Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 111 (2019) 157–169

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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

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Paths and barriers to the diffusion of distributed generation of photovoltaic T

energy in southern Brazil
Taís Bisognin Garleta,∗, José Luis Duarte Ribeirob, Fernando de Souza Savianc,
Julio Cezar Mairesse Silukd
a
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Post-Graduate Program in Production Engineering, Brazil
b
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Department of Production and Transportation Engineering, Brazil
c
Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Post-Graduate Program in Production Engineering, Brazil
d
Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Department of Production and Systems, Brazil

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Photovoltaic (PV) energy has been identified as one of the main energy sources in transition from generation of
Photovoltaic energy electricity from non-renewable sources to renewable sources. In the Southern region of Brazil, despite the fa-
Distributed generation vorable conditions for implementation of distributed generation of photovoltaic energy, the installed capacity is
Diffusion of innovation much lower than the existing generation potential, evidencing the presence of factors that hinder the greater
adoption and diffusion of this technology. Thus, this article identifies the panorama of distributed generation of
photovoltaic energy and barriers that compromise its greater diffusion in the Southern region of Brazil, based on
existing literature and qualitative interviews with professionals of the electricity sector. Results showed that this
source of solar energy is expected to grow, but much remains to be done to consolidate it in the energy matrix,
given the existence of technical, economic, social, managerial and political barriers. Among the main barriers
identified are the poor quality of photovoltaic systems, the high cost of initial investment, the dependence on
financing for purchase of solar panels, consumer culture, lack of knowledge about photovoltaic technology, the
inefficient after-sales services, the dependence on imports of solar panels from China and lack of policies to
encourage photovoltaic generation. The results of this study allow the understanding of the diffusion of the
distributed generation of photovoltaic energy in countries of emerging economies or in regions where the im-
plementation of PV systems is still incipient.

1. Introduction requires investments and alternative sources for the demand to be met,
since the non-renewable environmental resources are more scarce [3].
The increase of population, accompanied by technological and In addition, burning traditional fossil fuels presents high potential for
economic progress, causes people to need more electricity to sustain a disaster, causing a number of environmental problems, such as climate
better living environment [1]. Increases in electricity demand and change, pollution and global warming [4]. Thus, the current challenge
consumption are seen as a result of the economic recovery of devel- of developing economies is to address increased consumption and re-
oping countries, and are considered the most important factors in the duce the impact of using non-renewable sources, stimulating advance-
acceleration of climate and environmental changes observed and de- ment of technologies that exploit renewable energy sources, in order to
scribed by the scientific community. In order to improve socioeconomic address the political, economic and environmental factors involved in
parameters in emerging countries, the current growth trend indicates the generation of electricity [1,5].
that energy consumption in these countries will exceed consumption in Given this scenario, renewable energy alternatives have become the
developed countries in the coming decades [2]. focus of many studies on environmental and economic issues, with
The significant increase in the consumption of electric energy some European countries at the forefront of technological and

Abbreviations: ANEEL, National Electric Energy Agency; BNDES, National Bank for Economic and Social Development; FIERGS, Federation of Industries of the State
of Rio Grande do Sul; FIESC, Federation of Industries of the State of Santa Catarina; ICMS, Tax on the Circulation of Goods and Services; PV, Photovoltaic; R&D,
Research and Development; SIN, National Interconnected System; TUSD, Distribution Service Utilization Fee
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (T.B. Garlet).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.05.013
Received 2 October 2018; Received in revised form 5 May 2019; Accepted 6 May 2019
Available online 16 May 2019
1364-0321/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
T.B. Garlet, et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 111 (2019) 157–169

regulatory investments in cleaner energy generation, enabling emer- innovation and diffusion to mitigate climate change [21], as well as the
ging countries to learn from their experiences [6]. Ref. [7] and Ref. [8] understanding of the ways of obtaining energy, costs, advantages and
point to solar energy as one of the main energy sources in the transition disadvantages [1]. In addition, there are studies that investigate the
from generation of electric energy by non-renewable resources to barriers to adoption of photovoltaic systems through a systematic lit-
generation based on renewable energy sources. This emphasis is be- erature review [22] and seek to understand the development of tech-
cause the solar source has the potential to adequately satisfy the energy nology in different countries, such as Tanzania [23], India [24], Finland
demands of the whole world, as long as technologies for its use are [25] and Bangladesh [26]. In the Brazilian scenario, studies analyze the
readily available [9]. Due to its rapid growth prospects and high levels future perspectives of photovoltaic energy in the state of Minas Gerais
of investment, the photovoltaic market is being held worldwide, espe- [27], identify how market research is fundamental for photovoltaic
cially in Europe, China and the United States. In Brazil, advances are projects in the country [11], analyze Brazilian policy of the generation
becoming significant, especially after the insertion of solar energy in of distributed photovoltaic energy and compare results with the ex-
national energy matrix and the beginning of solar energy auctions in perience of other countries [28], and discuss scenarios for photovoltaic
response to a period of difficulties due to the reduction of hydroelectric applications in Brazil through feasibility analysis [29]. Thus, none of
energy and the increase in electric energy prices [1]. the studies presented the same focus of this study, evidencing the un-
Brazil stands out in the capture of solar energy by having a large iqueness of this research.
geographic area with favorable conditions, leading to high irradiation Some researchers say that the growth of the participation of pho-
rates [10]. In addition, other factors converge to make Brazil an ideal tovoltaic energy in the energy matrix is a complex process, since the
place for the production of solar energy, including the existence of large effective adoption of the innovation involves several interconnected
reserves of quartz that can generate competitive advantages for pro- factors [30,31]. In this way, this article aims to identify the panorama
duction of silicon, a component of photovoltaic cells [11]. These aspects of the distributed generation of photovoltaic energy, emphasizing the
may pave the way for an important role of photovoltaic technology in barriers that compromise the greater adoption and diffusion of this
the diversification of the electric energy matrix [12]. technology in the Southern region of Brazil, whose main socioeconomic
Brazilian energy matrix is mainly composed of hydraulic and nat- statistics are presented in Fig. 1. Considering the exploratory nature of
ural gas sources, which require large investments and often more than the research, a qualitative method is used to conduct this study. Thus,
five years to be fully operational [6,13]. This means that the matrix of semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 professionals from
electricity is, for the most part, renewable, but also that the country energy concessionaires, association of companies and production chains
depends on the stochastic availability of water to generate the largest of the photovoltaic sector, academic researcher, client, PV provider,
share of its electricity [12]. High dependence on hydroelectric power is member of the government, and consultant in the area of energy of the
hampered by low rainfall during dry seasons, and natural gas supplies region. The study provides information on future expectations about
are directly affected by political and diplomatic instabilities [14]. Thus, photovoltaic technology, as well as a table explaining how barriers can
studies indicated the future growth of photovoltaic solar technology in be classified and evaluated according to five fundamental aspects re-
the country as an alternative source of energy, especially in the dis- lated to the adoption of this technology: technical, economic, social,
tributed generation of this energy modality [15]. managerial and political.
Through the initiatives to access the micro and mini distributed This article is structured in five sections. In section two, the relevant
generation of photovoltaic energy and the energy compensation system literature describing the process of adoption and diffusion of photo-
published by the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL) [16], it was voltaic technology is identified. Section three presents the research
possible to project a reduction of 9% of the energy usage from the method, describing the steps required to conduct the qualitative study.
National Interconnected System1 until 2050, with great contribution Section four presents the description of the interviews conducted and
coming from the generation of the residential and commercial sector the analysis of the information obtained, while section five establishes
[17]. Despite the lower number of hours of sunshine in the coldest the final considerations, emphasizing the implications of the study.
months, the Southern region has good irradiance, with levels higher
than those in the north, although slightly below the southeast, central- 2. Determinants of diffusion of photovoltaic energy
west and mainly northeast [18]. The southern states contain the second
largest number of photovoltaic distributed generation systems, with Determinants of the diffusion and adoption of new technologies
8204 connections, representing 28.24% of the systems connected to the have been of great interest to scientists from different areas [33]. Dif-
Brazilian grid [19]. However, the installed capacity is still much lower fusion is commonly used to explain the process by which individuals
than the generation potential of the region, evidencing the existence of and firms in a society or economy adopt a new technology or replace a
factors that hinder the greater adoption and diffusion of this tech- technology lagged by a new one [34,35]. In the scope of distributed
nology. generation of photovoltaic energy, the slow diffusion process is high-
In the Southern region of Brazil there is still no significant deploy- lighted, mainly due to the conflict between the economic costs, en-
ment of photovoltaic systems connected to the grid with relevant in- vironmental benefits of carbon emission reduction and the incongruity
stalled power, compared to countries such as Germany, Italy and Spain with the existing energy systems [36]. Moreover, Ref. [37] argue that
[20]. Although smaller than in the past, solar generation costs continue the process of diffusion of renewable sources is not a trivial task, be-
to be higher than some of the main sources of renewable energy used in cause it involves uncertainties arising from technological, economic
electric power generation. However, the learning curve of the industry and social aspects. Meanwhile, the articles based on the diffusion of
is evolving and the associated costs have had significant reductions, innovation theories [38] and photovoltaic technologies [31,33,36] in-
which may mean that the source will become competitive in the future dicate that the investigation of the growth of distributed generation of
[2]. photovoltaic energy and the barriers to its adoption must consider five
In the academic literature, it was possible to observe that the studies dimensions: technical, economic, social, managerial and political.
are focused on the mapping of diversity in the solar photovoltaic in- These five dimensions were selected because they comprehend a wide
dustry and understanding of the technical progress in terms of range of aspects that influence the diffusion of PV systems.
The technical dimension encompasses limiting aspects that affect
the quality of the photovoltaic system, the durability of the panels, the
1
The National Interconnected System (SIN) is a set of facilities and equip- failure of the components and reliability in the operation, as well as the
ment that allow the supply of electricity in the regions of Brazil electrically maintenance and service ignored and not included as part of the project
interconnected [86]. development [39]. Ref. [24] notes that key technical barriers included

