements are needed in the experiment.
16. Learners that fail labs but obtain at least 40% for the labs may qualify to write the exam if
they build an extra assignment and that assignment is working and handed in by the deadline.
17. Learners that have a year mark below 40% but at least 37% and have already passed labs
may still qualify to write the exam by building an extra assignment. If it is functionally and
is handed in by the deadline, the learner will be given 3% bonus on their year mark.
18. Any other learner wishing to improve their year mark that has already passed labs may also
build the assignment to earn an extra 3% on their year mark.
19. There will be NO gifts or mercy. If you want extra points, you must do the extra
assignment or fail.
20. At the end of the semester your mark sheet will be used to determine your final lab mark.
21 No food or beverages will be allowed in the laboratory. Learners who choose to ignore this
instruction will be suspended from all future laboratories.
INSTRUCTIONS
l. You as the learner must prepare your own lab on paper and breadboard well in advance.
2. You should be able to give a valid explanation of the design and remember that labs will
only be evaluated inside the laboratory.
3. With each lab a full report must be handed in during the following laboratory period.(except
with prior permission from your lecturer not to do so)
4. Marking will be done only on the mark sheet provided. This mark sheet must
accompany every lab, and must be carried by you to every lab that you attend.
5. No mark sheet means non-marking of your lab.
6. Each report and assignment must have the prescribed front page.
7. Make ____ copies of the front page and complete one front page for each laboratory
experiment report.
8. Staple laboratory report only in the top left corner. If the report is not stapled, the lecturer
will not accept it.
9. Write down your laboratory list and bench number in the top right corner of the front page.
10. The lecturer will keep all reports. Learners must make copies before handing in these reports.
11. A penalty of 25% per working day after due date will be applied to late laboratory reports
and assignments.
12. No further extensions will be granted. No doctor’s notes will be accepted as motivation for
further extension.
13. Only original laboratory and assignment must be submitted.
14. Every learner must have his/her own components, leads, multi-meter and tools.
Learners who choose to ignore this instruction will be suspended from all future
laboratories.
15. Learners may only work in-group of two when current and voltage measurements are
needed in the experiment.
16. Learners that fail labs but obtain at least 40% for the labs may qualify to write the exam if
they build an extra assignment and that assignment is working and handed in by the deadline.
17. Learners that have a year mark below 40% but at least 37% and have already passed labs
may still qualify to write the exam by building an extra assignment. If it is functionally and
is handed in by the deadline, the learner will be given 3% on their year mark. The assignment
can also be part of a TEST/S question, if you pass the assignment question/s then you will
be able to get your 3% to get a minimum year mark of 40% .
18. Any other learner wishing to improve their year mark that has already passed labs may also
build the assignment to earn an extra 3% on their year mark.
19. There will be NO gifts or mercy. If you want extra points, you must do the extra
assignment or fail.
20. At the end of the semester your mark sheet will be used to determine your final lab mark.
21 No food or beverages will be allowed in the laboratory. Learners who choose to ignore this
instruction will be suspended from all future laboratories.
GUIDELINES:
l. Consultations: Appointments can be made after theory periods.
Consultations only on an appointment. No appointment means no
consultation.
2. Absolute silence in class while lectures are in progress
3. Learners will attend all the lectures and laboratory/experiments sessions.
4. Learners will write all the class tests and hand any assignments on the
required dates, learners not handing in assignments (this can include lab
reports etc.), will be penalised.
5. No late arrival of learners to lectures or labs will be tolerated. If a learner
arrives more than 5 minutes late for a lecture, he or she must not even
attempt to join the class until a break is given, to avoid disturbing the
lecturer and the learners. Your co-operation will be appreciated.
TEST DATES
DUE DATES
Assignments: Two working days before Test 2
A penalty of 25% per working day after due date will be
applied.
