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S.SEETARAM SWAMY, M.Pharm.,: Asst. Professor, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chilkur Balaji College of Pharmacy
S.SEETARAM SWAMY, M.Pharm.,: Asst. Professor, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chilkur Balaji College of Pharmacy
,
Asst. professor,
Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Chilkur Balaji College of Pharmacy.
E-mail:[email protected]
1
STEREOCHEMISTRY
The π-bond in an alkene does not permit rotation, thus all of the atoms attached
directly to the alkene lie in a plane.
Groups attached to the alkene could be positioned on the same side of the alkene
(or) on opposite sides of the alkene. Such compounds are different in chemical and
physical properties as well as in their geometry, and are called geometrical
isomers.
Ex:
In 2-butene the methyl groups can be located on the same side or on the opposite
side of the double bond, giving rise to two geometrical isomers.
cis-2-butene trans-2-butene
The isomer with the groups on the same side is called the Cis isomer, while the
isomer with the groups located on opposite sides is called the Trans isomer.
Trans isomers of compounds are usually more stable than Cis isomers.
Geometric (Cis and Trans or E & Z) Isomers
cis-1,2-dichloroethene trans-1,2-dichloroethene
(Z)-1,2-dichloroethene (E)-1,2-dichloroethene
*If one of the two carbon atoms of the double bond has two identical substituents,
there are no cis-trans isomers for that molecule
1-pentene 3-ethyl-3-hexene
1,1-dichloroethene
Identifying cis and trans isomers of Alkenes
Example:
Name the following geometric isomers.
trans-3,4-dichloro-3-heptene cis-3,4-dimethyl-3-octene
Identifying Geometric Isomers
Example:3
Determine whether each of the following molecules can exist as cis-trans isomers:
(1) 3-methyl-2-pentene
cis-3-methyl-2-pentene trans-3-methyl-2-pentene
Cis-trans (Geometric) isomerism in Cycloalkanes
Cis-trans isomers are molecules having the same arrangement of atoms but differ in the
spatial orientation of their substituents.
cis-1,2-dichlorocyclohexane trans-1,2-dichlorocyclohexane
Naming cis-trans Isomers of Substituted Cycloalkanes
Example:3
Determine whether the following susbstituted cycloalkanes are cis or trans isomers.
trans-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane
OPTICAL ACTIVITY:
Optical activity is the ability of a Chiral molecule to rotate the plane of plane-
polairsed light, measured using a polarimeter.
PLANE POLARIZED LIGHT:
light that has been passed through a nicol prism or other polarizing medium
so that all of the vibrations are in the same plane.
non-polarized polarized
Polarimeter – an instrument used to measure optical activity.
A simple polarimeter consists of a light source, polarizing lens, sample tube and
analyzing lens.
polarizer analyzer
H C OH OH C H
CH3 CH3
(+)/d - Lactic Acid (-)/l - Lactic Acid
SPECIFIC ROTATION:
The angle of rotation of plane polarized light by a 1.00 gram per cm-3
sample in a 1 dm tube.
[α ]D (D = sodium lamp, λ = 589 mμ).
α
[ α ]D =
l×d
where α = observed rotation
l = length (dm)
d = concentration (g/cc)
(+)-alanine [ α ]D = +8.5
(-)-lactic acid [α ]D = -3.8
Specific Rotation depends on the nature of substance, wavelength of light used, concentration
of the solution, thickness of the layer, nature of the solvent and temperature at which
experiment is conducted.
Assymetric Center
Chirality is not reserved just for objects - molecules can be chiral
Chiral molecules - generally molecules containing an asymmetric center
Asymmetric (chiral) center - tetrahedral atom bonded to four different groups -
indicated with an asterisk (*)
Chirality
H Cl
How many stereogenic centers does each molecule have?
Br
A)
Br
B)
CO2H O
H
N OH
C) H2N N
H
O O
SH
CONFIGURATION
The first system for doing this was developed by Fischer and Rosanoff around
1900.
Fischer first developed a method for drawing carbohydrates in two-dimensions,
and a convention with respect to orientation, so as to indicate their three
dimensional structures, so-called Fischer projections.
Fischer and Rosanoff then devised a notation for designating the configurations
of stereogenic centres, depicted in Fischer projections, as either D or L.
The symbols D and L DO NOT relate to the sign of rotation of an optically active
molecule which is designated (+)- (or d) and (-)- (or l).
Example: D (+)-glyceraldehyde was defined as being D because the OH group attached to
the C-2 is on the right hand side (RHS) of the molecules when drawn in its correct Fischer
projection (in which the CHO group appears at the top).
Its enantiomer L (-)-glyceraldehyde was defined as L because the OH group is on the left
hand side (LHS).
In carbohydrates, in general, the OH group attached to the penultimate carbon atom
in the chain determines the assignment of D or L. Thus (+)-glucose has the D-
configuration and (+)-ribose has the L-configuration.
The notation was extended to a-amino acids : L enantiomers are those in which the
NH2 group is on the LHS of the Fischer projection in which the carboxyl group
appears at the top. Conversely, the D enantiomers are those in which the NH2
group is on the RHS. Thus (+)-alanine and (-)-serine are L-amino acids.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog sequence rules /R-S Notational System(R/S)
Sequence rule 1: The atom attached to the chiral center with the highest atomic number = 1,
next = 2, etc.
Sequence rule 2: If the four atoms attached to the chiral center are not all different, the
sequence is determined at the first point of difference.
1 1 1 1
OH OH OH
2 3 orient lowest priority OH
orient lowest priority H H
CO2H 4 H CH3
4 H group away group away
CH3 H3C CO2H 2 CO2H HO2C CH3 3
3 2 2
3
Br OH
2 Cl H 4 4 H CH3 3
F CH2Br
3 2
3
CH2CH3
1 Br CH=CH2 2
H
4
1 2 2 1
3 3
R S
Naming Enantiomers -R,S System
Assigning Priorities to Groups
They have identical chemical properties except in chemical reactions with other
optically active compounds.
They have different biological properties
E.g. (+)-Dextrose plays an important role in animal metabolism, where as (-)-Dextrose
is not metabolized.
When equal quantities of enantiomers are mixed an optically inactive compound
racemic mixture is formed.
DIASTEREOMERS
Stereomers of a substance that are not mirror images of each other are termed as
Diastereomers.
They have different physical properties like m.p, b.p, solubility, density and
refractive index, etc.
Diastereomers have different specific rotation but they may have same or
opposite sign of rotation.
MESO COMPOUND
A meso compound is a molecule with multiple stereocenters that is
superimposable on its mirror image.
Meso compounds are achiral compounds that has multiple chiral centers.
Meso compounds are optically inactive.
It has an internal symmetry plane that divides the compound in half.
A meso compound should contain two or more identical substituted stereocenters.
Also, it has an internal symmetry plane that divides the compound in half. These
two halves reflect each other by the internal mirror. The stereochemistry of
stereocenters should "cancel out". What it means here is that when we have an
internal plane that splits the compound into two symmetrical sides, the
stereochemistry of both left and right side should be opposite to each other, and
therefore, result in optically inactive.
RACEMIC MIXTURE
A mixture having equal amounts of enantiomers is called racemic mixture or
racemic modification.
A racemic mixture (or) racemate is one that has equal amounts of left- and right-
handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule. The first known racemic mixture
was racemic acid, which Louis Pasteur found to be a mixture of the two
enantiomeric isomers of tartaric acid.
A racemic mixture is denoted by the prefix (±)- or dl- (for sugars the prefix DL-
may be used), indicating an equal (1:1) mixture of dextro and levo isomers. Also the
prefix symbols RS and SR (all in italic letters) are used.
RESOLUTION
The process of separation of racemic form into individual enantiomers is called
resolution.
The following are various methods used for resolution of racemic mixtures:
1. MECHANICAL METHODS
2. BIOCHEMICAL METHOD
3. CHEMICAL METHOD
4. CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD
EXCERSIZE:
Which isomer is cis isomer and which is trans…..?
A) B)
C)
D)