c4-10 Bored Piling Works
c4-10 Bored Piling Works
c4-10 Bored Piling Works
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C4-10 Bored Piling Works
CONTENTS
Page
1. GENERAL 1
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 Related Sections 1
1.3
National Productivity and Quality Specifications (NPQS)
2. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 6
2.1 Requirements for Design Verification 6
2.2 Performance Criteria for Piles Under Test 6
2.3 Permissible Damage Criteria for Existing Critical Structures or Services 6
3. MATERIALS 8
3.1 Source of Materials 8
3.2 Drilling Fluid 8
3.3 Water 8
3.4 Concrete 8
3.5 Grout 8
3.6 Reinforcement 8
3.7 Temporary Casings 8
3.8 Permanent Steel Casings 9
4. WORKMANSHIP 10
4.1 General Workmanship Requirements 10
4.2 Trial Bores 10
4.3 Boring Excavation 10
4.4 Use of Drilling Fluid 12
4.5 Cleanliness of Pile Bases 12
4.6 Reinforcement 12
4.7 Pile Casting 13
4.8 Backfilling Empty Boring 16
4.9 Grouting of Piles 16
4.10 Tolerances 17
4.11 Protection to Piles 18
4.12 Replacement of Piles 18
4.13 Cleaning Up 18
4.14 Non-Performance of Working Piles 18
4.15 Cutting Off Pile Heads 19
4.16 Noise and Disturbance 19
4.17 Final Survey and As-Built Drawing 19
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1. GENERAL
Read with the General Requirements section, and all other contract documents.
1.1 Scope
This section covers the requirements for the construction of bored piles including:
a. In-situ concrete piles
b. Micro piles
The piles may be used as foundations to support principally vertical loads, or may be
used to form embedded retaining walls resisting principally horizontal loads.
This document is supplementary to section C4-10 of the NPQS. It provides project
specific data to be read in conjunction with the main section. All modification and
additions noted in this documents take precedence over clauses noted in the main
section.
1.3.1 Standards
Unless otherwise agreed by the SO, ensure all of the Works comply with the relevant
requirements of the Standards and Codes listed below or referenced in the body of
the Specification. Alternative Standards and Codes may be proposed for approval by
the SO, provided it can be demonstrated that the alternative Standards and Codes
comply with the requirements of the standards specified. All Standards and Codes
quoted are the current version, unless specific year references are noted.
Singapore Standards
SS 31 Aggregates from natural sources for concrete
SS 78: Part A16 Testing Concrete. Method of determination of compressive
strength of concrete cubes
SS CP 4 Foundations
SS CP 65: Part 1 Structural use of concrete. Design and Construction
SS CP 79 Safety management system for construction worksites
Other Standards
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Submit the design to the SO for acceptance. Design proposals in (c) to (d) are to be
endorsed by a PE (Civil).
Submit the CV of the personnel to be engaged for the above including the PE’s, for
SO’s acceptance.
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1.4.7.4 Contamination
Verify information on contamination identified or believed to be present on site.
In the event that contamination is either positively identified or suspected, draw to the
attention of all personnel working on site together with the need to take any
precautionary measures in handling contaminated materials, groundwater and
obnoxious vapours from the ground.
1.4.10 Obstructions
If any obstructions such as existing fences, structures, footings, boulders, concrete
blocks, pipes, drains, driveways or ramp are encountered during excavation, submit
proposals for their removal for the SO's acceptance.
1.4.13 Safety
Provide safety precautions to comply with all current legislation and regulations,
notably:
f. Building Control Regulations
g. Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone
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1.5 Definitions
a. Pile Dimensions Piles dimension specified in pile layout drawing(s) /
piling schedule are the minimum acceptable
dimensions
b. Rock Material classified as grade I to III In table 10 “Scale
of weathering grades of rock mass” in BS 5930:
1981.
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2. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
In addition, the overall pile capacity is to have at least a factor of safety of 2.5 against
design ultimate compression and lateral loads, respectively and at least a factor of
safety of 3.0 against design ultimate tension load.
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Notwithstanding the above, ensure that the ground movements and vibrations
generated by the works comply with the following if more stringent:
a. Generally comply with the requirements of BS 5228 Part 1.
b. The vibration generated by the works in MRT structures not to exceed a peak
particle velocity of 15mm/s.
c. Unless otherwise directed, refer to Section C2-50, Clause 4.2.2 for general
restrictions on ground movements and vibration limits for adjacent structures
where relevant.
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3. MATERIALS
3.3 Water
Water used for the construction is to be clean and free from harmful matter in solution
or suspension.
If taken from a source other than the Public Utilities Board, water is to be tested in
accordance with BS EN 1008.
3.4 Concrete
Refer to section C3-10, clause 3.0 for general requirement of concrete.
3.5 Grout
Grout containing fine aggregate may be used in place of concrete. Constituents are
to be water, ordinary Portland cement, fine aggregate where permitted and
admixtures subject to agreement.
3.6 Reinforcement
Refer to section C3-20, clause 3.0 for general requirements of reinforcement.
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Temporary casings are to be free from significant distortion. They are to be of uniform
cross-section throughout each continuous length. During concreting they are to be
free from internal projections and encrusted concrete, which might prevent proper
formation of the piles.
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4. WORKMANSHIP
4.3.1 General
Submit a detailed method statement clarifying the procedure for installing the bored
piles including the method of overcoming any obstructions encountered and drilling
through hard rock for SO’s acceptance. The method of excavation is to ensure no soil
collapse in the bored holes. Do not commence working pile excavation before
method of excavation is accepted.
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Carry out boring excavation generally using boring or reversed circulation drilling
equipment operating at the existing ground level.
Provide temporary steel casing and drilling fluid if necessary to support the
excavation. Ensure the extreme dimensions (teeth to teeth) of the boring bucket or
auger is not smaller than the specified pile diameter.
Do not dewater within the excavated bored holes.
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4.4.2 Storage
Store solid additives in separate waterproof stores or containers, which will prevent
the materials from becoming contaminated.
4.4.3 Use
Use in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions unless there is a
demonstrable reason to do otherwise.
4.4.4 Mixing
Mix drilling fluid thoroughly with clean fresh water to make a suspension, which will
maintain the stability of the pile excavation for the period necessary to place concrete
and complete construction.
Where saline or chemically contaminated groundwater occurs, take special
precautions to modify the drilling fluid suspension or prehydrate the drilling fluid in
fresh water so as to render it suitable in all respects for the construction of piles.
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4.6 Reinforcement
4.6.1 General
Refer to section C3-20, clause 4.0.
4.6.2 Fixing
Keep the number of joints in the longitudinal bars to a minimum. Arrange the joints
such that the full strength of each bar is effective.
Ensure the reinforcement cages are sufficiently rigid to enable them to be handled,
placed and concreted without damage.
Welding is to be in accordance with BS 7123.
4.6.3 Placing
Lower the steel reinforcement accurately into position with sufficient spacer blocks to
ensure the correct cover is maintained at all times. Spacer blocks are to be of
suitable durability. Allow a vertical tolerance of +150/-50mm on the level of the
reinforcement projecting above the cut-off level.
4.7.1 General
Adopt a method of placing, and a suitable workability of the concrete, so as to form a
continuous monolithic concrete shaft of the full cross-section.
Place the concrete without such interruption as would allow the workability of the
previously placed batch to have deteriorated significantly. The method of placing is to
be accepted by the SO. If necessary, incorporate an accepted set retarding additive
into the mix in order to ensure extended workability of the concrete after placement.
Take all precautions in the design of the mix and placing of the concrete to avoid
arching of the concrete in a casing.
Prevent contamination of the concrete by spoil, liquid or other foreign matter.
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4.7.3 Compaction
Do not use internal vibrators to compact concrete in the pile shafts.
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Develop a system of level checks for the concrete and pipe outlet to ensure that this
requirement is met.
At all times, maintain a sufficient quantity of concrete within the pipe to ensure that
the pressure from it exceeds that from the water or drilling fluid. The internal
diameter of the pipe of the tremie is not to be less than 250 mm.
The number of tremie tubes per pile is to be acceptable to the SO. Where more than
one tremie pipe is employed during concrete pouring to any one pile, arrange the
charging of concrete in the tubes so that it is evenly distributed between the tubes
and no differential head exists at the concrete/slurry interface over the length of the
pile. Confirm this level by soundings taken during the concrete pour.
4.7.7.2 Piles Cast in Dry Bores with Permanent Lining Tubes or Casings
Where permanent lining tubes or casings are used to where the cut-off is in stable
ground below the base of any casing used, cast pile heads to a level above the
specified cut-off so that a sound concrete connection can be made after trimming.
The casting level is to be 0.75 to 1.0m above the cut-off level.
Where Cut-off levels are specified below the standing groundwater level, do not
reduce the borehole fluid level below the standing groundwater level until the
concrete has set.
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4.7.8.1 General
Remove the casing in such a manner that no defect or damage will be sustained by
the newly cast piles.
4.7.9 Overbreak
Ensure that the method of construction does not cause an overbreak of larger than
100% of the nominal pile concrete volume. Where the overbreak is larger than
100%, the pile is deemed to be defective. Propose suitable remedial measures
including load tests justifying the capacity of the piles for SO’s acceptance.
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Where the base or sides of the pile are to be pressure grouted, construct the piles
with grout tubes and all other necessary equipment for grouting.
4.9.2 Grout
4.9.2.1 Batching
Maintain weighing and water dispensing mechanisms to the levels of accuracy
stipulated in BS 1305. Measure the moisture contents of aggregates immediately
before mixing.
4.9.2.2 Mixing
Mix all ingredients thoroughly to produce a homogeneous mix. After mixing, pass mix
through a 5mm aperture sieve and use within 30 minutes.
4.9.2.3 Transporting
Transport so as to avoid segregation of the mix.
4.10 Tolerances
4.10.2 Position
The maximum permitted deviation at cut off level of the pile centre from the centre
point shown on the setting out drawing is to be 75 mm in any direction. A survey of
the eccentricity of each pile and the pile group is to be carried out by a Licensed
Surveyor, with the results submitted to the SO within 14 days or as directed after the
pile has been trimmed to its cut-off level.
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4.10.3 Verticality
For vertical piles, the maximum permitted deviation of the finished pile from the
vertical is 1 in 75.
4.10.4 Rake
For raked piles, the piling rig is to be set and maintained to attain the required rake.
The maximum permitted deviation of the finished pile from the specified rake is 1 in
25.
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4.13 Cleaning Up
Remove from the site periodically during the works and on completion all
unnecessary plant, rubbish and debris resulting from the activities.
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5.1 Submissions
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5.2.1 General
Provide the SO with test certificates, analyses and mill sheets. Ensure that adequate
notice is given to the SO when the processes can be inspected or tests can be
witnessed.
Inspect each pile bore prior to the placing of concrete in it. Provide suitable
equipment to the SO’s acceptance for carrying out the inspection.
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5.3 Tests
5.4.4 Testing
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b. Excavation of all materials for a distance of not less than 5 metres from pile face
around the entire pile to minimum 1m below the level of the pile cap soffit. The width
of excavation is to be the same on all sides of the pile.
c. Backfilling and compaction of the excavation hard against the pile and testing and
re-testing as appropriate. Finally, completion of backfilling and compaction to the
level of the top of the pile cap.
Alternative remedial measures such as compensating piles may be proposed subject
to the acceptance of the SO. Carry out additional load tests as directed by the SO.
5.6 Records
Keep records of the installation of each pile with information as below. Submit two
copies of these records to the SO the next working day after the pile was installed or
as directed. Note any unexpected boring conditions in the record.
a. Contract
b. Pile reference number (location)
c. Pile type
d. Nominal cross-sectional dimensions or diameter
e. Nominal diameter of underream
f. Length of preformed pile
g. Standing groundwater level
h. Date and time of boring
i. Date of concreting
j. Ground level at commencement of installation of pile
k. Working level
l. Depth from working level to pile toe
m. Toe level
n. Depth from working level to pile head level
o. Length of temporary casing
p. Length of permanent casing
q. A log of soil type encountered from start to finish of excavation and observed
water levels.+
r. Length and details of reinforcement
s. Concrete mix
t. Volume of concrete supplied to pile where this can be measured in practice
u. A graph of theoretical and placed concrete volumes with depth.
v. All information regarding obstructions/delays and other Interruptions to the
sequence of work
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a. Pile identification
b. Date
c. Leakage test
d. Records of pressure and uplift
e. Total uplift
f. Grout test results
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