INSTRUMENTS
1 MULTIMETER (AC/DC VOLTS, CURRENT AND YOU MUST BE ABLE TO
MEASURE RESISTANCE)
COMPONENTS
1 BREAD BOARD
DIODES
6 DIODES 1N4001/2/3/4/5/6/7CAPACITORS
TRANSISTORS
2 x BC107 OR EQUIVALENT
RESISTORS
3 x 150 ¼ WATT
3 x 220 ¼ WATT
3 x 390 ¼ WATT
3 x 1000 ¼ WATT
3 x 4700 ¼ WATT
3 x 8200 ¼ WATT
3 x 18000 ¼ WATT
3 x 330 ½ WATT
3 x 560 ½ WATT
2 x 5000 POTENTIOMETER
POCKET CALCULATORS
In accordance with University of Johannesburg regulations E11 and E15 and Faculty
regulations E278, E380 and E604 the following instruction concerning the use of pocket
calculators will appear on all the question papers of this subject: -
Type 1 calculator
Casio FX 82
Sharp EL 506,531 and 556.
Any candidate in possession of a calculator other than the above must obtain written approval
from the Head of the School. This approval must be available during tests and examination.
ASSESSMENT DETAILS
Assessment practice
Assessment practices will be based on the following principles.
Types of assessments
(a) Diagnostic: conducted at the beginning of a course or unit to determine the level of an
applicant’s/student’s knowledge and skills to assist a student to determine an appropriate
learning pathway or to assist the lecturer to adapt teaching accordingly. (Optional and
mainly for students that discontinued their studies for a period of time)
(b) Formative: conducted to provide a student with feedback on performance but does not
contribute to the aggregate mark.
(c) Summative: carried out to provide students, lecturers and employers with evidence of the
extent to which a student has achieved the intended learning outcomes.
(d) Criterion-referenced: assessment of student performance against specified criteria related to
the learning outcomes.
(e) Norm-referenced: assesses students against other students, awarding grades against a bell-
curve distribution.
Please Note: On top of passing the module outcomes you also have to comply with
the Graduate Attributes for this module. Compliance does not mean passing it
means you must be able to proof that you can do it.
TEST DATES
TEST WEEK 1: As Scheduled by faculty Q/K Building G207 29 Aug 2019 08:00 to 09:45
TEST WEEK 2: As Scheduled by faculty Q/K Building G207 14 Oct 2019 08:00 to 09:45
Final mark
The semester mark counts 40% of your final mark for the subject.
An examination at the end of each semester will count 60% towards your final mark.
A minimum mark of 50% is required for the practical/assignment work to obtain
examination entrance.
A Minimum of COMPLIANCE is required for the Graduate Attributes (if/where
applicable)
Year/semester marks will be published on the departmental notice boards for five days
during the second last week of the academic semester, It is your responsibility to make
sure that a valid and correct year/semester mark was allocated to you. Failure to do this will
result in that your exam mark will be cancelled if no valid year mark was captured before
the day of the subject’s final assessment (examination).
Examination results
Supplementary examinations will only be awarded if you qualify for such an exam/
assessment (see faculty rules) and you have applied in time for such an exam or assessment.
DETAILED SUBJECT SYLLABUS
11 SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Ideal Diode 1
1.3 Semiconductor Materials 3
1.4 Energy Levels 6
1.5 Extrinsic Materials—n- and p-Type 7
1.6 Semiconductor Diode 10
1.7 Resistance Levels 17
1.8 Diode Equivalent Circuits 24
1.9 Diode Specification Sheets 27
1.10 Transition and Diffusion Capacitance 31
1.11 Reverse Recovery Time 32
1.12 Semiconductor Diode Notation 32
1.13 Diode Testing 33
1.14 Zener Diodes 35
1.15 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 38
1.16 Diode Arrays—Integrated Circuits 42
1.17 PSpice Windows 43
2.1 Introduction 51
2.2 Load-Line Analysis 52
2.3 Diode Approximations 57
2.4 Series Diode Configurations with DC Inputs 59
2.5 Parallel and Series-Parallel Configurations 64
2.6 AND/OR Gates 67
2.7 Sinusoidal Inputs; Half-Wave Rectification 69
2.8 Full-Wave Rectification 72
2.9 Clippers 76
2.10 Clampers 83
2.11 Zener Diodes 87
2.12 Voltage-Multiplier Circuits 94
2.13 PSpice Windows 97
2.12 PSpice Windows 138
2.13. OTHER TWO TERMINAL DEVICES. Duration 1 period
Chapter 2 of prescribed text book
2.13.1 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD). Basic definition of a NEMANTIC liquid, operation
and applications.
2.13.2 Solar Cells. Basic construction and operation. Applications.
3 BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR. Duration 8 periods
Chapter 3 of prescribed text book
The time duration's indicated above can also be seen as a percentage of the total time
available since holidays and unforeseen circumstances, which may lead to the
cancellation of periods, cannot be predicted.
Additional Resources
See Student Survival Guide for academic support, counselling and library times and
usage.
These will be negotiated and completed in the class. Statements will cover the
following issues:
o Attendance
o Use of the Library
o Confidentiality
o Assignments requirements
o Late assignment
o Punctuality
o Absenteeism from assessments
o Practical rules
o Class Rules
Please note that Tutors/Demi’s are there to guide you and not to do your work.
Tutors and Demi’s are appointed by the university as part time staff with privileges
and rights as determined by the University applicable to part time staff. An example
is that a Tutor/Demi may prohibit you from entering a laboratory should you not be
well prepared or he/she may ask you to leave the venue should you misbehave.
This subject does not normally make use of Tutors/Demi’s. However should they be
appointed they will assist in the following areas:
• Classroom discipline
• Individual student assistance during lectures
• Marking of short assessments, class tests, main tests as well as laboratory
experiments and reports.
• Laboratory assistance regarding discipline, safe working, assessment of actual
experiments, guidance and report marking.
• Tutorial lectures
• Assistance with ‘open laboratories’ (for students that fall behind during
laboratories)
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS FOR ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
Laboratory rules
These form a very important part of the syllabus, without which exam entrance will not be given.
1. A proper practical laboratory report must be completed for experiments as indicated by your
laboratory assessor.
2. Lab reports are due one week after the particular lab has been done. (This will be on the
morning/ afternoon when you start with the next laboratory.)
3. Lab reports will be marked according to the mark schedule shown below:
4. Safe working. Do not switch on/ connect circuitry to 220V unless instructed to do so.
7. The experiments, which are attached to this learner guide, have time limits, this is to ensure
that students don’t leave experiments till the end of the semester, but rather helps students to
plan their work. If you exceed these time limits by one day, 25% will be deducted from your
mark. If you exceeds the time limit by 2 days = 50% will be deducted or if you exceeds it by
3 days =100% will be deducted. Laboratory sessions are compulsory and a valid sick note is
required if you missed more than one laboratory. [See Rules about absenteeism and sick
notes]
9. Laboratory marks are NOT transferable from one semester to the next. If you fail a subject,
you have to redo the entire practical.
10. The subject assessor determines the number of laboratories and assessments required meeting
minimum outcome requirements but these laboratories will never be less than four.
NOTE: PREPARE ALL LABORATORIES ON BREADBOARD BEFORE
ATTENDING A SPECIFIC LABORATORY.
Breadboard
You are now ready to build your first circuit. We will be using breadboard to build our circuits.
Breadboard is a board with many holes in it. Components and wire are inserted into the holes
so that a connection can be made between them.
This is what a breadboard looks like.
Your instructor will now demonstrate how the breadboard works - you will find it a very useful
tool in designing and building your circuits.
What else do you need to successfully build your circuits? You need connecting wire
(approximately 1mm in diameter), a cutter or “skinning” tool and the components you are
going to use.
Skinning your connecting wires
What does skinning mean? Your connecting wires consists of an insulating outside layer,
usually made from plastic, and an inner conductor, usually made from copper. To skin your
connecting wires is to remove some of the insulation at the end of wire, so that a section of the
conductor in the centre will protrude - you will now be able to insert them into your
breadboard. The following diagram illustrates a skinned wire.
