Operation Management of Power Grid System With Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage System Integrations
Operation Management of Power Grid System With Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage System Integrations
Abstract—Sudan is a large country because of the large of energy for power production. As a result, some areas far
territory and the distance between communities are simply too from the national electricity network there is a great need
great, a full- scale power grid is almost impossible to realize. for including renewable energy like wind and solar sources
As a result, the construction of small Island power grids in
remote areas has been developed. The country shows favorable as major contributors to the electrical power system. There
conditions for the generation of electricity by renewable energies are smaller independent power grids that provide power to
such as wind and solar. Nyala city has been chosen as a preferred remote areas like Nyala power plant, which have limited or
wind farm location because the power supply by the existing no access to public interconnected grids. Traditionally, small
diesel power plant is expensive due to high costs for fuel transport stand-alone grids are electrified by diesel generators. These
and the reliability of power supply is low due to uncertain
fuel provision. This paper presents a formulation of security- generators operate a few hours the day, mainly in the evening.
constrained unit commitment (SCUC) with diesel generation Most of these generators are old and prone to mechanical fail-
and integration of wind power and solar photovoltaic with the ure. Additionally, transportation problems prevent sufficient
compressed air energy storage system (CAES) for Nyala city generator maintenance (e.g. spare parts etc.), and individual
power plant. The proposed system is formulated as a mixed- communities also have a higher fuel cost. However, Hybrid
integer programming, which is solved in CPLEX 12.7.0. and the
results show that the proposed model is suitable for renewable plants are outlined as an optimum approach for off-grid power
integrations into the power grid system with energy storage supply options for remote areas applications. Integration of
systems. renewable with energy storage system into the power grid
Index Terms—Compressed air energy storage, Diesel power system has been studied by many authors before but most
plant, Modeling and simulation, Solar photovoltaic, Unit com- of them focused on different characteristics and issues of the
mitment, Wind power
power system. Wind power influences several power system
characteristics from economic dispatch and unit commitment
I. I NTRODUCTION
to stability and quality issues. The optimization problem
Sudan has a great wealth of renewable energies, especially includes the energy and the ancillary services that determine
solar and wind. The amount of solar radiation is as a result the optimal combination of units to coordinate between the
of the geographical position of the country near the equator, output power of the generation units and the power demand
very high and could be used quite well at certain sites in order to forecasted power in a minimum production cost,
with installed photovoltaic systems. Addition to that with is known as security constrained unit commitment problem
measured average wind speeds up to 8m/s per month, wind (SCUC) [1], [2]. The same problem has been investigated
conditions appear to be favorable for electricity generation as in [3], [4], the proposed problem including wind farm and
well. But these energies do not use to compensate for the compressed air energy storage (CAES) and the results show
increasing demand of electrical power in the country. Also, fuel saving when integration the wind power and more fuel
the burden on the transmission network is increasing in an saving when the integration of (CAES) but in these models
unexpected manner so that the transmission network becomes only the thermal generation units are used. Another kind of
economically not suitable for use. Furthermore, the depletion energy storage system used in the (SCUC) problem [5], this
of fuels and the rampant increase in the price of fossil fuels system includes 8-bus system includes 6 thermal units, wind
have resulted in increased interest to include renewable sources farm and battery energy storage system divided into two zones,
978-1-5386-8549-5/18$31.00 2018 IEEE all wind turbines are located in zone 1 and its far from the load
TABLE I
center. Also, this author only applied the method to the thermal D IESEL GENERATORS OF N YALA POWER PLANT
power units. however, in Ref. [6], the problem is included gas
units instead of thermal units. Optimal sizing of battery energy group Generator Voltage Power Pmax Pmin
storage has been determined in [7], the proposed system is (V) (KVA) (KW) (KW)
microgrid including microturbine, wind power, photovoltaic one G8 11,000 1,500 1,200 480
system, fuel cell, and battery energy storage, the results shows G9 11,000 4,400 3,520 1,408
can decrease the production cost and increase the battery life- G10 11,000 4,400 3,520 1,408
time. For small businesses or stand-alone systems, renewable G11 11,000 2,300 1,840 552
energy is suitable because it is difficult to connect these areas G12 11,000 2,300 1,840 552
to the grid system and the optimal size of the hybrid system two G2 400 2,000 1,600 480
is obtained for 3 different scenarios and the genetic algorithm G3 400 2,000 1,600 480
is used to solve the problem but the size of the system is G4 400 2,345 1,876 562
very small [8]. In Ref. [9], authors present another technique three G5 400 2,345 1,876 562
for the proposed system to obtained the total number of solar G6 400 2,345 1,876 562
cells, number of battery storage units and wind turbines, this G7 11,000 1,500 1,200 480
technique is called fuzzy-adaptive particle swarm optimization four G13 2,000 3,300 2,640 792
(PSO). G14 2,000 3,300 2,640 792
According to Ref [10], the distributed network power system G15 2,000 3,300 2,640 792
including photovoltaic system,wind power and diesel genera-
tors with battery energy storage system has been investigated
in terms of control strategy of continuous and ON/OFF op- II. S YSTEM DESCRIPTION
eration of the hybrid system with two control strategies to The operation of the system is described as the renewable
minimize the fuel cost consumption and the flexibility to add energy sources has to be operated in wind/PV/diesel/CAES
long running time and the impact of several starts and stops mode until the city of Nyala is connected to the national grid.
indicators of the DG to investigate the difference between two due to the special characteristic of the hybrid system, the
control strategies. For South Sudan, Juba city, authors studied whole energy cannot be used for energy consumption.More
the visibility operation of diesel generator, solar photovoltaic details about the system components is illustrated in figure 1.
and wind power integration into battery energy storage and the
limitation of study only an assumption of some information of
renewable energy forecasting in Microgrid [11]. A manner for
including the ESS on UC problem is presented in [12]. The
proposed problem is consists of diesel power system and wind
power integrated with Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB)
to using the wind power during the low demand to charge the
ESS in order to discharge it during high demand periods.
