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4 Periodic Table of Elements
4 Periodic Table of Elements
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
• describe the contributions of scientists in the historical development of the Periodic Table,
• identify groups and periods in the Periodic Table,
• state the basic principle of arranging the elements in the Periodic Table from their proton numbers,
• relate the electron arrangement of an element to its group and period,
• explain the advantages of grouping elements in the Periodic Table,
• predict the group and the period of an element based on its electron arrangement.
Activity 1
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 4 :Periodic Table of Elements
Activity 2
d) Elements with similar chemical properties are placed in the same …………………………
e) (The period number of an element) = (The number of …………. occupied with electrons
in its atom.)
1
1 H
4
2 He 1
7
3 Li 2.1
11
5 B 2.3
12
6 C 2 2
14
7 N 5 15
16
8 O
19
9 F 17
20
10 Ne 2.8
24
12 Mg
27
13 Al 2.8.3
2
WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 4 :Periodic Table of Elements
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14 Si
32
16 S
35 .
17 Cl
39
19 K
40
20 Ca
Period …………………………
3
WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 4 :Periodic Table of Elements
Activity 3 :
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 4 :Periodic Table of Elements
3 All noble gases are ……………………. which means chemically unreactive. This is
because they have ………………………. Electron arrangement.
Example : (i) Helium atom has …………………. valence electrons which is called a
…………………………… electron arrangement
(ii) Other noble gases has …………………… valence electrons which is
called an ………………………. electron arrangement.
4 The noble gases exists as ……………………. gases because their electron arrangement
are very …………………………..
Activity 4
a) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Group 1 elements react vigorously with water to produce alkaline metal hydroxide
solutions and hydrogen gas
Example: 2 Li + 2 H 2 O 2 LiOH + H 2
Write down the balanced equation when potassium reacts with water
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 4 :Periodic Table of Elements
2. Group 1 elements react with oxygen gas rapidly to produce white solid metal oxides.
Example: 4 Li + O2 2 Li 2 O
Write down the balanced equation when rubidium reacts with oxygen
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Group 1 elements react t with chlorine gas Cl 2 , to form white solid metal chlorides.
Example: 2 Na + Cl 2 2 NaCl
Write down the balanced equation when potassium reacts with chlorine gas
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4 The reactivity of Group 1 elements increases when going down the group.
Explain why.
a) When going down Group 1 the single valence electron in the outermost occupied
shell become ………………….. from the nucleus.
b) The attraction between the nucleus and the valence electron become …………. .
c) Therefore it is ……………. for the atom to donate the single valence electron to
achieve the stable electron arrangement.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Activity 5
Lithium , sodium and potassium have …………electron in their outermost occupied shell.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 4 :Periodic Table of Elements
2) What has to happen to an atom of alkali metal for it to achieve a stable electron
arrangement of inert gas ?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3) What is the charge of an alkali metal ion ? .
…………............................................................................................…………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
......................................................................................................................................
Activity 6
Problem Statement: How does the reactivity of Group 1 elements change when
they react with water?
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 4 :Periodic Table of Elements
Sodium
Potassium
a) Problem Statement:
……………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………...
b) Hypothesis:
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
c) Variables:
Manipulated variable – …………………………………………………….
Alkali metal
oxygen
d) Write the procedure of this experiment.
(refer to practical book pg 36)
Sodium
Potassium
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 4 :Periodic Table of Elements
……………………………………………………………………………………
Activity 7
a) Chlorine – …………………………………………………………………………….
b) Iodine – ………………………………………………………………………………..
i) Fluorine: ……………………………………………
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 4 :Periodic Table of Elements
3) When going down the Group 17, the melting and boiling points increase. Explain
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………..
b). In gaseous state they react with hot iron to form a brown solid, iron (III) halides.
Example: 2 Fe + 3Br 2 2FeBr 3
………………………………………………………………………………………
c). Group 17 elements react t with sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH , to form
sodium halide, sodium halate (I) and water
Write a balanced equation when chlorine reacts with sodium hydroxide solution
………………………………………………………………………………………….
5) The reactivity of Group 17 elements decreases when going down the group.
Explain why.
6) Chlorine gas reacts more vigorously with hot iron as compared to bromine gas.
Explain (Proton number: Cl, 17 ; Br, 35)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………..
Activity 8
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 4 :Periodic Table of Elements
Halogen Observation
Reactant Chlorine Bromine Iodine
Water
Iron wool
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b). Write a chemical equation for the reaction between element D and hot iron.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 4 :Periodic Table of Elements
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
• list all elements in Period 3,
• write electron arrangements of all elements in Period 3,
• describe changes in the properties of elements across Period 3,
• state changes in the properties of the oxides of elements across Period 3,
• predict changes in the properties of elements across Period 2,
Activity 9
Period 3 in the Periodic Table – Properties of Elements
Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Proton number 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Electron
arrangement
Number of valence
electrons
Atomic radius (pm) 186 160 143 118 110 104 100 94
Physical state at Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Gas Gas
room temperature
Electronegativity 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0 -
e) The atomic radius (atomic size) of elements ………………… from left to right across the
period 3
f) The electronegativity of elements. …………………….. from left to right across the period 3 .
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 4 :Periodic Table of Elements
Activity 10
(b). Based on your answers in (a), what inferences can you make about the
properties of each of the oxides?
The diagram above shows the symbols of lithium, carbon and fluorine.
(a). Which period in the Periodic Table can you find the three elements? Explain.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b). Arrange the three elements in order of increasing atomic size.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
(c). Compare the electronegativity of the three elements. Explain your answer.
This is due to the (ii)………………….. nuclei attraction on the valence electrons and the
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 4 :Periodic Table of Elements
F TRANSITION ELEMENTS
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
• identify the positions of transition elements in the Periodic Table,
• give examples of transition elements,
• describe properties of transition elements,
• state uses of transition elements in industries.
Activity 11
1 (a) Transtition elements are elements from Group ………………. to Group ……………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 4 :Periodic Table of Elements
**(Precious stones such as emerald, rubies, sapphire and jade are beautiful due to the colours
of the transition element compounds present in them )
Activity 12
1 Diagram 1 shows part of the Periodic Table of the Elements. D, E, G, L, M, and J, that do not
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 4 :Periodic Table of Elements
L
D
M J
E G
Diagram 1
Using the letters in the Periodic Table of the Elements in Diagram 1, answer the following
questions.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Choose the element which exhibit different oxidation numbers in its compounds.
…………………………………………………………...………………………..
..............................…………………………………………………………………
...............................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………..
……..….…………………………………………………………………………
2 The information shows the chemical symbols which represent elements W, X, Y and Z.
27 35 16 12 23
13 17 6 11
WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 4 :Periodic Table of Elements
W X Y Z
(b) (i) What is the meaning of the “period” in the Periodic Table of element?
.......................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
(ii) State the period of element W in the Periodic Table of element. Explain.
....….…………………………………………………..............….......…….
..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
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