Conductor
3 - 4mm
Experiment 1
Objective:
To build a simple circuit so that the learner can be familiarised with the breadboard,
components and connecting wires. A light emitting diode is used to indicate to the learner that
the constructed circuit is working successfully.
Circuit diagram
Power Supply
220 LED(symbol)
5V
Apparatus
Procedure
The LED (light emitting diode) and power supply have not yet been dealt with, but the aim of
this exercise is not to know how an LED and power supply work - these will be done in later
chapters. The point however is that you must be able to construct the circuit correctly. Your
instructor will help you to identify the correct components to be used.
Make sure that all connecting wires are skinned properly so as to insert them into the
breadboard.
Construct the circuit as per circuit diagram, make sure that all components are inserted
correctly into the breadboard. You will notice that the LED has a long and short leg. Insert the
LED as shown in the diagram. Also make sure that the voltage source (battery) is inserted into
the power rail of the breadboard - it is always good practice to insert your voltage source in this
way.
Switch on your power supply only once your circuit has been constructed properly and
the instructor has checked it.
Results
What do you notice about your circuit. If the LED does not glow, then your circuit has not been
constructed properly. Ask your instructor for assistance if necessary.
Experiment 2
Objective
To test Ohm’s law on a circuit, that the learner will construct, by using an analogue and digital
voltmeter. To understand the operation of an analogue and digital voltmeter.
Circuit
V1
R = 150
V2
E = 5V
Apparatus
Procedure
Calculate the current and hence the voltage across the resistor using Ohms’s law.
Construct the circuit on breadboard as per circuit diagram. Let voltmeter 1 (V1) be a digital
voltmeter and voltmeter 2 (V2) be an analogue voltmeter. Remember to only switch on the
power supply once the circuit has been constructed.
If you are sure your circuit is constructed properly, then you can switch on the power
supply. Always make sure that your power supply is set to 0V initially and then you can
slowly adjust your power supply, until it reaches 5V. Use the analogue meter to confirm
that your voltage is 5V.
You must now write down the voltage reading of the digital voltmeter - this is the volt drop
across the resistor. Does it confirm what you have calculated using Ohm’s law?
Results
Theoretical calculation of current in circuit________________________________________
Theoretical calculation of volt drop across resistor__________________________________
Reading of voltmeter 1 (digital voltmeter)_________________________________________
Practical 1
Objective
1N4001/2/..7
V 390
Power 5V
supply
A
Apparatus
DC power supply
390 1/4 watt resistor.
1N4001/2/3/4/../7 diode
Connecting wires
A breadboard
Appropriate connecting leads
An appropriate ammeter and voltmeter.
Procedure
Results
Plot a graph of ID versus VD. Must be done on graph paper. A computer readout is also
acceptable.
Determine from the graph a value for d.c. and a.c. resistance.
Show the points plotted on the graph and also show the necessary calculations.
Discussion
What did you notice about the volt drop across the diode once the knee voltage has been
reached.
At what value, according to your graph, is the knee voltage?
What happens to ID once the knee voltage has been reached.
What would the knee voltage of an “ideal” diode be?
Experiment 3
Objective
To observe the operation of an LED (light emitting diode)
Circuit
330
5K
Apparatus
330 1/2 watt resistor
5K potentiometer
One L.E.D
Breadboard
DC power supply
Appropriate measuring instruments as shown in diagram.
Appropriate connecting leads
Method
Test all components before connecting the circuit.
Construct the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. The power supply must be off while
constructing the circuit.
Ensure that the power supply voltage control is set to a minimum. Switch ON the power
supply, and set the voltage to 10V.
With the 5K pot set to zero ohms, measure the current flowing in the circuit as well as the
potential across the diode. Tabulate these results.
Vary the 5K pot until it reaches maximum resistance, and observe the brightness of the
L.E.D.
Does the L.E.D brightness vary.
With the 5K pot set at maximum resistance, again measure the current flowing in the
circuit as well as the potential across the diode. Tabulate these results.
Results
From both sets of measurements, calculate the power dissipated by the L.E.D.
Does the diode forward voltage vary a lot?
Does the forward current vary much?
Why is the 330 resistor necessary in the circuit.
Conclusion
Draw and explain a circuit of your own choice (be creative), in which an L.E.D. would be used.
Experiment 4
Objective
To measure and interpret a voltage signal, originating from a signal generator, with an
oscilloscope. To confirm results using a digital voltmeter.
Procedure
Calibrate the oscilloscope.
Adjust the amplitude and frequency controls on the signal generator to be a minimum.
Connect the equipment as shown in the diagram.
Set the oscilloscope to have the settings as shown in the diagram.
Switch on the oscilloscope and the signal generator.
Ensure that the intensity, focus and illumination controls are adjusted correctly.
Adjust the amplitude control and frequency control to that shown in the diagram.
Do you get a successful display on your oscilloscope? Draw the waveform on the graticule
in the results section. If you have any problems ask your instructor to help you.
Calculate the RMS value of this signal.
Switch off the oscilloscope and signal generator and disconnect them from one another.
Switch on the signal generator again and then measure the output with the voltmeter set to
ac.
Change the voltmeter setting now to dc and take a measurement again.
Results
Draw the signal on the graticule below as it appears on the oscilloscope display.
Experiment 5
Objective
To measure and interpret voltage signals from a description of the required signal, originating
from a signal generator, with an oscilloscope. To set the oscilloscope amplitude settings and
time-base settings to successfully view the required signal on the graticule.;
Diagram of equipment to be used
Same as that in experiment 5.
Apparatus
Signal generator and Oscilloscope
Appropriate connecting lead (BNC to BNC or BANANA to BNC)
A digital voltmeter.
Procedure
Calibrate the oscilloscope.
Adjust the amplitude and frequency controls on the signal generator to be a minimum.
Connect the equipment as shown in the diagram.
Switch on the oscilloscope and the signal generator.
Ensure that the intensity, focus and illumination controls are adjusted correctly.
You are now required to produce the following sinusoidal voltage signals from the signal
generator and to display them on the oscilloscope: (use your own discretion as to the
voltage and time base setting of the oscilloscope - if you have difficulties consult your
instructor)
1. 4Vp-p 2000Hz dc offset: 0V
2. 3Vpeak 10000Hz dc offset: 0V
3. 8Vp-p 5000Hz dc offset: 2V
Confirm the above signals each time with your instructor.
Results
Draw the signals on the graticules below as they appear on the oscilloscope display.
(REMEMBER TO DRAW THE WAVEFORM, SHOW THE
AMPLITUDE, LABEL THE DIAGRAM, AND SHOW THE TIME)
(SALT)
With experiment 4 and 5 the signal generator was under a no load condition. This means no
circuitry was connected to the signal generator. It would be appropriate now to construct a
simple circuit and then measure the voltage signals as they appear in the circuit.
Experiment 6
Objective
To measure and interpret voltage signals in a circuit with both channels of the oscilloscope.
Circuit Diagram
common to channel 1
and channel 2 channel 1 channel 2
R1 R2
1000 1000
6Vpeak at 1000Hz
from signal generator
Apparatus
Two 1000 1/4 watt resistors
Breadboard
Connecting wire
2 oscilloscope probes or equivalent connecting leads
Signal generator
Oscilloscope
Appropriate connecting lead (BNC to BNC or BANANA to BNC) for signal generator.
Procedure
Calibrate the oscilloscope.
Adjust the amplitude and frequency controls on the signal generator to be a minimum.
Construct the circuit equipment as shown in the diagram.
Connect the various points on the circuit to the oscilloscope - just remember that channel1
and channel 2 have a common ground or screen connection.
Switch the vertical mode switch to channel 2.
Switch on the signal generator and oscilloscope.
Adjust the signal on the signal generator to be 6 volts peak at 1000Hz - use the oscilloscope
to verify that the signal is in fact 6Vpeak at 1000Hz (use channel 2 as already connected)
From the voltage divider rule we can see that the voltage is distributed equally amongst the
resistors, since they are equal, this means that the signal as measured by channel 1 should
be half the amplitude of the signal as measured by channel 2.
Switch the vertical mode switch to alternate and verify the above statement.
Draw the waveforms as seen on the oscilloscope graticule in the result section.
Results
Draw the signal on the graticule below as it appears on the oscilloscope display.
(REMEMBER SALT)
Volt/div :______________ time-base :_______________
Experiment 7
Objective
To illustrate a diode’s ability to protect a circuit using the bridge configuration.
Circuit Diagram
Wiring diagram
The resistor is the load in this circuit, although it could be replaced by a radio.
Apparatus
Breadboard
Connecting wire
DC Power supply
Appropriate connecting leads
220 resistor
4 1N4001/2/3/4/5/6/7 diode (can be 1N4001 or 1N4002 etc.)
Voltmeter with appropriate leads
Procedure
Ensure that the dc power supply is switched off and that it is set to a minimum.
Construct the circuit as shown by the circuit diagram and the wiring diagram.
Switch on the power supply.
Adjust the power supply voltage to 5V (measure this with a voltmeter)
Take voltage readings across the resistor.
Write your results in the results section of this experiment.
Switch off the power supply.
Reverse the power supply connections.
Switch on the power supply and take a voltage reading across the resistor.
Practical 2
Objective
To construct and test a half - wave rectifier circuit.
Circuit Diagram
18 : 1
220Vrms 12Vrms RL
50Hz 50Hz
Wiring diagram
Apparatus
Breadboard
Connecting wire
Transformer (18:1) - this can be replaced by a signal generator. Should a signal generator be used
then the signal should be 15V peak at 100Hz.
Appropriate connecting leads
4700 resistor
1 1N4001/2/3/4/5/6/7 diode (can be 1N4001 or 1N4002 etc.)
Oscilloscope
Oscilloscope probe
Procedure
Ensure that there is no power supplied to the circuit yet.
Calibrate the oscilloscope.
Construct the circuit as shown by the circuit diagram and the wiring diagram.
Channel 1 of the oscilloscope is connected across the resistor and channel 2 is connected
across the supply (transformer or signal generator) - IF YOU ONLY HAVE ONE
OSCILLOSCOPE PROBE THEN FIRST CONNECT THE PROBE ACROSS THE
SUPPLY.
Switch on the power supply to the transformer.
Draw the waveform, appearing on the oscilloscope display, of the transformer secondary on
the graticule which can be found in the results section.
Confirm that the peak values of the waveform are in fact correct by applying the formula Vp
= Vrms 1.414 or Vp = Vrms/0,7071.
Connect the oscilloscope channel across the resistor and then draw the waveform, that can
be viewed, on the graticule provided in the results section.
Confirm that the peak values of the waveform are correct, if you consider that the diode has
a voltdrop of 0,7V.
Calculate the rms voltage that appears across the load by using the formula Vrms = Vp/2
Calculate the average (dc) voltage that appears across the load by using the formula
Vdc = 0,318 Vp and confirm this result by taking a voltage reading with your multimeter
set on dc.
Connect the oscilloscope channel across the diode and then draw the waveform, that can be
viewed, on the graticule provided in the results section.
What is the peak inverse voltage the diode is experiencing in the circuit under test.
Results:
Voltage waveform of transformer secondary Voltage waveform across the resistor
Practical 3
Objective
To construct and test a bridge - rectifier circuit.
Circuit diagram
18 : 1
6V rms
220V rms
50Hz
4700F
Wiring diagram
Apparatus
Breadboard
Connecting wire
Transformer (18:1) or signal generator. Should a signal generator be used then the signal should
be 15V peak at 100Hz.
Appropriate connecting leads
4700 1/4 watt resistor
4 1N4001/2/3/4/5/6/7 diode (can be 1N4001 or 1N4002 etc.)