A modeling and simulation of CAES integrated with the
wind power for investigating the thermodynamic analysis and
overall performance of the system on both the compression
and the expansion cycles during adiabatic and isothermal
processes is presented in the work [13]
The main contribution of the proposed system is to intro-
duce the renewable energy sources including the wind energy
and solar photovoltaic systems with compressed air energy
storage system integrated into a diesel power system will help
to minimize the electricity generation cost by fuel saving as
well as the integration of more wind energy and solar pho-
tovoltaic with large energy storage systems will reduce fossil
fuel emissions such as CO2 through substitution by renewable
energy sources and helpful in the power system designing and Fig. 1. A simple architecture of the hybrid system.
operation management. In general, in the proposed problem
is a hybrid wind/PV/diesel/CAES system is considered for
remote areas applications. The rest of the paper is organized as A. Diesel Power Plant
follows: the system description is dealt in section II. section III The total existing power demands of Nyala city is to about
is expressed the problem formulation; Section IV is illustrated 16 MW and the electrical energy is entirely provided by 14
the case study; Section V described the simulation results and Diesel Generators with a theoretical maximum capacity of 30
discussions, the conclusion is presented in section VI. MW. Peak load results in the evening between 19:00 h and
22:00 h while low load results in the night between 03:00 D. Compressed air energy storage
h and 05:00 h. The incidence of different application area The function of CAES is to store energy when the power
on the total power demands can be summarized as Domestic demand is low during off-peak periods and reused it again
area 17%, Commercial 3%, Agriculture: 12.5% and Industry when the power demand is high during the peak periods. There
67.5%. The diesel generators are arranged in four different are many applications of CAES in PGS such as load shifting,
groups. Every group is connected to a different busbar system mitigate the fluctuations of RES and make management and
and the busbar systems are interconnected. More details of the regulations for the grid system. The main components of the
power plant generators are given in table I [14]. CAES include the compressor, cavern, and the expander as
The fuel cost consumption of DG can be calculated by the shown in figure 2. CAES systems can operate in two modes,
quadratic function as: the first one is the compression mode in which the compressor
NG
T X
X consumed the electricity from wind farm or from the grid
2 system during the off-peak periods to compress air and stored
Cf (aPi,t + bPi,t + c) (1)
t=1 i=1 it in the cavern and the second mode is the generation mode
Where i and t indexes for the time period and diesel unit which the air stored in the cavern is heated up by the gas
respectively; a, b and c are the cost coefficients related to DGs and then entered the turbine to generate electricity. The cost
fuel consumption carve; Cf is the price of the diesel fuel; Pi,t of producing power (Pj,t ) MW of the electricity is equal to
is the power output of DG unit (i) at the time interval (t); T the price of the gas multiply by heat rate value and it can be
and NG are the total time horizon and the total number of the represented by:
DGs respectively. Pj,t = αjr vj,t
r
(4)
B. Solar Photovoltaic
Solar photovoltaic power is electrical power that is produced Pj,t = −αjinj vj,t
inj
(5)
by a solar cell when converting the sunlight into electricity.
The solar cell is basically a p-n junction fabricate in a thin where,αjr and αjinj are the efficiency factor for producing
wafer or layer of semiconductors. The radiations of solar power and the efficiency factor for injecting air respectively;
r inj
energy can be directly converted to electricity through the vj,t and vj,t are the amount of released air in MW at hour t
photovoltaic effect. and the mount of injected air in MW at hour t respectively.
The maximum power output is presented by:
Time (Hour) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
wind (MW) 17 9 10 15 18 13 11 12 18 19 20 17 15 9 6 4 3 3 3 5 7 8 6 10
load (MW) 22 14 15 20 23 19 21 24 29 28 29 27 29 22 18 16 14 14 9 22 23 21 17 16
TABLE III
N YALA D IESEL P OWER P LANT ONLY
Hours
Units 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
G2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G3 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
G4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
G5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
G7 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
G8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
G10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
G11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G12 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
G13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
G14 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
G15 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
TABLE IV
N YALA DIESEL POWER PLANT WITH WIND POWER
Hours
Units 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
G2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
G5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G6 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
G7 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
G8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
G10 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
G11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
G14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
TABLE V
N YALA DIESEL POWER PLANT WITH CAES
Hours
Units 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
G2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G4 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
G5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
G7 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
G8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G9 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
G10 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
G11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G13 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
G14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
G15 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
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[14] The Ministry of Electricity and Dams (MED) of the Republic of Sudan-
plant has been modeled and simulated to obtain the operational Development of 3 Wind Farms, Sudan.Feasibility Study Report for 20
planning of the proposed system. From the simulation, its MW Nyala Wind Farm, 2011.
observed that the integration of the renewable power sources
into the diesel power plant is the best choice for minimizing
the use of fossil fuels as well as decreasing the greenhouse
emissions such as CO2 . The CAES plays an essential role
in the hybrid system to mitigate the variability nature of the
wind energy by storing the excessive wind energy during the
off-peak period and reused it during the peak period. Thus, the
proposed system is useful for helping in integrating renewable,
backup system and make management for the grid system.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT