In-House Review Module – Steel Design Part 1

STEEL BEAMS For any value of 𝑙/𝑟𝑇 :

82,740 𝐶𝑏
SECTION 502 – DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 𝐹𝑏 = ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦
(𝑙𝑑/𝐴𝑓 )
502.6.1.1 Steel sections are classified as compact, non-compact, and
slender element sections. For a section to qualify as compact, its where,
flanges must be continuously connected to the web or webs and the 𝑙 , 𝑚𝑚 = distance between cross sections braced against twist or
width-thickness ratios of its compression elements must not exceed the lateral displacements of the compression flange. For
applicable limiting width-thickness ratios from Table 502-1. Steel cantilevers braced against twist only at the support, 𝑙 may
sections that do not qualify as compact are classified as non-compact if conservatively be taken as the actual length.
the width-thickness ratios of the compression elements do not exceed 𝑟𝑇 , 𝑚𝑚 = radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression
the values shown for non-compact in Table 502-1. If the width-thickness flange plus 1/3 of the compression web area, taken about an axis in the
ratios of any compression element exceed the latter applicable value, the plane of the web.
section is classified as slender element section. MOMENT GRADIENT MULTIPLIER, 𝑪𝒃
506.2 ALLOWABLE STRESS: 𝑀1 𝑀1 2
𝐶𝑏 = 1.75 + 1.05 ( ) + 0.3 ( ) ≤ 2.30
STRONG AXIS BENDING OF I-SHAPED MEMBERS AND CHANNELS 𝑀2 𝑀2
506.2.1 Members with Compact Sections 𝐶𝑏 = 1.0 for simply supported and cantilever beams
𝐶𝑏 = 1.0 when moment at any point within the unbraced length is
506.2.1.1 For members with compact sections as defined in Section greater than at the ends
502.6.1 (excluding hybrid beams and members with yield points greater
𝑀1 = smaller end moment
than 448 MPa) symmetric about, and loaded in, the plane of their minor
𝑀2 = larger end moment
axis the allowable stress is:
SIGN FOR 𝑴𝟏 /𝑴𝟐
𝐹𝑏 = 0.66 𝐹𝑦
𝑀1
provided that the flanges are connected continuously to the web or webs = 𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐼𝑉𝐸, (+)
and the laterally unsupported length of the compression flange 𝐿𝑏 does 𝑀2
not exceed the value of 𝐿𝑐 , as given by the smaller of: 𝐃𝐎𝐔𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐂𝐔𝐑𝐕𝐀𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄
200𝑏𝑓 137,900
𝑜𝑟 𝑀1
√𝐹𝑦 (𝑑/𝐴𝑓 )𝐹𝑦 = 𝑁𝐸𝐺𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑉𝐸, (−)
𝑀2
𝐒𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐄 𝐂𝐔𝐑𝐕𝐀𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄
506.2.2 Members with Non-Compact Sections
506.2.2.1 For members meeting the requirements of Section 506.2.1 SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
except that their flanges are non-compact (excluding built-up members SITUATION I. A W section is used as a beam without lateral support. A
and members with yield points greater than 448 MPa), the allowable 36 steel is used with 𝐹𝑦 = 248 MPa.
stress is:
Properties of W section:
𝑏𝑓 A = 24710 mm2 tw = 15 mm Sy = 621.07 x 103mm3
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦 (0.79 − 0.000762 √𝐹 )
2𝑡𝑓 𝑦 d = 840 mm Ix = 2792.9 x 106 mm4 rx = 335.28mm
bf = 292 mm Iy = 90.74 x 106 mm4 ry = 60.45mm
506.2.2.3 For members with a non-compact section (Section 502.6), but
tf = 22 mm Sx = 6653.15 x 103 mm3
not included above, and loaded through the shear center and braced
laterally in the region of compression stress at intervals not exceeding a. Compute the allowable bending stress if it has a simple span of 3.5 m.
200𝑏𝑓 /√𝐹𝑦 the allowable stress is: b. Compute the allowable bending stress if it has a simple span of 4 m.
𝐹𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝑦 c. Compute the allowable bending stress if it has a simple span of 7 m.
506.2.3 Members with Compact or Non-Compact Sections with d. Compute the allowable bending stress if it has a simple span of 9 m.
Unbraced Length Greater than 𝑳𝒄 .
SITUATION 3. A steel beam with a simple span of 8m is subjected to a
506.2.3.1 For flexural members with compact or non-compact sections moment M at the left end (counterclockwise) and 20% of M at the right
as defined in Section 502.6.1, and with unbraced lengths greater than 𝐿𝑐 end (counterclockwise). The beam is laterally unsupported and the
as defined in Section 506.2.1, the allowable bending stress in tension is section has the following properties:
determined from equation:
𝑟𝑇 = 0.053 m Sx = 0.00206 m3 d = 0.533 m
𝐹𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝑦 Fy = 248 MPa bf = 0.210 m tf = 0.016 m
506.2.3.2 For such members with an axis of symmetry in, and loaded in
the plane of their web, the allowable bending stress in compression is a. Find the maximum slenderness ratio to which we consider the beam
determined as the larger value from equations short with respect to lateral buckling.
b. Determine the allowable bending stress.
When √
703,270 𝐶𝑏 𝑙
≤ ≤√
3,516,330 𝐶𝑏 c. Compute the value of the moment at the right end in kN-m.
𝐹𝑦 𝑟𝑇 𝐹𝑦
SITUATION 4. Consider the framing plan shown,
2 𝐹𝑦 (𝑙/𝑟𝑇 )2 S = 2m Superimposed DL = 5.0 kPa
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦 ( − ) ≤ 0.60 𝐹𝑦
3 10,550 × 103 𝐶𝑏 L = 10m LL = 3.6 kPa
Section Properties:
𝑙 3,516,330 𝐶𝑏 W460 x 97
When >√
𝑟𝑇 𝐹𝑦 A = 12320 mm2 Ix = 445x106 mm4
1,172,100 𝐶𝑏 d = 465 mm Iy = 23x106 mm4
𝐹𝑏 = ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦
(𝑙/𝑟𝑇 )2 bf = 193 mm Fy = 345 MPa
tf = 19mm tw = 11mm rt = 50mm
 In-House Review Module – Steel Design Part 1