Oscilloscope
Oscilloscope probe
Procedure
Measure the peak value of the voltage waveform, using the oscilloscope (ensure that the
oscilloscope is set to dc), appearing across the resistor and write this value in the space
provided in the results section.
Compare the peak value of the voltage appearing across the transformer secondary/signal
generator to the peak value of the voltage appearing across the resistor - write your
observation in the results section
Draw the waveform, appearing on the oscilloscope display, of the voltage waveform
appearing across the resistor, on the graticule which can be found in the results section.
What is the rms voltage across the resistor? Use the formula Vrms = Vpeak 0,7071. Write
your answer in the results section.
What is the dc voltage across the resistor? Use the formula Vdc = Vpeak 0,636. Write your
answer in the results section.
Confirm the above result by measuring the dc value with a voltmeter set on dc - write this
value in the results section.
What is the frequency of the voltage waveform across the resistor? Write your answer in the
space provided in the results section.
What is the peak inverse voltage that any diode is experiencing in the circuit under test? This
you can measure by connecting your oscilloscope probe (channel 1) across any diode.
Results:
Peak voltage measured across transformer secondary: ___________________
Peak voltage measured across the resistor: ____________________________
Difference in the above two peak values? _____________________________
Why is there this difference in the two peak values?
Voltage waveform across the resistor
Practical 4
Objective
To construct and test a voltage-divider transistor amplifier.
Circuit Diagram
Vcc = 18V
18k R1 1K
Rc
C2
C1
10F
10F O u tp u t
v in
v o lta g e
8 ,2 k R2 560 Re Ce
100F
Apparatus
Breadboard
Connecting wire
Appropriate connecting leads
100F or 150F capacitor (30-50V rating)
BC107 or equivalent transistor.
Resistors as shown in the circuit diagram (use 1/4 W)
Voltmeter
Oscilloscope and Oscilloscope probe
Procedure
Ensure that there is no power supplied to the circuit yet.
Calibrate the oscilloscope.
First construct the circuit enclosed in the dashed lines as shown by the circuit diagram. (all
the other components will be inserted later).
Switch on the power supply.
Measure the dc voltages of the following: VBE; VBC; VCE (write these results in the space
provided in the results section).
Confirm that the transistor has been biased properly.
Switch off the power supply.
Add all the other components which is outside the dashed line as shown in the circuit diagram.
Connect the signal generator to the input and ensure that the amplitude setting is on a
minimum..
Ensure that the oscilloscope is calibrated.
Switch ON the power supply and signal generator.
Measure the input voltage with channel 1 of the oscilloscope.
The input voltage waveform (sinusoidal) must not be greater than 0,1Vp-p. Write this value
in the results section.
Measure the output voltage waveform with channel 1 of the oscilloscope. Write this value in
the results section.
Determine the voltage gain (voltage gain = output voltage/ input voltage). Write this value in
the results section.
For an audio effect a speaker can be inserted at the input first and then at the output. Notice
the difference in volume.
Determine the true RMS voltage and the ripple factor across the load resistor of a full
wave rectifier circuit.
The supply voltage, to be obtained from a signal generator, is 4V peak at approximately
1000 Hz.
The diode can be of the 1N4001/2/3/4/5...x type and the load resistor must be 4,7K.
Please ensure that the signal generator signal has no DC component, this can be
adjusted by using the dc-offset control, otherwise the lab results will be inaccurate.
Make use of an oscilloscope to measure the above signal. It is always better to measure
the signal from the signal generator when it is connected to the appropriate circuit; this
overcomes any possible loading effects of the signal generator.
LABORATORY 2
The series resistor Rs must be able to handle the anticipated power in the resistor
and the power dissipated in the Zener may not exceed its own power rating. This means
CALCULATE and ACQUIRE a suitable resistor, which can handle the expected power.
A transistor may be used, but this is optional, to aid in current handling.
The input voltage to the regulator must vary between 10V min and 12V max. This must
be supplied from a DC power supply.
_____________________________________
The next few labs are a bit more complex as very little design information is given. You
as the student need to evaluate each and conduct proper library research as to make
each design work.
_____________________________________
LABORATORY 3
1. Design and develop a dual power supply regulator section using a LM317 and
LM337 regulator to supply currents between 0 and 1,5A to a variable load resistor at a
voltage of 2 to +12V.
Use protection diodes across the regulators. What is the function of these diodes?
2. Design and construct a single supply section (like below) and test your design
using the laboratory bench power supply
LABORATORY 4
A switch mode power supply circuit is versatile. It can be used to step down an
unregulated DC input voltage to produce a regulated DC output voltage using a circuit
known as Buck Converter or Step-Down SMPS. Design and test such a regulator.
Typical SMPS chip include but is not limited to LM 2574 or 2575 or 2576
For fast switching diodes you may use Schottky barriers like the 11DQ06 (1.1A@60V)
Toroidal Inductors at ±220uH 1000mA should be fine. (RS part number 7447 020)
You may construct your own toroidal inductor with 0.5 mm (24 AWG) enamel coated
wire. See calculator at http://www.lalena.com/audio/calculator/inductor/ . Ferrite or
powdered iron cores may be used but powdered core is better because it has a much
lower permeability than ferrite, and the DC flowing in the windings does not saturate
the core.
Inductance of a winding around a toroidal ring of core material with
relative permeability of μr with circular cross-section:
L = inductance in H
μ0 = permeability of free space = 4π × 10-7 H/m
μr = relative permeability of core material
N = number of turns
r = radius of coil winding in meters
D = overall diameter of toroid in meters
LABORATORY 5
1. Why is the measured hfe higher than the hfe stated in the data sheet?
2. Find values for the biasing resistors R1, R2 and RC using the above information.
3. Construct the circuit.
4. Measure DC voltages VB, VE and VC
5. Calculate IC=IE
6. Calculate re
7. With input signal = 10mV at F = 10 kHz, measure and record the load voltage.
What is the voltage gain with the load connected? Hint. Function generator
outputs are normally too high which means that Vo, which is gain x vin, will be a
saturated [square] wave form clipped at approximately Vcc level.
8. Determine Av and the load voltage theoretically
9. Explain if the design was successful? Indicate any possible factor(s) if results are
not fully satisfactory.
LABORATORY 6
Design a passive low pas filter (LPF) with Fo at 1 kHz. Use a 1 uF capacitor in your
design.
Display the output of the filter on an oscilloscope.
What is the phase shift at 1 kHz?
LABORATORY WEIGHT MARK LABORATORY WEIGHT MARK
……………………………………………………………………. …………………….
ASSIGNMENT NUMBER
LEARNER SURNAME
LEARNER INITIALS
LEARNER NUMBER
2 0 1 3
DATE HANDED IN 5
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SUBJECT:ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS 1B SUBJECT CODE ELCELB1
Mark
LABORATORY LIST NUMBER
ASSIGNMENT NUMBER
LEARNER SURNAME
LEARNER INITIALS
LEARNER NUMBER
GROUP NUMBER
2 0 1 8
DATE HANDED IN 5
58
59
SUBJECT: ELECTRONIC I SUBJECT CODE ELCELB1
LABORATORY LIST BENCH NUMBER
NUMBER
LEARNER SURNAME LEARNER INITIALS
LEARNER NUMBER
GROUP NUMBER
LABORATORY WORK MARK SHEET
LABORATORY 1 FINAL DATE WEIGHT MARK
EXPERIMENT: NUMBER
1 Preparation 20%
2 Presentation 1%
3 Objective 1%
4 Diagram 1%
5 Apparatus 1%
6 Procedure / Method 6%
7 Results calculated and measured 20%
8 Does the circuit operates properly 2%
9 Discussion and Conclusion (what does results mean) 40%
10 Problem / error handling / fault finding 8%
TOTAL: 100%
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