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Fig. 1. Socioeconomic statistics of Southern Brazil. Source: Adapted from Ref. [32].

low conversion efficiency of photovoltaic modules, performance lim- through a normative resolution that allows micro and mini generation
itations of system components such as batteries and inverters, and in- owners to receive credits for the active energy generated beyond the
adequate supply of raw materials. In addition, although there are level of user consumption, is highlighted [12].
technical standards for the installation of photovoltaic systems, explicit
requirements for conducting research, development and innovation 3. Method
projects in the sector have not yet been defined [40].
The economic dimension is of greater importance for the potential Methodologically, this research was organized in three stages, pre-
users of the photovoltaic system, since, when installing the system, the sented in Fig. 2. The study was based on a qualitative exploratory ap-
consumer is concerned with the economic benefit [31]. Thus, con- proach, using semi-structured interviews conducted in person and on-
sideration should be given to payback, financing for the purchase of the line, depending on the availability of the interviewees. Semi-structured
photovoltaic system, cost of materials and installation, and tax on the interviews create a guideline for defining the key topics to be
circulation of goods and services (ICMS) on solar energy [41]. In ad-
dition, Ref. [42] stated that the variation of energy tariffs influences the
economic analysis of the investment, and the net present value and the
internal rate of return are important parameters for economic feasibility
analysis of projects of distributed generation of photovoltaic energy.
The transition to energy from renewable resources faces a number
of sociocultural challenges related to renewable energy project plan-
ning, acceptance of local change and adoption of new technologies. In
this context, the importance of citizens and communities for the success
of a sustainable transition is highlighted [43]. Ref. [5] argue that
photovoltaic energy generation is a discontinuous innovation, that is,
an entirely new product, which leads clients to divide in relation to the
perception of implied risk to the process and that requires a change of
behavior and culture of consumers so that the benefits can be realized.
In addition, the lack of specific knowledge of potential investors re-
garding the adoption of renewable energy technology is one of the main
obstacles to the diffusion of photovoltaic generation [44].
Insufficient and inadequate management is one of the main barriers
in the diffusion of new technologies, especially for photovoltaic sys-
tems. The managerial aspects limiting the adoption of photovoltaic
generation included inefficient after-sales services, such as technical
assistance, monitoring and maintenance, as well as ineffective mar-
keting approaches and education campaigns [22].
The political aspect involves feed-in tariffs, tariff models, interest
rate policies, subsidy policies for the purchase of photovoltaic systems
and import taxes [31]. According to Ref. [10], there is a need for
changes in Brazilian legislation so that photovoltaic technology ex-
pands, given the high taxes imposed on companies for transmission and
distribution systems and consumers who use alternative energy sources.
In addition, the deficiency in energy compensation systems, established Fig. 2. Methodological steps.