Consider bending about the

COMPOSITE BEAMS
stronger axis. SECTION 509 – COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
a. Determine the maximum
bending stress in beam BF. 509.1 This section applies to steel beams supporting a reinforced
b. Lateral supports are provided. concrete slab so interconnected that the beams and the slab act together
Determine the biggest distance to resist bending. Simple and continuous composite beams with shear
between lateral supports so that connectors and concrete-encased beams, constructed with or without
the maximum flexural strength temporary shores, are included.
can be utilized?
509.5 SHEAR CONNECTORS
c. Determine the allowable
flexural stress if the compression 509.5.1 Except in the case of encased beams, the entire horizontal shear
flanges are laterally supported at the junction of the steel beam and the concrete slab shall be assumed
only at midspan. to be transferred by shear connectors welded to the top flange of the
beam and embedded in the concrete. For full composite action with
concrete subject to flexural compression, the total horizontal shear to be
BUILT-UP MEMBERS resisted between the point of maximum positive moment and points of
PLATE GIRDERS - are typically I-beams made up from separate zero moment shall be taken as the smaller value using the following
structural steel plates (rather than rolled as a single cross-section), which equations:
are welded or, in older bridges, bolted or riveted together to form the 𝑉ℎ = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 /2
vertical web and horizontal flanges of the beam. 𝑉ℎ = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 /2
SITUATION 5. The built-up section shown consists of a wide flange and
where:
a channel.
𝑓𝑐′ = specified compression strength of concrete, MPa
Properties of wide flange: W600x125 𝐴𝑐 = actual area of effective concrete flange defined in Article 509.1,
A = 15935 mm2 bf = 229 mm mm2
d = 610 mm Ix = 986 x 106 mm4 𝐴𝑠 = area of steel beam, mm2
tw = 12 mm Iy = 39 x 106 mm4
tf = 20 mm AISC Specs
Properties of channel: C300x31 The portion of the slab which acts as a flange is controlled by the code.
A = 3829 mm2 Ix = 53.7x106 mm4 The maximum effective flange width permitted by AISC can be
d = 300 mm Iy = 1.6 x 106 mm4 determined by computing the following values and will equal the LEAST
tw = 7 mm tf = 13 mm of “b” so obtained.
bf = 75 mm x = 18 mm
The beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed load (beam weight
included) of 20 kN/m throughout the simply supported span of 8 m and a
moving load P in kN.

1. b should not be greater than 1/4 of the span of the beam.

2. b’ should not be greater than 1/2 of the clear spacing of the beam
3. b’ should not be greater than 8 times the slab thickness.
Should the slab exist only on one side of the beam, the following
requirements control:
a. Determine the moment of inertia of the composite figure. 1. b’ not greater than 1/2 of the span of the beam
b. What is the maximum allowable value of the moving load P if the 2. b’ not greater than 1/2 spacing of the beams center-to-center
allowable bending stress is limited to Fb = 180 MPa. 3. b’ not greater than 6 times the slab thickness
SITUATION 6.
SPACING OF SHEAR CONNECTORS A composite beam has a concrete slab 112.5mm thick and an effective
flange width of 1800mm. The beam has a span of 6m and supports a
SITUATION 6
uniformly distributed load of 40 kN/m which includes the weight of the
Two identical 20-mm thick plates 200 mm in width are riveted to the top
beam and slab. A36 steel is used with Fy=248MPa and concrete
and bottom flange by 2-10 mm diameter rivets spaced longitudinally. of
fc’=24.2MPa. Modular ratio, n=9. Assume full composite action.
a W Section to form a built-up beam.
a. Determine the location of the centroid of the composite section from
SECTION PROPERTIES the bottom of the slab.
bf = 200 mm tf = 10 mm d = 300 mm
tw = 10 mm Fy = 248 MPa b. Determine the moment of inertia at the neutral axis of the composite
section.
If the beam is subjected to Shear force of V = 300 kN, determine the c. Determine the stresses in concrete.
allowable maximum spacing s of the bolts to the nearest mm. Each rivet
has an allowable shear stress of 100 MPa. d. Determine the stress in steel.
 In-House Review Module – Steel Design Part 1

SITUATION 7. The wide flange section is used as a composite beam to SITUATION 9. For the W Section shown below, A36 steel is used.
carry a live load of 4.8 kPa and partition load of 860 Pa. The beam has
adequate shear connectors to prevent sliding of concrete over the steel
section. The beam has a simple span of 8m and center to center spacing
of 2.5m. Thickness of slab is 100mm. Capacity of each shear connector
is 50 KN. Weight of concrete = 23.5 kN/m³. fc’ = 21 MPa fy = 250 MPa

Properties
a. Determine the plastic section modulus in mm3.
bf = 140 mm d = 402 mm w = 450 N/m
b. What is the plastic moment capacity of the beam?
Ix = 155 x 106 mm4 Sx = 770 x 103 mm3 A = 5884 mm2
c. If this section is used as a beam with simple supports that span by 6
meters carrying a concentrated load at midspan, determine the value of
a. Determine the moment of inertia of the composite beam
the concentrated load that it could carry for both elastic and plastic
b. Determine the section modulus of the composite beam. conditions.
c. Determine the maximum flexural stress in the steel.
SITUATION 10
d. Determine the maximum flexural stress in the concrete. The simply supported beam is 10 m long is required to carry a load of
100 kN at midspan. If the yield stress of mild steel is 300 MPa.
e. Determine the number of shear connectors required.
1. Determine the plastic section modulus in mm3.
PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF STEEL A. 80000 B. 75318 C. 64248 D. 83333

2. Determine the elastic section modulus of the beam given that the
shape factor is equal to 1.69.
A. 52217.6 B. 49309.5 C. 54616.0 D. 43217.8

PLASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS – the axis that divides the section in to two
equal areas.
PLASTIC SECTION MODULUS (Z) – the sum of the statical moment of
area above and below the PNA.
SHAPE FACTOR – the ratio of the Plastic Section Modulus (Z) to the
Elastic Section Modulus (S).
PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY – the ultimate moment at plastic
condition.

𝒁
𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒆 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 (𝑺. 𝑭. ) =
𝑺
𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝑴𝒑 = 𝑭𝒚 𝒙 𝒁

SITUATION 8. The W section shown has the following properties:

bf = 329.40 mm tf = 31 mm
d = 635 mm tw = 17.90 mm

a. Compute the Elastic Section Modulus in mm3.

b. Compute the Plastic Section Modulus in mm3.
c. Determine the Shape Factor of the W Section.