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addressed, while allowing the flexibility needed for respondents to addition, the transition scenario of energy generation based on non-
provide their individual perspectives and create opportunities for new renewable resources for renewable energy was highlighted, with pho-
ideas to be expressed [33,45]. Qualitative interviews have already been tovoltaic energy as one of the main generating sources. It was also
shown to be useful in a large number of researches that analyze barriers identified the Brazilian solar potential, pointing out the growth of
and drivers for investments in renewable energy sources [46]. photovoltaic participation in the national energy matrix, but also the
The first stage comprised the theoretical contextualization about the existence of barriers that compromise the greater adoption of this
main concepts related to the generation of photovoltaic energy and the technology.
determining factors for the adoption of this technology. Data collection
included selection of interviewees, preparation of questionnaires and 3.2. Data collect
conducting interviews to obtain information about the context of pho-
tovoltaic generation in Southern Brazil, which are presented and dis- Considering the exploratory characteristic of the research, a quali-
cussed at the stage of description and analysis of results. tative approach was used, involving semi-structured interviews con-
The following subsections detail the three methodological steps ducted in person and online. The selection of respondents was made
adopted for the research development. intentionally, including professionals from the southern Brazilian states
involved in the process of generation, transmission and distribution of
3.1. Search contextualization electricity and distributed generation of photovoltaic energy. The
sample consisted of 12 interviewees: a professional from an association
From the definition of the problem and the objectives of the study, a of companies and production chains of the photovoltaic sector, six
systematic review of the literature was conducted to support and justify professionals from energy distribution companies, an academic re-
the importance of the project. To do so, the combinations of the key- searcher, a client, a PV provider, a member of the government and a
words “photovoltaic energy”, “solar home system”, “Brazilian energy consultant in the area of energy in the Southern region. Thus, this
matrix”, “barriers” and “trends” in the Science Direct, Emerald and sample is representative, since it covers diverse perspectives within the
Scopus databases were searched during the period of 2008–2018, re- same context, besides counting on the participation of interviewees
sulting in 11 articles relevant to the study. linked to institutions of high renown and strategic impact for the region
In the academic literature, it was possible to identify a study that under study.
focuses on the status and potential of the development of photovoltaic The interview script was adapted for each group of respondents to
solar energy in Tanzania, as well as limitations to the dissemination of take into account the different types of involvement in the process of
this technology [23]. Another article discusses energy scenarios for adopting photovoltaic power generation system, as can be seen in
photovoltaic applications in Brazil and performs a feasibility analysis Appendices A.1 to A.5. The topics were based on a review of the lit-
for energy generation [29], while Ref. [27] provides future perspectives erature on the panorama of photovoltaic generation at world, national
of photovoltaic energy in Brazil, specifically in the state of Minas and state levels, as well as existing frameworks and categorizations
Gerais. Ref. [11] discusses how market research has been fundamental derived from the analysis of barriers to the diffusion of this technology
in the development of the first photovoltaic project in Brazil, and Ref [31,33,46]. Semi-structured interview script provided space for new
[22] investigates the barriers to the adoption of photovoltaic systems in topics to be addressed during interviews. The purpose of using open-
several contexts based on a systematic literature review. ended questions was to allow respondents to spontaneously elaborate
Literature also presents studies discussing the progress of photo- their responses about energy generation and barriers to adoption of
voltaic solar energy in India [24], as well as the benefits and problems photovoltaic technology, avoiding constraints imposed by the inter-
related to the use of solar systems in Bangladesh [26] and Finland [25]. viewer. The face-to-face interviews lasted between 15 and 65 min, and
In addition, Ref. [21] maps diversity in the photovoltaic solar industry the information acquired was recorded in audio and later transcribed
and contributes to understanding the role of diversity in stimulating into a document, in which they were grouped with the interviews ob-
technical progress in terms of innovation and diffusion to mitigate cli- tained online.
mate change. Ref. [28] analyzes the Brazilian policy of distributed PV
generation, while Ref. [1] presents the state of the art of photovoltaic 3.3. Description and analysis of results
solar energy through a systematic bibliographic research.
Through the information obtained in the main articles identified, it In the step of describing and analyzing results, as presented in
was observed the increase in the consumption of electric energy due to Fig. 3, the information was analyzed and coded according to categories
its growing need for daily activities of the population and companies. In and subcategories of responses, defined according to the interview

Fig. 3. Structure for data analysis.

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script and the identified themes. The frequency of subcategories was hydroelectric plants and small distributed solar projects”. This in-
verified and served as the basis for assessing the importance of a topic, formation is corroborated by Ref. [47] and Ref. [48]. Annual growth
such as the expectations and barriers that were cited several times by rate of energy consumption in southern states according to C4 ″was
the interviewees. 3.1%", information that is confirmed by Ref. [49].
According to the flow chart shown in Fig. 3, sources of evidence When questioned about the growth forecast for some specific source
used were analyzed according to three categories. Initially, a compar- of energy generation, C3 said “to have great space for solar energy,
ison was made of the growth data of the distributed generation of especially through distributed micro generation”, while C1 argued that
photovoltaic energy and the barriers identified with the theoretical “the source that grew the most was wind”. C2 and O1 complemented
background, and the interviews were contrasted with the information the opinions of other professionals, pointing out that there is a national
verified in the literature. It should be emphasized that the interviews trend of growth in solar energy generation and also in the generation of
are data sources whose perception of growth and barriers arises from wind energy, due to the call for cleaner energies, which is why CL1
different contexts and situations, and aim to contribute to the identi- adopted the PV system. Interviewees also highlighted the rise of dis-
fication of similar perspectives in the different responses. tributed energy generation as a solution to “dependence on generation
Subsequently, fragments of the interviews were used to identify the through hydropower plants, contributing to the reduction of losses in
growth expectations of the distributed generation of photovoltaic en- the circuits and the increase in the amount of energy generated” (C3).
ergy and the barriers to the diffusion of this technology, through dis- Thus, C2 and C4 point out that “currently the main source of distributed
course analysis. Finally, a table containing the barriers identified generation is medium-sized wind and photovoltaics in the micro gen-
through interviews and literature was elaborated, classifying them into eration part".
five subcategories of analysis: technical, economic, social, managerial Respondents stated that in Southern Brazil, photovoltaic energy
and political. Moreover, to encourage the diffusion of photovoltaic “corresponds to a small part of the generation of energy” (C3), and “the
technology, measures to overcome the barriers are suggested. market did not reach 2% of the existing photovoltaic potential” (A1).
However, despite “the difficulty of forecasting the amounts” (C5), the
4. Description and analysis of results expectation is significant growth (C4, CL1, O1, R1, SC1), noting “the
interest of the installation of photovoltaic micro generators in the
Table 1 shows the profile of interviewees selected to compose the market and with consumers” (C3). In addition, C2 pointed out that, in
research sample. In order to preserve the identity of the respondents order to predict the distributed generation of photovoltaic energy, “it is
and possible conflicts of interest, the codes “Ai” were used for the re- necessary to define several parameters, related to solar irradiation,
sponsible of the association of companies of the photovoltaic sector, power of installed modules, solar orientation and system area”. SC1
“Ci” for the professionals of the energy concessionaires, “CLi” for the stated that the Solar Industry Program, created by the Federation of
client who installed the PV system, “MGi” for the member of the gov- Industries of the State of Santa Catarina (FIESC) and the Federation of
ernment, “Oi” for the PV provider, “Ri” for the researcher in the field of Industries of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FIERGS), was created to
PV energy and “SCi” for the strategic consultant in the area of energy. encourage the growth of residential and industrial solar energy con-
The following subsections describe and analyze in detail the results sumption. It began in September 2018 and provides residential and
of the interviews conducted in the present research. industrial generation kits with pre-defined powers and aims to promote
a more modern, efficient, sustainable and competitive production sector
4.1. Description of results in the region.
For the development and expansion of the photovoltaic sector, A1
Initially, the interviewees were questioned about the composition of pointed out that “amounts in research, development and innovation
the energy matrix and the annual growth rate of energy consumption of have been invested in panel and inverter improvement projects”, while
their states in the Southern region of Brazil. C3 reported that “the en- C1 stated that “the concessionaire is creating an experimental photo-
ergy matrix is predominantly hydroelectric, followed by thermoelectric. voltaic plant to verify the behavior of the feeder in the face of the os-
There is great generation growth through renewable energy such as cillations of that energy source”. The other concessionaires pointed out
wind and solar, but still with small representation near the more tra- the largest investments in the energy sector for “loss control and energy
ditional forms of generation”. C2 supplemented the information by efficiency projects” (C5, C6), “energy conservation” (C4), “fault detec-
saying that “we use the same energy supplied to SIN. However, we have tors, inspection equipment and maintenance assistance, besides of
thermoelectric power plants, hydroelectric plants, wind farms, small electrical mobility” (C2). Since Brazil does not have an industrial policy

Table 1
Profile of respondents.
Code Profile

A1 Bachelor of Business Administration, with 3 years of experience in photovoltaic energy generation. Currently, he is part of an association of companies and productive
chains of the photovoltaic sector of the Southern region of Brazil.
C1 Electrical engineer at a large electricity distribution service concessionaire in the Southern region of Brazil. He currently works in the company's special projects sector.
C2 Electrical engineer for 6 years in a large electricity distribution service concessionaire in the Southern region of Brazil. He operates in the research and development,
energy efficiency and planning of the company's electrical system.
C3 Electrical engineer for 1 year in a cooperative of electricity distribution of the Southern region of Brazil.
C4 Technical director of an electricity distribution concessionaire in Southern Brazil, where he has been working for 32 years.
C5 Commercial technical director of an electricity distribution company in the Southern region of Brazil, where he has been working for 30 years.
C6 Electrical engineer for 14 years in a distribution and commercialization concessionaire of electric energy in the Southern region of Brazil.
CL1 Client who installed the photovoltaic system in his company and residence for 3 years and intends to install in his rural property in Southern Brazil.
MG1 Member of the government, acting for 5 years as manager of energy planning, as well as Director of Innovations, Energy Sources and Mining of one of the states of the
Southern region of Brazil.
O1 Owner of a metallurgical company located in Southern Brazil, providing solutions for 16 years in renewable energy through the installation of photovoltaic panels for
homes, condominiums and companies.
R1 PhD in Electrical Engineering and researcher in the field of photovoltaic solar energy for 10 years at a federal university in the Southern region of Brazil.
SC1 Strategic consultant in the area of energy and infrastructure adviser of a federation linked to a state in the Southern region of Brazil, playing a crucial role in the
development of the photovoltaic sector.

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focused on distributed photovoltaic generation, R1 said that most of the generation and distributed generation of electricity from solar sources”
research in the country focuses on the use and impact of this type of and to the facilitation of financing to residential and industrial custo-
generation on the electricity system, and, in order to circumvent this mers through banks and development agencies. MG1 pointed out that a
factor, educational institutions are training human resources, pro- Solarimetric Atlas was published with detailed information on the solar
moting technological development and providing advanced technolo- radiation potential of the region, being a “fundamental tool to attract
gical services to the company as a way to acquire greater expertise in enterprises in the sector, to identify the potential of solar energy, to
the field and contribute to the sector. Moreover, O1 stated that large promote the knowledge inherent to the use of this energy source, in
investments have been earmarked for residential automation projects addition to generating a database for future ventures in the region".
and optimization of the use of energy while it is generated, a factor that
R1 said was a mandatory direction to solve problems related to energy 4.2. Analysis of results
storage, making possible the reduction of payback.
When asked about the main factors that limit the greater adoption This topic analyzes the results obtained considering the interviews
of distributed photovoltaic power, A1 stated that “the biggest bottle- with professionals in the energy sector and the information obtained in
neck is the financial issue, since the Brazilian is accustomed to finan- the academic literature. Initially the panorama of the distributed gen-
cing”. In addition, there is a consumer cultural barrier, as well as the eration of photovoltaic energy is presented, explaining the future ex-
fact that universities, for example, carry out isolated research and de- pectation of its participation in the energy matrix of the Southern re-
velopment (R&D) projects in the photovoltaic sector with different gion of Brazil. In addition, we discussed the identified factors that limit
approaches. Another major problem is the fact that people are putting the greater adoption and diffusion of photovoltaic technology in the
installation systems on sale, without the presence of professionals and region under the technical, economic, social, managerial and political
after-sales support, which may damage the image of PV system. CL1 dimensions.
corroborated this information, claiming that “the population's lack of
money, the need for financing, convenience and cultural factors are
limiting the greater adoption of photovoltaic technology.” C1 said that 4.2.1. Panorama of distributed generation of photovoltaic energy
“in addition to financial factors and bureaucracies with municipal, state From the point of view of the interviewees, there is a great ex-
and federal governments in environmental issues and investment li- pectation of growth of the distributed generation of photovoltaic en-
censing, there is dependence on imports of photovoltaic cells from ergy, which currently represents approximately 83% of all sources of
China, because, although there are Brazilian companies that manu- distributed generation in the Southern region of Brazil [19]. From 2011
facture these materials, the value does not pay. In addition, the panels to 2017, there was a high growth in the installed power of the tech-
have a useful life of approximately 20 years and photovoltaic genera- nology. This growth may be associated with the S diffusion curve of
tion gives a payback of about eight years if all goes well and if it does innovations, where some more courageous investors have decided to
not spoil an inverter before. On the part of the concessionaire there are rely on the new market conception, and gradually observing that the
concerns regarding the load dispatch, considering that the photovoltaic investment was positive for early investors, others are investing in this
source is quite oscillating". new technology, until in the future only a few will have resisted change.
In C2's view of the barriers to photovoltaic diffusion, “the technical Despite the significant growth, the number of units with distributed
unfeasibility of the residences is verified, since many of them do not photovoltaic generation is still small, mainly when verifying the
have good solar orientation and the architecture of the roofs causes Brazilian potential of solar energy utilization and the way in which this
them to have shade in part of the day. In the area covered by the energy source is used in other countries. In the Southern region of Brazil, only
concessionaire, 40% of consumers who were willing to pay for the one in a thousand energy-consuming units, such as houses and com-
equipment had their requests denied by the concessionaire for issues mercial establishments, has photovoltaic panels installed, while in
such as roof orientation, roof size or shady parts”. For C3, C4 and C6, Australia one in five households has photovoltaic systems [51]. Fig. 4
the main barriers are the investment value, time of return of invest- presents the evolution of the participation of the distributed generation
ment, cost of implementation and cost of equipment, while for C5 of photovoltaic energy in the energy matrix of Southern Brazil, taking
″there are ill-defined rules for implementation of the photovoltaic into account data extracted from the portal of the National Electric
system, suppliers of photovoltaic accept to sell only the whole package Energy Agency [19] and of the National Energy Balances of Energy
(design, material and labor) and there are few financing options for the Research Company from 2012 to 2017 [13,52–56]. The figure shows
residential customer”. R1 pointed out that “the greatest technical bar- the relation between the installed power of micro and mini photovoltaic
riers correspond to the intermittency and variability of solar generation, generation and the total installed power of electricity over the period of
with the absence of local storage”. In addition, R1 highlighted as bar- time analyzed.
riers the regulatory policy, technical developments and the need for a
cultural change of the population of the Southern region of the country
in the medium term. R1 and SC1 said that the distribution service
utilization fee (TUSD) is another limiting factor for raising the cost to
the consumer. The tariff is charged by the concessionaires and regu-
lated by ANEEL, being a value to compensate the use of the system by
customers who also generate their own energy and inject it into the
grid.
When questioned about the energy scenario in Southern Brazil, MG1
commented that the government has expectations of expansion of the
distributed generation market. Regarding the policies that regulate the
photovoltaic sector, MG1 pointed out that one of the incentives for the
adoption of photovoltaic solar energy is related to “the ICMS tax only
on the net difference in energy consumed, as well as the exemption of
this tax on operations with various equipment and components for the
use of solar and wind energy”. ICMS is the Brazilian tax on operations
related to the movement of goods and services [50]. Other government Fig. 4. Evolution of the participation of the distributed generation of photo-
incentives refer to “exemption of environmental licensing for self- voltaic energy in the energy matrix of the Southern region of Brazil.

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Fig. 4 shows a growth in the share of distributed PV generation in result in problems associated with the implementation and main-
the energy matrix of the Southern region of Brazil, pointing, through a tenance of renewable energy projects [64]. In addition, since these
trend line, to a representation of approximately 0.75% in 2024. A installations are carried out in areas already connected to the grid, a
polynomial trend line was used, since it was the model that best fitted scenario of irresponsibility in the operation and maintenance of the
the data, with coefficient of determination of 0.9299. Although it cor- technology has been identified, often done by inexperienced people,
responds to a small generation, it is highlighted that it is a significant since customers have the option to use the electricity provided directly
participation, considering that the generation comes exclusively from of the grid [22].
residential and commercial units with small installed power. Moreover, The execution of isolated R&D projects, with different approaches,
as mentioned by the interviewees, the region studied has a unique re- was mentioned by the interviewees as a barrier to photovoltaic adop-
lief, with large rivers that make the hydroelectric source predominant tion. This evidence points to the need of a R&D strategy based on in-
in the energy matrix, unlike countries such as Germany, whose lack of tegrated planning and articulation of ongoing projects. Ref. [65] argued
resources induces the need for several sources to obtain a significant that the best distribution of R&D investments in the photovoltaic sector
amount of installed energy capacity [57]. is geared towards the development of mature technologies such as
Although there are incentives for the development of solar photo- crystalline silicon and thin film photovoltaic, since they are more likely
voltaic generation, the use of this source is still unexplored and un- to overcome bottlenecks and become competitive in terms of cost.
derutilized, highlighting that there is much to be done to consolidate Other technical barriers cited by the interviewees are the oscillation
the energy matrix of the Southern region of Brazil. The systems con- of this energy source, poor solar orientation of the homes and roofs
nected to the photovoltaic grid have a great potential to assist in the architecture. Sun exposure is a basic requirement for the proper func-
diversification of the Brazilian energy matrix and in the reduction of tioning of photovoltaic systems, and panels exposed to the external
dependence on hydroelectric resources, due to the favorable natural environment result in an operation disturbed by variable climatic
conditions that exist [12]. However, some barriers that hamper its conditions, which can cause various types of faults that affect its normal
widespread use are identified, as the next topics present. Thus, it is operation and lead to a considerable loss of energy [66]. From the
important that the Brazilian states are prepared and accumulate ex- concessionaires' point of view, the oscillation of the photovoltaic source
perience with photovoltaic solar energy in order to take full advantage is cause for concern, since they are not prepared to receive large
of the benefits of this benign technology [58,59]. amounts of generation or to revert energy flows in circuits, without
having to reinforce or invest in control and protection [12].
4.2.2. Barriers to the diffusion of distributed generation of photovoltaic In addition, the architectural dimension of the areas is also an im-
energy portant factor to consider because the performance of solar collectors
This topic describes the barriers to the adoption of the distributed depends on their location and orientation, and panels need to be tilted
generation of photovoltaic energy that have been identified. Limiting in the right direction to maximize sun exposure [67]. In the Southern
factors are grouped according to the previously introduced dimensions: region of Brazil, the roof area available for installation of correctly
technical, economic, social, managerial and political. Information ob- oriented photovoltaic systems is 268.27 km2 [68]. Ref. [22] states that,
tained through the interviews is validated and complemented by data for urban areas, the surface for integration of photovoltaic panels on the
from the photovoltaic energy literature. roofs is very limited in old constructions. However, through public
policies, it is possible to encourage the planning and design of new
4.2.2.1. Technical dimension. Although photovoltaic technology has buildings with integrated photovoltaic systems in their structure to
advanced significantly in recent decades [60], respondents reported maximize the installation space.
that there are still several technical barriers to the diffusion of
distributed generation of photovoltaic energy. Institutional 4.2.2.2. Economic dimension. Initial cost of a photovoltaic system
sustainability requires technical standards and system durability [61], comprises high values of photovoltaic panels, mounting hardware,
representing a limiting factor cited by the interviewees. Even though circuit breakers and cables, as well as the cost of labor, which is an
photovoltaic modules have a relatively long life cycle, system power important component of the total cost of the installation [67]. Although
can be significantly influenced by degradation phenomena that can high initial investment costs represent the main obstacle to the large-
reduce system efficiency [62]. To circumvent this barrier, the materials scale deployment of photovoltaic systems, the cost of an innovation
that can be used for the development of photovoltaic cells and modules usually decreases with time, and in this case, specifically in Brazil, the
must be analyzed in order to choose those with a longer shelf life [63]. deployment costs of photovoltaic solutions tend to annually decrease in
It was identified that the quality of photovoltaic systems is funda- the range of 3.3–6.5% until 2030 [6]. According to Ref. [69], a lower
mental for the adoption of this technology. This quality can be influ- retail price for photovoltaic systems can increase the speed of potential
enced not only by the local conditions of the user environment, but also investors to acquire them. This is corroborated by Ref. [2], which states
by the political and financial arrangements that may change from that the costs associated with photovoltaic generation have been
country to country [22]. Ref. [63] stated that material defects are one of significantly reduced and this trend will be maintained over the
the major causes of failure of the device. These defects are potentiated years, leading to an increase in its competitiveness in the future.
by energy from high electric fields, high current densities, temperature The factor of long payback of the investment is an important barrier
increases and tensions at the interfaces of the material layer. For Ref. to the use of solar systems. Payback time is an economic measure used
[31], the quality of the panels depends on the companies that work with to evaluate the viability of an investment. It is the time of return of the
the photovoltaic system and the care that the adopter has with the initial investment up to the moment in which the accumulated gain
materials that make up this system. In addition, the panel energy de- equals the value of this investment. Considering the high costs for
pends on its efficiency, power, number of panels and solar resources. production and supply of solar photovoltaic electricity and low annual
Moreover, end users need to understand how to manage the PV system consumption in homes, the payback of the investment can be very long,
carefully, understanding its limitations, and avoiding damaging solar making the use of photovoltaic energy not financially viable [67]. In
panels and other component material, since many failures are caused by Brazil, the average payback time is 7.06 years, while in the Southern
excessive power consumption or user negligence [39]. region it is 8.5 years, since it presents a lower index of solar irradiation
Another limiting factor to the diffusion of the distributed generation [70]. However, since raw material costs are expected to be reduced and
of photovoltaic energy in the Southern region of Brazil refers to the systems production will grow, generating gains in scale, it is possible
installations of systems realized without professional accompaniment. that the payback period will be lower in the coming years.
Lack of awareness of advanced technologies and disqualified manpower One barrier mentioned by the interviewees is the fact that the

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Brazilian population is heavily dependent on financing for the purchase innovation diffusion process in a variety of contexts. Weak or
of photovoltaic systems. Even though the development of specific credit neglected after-sales service provided by companies, which installs
lines for the generation of solar energy is important for the expressive photovoltaic systems is an important managerial barrier to the diffusion
entry of this source into the Brazilian energy matrix, there are still no of technology in the Southern region of Brazil. As mentioned by the
attractive financing lines available in all the states of the country [2]. interviewees, there is a big problem regarding the existence of
Special financing conditions encourage a greater number of agents to inexperienced people performing the installation of photovoltaic
invest in photovoltaic generation, since they allow a lower capital ex- systems, aiming only the product sale, without offering adequate and
penditure by the agent and a higher return on capital investment. This reliable maintenance services. In view of the lack of information and
incentive measure is feasible for industry and commerce, but it needs to knowledge of most adopters, a functional service is needed to continue
be extended to residential customers and the bureaucracy to obtain the the monitoring and maintenance of the systems. This represents a
benefit be reduced [12]. As mentioned by the member of the govern- challenge for the costs and manpower to manage and ensure the
ment in the interview, measures are already being taken to increase the sustainability of the system, and the problems with the service can
benefit of financing the residential class, boosting the application of jeopardize the quality generation [22].
photovoltaic generation. Another limiting aspect to the adoption of photovoltaic technology
ICMS tax is another economic aspect limiting the adoption of pho- is related to negative publicity and ineffective marketing approaches.
tovoltaic technology, as it compromises the performance of local in- For example, a lack of adequate knowledge among adopters and in-
dustries and hampers the advance of new businesses. Some Brazilian experienced installers of systems can result in improper use and in-
states have already adopted the ICMS exemption policy in order to ability to maintain efficient operation, creating a negative perception
increase the likelihood of photovoltaic investment becoming viable and preventing potential customers from making the decision to adopt
[71]. In addition, the distribution service utilization fee (TUSD) is seen systems [79]. Ref. [80] argued that information and knowledge,
as a barrier by the interviewees, since it consists of an additional through effective marketing approaches and educational campaigns,
amount determined by ANEEL to effect the monthly billing of users of are more likely to accelerate the energy conservation and diffusion
the electricity distribution system, raising the cost to be paid by con- behavior of renewable technologies.
sumers for the energy surplus injected into the distribution grid [72]. It
is therefore important for the governments and authorities of the energy 4.2.2.5. Political dimension. Due to the high prices of equipment and
sector of the Southern region of Brazil to come forward with incentives installations, photovoltaic systems are generally not profitable without
and subsidies that enable the adoption of the technology, so as to take the support of policies in several countries. Thus, government actions to
advantage of its solar potential, converting it into benefits for the po- facilitate the business creation process in this segment are of vital
pulation [42,73]. importance for the rapid diffusion of this innovation [12]. However, the
political instability that exists in Brazil, resulting from cases of
4.2.2.3. Social dimension. The sociocultural context determines the corruption by special interests and inadequate social and economic
extent to which a technology is adopted and depends on the benefits, can lead to the poor performance of the electricity sector, due
community's ability to integrate photovoltaic generation into existing to practical restrictions in the period to carry out electricity reforms.
social structures [61]. Thus, consumer culture is seen as a negative As can be seen in countries such as Nepal [81], whose corruption
influence on the diffusion of photovoltaic technology in Southern index due to political instability is similar to that of Brazil [82], any
Brazil, since the population feels insecure about the reliability of this reform that extends beyond government life becomes politically in-
kind of electricity generation and is accommodated in receiving the feasible and postpones the progress of the reform as a whole.
electricity of the grid without having to make a great investment in PV In recent years, few new energy policies or programs have been
system for this [74]. In addition, home and business culture is not created in Brazil, most of which are focused on biodiesel and ethanol.
heavily concerned with the environment and sustainable development The program that encompasses solar and wind energy sources is seen by
[5]. the market as bureaucratic, superficial and hostile to the deployment of
The lack of adequate knowledge about photovoltaic technology is a new technologies [6]. Ref. [46] clarify the importance of strong poli-
crucial barrier, since potential adopters feel insecure about the perfor- tical support at the national, regional or local levels through softened
mance of the technology and lack information relevant to their in- bureaucratic application procedures, goal setting and development
dividual cases [22]. Ref. [44] argued that the fear of experiencing planning, so that distributed generation of photovoltaic energy is
something new as a consequence of not having enough knowledge widespread more quickly.
about it is a factor that prevents people from taking a step toward In view of the high prices of photovoltaic systems, incentive me-
change. This highlighted the importance of dedicating efforts to carry chanisms are needed to be used on a large scale. High production of
out educational campaigns aiming to provide clear information to such equipment in Brazil would be a major advance for the photovoltaic
consumers on the environmental benefits of renewable energies, in- sector, but this requires political measures to be able to compete with
creasing their awareness. Ref. [69] point out that people with higher other countries on equal terms. Tax exemptions and reduced loans are
education levels make decisions about purchasing a photovoltaic incentives that must be adjusted at the federal and state levels to pro-
system based on various information, and contacting specialists to mote the adoption of solar systems [12]. For Ref. [10], although the
identify advantages and disadvantages of the facility is effective in National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES) offers
motivating them to generate their own energy. attractive financing options for large companies, it does not benefit
The purchase of a photovoltaic system is a decision of high in- small consumers. In this way, the government could promote a greater
volvement, in which potential users usually invest substantial time and incentive to the PV micro generation, so that people perceive financial
consideration before making a decision [75]. Due to the complexity of advantage and the benefits of the technology.
the decision, people find it difficult to obtain complete information on Lack of well-defined rules for the implementation of photovoltaic
the subject, as there are several factors involved in the decision making systems was another barrier to the diffusion of technology in Southern
process [76]. The difficulty in finding reliable information on micro- Brazil. This factor points to the need of strategies and political plans for
generation is therefore a major obstacle to adoption, particularly for the development of the renewable energy sector, establishing clear
those who consider PVs, despite the efforts of government and micro- guidelines for the planning, development and execution of a project of
generation interest groups to reduce this barrier [77,78]. distributed generation of photovoltaic energy [65]. For Ref. [83], a
well-defined plan is needed to quantify the benefits of its im-
4.2.2.4. Managerial dimension. Inadequate management can hinder plementation, including the economic and environmental benefits of

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achieving targets set by a solar program. dimensions: technical, economic, social, managerial and political.
For the generation of electric energy in the configuration of micro Brazil, compared to European and Asian countries with higher in-
and mini distributed generation, it is necessary to have the photovoltaic stalled capacity, presents greater obstacles to the adoption of photo-
module and the inverter, which converts the electric power from direct voltaic technology, since it is still incipient in the culture of implanta-
current to alternating current and equalizes frequency, voltage and tion of solar energy systems [20]. This fact points to the need to create
current with the electric grid. However, since domestic production is specific programs to encourage the research and development of this
still not sufficient for the market, these two devices are usually im- important source of renewable energy, diversifying the national energy
ported from China, representing a limiting factor to the greater adop- matrix and reducing environmental impacts.
tion of photovoltaic technology. Strategically, state and federal gov-
ernment policymakers should seek ways to encourage local production 5. Conclusions
of essential components of the photovoltaic system so that the country
can gain independence from imported technologies and incorporate Even though many studies claim that photovoltaic systems are
into its market the whole production cycle, research and personal ex- sufficiently developed to compete with other conventional energy
perience [57]. This information is corroborated by Ref. [2], who states sources [1,8], this research showed that there are still several barriers
that the development of the domestic market allows the country to that prevent the wider adoption and diffusion of this technology. Based
participate in some stage of the value chain of a high value-added in- on a qualitative approach, this research investigated the growth of the
dustry in the world. In addition, Brazil has raw materials and industries photovoltaic sector in the Southern region of Brazil and the factors
that can be adapted for the production of components for photovoltaic limiting its expansion. The study was performed using semi-structured
systems. Thus, the strengthening of local industry can reduce costs and interviews conducted with professionals from large and small electricity
boost the participation of this energy source in the national electricity distribution service concessionaires, responsible by an association of
matrix. companies and productive chains of the sector, academic researcher,
Although the international market for photovoltaic components is client, PV provider, member of the government, and consultant in the
extremely competitive [2], Ref. [84] says that Brazil has the potential to area of energy of the region. Thus, for distributed PV generation the
develop the entire production chain through governmental policies, present research confirms an existing pattern, since several barriers
techno-economic initiatives, an opening and competitive market ac- mentioned by the interviewees were identified by diverse studies
tivity and the national industry development with technology adapta- around the world and specifically in Brazil. It provides new structured
tion to meet national conditions. Even if China represents the gravita- insights about the evolution of the participation of the distributed
tional center of global manufacturing of photovoltaic components, the generation of photovoltaic energy in the energy matrix of the region
interconnected characteristics of the industry must be dialectically under study and supplies future growth expectations, discussing and
identified as cooperation and competition. Brazil is favored by inter- structuring the determining factors for the adoption of technology in
national research and development of solar panels, and its industry will the technical, economic, social, managerial and political dimensions.
initially begin as an element of a transnational chain of photovoltaic Through information obtained from the interviewees and in the
energy manufacturing. By overcoming fiscal obstacles and relatively literature, it was possible to verify that, although the Southern region of
higher production costs, Brazil may no longer be subordinate and de- Brazil is at the beginning of the adoption of the solar PV technology,
pendent on global photovoltaic circuits to become a strategic and po- there is an expectation of growth of this kind of distributed generation.
tentially competitive location [85]. In 2017, the number of photovoltaic systems connected to the grid
Normative Resolution 482/2012, published by ANEEL, established corresponded to approximately 0.1% of all distributed generation
the general conditions for access to micro and mini distributed gen- sources, representing a 766-fold increase compared to 2011. According
eration and regulates its net measurement. In addition, it defines that to the trend line, it is expected that in 2024 the installed capacity
an electric energy compensation system allows micro and mini gen- reaches 285 MWp (Mega Watt Peak), which would represent 0.75% of
eration owners to receive credits for the active energy generated in all the electricity generated. These are small numbers and clearly much
addition to the user's consumption. These credits are valid 60 months remains to be done for photovoltaic energy to develop and consolidate
after the billing date and there is no payment for the energy injected in the energy matrix of Southern Brazil. However, to modify the trend
into the distribution network [16]. However, this incentive is not strong line it is necessary to understand the main factors that limit the adop-
enough to boost distributed generation of photovoltaic energy, re- tion of photovoltaic technology and to devise a strategic plan together
presenting a limiting factor to its adoption. This reflects the fact that with the state and federal governments oriented to overcome the bar-
distribution concessionaires are not prepared to accommodate large riers and help in the growth of this sustainable energy technology.
amounts of generation [12]. From the technical point of view, the major concerns are the dur-
Based on the above mentioned results of the observations and fac- ability and quality of photovoltaic systems, since the materials are
tors that compromise the greater diffusion of distributed generation of subject to degradation phenomena, which reduces the efficiency of the
photovoltaic energy, the findings are summarized in Table 2. This table system. In the economic dimension, the cost of the initial investment is
presents a summary of the results analyzed and shows the barriers generally perceived as high and represents the main obstacle to the
identified and measures to overcome them within each one of the deployment of large-scale photovoltaic systems. Moreover, the access of
studied dimensions, being: technical, economic, social, managerial and the Southern Brazil population for financing for the purchase of panels
political. is pointed out as another limiting factor for the diffusion of the tech-
Based on the literature review of the distributed PV and on the nology, requiring special incentives to boost photovoltaic generation.
qualitative study conducted with professionals from electric power In the social context, consumer culture and the lack of adequate
concessionaires, associations of photovoltaic companies, entrepreneurs, knowledge about photovoltaic technology are presented as crucial
policy makers, academic researcher and user of photovoltaic systems, it barriers, indicating the importance of conducting educational cam-
was possible to verify that the barriers are evident for emerging paigns that provide information on the benefits of this energy source.
economies such as Brazil, Bangladesh and Nepal, as well as for devel- From the management point of view, there are problems related to
oped countries such as Germany, the USA and China [22]. Although inefficient after-sales services and negative publicity due to the lack of
barriers must be assessed in a particular context, in relation to a similar experience of system installers. In the political dimension, the depen-
country or region, they are commonly encompassed in five interrelated dence on imports of panels from China, the political instability in Brazil

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Table 2
Barriers to the adoption of distributed generation of photovoltaic energy and measures to overcome them.
Dimension Barriers to distributed PV generation Measures to overcome the barriers

Technical Low durability of the photovoltaic system Materials that can be used for the development of photovoltaic cells and modules must be analyzed to
choose those with a longer shelf life
Poor quality of photovoltaic system Encourage cooperation between business, university and government for the development of quality
photovoltaic materials and systems
Installations without professional support Conduct of audits by a supervisory body
Implementation of isolated R&D projects with different Implement a R&D strategy that is based on integrated planning and articulates ongoing projects
approaches
Oscillating nature of the photovoltaic source Concessionaires should invest in grid control and protection to receive larger generation amounts or to
reverse energy flows in circuits
Poor solar orientation of homes and roof architecture Install hybrid power generation systems, combining another energy source with distributed PV
generation
Economic High cost of materials and installation Lower retail price for photovoltaic systems can increase the speed of potential investors to acquire
them
Long payback Reduce raw material costs, increase production of systems and seek solutions for the storage of
generated energy
Dependence of financing to purchase the photovoltaic Special financing conditions should be created for residential customers to boost photovoltaic
system generation
Tax on the circulation of goods and services (ICMS) Governments and authorities of the energy sector of Southern Brazil should come forward with
incentives and subsidies that enable the adoption of the PV technology, such as ICMS exemption
Distribution service utilization fee (TUSD) Optimize the customer consumption curve to match as much as possible with the photovoltaic
generation curve
Social Consumer culture weakly engaged with PV systems Carry out educational campaigns to provide clear information to consumers about the environmental
Lack of knowledge about photovoltaic technology benefits of renewable energy
Managerial Weak or neglected after-sales service provided by Companies must provide a functional service to continue monitoring and maintaining systems
companies installing photovoltaic systems
Ineffective marketing approaches and negative publicity Create effective marketing approaches and educational campaigns to convey information and
knowledge about photovoltaic systems
Political Political instability Propose legislation that will perpetuate the support and incentive to photovoltaic generation
independent of governmental management
Excessive bureaucracy Reduce bureaucracy for deployment of PV systems to be more rapidly diffused
Lack of incentive policies for photovoltaic generation The government should promote incentives for the PV sector at the federal and state levels, such as tax
exemptions and reduced loans
Lack of well-defined rules for the implementation of Create strategies and policy plans for the development of the renewable energy sector, establishing
photovoltaic systems clear guidelines for the planning, development and execution of a PV project
Dependence on the import of panels from China State and federal government policymakers should encourage local production of essential
components of the photovoltaic system so that the country can gain independence from imported
technologies
Deficiency in energy compensation systems Create complementary resolution to encourage greater adoption of photovoltaic systems

and the lack of attractive mechanisms and incentives for consumers are Appendix A.1Questionnaire for associations and entrepreneurs in
highlighted, pointing to the need for the government to define plans for the sector of distributed generation of photovoltaic energy in the
the development of the renewable energy sector. Southern region of Brazil (English version)
Results indicate the need to create a collaborative environment,
with the involvement of companies from the photovoltaic sector, gov- 1. Overview of photovoltaic distributed generation in the state of the
ernment, financial institutions, researchers and community. Such col- organization
laboration is necessary to overcome existing barriers, allowing dis- 1.1. Photovoltaic energy corresponds to which part of the dis-
tributed generation of photovoltaic energy to become a technology tributed generation in the state? What is the installed capacity
present in Southern Brazil. This may reduce the environmental impacts of this type of energy today?
associated with climate change and dependence on fossil fuels while 1.2. What is the organization's expectation regarding the genera-
taking advantage of the conditions favorable to the capture of solar tion of photovoltaic energy for the coming years?
energy in the country. It is worth noting that this study was conducted 1.3. Which factors limit the greater adoption of distributed gen-
in Southern Brazil, but we believe many of the findings are relevant for eration of photovoltaic energy?
underdeveloped countries or for regions of developed countries where 1.4. Are there forecast models of distributed generation of photo-
the presence of solar panels is still incipient. voltaic energy?
1.4.1. Which factors should be taken into account when
forecasting the distributed generation of photovoltaic
Acknowledgements and Funding energy?
1.5. How does the system of compensation of the concessionaire
This work was supported by the Conselho Nacional de for residential, business and industrial generating units by the
Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico [grant numbers 142448/ surplus electric energy inserted in the network by means of
2018-4, 308723/2017-1, 311926/2017-7 and 465640/2014-1], distributed generation occurs?
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior [grant 1.6. From what consumption does it become feasible to install
number 23038.000776/2017–54] and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa photovoltaic panels in residential, business and industrial
do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul [grant number 17/2551-0000517-1]. units?
The authors thank to CNPq, CAPES, FAPERGS and Institutos Nacionais 1.7. What is the cost of deploying a photovoltaic kit in residential,
de Ciência e Tecnologia – Geração Distribuída (INCT-GD) for sup- business and industrial units?
porting this research. 1.8. How has the cost of deploying photovoltaic kits evolved?

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1.9. What is the forecast of reducing the cost of implementation in 2.1. Name
the coming years? 2.2. State where the system is installed
1.10. In the photovoltaic sector, for which projects are the largest
investments in research, development and innovation des- Appendix A.4Questionnaire for the member of the government in
tined? the Southern region of Brazil (English version)
2. Identification
2.1. Name of organization 1. Overview of photovoltaic distributed generation in Southern region
2.2. State where the organization is located of Brazil
2.3. Respondent's role in the organization 1.1. What is your expectation regarding the generation of photo-
2.4. How long have you been working in the organization? voltaic energy for the next years?
1.2. Which policies encourage and regulate the photovoltaic energy
Appendix A.2Questionnaire for concessionaires and cooperatives sector in the region?
of generation and distribution of electric energy of the Southern 1.3. Is there any funding to encourage the adoption of distributed
region of Brazil (English version) generation of photovoltaic energy?
1.4. Is there any strategic study that brings information to help the
1. Overview of the energy matrix of the organization's scope of state expansion of the photovoltaic sector?
1.1. What is the composition of the state's energy matrix? 2. Identification
1.2. What is the state's annual growth rate of energy consumption? 2.1. Name
1.3. Is there forecast growth for any specific source of energy gen- 2.2. Respondent's role in the government
eration? If so, what is the source and why? 2.3. How long have you been working in the government?
1.4. Why can there be instability in the energy that the consumer
receives from the grid? Appendix A.5Questionnaire for photovoltaic provider, academic
1.5. Could distributed generation be a solution to lessen the in- researcher and strategic consultant of photovoltaic energy in the
stability of the energy distribution? Southern region of Brazil (English version)
1.6. Currently, what is the main source of distributed power gen-
eration in the state? 1. Overview of photovoltaic distributed generation in Southern region
1.7. For which energy projects are destined the largest investments of Brazil
in research, development and innovation of the organization? 1.1. What is your expectation regarding the generation of photo-
2. Overview of photovoltaic energy generation in the state of the or- voltaic energy for the next years?
ganization 1.2. Which factors limit the greater adoption of distributed gen-
2.1. Photovoltaic energy corresponds to which part of the dis- eration of photovoltaic energy?
tributed generation in the state? What is the installed capacity 1.3. How can these barriers be overcome?
of this type of energy today? 1.4. What is the biggest motivation of customers to install the
2.2. What is the organization's expectation regarding the generation system?
of photovoltaic energy for the coming years? 1.5. In the photovoltaic sector, for which projects are the largest
2.3. Which factors limit the greater adoption of distributed gen- investments in research, development and innovation destined?
eration of photovoltaic energy? 1.6. How can universities and companies foster the development of
2.4. Does the organization have a forecast model for the supply of the photovoltaic sector?
electricity? 1.7. Is there any program that encourages the adoption of photo-
2.4.1. Does the organization have a forecast model of dis- voltaic technology in the southern region of Brazil?
tributed generation of photovoltaic energy? 2. Identification
2.4.2. Which factors should be taken into account when fore- 2.1. Name
casting the distributed generation of photovoltaic en- 2.2. Respondent's role in the organization
ergy? 2.3. How long have you been working in the sector?
2.5. How does the system of compensation of the concessionaire for
residential, business and industrial generating units by the References
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